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Palmberg L, Sundblad BM, Ji J, Karén J, Larsson K. Cholinergic mechanisms in an organic dust model simulating an acute exacerbation in patients with COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2018; 13:3611-3624. [PMID: 30464444 PMCID: PMC6219273 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s171495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Exposure in a pig barn induces airway inflammation that has similarities with the response observed in acute exacerbations in COPD. Methods A total of 15 smokers with COPD and 15 healthy non-smokers were exposed for 2 hours in a pig barn (in vivo exposure). Symptoms were assessed, lung function measured, and blood and sputum samples taken before and after exposure. Blood neutrophils were isolated and stimulated ex vivo with dust from a pig barn and acetylcholine, and inflammatory markers were analyzed. Results In vivo exposure caused more symptoms and greater lung function fall in COPD patients than in controls. Baseline concentrations of MMP9, TIMP1, IL6, CXCL8, in sputum and neutrophil blood count were higher in COPD patients than in controls. In vivo exposure increased MMP9, TIMP1, IL6, CXCL8, TNFα, and LTB4 in sputum and MMP9 and IL6 in blood, with no difference between the groups, and serum CRP increased more in COPD subjects. Expression of choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase on sputum and blood cells was similar in the groups and uninfluenced by in vivo exposure. Dust exposure ex vivo increased choline acetyltransferase expression in neutrophils, but the dust and acetylcholine response did not differ between the groups before and after in vivo exposure. Conclusion COPD patients exposed in a pig barn experience symptoms similar to those in acute exacerbations and lung function deterioration that is unrelated to bronchial responsiveness. Cholinergic mechanisms are involved in the inflammatory response to dust, with no difference between COPD and non-smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Palmberg
- Work Environment Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,
| | - Britt-Marie Sundblad
- Work Environment Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,
| | - Jie Ji
- Work Environment Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,
| | - Jakob Karén
- Work Environment Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,
| | - Kjell Larsson
- Work Environment Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,
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Dwivedi AM, Johanson G, Lorentzen JC, Palmberg L, Sjögren B, Ernstgård L. Acute effects of acrolein in human volunteers during controlled exposure. Inhal Toxicol 2015; 27:810-21. [PMID: 26635308 PMCID: PMC4732413 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2015.1115567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Acrolein is a reactive aldehyde mainly formed by combustion. The critical effect is considered to be irritation of the eyes and airways; however, the scarce data available make it difficult to assess effect levels. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to determine thresholds for acute irritation for acrolein. METHODS Nine healthy volunteers of each sex were exposed at six occasions for 2 h at rest to: clean air, 15 ppm ethyl acetate (EA), and 0.05 ppm and 0.1 ppm acrolein with and without EA (15 ppm) to mask the potential influence of odor. Symptoms related to irritation and central nervous system effects were rated on 100-mm Visual Analogue Scales. RESULTS The ratings of eye irritation were slightly but significantly increased during exposure to acrolein in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.001, Friedman test) with a median rating of 8 mm (corresponding to "hardly at all") at the 0.1 ppm condition and with no influence from EA. No significant exposure-related effects were found for pulmonary function, or nasal swelling, nor for markers of inflammation and coagulation in blood (IL-6, C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A, fibrinogen, factor VIII, von Willebrand factor, and Clara cell protein) or induced sputum (cell count, differential cell count, IL-6 and IL-8). Blink frequency recorded by electromyography was increased during exposure to 0.1 ppm acrolein alone but not during any of the other five exposure conditions. CONCLUSION Based on subjective ratings, the present study showed minor eye irritation by exposure to 0.1 ppm acrolein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya M. Dwivedi
- Work Environment Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet,
Stockholm,
Sweden
| | - Gunnar Johanson
- Work Environment Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet,
Stockholm,
Sweden
| | - Johnny C. Lorentzen
- Work Environment Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet,
Stockholm,
Sweden
| | - Lena Palmberg
- Lung and Airway Research, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet,
Stockholm,
Sweden
| | - Bengt Sjögren
- Work Environment Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet,
Stockholm,
Sweden
| | - Lena Ernstgård
- Work Environment Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet,
Stockholm,
Sweden
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3
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Poole JA, Wyatt TA, Romberger DJ, Staab E, Simet S, Reynolds SJ, Sisson JH, Kielian T. MyD88 in lung resident cells governs airway inflammatory and pulmonary function responses to organic dust treatment. Respir Res 2015; 16:111. [PMID: 26376975 PMCID: PMC4574163 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-015-0272-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhalation of organic dusts within agriculture environments contributes to the development and/or severity of airway diseases, including asthma and chronic bronchitis. MyD88 KO (knockout) mice are nearly completely protected against the inflammatory and bronchoconstriction effects induced by acute organic dust extract (ODE) treatments. However, the contribution of MyD88 in lung epithelial cell responses remains unclear. In the present study, we first addressed whether ODE-induced changes in epithelial cell responses were MyD88-dependent by quantitating ciliary beat frequency and cell migration following wounding by electric cell-substrate impedance sensing. We demonstrate that the normative ciliary beat slowing response to ODE is delayed in MyD88 KO tracheal epithelial cells as compared to wild type (WT) control. Similarly, the normative ODE-induced slowing of cell migration in response to wound repair was aberrant in MyD88 KO cells. Next, we created MyD88 bone marrow chimera mice to investigate the relative contribution of MyD88-dependent signaling in lung resident (predominately epithelial cells) versus hematopoietic cells. Importantly, we demonstrate that ODE-induced airway hyperresponsiveness is MyD88-dependent in lung resident cells, whereas MyD88 action in hematopoietic cells is mainly responsible for ODE-induced TNF-α release. MyD88 signaling in lung resident and hematopoietic cells are necessary for ODE-induced IL-6 and neutrophil chemoattractant (CXCL1 and CXCL2) release and neutrophil influx. Collectively, these findings underscore an important role for MyD88 in lung resident cells for regulating ciliary motility, wound repair and inflammatory responses to ODE, and moreover, show that airway hyperresponsiveness appears uncoupled from airway inflammatory consequences to organic dust challenge in terms of MyD88 involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill A Poole
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep & Allergy Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985990 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5990, USA.
| | - Todd A Wyatt
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep & Allergy Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985990 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5990, USA.,Department of Environmental, Agricultural & Occupational Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985990 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5990, USA.,VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, 68105, USA
| | - Debra J Romberger
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep & Allergy Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985990 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5990, USA.,Department of Environmental, Agricultural & Occupational Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985990 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5990, USA
| | - Elizabeth Staab
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep & Allergy Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985990 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5990, USA
| | - Samantha Simet
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep & Allergy Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985990 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5990, USA
| | - Stephen J Reynolds
- High Plains Intermountain Center for Agricultural Health and Safety, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO, USA
| | - Joseph H Sisson
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep & Allergy Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985990 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5990, USA
| | - Tammy Kielian
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985990 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5990, USA
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Zielen S, Trischler J, Schubert R. Lipopolysaccharide challenge: immunological effects and safety in humans. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2015; 11:409-18. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2015.1012158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Ji J, von Schéele I, Bergström J, Billing B, Dahlén B, Lantz AS, Larsson K, Palmberg L. Compartment differences of inflammatory activity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Res 2014; 15:104. [PMID: 25155252 PMCID: PMC4243731 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-014-0104-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with local and systemic inflammation. The knowledge of interaction and co-variation of the inflammatory responses in different compartments is meagre. Method Healthy controls (n = 23), smokers with (n = 28) and without (n = 29) COPD performed spirometry and dental examinations. Saliva, induced sputum, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and serum were collected. Inflammatory markers were assessed in all compartments using ELISA, flow cytometry and RT-PCR. Results Negative correlations between lung function and saliva IL-8 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) were found in smokers with COPD. IL-8 and MMP-9 in saliva correlated positively with periodontal disease as assessed by gingival bleeding in non-smokers. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in saliva, serum and TNF-α mRNA expression on macrophages in BAL-fluid were lower in smokers than in non-smokers. There were positive correlations between soluble TNF-α receptor 1 (sTNFR1) and soluble TNF-α receptor 2 (sTNFR2) in sputum, BAL-fluid and serum in all groups. Sputum interleukin-8 (IL-8) or interleukin-6 (IL-6) was positively correlated with sTNFR1 or sTNFR2 in non-smokers and with sTNFR2 in COPD. Conclusion Saliva which is convenient to collect and analyse, may be suitable for biomarker assessment of disease activity in COPD. An attenuated TNF-α expression was demonstrated by both protein and mRNA analyses in different compartments suggesting that TNF-α response is altered in moderate and severe COPD. Shedding of TNFR1 or TNFR2 is similarly regulated irrespective of airflow limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ji
- Lung and Airway Research, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden.
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Wyatt TA, Poole JA, Nordgren TM, DeVasure JM, Heires AJ, Bailey KL, Romberger DJ. cAMP-dependent protein kinase activation decreases cytokine release in bronchial epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 307:L643-51. [PMID: 25150062 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00373.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung injury caused by inhalation of dust from swine-concentrated animal-feeding operations (CAFO) involves the release of inflammatory cytokine interleukin 8 (IL-8), which is mediated by protein kinase C-ε (PKC-ε) in airway epithelial cells. Once activated by CAFO dust, PKC-ε is responsible for slowing cilia beating and reducing cell migration for wound repair. Conversely, the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) stimulates contrasting effects, such as increased cilia beating and an acceleration of cell migration for wound repair. We hypothesized that a bidirectional mechanism involving PKA and PKC regulates epithelial airway inflammatory responses. To test this hypothesis, primary human bronchial epithelial cells and BEAS-2B cells were treated with hog dust extract (HDE) in the presence or absence of cAMP. PKC-ε activity was significantly reduced in cells that were pretreated for 1 h with 8-bromoadenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-Br-cAMP) before exposure to HDE (P < 0.05). HDE-induced IL-6, and IL-8 release was significantly lower in cells that were pretreated with 8-Br-cAMP (P < 0.05). To exclude exchange protein activated by cAMP (EPAC) involvement, cells were pretreated with either 8-Br-cAMP or 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-2'-O-methyladenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-CPT-2Me-cAMP) (EPAC agonist). 8-CPT-2Me-cAMP did not activate PKA and did not reduce HDE-stimulated IL-6 release. In contrast, 8-Br-cAMP decreased HDE-stimulated tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-converting enzyme (TACE; ADAM-17) activity and subsequent TNF-α release (P < 0.001). 8-Br-cAMP also blocked HDE-stimulated IL-6 and keratinocyte-derived chemokine release in precision-cut mouse lung slices (P < 0.05). These data show bidirectional regulation of PKC-ε via a PKA-mediated inhibition of TACE activity resulting in reduced PKC-ε-mediated release of IL-6 and IL-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd A Wyatt
- VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska; Department of Environmental, Agricultural, and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska; Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Jill A Poole
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Tara M Nordgren
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Jane M DeVasure
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Art J Heires
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Kristina L Bailey
- VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska; Department of Environmental, Agricultural, and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Debra J Romberger
- VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska; Department of Environmental, Agricultural, and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
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Blidberg K, Palmberg L, James A, Billing B, Henriksson E, Lantz AS, Larsson K, Dahlén B. Adhesion molecules in subjects with COPD and healthy non-smokers: a cross sectional parallel group study. Respir Res 2013; 14:47. [PMID: 23635004 PMCID: PMC3669051 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-14-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of the study was to investigate how the expression of adhesion molecules changes as neutrophils migrate from the circulation to the lung and if these changes differ between non-smoking subjects and smokers with and without COPD. Methods Non-smoking healthy subjects (n=22), smokers without (n=21) and with COPD (n=18) were included. Neutrophils from peripheral blood, sputum and bronchial biopsies were analysed for cell surface expression of adhesion molecules (CD11b, CD62L, CD162). Serum, sputum supernatant and BAL-fluid were analysed for soluble adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, -3, E-selectin, P-selectin, VCAM-1, PECAM-1). Results Expression of CD11b was increased on circulating neutrophils from smokers with COPD. It was also increased on sputum neutrophils in both smokers groups, but not in non-smokers, as compared to circulating neutrophils. Serum ICAM-1 was higher in the COPD group compared to the other two groups (p<0.05) and PECAM-1 was lower in smokers without COPD than in non-smoking controls and the COPD group (p<0.05). In BAL-fluid ICAM-1 was lower in the COPD group than in the other groups (p<0.05). Conclusions Thus, our data strongly support the involvement of a systemic component in COPD and demonstrate that in smokers neutrophils are activated to a greater extent at the point of transition from the circulation into the lungs than in non-smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Blidberg
- Lung and Allergy Research, National Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Poole JA. Farming-associated environmental exposures and effect on atopic diseases. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2012; 109:93-8. [PMID: 22840248 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2011.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jill A Poole
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5300, USA.
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9
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Poole JA, Gleason AM, Bauer C, West WW, Alexis N, Reynolds SJ, Romberger DJ, Kielian T. αβ T cells and a mixed Th1/Th17 response are important in organic dust-induced airway disease. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2012; 109:266-273.e2. [PMID: 23010233 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2012.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organic dust exposure in agricultural environments induces an inflammatory response that attenuates over time, yet repetitive dust exposures result in chronic lung diseases. Animal models resembling this chronic lung inflammatory response have been developed, yet the underlying cellular mechanisms are not well defined. OBJECTIVE Because mice repetitively exposed to organic dust extracts (DE) display increased CD3+ T cell lung infiltrates, we sought to determine the phenotype and importance of these cells. METHODS Mice received swine confinement DE repetitively for 3 weeks by established intranasal inhalation protocol. Studies were conducted with peptidoglycan (PGN) because it is a major DE component in large animal farming environments and has shared similar biologic effects with DE. Enumeration of T cells and intracellular cytokine profiles were conducted by flow cytometry techniques. Whole lung homogenate cytokines were analyzed by multiplex immunoassay. T cell receptor (TCR) αβ knockouts were used to determine the functional importance of αβ-expressing T cells. RESULTS DE increased lung-associated CD3+CD4+ T cells and interleukin (IL)-17 (but not IL-4, interferon [IFN]-γ, IL-10) producing CD4+ T cells. PGN treatment resulted in increased IL-17 and IFN-γ producing CD4+ T cells and IFN-γ producing CD8+ T cells. Both DE and PGN augmented expression of cytokines associated with Th1 and Th17 polarization in lung homogenates. DE-induced lung mononuclear aggregates and bronchiolar compartment inflammation were significantly reduced in TCR knockout animals; however, neutrophil influx and alveolar compartment inflammation were not affected. CONCLUSION Studies demonstrated that DE and PGN exposure promote a Th1/Th17 lung microenvironment and that αβ-expressing T cells are important in mediating DE-induced lung pathologic conditions.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Aggregation/genetics
- Cell Aggregation/immunology
- Dust/immunology
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Monocytes/immunology
- Monocytes/pathology
- Neutrophil Infiltration/genetics
- Neutrophil Infiltration/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Respiratory Hypersensitivity/genetics
- Respiratory Hypersensitivity/immunology
- Respiratory Hypersensitivity/pathology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
- Th1 Cells/pathology
- Th17 Cells/immunology
- Th17 Cells/metabolism
- Th17 Cells/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill A Poole
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep & Allergy Division; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
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von Scheele I, Larsson K, Dahlén B, Billing B, Skedinger M, Lantz AS, Palmberg L. Toll-like receptor expression in smokers with and without COPD. Respir Med 2011; 105:1222-30. [PMID: 21439805 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2011.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Revised: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by non-reversible airflow limitation and systemic engagement. Bacterial colonization in the lungs is common in COPD-patients and may be associated with frequent acute exacerbations. Pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), like Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), TLR4 and CD14 are expressed on most immunologic active cell types and are most likely of importance in COPD patho-physiology. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twenty smokers with and 20 without COPD and 20 healthy non-smokers participated in the study. At two visits, induced sputum was collected after spirometry, blood was sampled and bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage was performed. Expression of TLR2, TLR4 and CD14 on different cell types and soluble receptors were assessed in the different compartments. RESULTS Expression of TLR2 was lower on sputum neutrophils and soluble TLR2 (sTLR2) was higher in the supernatant in the COPD group, indicating a down regulation of TLR2 at the transit from blood to sputum. Expression of CD14 on sputum neutrophils and gene expression of CD14 on alveolar macrophages was up-regulated in the two smoking groups compared with non-smokers. No differences between the groups were found regarding TLR4 expression. CONCLUSIONS Pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), that are expected to make a first line of defense against invading micro-organisms, are differently regulated in smokers with COPD compared with smokers without airflow limitation and non-smokers. This is likely of importance in COPD patho-physiology, in particular for exacerbations, which often are caused by micro-organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida von Scheele
- The National Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Larsson K. Monitoring airway remodeling in asthma. CLINICAL RESPIRATORY JOURNAL 2010; 4 Suppl 1:35-40. [PMID: 20500608 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-699x.2010.00195.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Airway remodeling occurs in both mild and severe forms of asthma but, from a clinical point of view, airway remodeling in asthma is difficult to monitor. OBJECTIVES The objective of this overview is to make an inventory of which methods could be possible to monitor airway remodeling in asthma. METHODS Access to airway tissue through biopsies or material from surgery enables direct assessment of airway remodeling but there are no specific inflammatory markers obtained from, for example, sputum, lavage fluid, blood, exhaled air, exhaled breath condensate, urine or saliva that reflect certain aspects of airway remodeling. Physiological measures such as changes in lung function and bronchial responsiveness over time co-varies with changes in airway structure but these interactions are complex and non-specific. Novel imaging techniques have shown promising results and recent studies have demonstrated how structural airway and lung changes can be detected on computerized tomography. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Today, there are no available techniques for monitoring airway remodeling in daily clinical practice, but further development within this area and studies on co-variation between physiologic, inflammatory and visual abnormalities will likely enable us to better monitor airway remodeling in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjell Larsson
- Unit of Lung and Allergy Research, National Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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