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Distinct effects of early-life experience and trait aggression on cardiovascular reactivity and recovery. Physiol Behav 2019; 199:375-385. [PMID: 30529343 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated independent effects of early-life experience (ELE) and trait aggression (TA) on resting heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) in rats. The present study examined the effects of TA and ELE on stress-evoked cardiovascular reactivity and recovery. Pups born to Wistar-Kyoto dams were exposed to daily 180-min periods of maternal separation (MS) during the first two weeks of life, and aggression was assessed in adult offspring using the resident-intruder test. Radiotelemetry was then used to record stress-evoked HR and MAP responses in response to: strobe light, novel environment, intruder rat, or restraint. Maximal HR and MAP responses were quantified as indices of reactivity, and exponential decay curves were fitted to determine decay constants as a measure of recovery. Strobe light was the weakest stressor, evoking the lowest increases in MAP and HR, which were significantly greater in MS-exposed rats irrespective of TA. In contrast, reactivity to and recovery from exposure to a novel environment or an intruder were significantly influenced by TA, but not ELE. TA animals exhibited greater reactivity in both of these paradigms, with either decreased (novel environment) or increased (intruder) recovery. Restraint stress induced the largest changes in HR and MAP with the slowest recovery, and these responses were shaped by a significant ELE x TA interaction. These data indicate that cardiovascular reactivity and recovery are influenced by ELE, TA, or ELE x TA interaction depending on stressor aversiveness as well as its physical and psychological dimensions.
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Villacorta AS, Villacorta H, Caldas JA, Precht BC, Porto PB, Rodrigues LU, Neves M, Xavier AR, Kanaan S, Mesquita CT, da Nóbrega ACL. Effects of Heart Rate Reduction With Either Pyridostigmine or Ivabradine in Patients With Heart Failure: A Randomized, Double-Blind Study. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2018; 24:139-145. [DOI: 10.1177/1074248418799364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Heart rate (HR) reduction with ivabradine has been proved to reduce hospitalization and death from heart failure (HF). We sought to investigate whether pyridostigmine would effectively reduce HR in patients with chronic HF as compared with ivabradine. Methods: Twenty-one patients with HF who were in sinus rhythm with a resting HR over 70 bpm, despite optimal medical treatment, were included in a randomized, double-blind study comparing pyridostigmine versus ivabradine. The initial dose of ivabradine was 5 mg twice daily to reach a target HR between 50 and 60 bpm and could be titrated to a maximum of 7.5 mg twice daily. Pyridostigmine was used in a fixed dose of 30 mg 3 times daily. Results: The baseline HR for ivabradine and pyridostigmine groups was 89.1 (13.5) and 80.1 (7.2) bpm, respectively ( P = .083). After 6 months of treatment, HR was significantly reduced to 64.8 (8.3) bpm in the ivabradine group ( P = .0014) and 63.6 (5.9) bpm in the pyridostigmine group ( P = .0001). The N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide was reduced in the ivabradine group (median: 1308.4 [interquartile range: 731-1896] vs 755.8 [134.5-1014] pg/mL; P = .027) and in the pyridostigmine group (132.8 [89.9-829] vs 100.7 [38-360] pg/mL; P = .002). Inflammatory markers interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor were reduced in both groups. Exercise capacity was improved in both groups, with increments in volume of oxygen utilization ([Formula: see text]O2; ivabradine: 13.1 vs 15.6, P = .048; pyridostigmine: 13.3 vs 16.7, P = .032). Heart rate recovery in the first minute postexercise was improved with pyridostigmine (11.8 [3.9] vs 18 [6.5]; P = .046), but not with ivabradine (13.3 [6.9] vs 14.1 [8.2]; P = .70). No differences in either group were observed in the myocardial scintigraphy with 123-iodine-metaiodobenzylguanidine. Conclusion: Both drugs significantly reduced HR, with improvements in exercise capacity and in neurohormonal and inflammatory profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Sterque Villacorta
- Postgraduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Humberto Villacorta
- Postgraduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José Antônio Caldas
- Postgraduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Campanário Precht
- Postgraduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pilar Barreto Porto
- Postgraduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Letícia Ubaldo Rodrigues
- Postgraduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Márcio Neves
- Postgraduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Salim Kanaan
- Pathology Department, LAMAP, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cláudio Tinoco Mesquita
- Postgraduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Antônio Cláudio Lucas da Nóbrega
- Postgraduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Jae SY, Kurl S, Laukkanen JA, Zaccardi F, Choi YH, Fernhall B, Carnethon M, Franklin BA. Exercise Heart Rate Reserve and Recovery as Predictors of Incident Type 2 Diabetes. Am J Med 2016; 129:536.e7-536.e12. [PMID: 26844636 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We tested the hypothesis that selected exercise heart rate responses, specifically those providing indices of autonomic dysfunction, may be associated with incident type 2 diabetes in 2231 apparently healthy men with normal baseline fasting glucose levels. METHODS Heart rate reserve was calculated as the difference between the maximal attained heart rate and the supine resting heart rate, whereas heart rate recovery was defined as the maximal heart rate minus the heart rate measured at 2 minutes of recovery after peak or symptom-limited cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Type 2 diabetes was defined as glycated hemoglobin >6.5% or fasting plasma glucose >126 mg/dL at the follow-up examination. RESULTS During a median follow-up interval of 5 years, 90 of the 2231 men (4.0%) developed type 2 diabetes. The relative risks of incident type 2 diabetes in men within the lowest quartiles of heart rate reserve and heart rate recovery versus men comprising the highest quartiles of heart rate reserve and heart rate recovery were 2.71 (95% confidence interval, 1.20-6.11) and 2.81 (95% confidence interval, 1.36-5.78) after adjusting for potential confounding variables. Each unit increment (1 beat/min) in heart rate reserve and heart rate recovery was associated with a 2% to 3% decreased incidence of type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS Exercise heart rate reserve and recovery predicted incidence of type 2 diabetes in healthy men, suggesting that autonomic dysfunction may be associated with an increased likelihood for the development of this cardiometabolic risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sae Young Jae
- Department of Sport Science, University of Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Sudhir Kurl
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jari A Laukkanen
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Francesco Zaccardi
- Diabetes Research Centre, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Yoon-Ho Choi
- Center for Health Promotion, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Bo Fernhall
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Ill
| | - Mercedes Carnethon
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Ill
| | - Barry A Franklin
- Preventive Cardiology and Cardiac Rehabilitation, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Mich
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Peçanha T, Silva-Júnior ND, Forjaz CLDM. Heart rate recovery: autonomic determinants, methods of assessment and association with mortality and cardiovascular diseases. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2013; 34:327-39. [DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Peçanha
- Exercise Hemodynamic Laboratory; School of Physical Education and Sport; University of Sao Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Natan Daniel Silva-Júnior
- Exercise Hemodynamic Laboratory; School of Physical Education and Sport; University of Sao Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
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Laguna M, Aznar S, Lara MT, Lucía A, Ruiz JR. Heart rate recovery is associated with obesity traits and related cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2013; 23:995-1001. [PMID: 23211756 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Increased vagal activity is associated with obesity and metabolic risk in children and adolescents. The aim of the present cross-sectional study was to examine the association of parasympathetic function, as assessed by heart rate recovery (HRR) from a maximal exercise cycle-ergometer test, with obesity traits and related cardiometabolic risk factors in Spanish children and adolescents. METHODS AND RESULTS A sample of 437 Spanish 9-year-old-children and 235 15-year-old-adolescents participated in the study. The variables measured were anthropometric characteristics (height, body mass and waist circumference) and physical activity using the Actigraph accelerometer. Additional measured outcomes included fasting insulin, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc) and blood pressure. A metabolic risk score was computed as the mean of the standardised outcomes scores. The HRR was calculated as the difference between peak heart rate and heart rate 1, 3 and 5 min after cessation of the maximal ergometer test. Diastolic blood pressure was associated with all the HRR parameters in 9-year-old-girls. In 9-year-old-boys, the 3-min HRR was inversely associated with systolic blood pressure (p < 0.05) and Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA) (p < 0.05). Five minute HRR was inversely associated with waist circumference (p < 0.05), sum of five skinfolds (p < 0.01) and HOMA (p = 0.004). There were no significant associations in adolescents. In 9-year-old-girls, the adjusted 5-min HRR showed significant differences between quartile 2 and 4 of metabolic risk (p = 0.011). In all samples, the adjusted HRR (1-, 3- and 5-min HRR) did not show significant differences across quartiles. CONCLUSION HRR was inversely associated with obesity traits and related cardiometabolic risk factors mainly in healthy boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Laguna
- PAFS-UCLM Research Group, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III, s/n. 45071, Toledo, Spain
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