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Li Z, Bhardwaj A, He J, Zhang W, Tran TT, Li Y, McClung A, Nuguri S, Watkins JJ, Lee SW. Nanoporous amorphous carbon nanopillars with lightweight, ultrahigh strength, large fracture strain, and high damping capability. Nat Commun 2024; 15:8151. [PMID: 39289352 PMCID: PMC11408730 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-52359-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Simultaneous achievement of lightweight, ultrahigh strength, large fracture strain, and high damping capability is challenging because some of these mechanical properties are mutually exclusive. Here, we utilize self-assembled polymeric carbon precursor materials in combination with scalable nano-imprinting lithography to produce nanoporous carbon nanopillars. Remarkably, nanoporosity induced via sacrificial template significantly reduces the mass density of amorphous carbon to 0.66 ~ 0.82 g cm-3 while the yield and fracture strengths of nanoporous carbon nanopillars are higher than those of most engineering materials with the similar mass density. Moreover, these nanopillars display both elastic and plastic behavior with large fracture strain. A reversible part of the sp2-to-sp3 transition produces large elastic strain and a high loss factor (up to 0.033) comparable to Ni-Ti shape memory alloys. The irreversible part of the sp2-to-sp3 transition enables plastic deformation, leading to a large fracture strain of up to 35%. These findings are substantiated using simulation studies. None of the existing structural materials exhibit a comparable combination of mass density, strength, deformability, and damping capability. Hence, the results of this study illustrate the potential of both dense and nanoporous amorphous carbon materials as superior structural nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyuan Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering & Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, 25 King Hill Road, Storrs, CT, 06269-3136, USA
| | - Ayush Bhardwaj
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Jinlong He
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1513 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Failure Mechanics and Engineering Disaster Prevention Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610207, China
| | - Wenxin Zhang
- Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Thomas T Tran
- Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1513 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Andrew McClung
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 100 Natural Resources Rd, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Sravya Nuguri
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - James J Watkins
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
| | - Seok-Woo Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering & Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, 25 King Hill Road, Storrs, CT, 06269-3136, USA.
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Qiu K, Hou J, Chen S, Li X, Yue Y, Xu B, Hu Q, Liu L, Yang Z, Nie A, Gao Y, Jin T, Wang J, Li Y, Wang Y, Tian Y, Guo L. Self-healing of fractured diamond. NATURE MATERIALS 2023; 22:1317-1323. [PMID: 37735525 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-023-01656-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Materials that possess the ability to self-heal cracks at room temperature, akin to living organisms, are highly sought after. However, achieving crack self-healing in inorganic materials, particularly with covalent bonds, presents a great challenge and often necessitates high temperatures and considerable atomic diffusion. Here we conducted a quantitative evaluation of the room-temperature self-healing behaviour of a fractured nanotwinned diamond composite, revealing that the self-healing properties of the composite stem from both the formation of nanoscale diamond osteoblasts comprising sp2- and sp3-hybridized carbon atoms at the fractured surfaces, and the atomic interaction transition from repulsion to attraction when the two fractured surfaces come into close proximity. The self-healing process resulted in a remarkable recovery of approximately 34% in tensile strength for the nanotwinned diamond composite. This discovery sheds light on the self-healing capability of nanostructured diamond, offering valuable insights for future research endeavours aimed at enhancing the toughness and durability of brittle ceramic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keliang Qiu
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingpeng Hou
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- Center for High Pressure Science, State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Xiang Li
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Yonghai Yue
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, China.
| | - Bo Xu
- Center for High Pressure Science, State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Qi Hu
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Limin Liu
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenyu Yang
- Institute of Solid Mechanics, School of Aeronautics Sciences and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Anmin Nie
- Center for High Pressure Science, State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China.
| | - Yufei Gao
- Center for High Pressure Science, State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Tianye Jin
- Center for High Pressure Science, State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhong Li
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanbin Wang
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yongjun Tian
- Center for High Pressure Science, State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China.
| | - Lin Guo
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, China.
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3
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Zhuang L, Lu D, Zhang J, Guo P, Su L, Qin Y, Zhang P, Xu L, Niu M, Peng K, Wang H. Highly cross-linked carbon tube aerogels with enhanced elasticity and fatigue resistance. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3178. [PMID: 37264018 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38664-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon aerogels are elastic, mechanically robust and fatigue resistant and are known for their promising applications in the fields of soft robotics, pressure sensors etc. However, these aerogels are generally fragile and/or easily deformable, which limits their applications. Here, we report a synthesis strategy for fabricating highly compressible and fatigue-resistant aerogels by assembling interconnected carbon tubes. The carbon tube aerogels demonstrate near-zero Poisson's ratio, exhibit a maximum strength over 20 MPa and a completely recoverable strain up to 99%. They show high fatigue resistance (less than 1.5% permanent degradation after 1000 cycles at 99% strain) and are thermally stable up to 2500 °C in an Ar atmosphere. Additionally, they possess tunable conductivity and electromagnetic shielding. The combined mechanical and multi-functional properties offer an attractive material for the use in harsh environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an, China
| | - De Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an, China
| | - Jijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an, China
| | - Pengfei Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an, China
| | - Lei Su
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuanbin Qin
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an, China
| | - Liang Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an, China
| | - Min Niu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an, China
| | - Kang Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an, China
| | - Hongjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an, China.
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4
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Ultrahard bulk amorphous carbon from collapsed fullerene. Nature 2021; 599:599-604. [PMID: 34819685 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03882-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Amorphous materials inherit short- and medium-range order from the corresponding crystal and thus preserve some of its properties while still exhibiting novel properties1,2. Due to its important applications in technology, amorphous carbon with sp2 or mixed sp2-sp3 hybridization has been explored and prepared3,4, but synthesis of bulk amorphous carbon with sp3 concentration close to 100% remains a challenge. Such materials inherit the short-/medium-range order of diamond and should also inherit its superior properties5. Here, we successfully synthesized millimetre-sized samples-with volumes 103-104 times as large as produced in earlier studies-of transparent, nearly pure sp3 amorphous carbon by heating fullerenes at pressures close to the cage collapse boundary. The material synthesized consists of many randomly oriented clusters with diamond-like short-/medium-range order and possesses the highest hardness (101.9 ± 2.3 GPa), elastic modulus (1,182 ± 40 GPa) and thermal conductivity (26.0 ± 1.3 W m-1 K-1) observed in any known amorphous material. It also exhibits optical bandgaps tunable from 1.85 eV to 2.79 eV. These discoveries contribute to our knowledge about advanced amorphous materials and the synthesis of bulk amorphous materials by high-pressure and high-temperature techniques and may enable new applications for amorphous solids.
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Riley PR, Joshi P, Azizi Machekposhti S, Sachan R, Narayan J, Narayan RJ. Enhanced Vapor Transmission Barrier Properties via Silicon-Incorporated Diamond-Like Carbon Coating. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13203543. [PMID: 34685307 PMCID: PMC8537770 DOI: 10.3390/polym13203543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we describe reducing the moisture vapor transmission through a commercial polymer bag material using a silicon-incorporated diamond-like carbon (Si-DLC) coating that was deposited using plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. The structure of the Si-DLC coating was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, selective area electron diffraction, and electron energy loss spectroscopy. Moisture vapor transmission rate (MVTR) testing was used to understand the moisture transmission barrier properties of Si-DLC-coated polymer bag material; the MVTR values decreased from 10.10 g/m2 24 h for the as-received polymer bag material to 6.31 g/m2 24 h for the Si-DLC-coated polymer bag material. Water stability tests were conducted to understand the resistance of the Si-DLC coatings toward moisture; the results confirmed the stability of Si-DLC coatings in contact with water up to 100 °C for 4 h. A peel-off adhesion test using scotch tape indicated that the good adhesion of the Si-DLC film to the substrate was preserved in contact with water up to 100 °C for 4 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parand R. Riley
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Centennial Campus, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7907, USA; (P.R.R.); (P.J.); (J.N.)
| | - Pratik Joshi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Centennial Campus, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7907, USA; (P.R.R.); (P.J.); (J.N.)
| | - Sina Azizi Machekposhti
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, Centennial Campus, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7115, USA;
| | - Ritesh Sachan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA;
| | - Jagdish Narayan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Centennial Campus, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7907, USA; (P.R.R.); (P.J.); (J.N.)
| | - Roger J. Narayan
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, Centennial Campus, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7115, USA;
- Correspondence:
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Shulga YM, Kabachkov EN, Korepanov VI, Khodos II, Kovalev DY, Melezhik AV, Tkachev AG, Gutsev GL. The Concentration of C( sp3) Atoms and Properties of an Activated Carbon with over 3000 m 2/g BET Surface Area. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:1324. [PMID: 34067894 PMCID: PMC8156701 DOI: 10.3390/nano11051324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The alkaline activation of a carbonized graphene oxide/dextrin mixture yielded a carbon-based nanoscale material (AC-TR) with a unique highly porous structure. The BET-estimated specific surface area of the material is 3167 m2/g, which is higher than the specific surface area of a graphene layer. The material has a density of 0.34 g/cm3 and electrical resistivity of 0.25 Ω·cm and its properties were studied using the elemental analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electron diffraction (ED), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray induced Auger electron spectroscopy (XAES), and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) in the plasmon excitation range. From these data, we derive an integral understanding of the structure of this material. The concentration of sp3 carbon atoms was found to be relatively low with an absolute value that depends on the measurement method. It was shown that there is no graphite-like (002) peak in the electron and X-ray diffraction pattern. The characteristic size of a sp2-domain in the basal plane estimated from the Raman spectra was 7 nm. It was also found that plasmon peaks in the EELS spectrum of AC-TR are downshifted compared to those of graphite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury M. Shulga
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia;
- Institute of New Materials and Nanotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology MISIS, Leninsky pr. 4, 119049 Moscow, Russia
| | - Eugene N. Kabachkov
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia;
- Chernogolovka Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Vitaly I. Korepanov
- Institute of Microelectronics Technology and High Purity Materials, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia; (V.I.K.); (I.I.K.)
| | - Igor I. Khodos
- Institute of Microelectronics Technology and High Purity Materials, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia; (V.I.K.); (I.I.K.)
| | - Dmitry Y. Kovalev
- Merzhanov Institute of Structural Macrokinetics and Materials Science “ISMAN”, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia;
| | - Alexandr V. Melezhik
- Institute of Technology, Tambov State Technical University, ul. Leningrad 1, 392000 Tambov, Russia; (A.V.M.); (A.G.T.)
| | - Aleksei G. Tkachev
- Institute of Technology, Tambov State Technical University, ul. Leningrad 1, 392000 Tambov, Russia; (A.V.M.); (A.G.T.)
| | - Gennady L. Gutsev
- Department of Physics, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
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7
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Lomon J, Saisopa T, Poolcharuansin P, Pasaja N, Chingsungnoen A, Supruangnet R, Nakajima H, Chanlek N, Songsiriritthigul P. Effect of surface contamination on XANES analysis of DLC films. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2020.108752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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8
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Zhang X, Hayashida R, Tanaka M, Watanabe T. Synthesis of carbon-coated silicon nanoparticles by induction thermal plasma for lithium ion battery. POWDER TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2020.05.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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9
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Zhang X, Zhong L, Mateos A, Kudo A, Vyatskikh A, Gao H, Greer JR, Li X. Theoretical strength and rubber-like behaviour in micro-sized pyrolytic carbon. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 14:762-769. [PMID: 31285610 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-019-0486-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The creation of materials with a combination of high strength, substantial deformability and ductility, large elastic limit and low density represents a long-standing challenge, because these properties are, in general, mutually exclusive. Using a combination of two-photon lithography and high-temperature pyrolysis, we have created micro-sized pyrolytic carbon with a tensile strength of 1.60 ± 0.55 GPa, a compressive strength approaching the theoretical limit of ~13.7 GPa, a substantial elastic limit of 20-30% and a low density of ~1.4 g cm-3. This corresponds to a specific compressive strength of 9.79 GPa cm3 g-1, a value that surpasses that of nearly all existing structural materials. Pillars with diameters below 2.3 μm exhibit rubber-like behaviour and sustain a compressive strain of ~50% without catastrophic failure; larger ones exhibit brittle fracture at a strain of ~20%. Large-scale atomistic simulations reveal that this combination of beneficial mechanical properties is enabled by the local deformation of 1 nm curled graphene fragments within the pyrolytic carbon microstructure, the interactions among neighbouring fragments and the presence of covalent carbon-carbon bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhang
- Centre for Advanced Mechanics and Materials, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhong
- Centre for Advanced Mechanics and Materials, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Arturo Mateos
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Akira Kudo
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Andrey Vyatskikh
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Huajian Gao
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
| | - Julia R Greer
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Centre for Advanced Mechanics and Materials, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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10
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Gupta S, Sachan R, Bhaumik A, Narayan J. Enhanced mechanical properties of Q-carbon nanocomposites by nanosecond pulsed laser annealing. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 29:45LT02. [PMID: 30156561 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aadd75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Q-carbon is a metastable phase of carbon formed by melting and subsequently quenching amorphous carbon films by a nanosecond laser in a super undercooled state. As Q-carbon is a material harder than diamond, it makes an excellent reinforcing component inside the softer matrix of a composite coating. In this report, we present a single-step strategy to fabricate adherent coatings of hard and lubricating Q-carbon nanocomposites. These nanocomposites consist of densely-packed sp 3-rich Q-carbon (82% sp 3), and sp 2-rich α-carbon (40% sp 3) amorphous phases. The nanoindentation tests show that the Q-carbon nanocomposites exhibit a hardness of 67 GPa (Young's modulus ∼ 840 GPa) in contrast to the soft α-carbon (hardness ∼ 18 GPa). The high hardness of Q-carbon nanocomposites results in 0.16 energy dispersion coefficient, in comparison with 0.74 for α-carbon. The soft α-carbon phase provides lubrication, resulting in low friction and wear coefficients of 0.09 and 1 × 10-6, respectively, against the diamond tip. The nanoscale dispersion of hard Q-carbon and soft α-carbon phases in the Q-carbon nanocomposites enhances the toughness of the coatings. We present detailed structure-property correlations to understand enhancement in the mechanical properties of Q-carbon nanocomposites. This work provides insights into the characteristics of Q-carbon nanocomposites and advances carbon-based superhard materials for longer lasting protective coatings and related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Gupta
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Centennial Campus North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7907, United States of America
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11
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TOKUNAGA T, SAITO K, KUNO K, HIGUCHI K, YAMAMOTO Y, YAMAMOTO T. Removal of carbon contamination in ETEM by introducing Ar during electron beam irradiation. J Microsc 2018; 273:46-52. [DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. TOKUNAGA
- Department of Quantum EngineeringNagoya University, Furo‐cho chikusa‐ku, Nagoya Aichi Japan
| | - K. SAITO
- Department of Material EngineeringNagoya University, Furo‐cho chikusa‐ku, Nagoya Aichi Japan
| | - K. KUNO
- Department of Quantum EngineeringNagoya University, Furo‐cho chikusa‐ku, Nagoya Aichi Japan
| | - K. HIGUCHI
- Institute of Materials and Systems for SustainabilityNagoya University, Furo‐cho chikusa‐ku, Nagoya Aichi Japan
| | - Y. YAMAMOTO
- Institute of Materials and Systems for SustainabilityNagoya University, Furo‐cho chikusa‐ku, Nagoya Aichi Japan
| | - T. YAMAMOTO
- Department of Quantum EngineeringNagoya University, Furo‐cho chikusa‐ku, Nagoya Aichi Japan
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12
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Matsuda A, Hayashi T, Kitaura R, Hishikawa A. Femtosecond Laser Filamentation in Gaseous Ethylene: Formation of Hydrogenated Amorphous Carbon. CHEM LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.170613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akitaka Matsuda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602
| | - Takahiro Hayashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602
| | - Ryo Kitaura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602
| | - Akiyoshi Hishikawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602
- Research Center for Materials Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602
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13
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Hu M, He J, Zhao Z, Strobel TA, Hu W, Yu D, Sun H, Liu L, Li Z, Ma M, Kono Y, Shu J, Mao HK, Fei Y, Shen G, Wang Y, Juhl SJ, Huang JY, Liu Z, Xu B, Tian Y. Compressed glassy carbon: An ultrastrong and elastic interpenetrating graphene network. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1603213. [PMID: 28630918 PMCID: PMC5466369 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1603213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Carbon's unique ability to have both sp2 and sp3 bonding states gives rise to a range of physical attributes, including excellent mechanical and electrical properties. We show that a series of lightweight, ultrastrong, hard, elastic, and conductive carbons are recovered after compressing sp2-hybridized glassy carbon at various temperatures. Compression induces the local buckling of graphene sheets through sp3 nodes to form interpenetrating graphene networks with long-range disorder and short-range order on the nanometer scale. The compressed glassy carbons have extraordinary specific compressive strengths-more than two times that of commonly used ceramics-and simultaneously exhibit robust elastic recovery in response to local deformations. This type of carbon is an optimal ultralight, ultrastrong material for a wide range of multifunctional applications, and the synthesis methodology demonstrates potential to access entirely new metastable materials with exceptional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Julong He
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Zhisheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
- Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC 20015, USA
| | - Timothy A. Strobel
- Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC 20015, USA
| | - Wentao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Dongli Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Hao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Lingyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Zihe Li
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Mengdong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Yoshio Kono
- High Pressure Collaborative Access Team, Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Jinfu Shu
- Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC 20015, USA
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ho-kwang Mao
- Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC 20015, USA
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yingwei Fei
- Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC 20015, USA
| | - Guoyin Shen
- High Pressure Collaborative Access Team, Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Yanbin Wang
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Stephen J. Juhl
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Jian Yu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Zhongyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Bo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Yongjun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
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14
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Longo P, Twesten RD, Olivier J. Probing the chemical structure in diamond-based materials using combined low-loss and core-loss electron energy-loss spectroscopy. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2014; 20:779-783. [PMID: 24666478 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927614000579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We report the analysis of the changes in local carbon structure and chemistry caused by the self-implantation of carbon into diamond via electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) plasmon energy shifts and core-edge fine structure fingerprinting. These two very different EELS energy and intensity ranges of the spectrum can be acquired under identical experimental conditions and nearly simultaneously using specially designed deflectors and energy offset devices known as "DualEELS." In this way, it is possible to take full advantage of the unique and complementary information that is present in the low- and core-loss regions of the EELS spectrum. We find that self-implanted carbon under the implantation conditions used for the material investigated in this paper creates an amorphous region with significant sp 2 content that varies across the interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Longo
- 1Gatan Inc.,5794,W Las Positas BLVD,Pleasanton,CA 94588,USA
| | - Ray D Twesten
- 1Gatan Inc.,5794,W Las Positas BLVD,Pleasanton,CA 94588,USA
| | - Jaco Olivier
- 2Centre for HRTEM,South Campus,Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University,Port Elizabeth,6031,South Africa
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15
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Lee H, Bratescu MA, Ueno T, Saito N. Solution plasma exfoliation of graphene flakes from graphite electrodes. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra03253e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Proposed mechanisms for the bubble formation on the graphite electrodes discharged in distilled water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoonseung Lee
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | | | - Tomonaga Ueno
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
- CREST
- Japan Science and Technology Agency
| | - Nagahiro Saito
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
- Aichi Science and Technology Foundation
- Toyota, Japan
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16
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Xu B, Fan X, Niu Z, Tian B. EEL-spectroscopy analysis for a metallic film covering on an as-grown diamond single crystal from Fe–Ni–C system. MATERIALS LETTERS 2012; 74:40-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matlet.2012.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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17
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Krauss AR, Gruen DM, Zhou D, Mccauley TG, Qin LC, Corrigan T, Auciello O, Chang RPH. Morphology and Electron Emission Properties of Nanocrystalline CVD Diamond Thin Films. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1557/proc-495-299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTNanocrystalline diamond thin films have been produced by microwave plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (MPECVD) using C60/Ar/H2 or CH4/Ar/H2 plasmas. Films grown with H2 concentration ≤ 20% are nanocrystalline, with atomically abrupt grain boundaries and without observable graphitic or amorphous carbon phases. The growth and morphology of these films are controlled via a high nucleation rate resulting from low hydrogen concentration in the plasma. Initial growth is in the form of diamond, which is the thermodynamic equilibrium phase for grains < 5 nm in diameter. Once formed, the diamond phase persists for grains up to at least 15–20 nm in diameter. The renucleation rate in the near-absence of atomic hydrogen is very high (∼1010 cm2sec−1), limiting the average grain size to a nearly constant value as the film thickness increases, although the average grain size increases as hydrogen is added to the plasma. For hydrogen concentrations less than ∼20%, the growth species is believed to be the carbon dimer, C2, rather than the CH3* growth species associated with diamond film growth at higher hydrogen concentrations. For very thin films grown from the C60 precursor, the threshold field (2 to ∼60 volts/micron) for cold cathode electron emission depends on the electrical conductivity and on the surface topography, which in turn depends on the hydrogen concentration in the plasma. A model of electron emission, based on quantum well effects at the grain boundaries is presented. This model predicts promotion of the electrons at the grain boundary to the conduction band of diamond for a grain boundary width ∼3–4 Å, a value within the range observed by TEM.
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18
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Altay A, Carter C, Rulis P, Ching WY, Arslan I, Gülgün M. Characterizing CA2 and CA6 using ELNES. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2010.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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19
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Bach D, Schneider R, Gerthsen D. EELS of niobium and stoichiometric niobium-oxide phases--Part II: quantification. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2009; 15:524-538. [PMID: 19852875 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927609991061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) study of niobium (Nb) and stable Nb-oxide phases (NbO, NbO2, Nb2O5) was carried out. Part II of this work is devoted to quantitative EELS by means of experimental k-factors derived from the intensity ratio of the O-K edge and the Nb-M4,5 or Nb-M2,3 edges for all three stable Nb-oxides. The precision and accuracy of the quantification are investigated with respect to the influence of intensity-measurement energy windows, background subtraction, and sample thickness. Integration-window widths allowing optimum accuracy are determined. Owing to background-subtraction errors, the Nb-M4,5 edges rather than Nb-M2,3 are preferred for quantification. Different approaches are applied to improve the precision with regard to thickness-related errors. Thus, a precision up to +/-1.5% is achieved by averaging spectra from all three reference oxides to determine a k-factor using Nb-M4,5. Using the experimental k-factor, the determination of atomic concentration ratios CNb/CO in the range of 0.4 (Nb2O5) to 1 (NbO) was found to be possible with an accuracy of 0.6% (relative deviation between measured and nominal composition), whereas ratios of calculated partial ionization cross sections lead to less accurate results.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bach
- Laboratorium für Elektronenmikroskopie, Universität Karlsruhe (TH), D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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20
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Avila-Brande D, Urones-Garrote E, Katcho NA, Lomba E, Gómez-Herrero A, Landa-Cánovas AR, Carlos Otero-Díaz L. Electron microscopy characterization of nanostructured carbon obtained from chlorination of metallocenes and metal carbides. Micron 2007; 38:335-45. [PMID: 16889969 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2006.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this work we report some new well-defined carbon nanostructures produced by direct chlorination of metallocenes (ferrocene and cobaltocene) and NbC, at temperatures from 100 to 900 degrees C. Thus, amorphous carbon nanotubes with variable dimensions depending on reaction temperature were produced from ferrocene. When cobaltocene is the carbon precursor the main product are solid amorphous nanospheres. The high refractory metal carbide NbC as carbon source favours the growth of nanospherical cabbage-like particles with a higher degree of graphene sheets order. Besides, NbC crystallites encapsulated in an amorphous carbon shell were also found at lower temperatures (T< or =700 degrees C).
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Affiliation(s)
- David Avila-Brande
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, Madrid E-28040, Spain
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21
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Bocquet F, Bernier N, Saikaly W, Brosset C, Thibault J, Charaï A. Evolution of ELNES spectra as a function of experimental settings for any uniaxial specimen: A fully relativistic study. Ultramicroscopy 2007; 107:81-94. [PMID: 16870339 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2006.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2005] [Revised: 05/19/2006] [Accepted: 05/30/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We perform calculations of the fully relativistic, corrected geometrical weighting of the pi* and sigma* transitions measured from the 1s core loss electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) spectrum in any uniaxial specimen. We present a complete calculation of the differential scattering cross-section (DSCS), taking into account the collection angle, the illumination angle and the tilt of the sample over the optical axis. Owing to high electron velocity in an EELS experiment, the relativistic correction has to be considered. We thus, present a relativistic, corrected DSCS by using the theory recently developed by Jouffrey et al. [Ultramicroscopy 102 (2004) 61] and P. Schattschneider et al. [Phys. Rev. B 72 (2005) 045142]. The relativistic correction is first performed in the natural coordinate system of the scattering event. We then point out a straightforward method to introduce this correction in the microscopic coordinate system, where all calculations have to be done to be experimentally useful. Using the fully corrected DSCS, we present an expression predicting the evolution of the R=pi*/(pi*+sigma*) ratio (related to the ratio of sp2 and sp3 bondings) as a function of experimental settings. We show how the R-evolution can be predicted, for any experimental setting, by the knowledge of one unique reference value. We verify on graphite specimens, the validity of the R-calculation by comparing theoretical predictions presented in this work with experimental data published elsewhere [Daniels et al., Ultramicroscopy 96 (2003) 523 and Menon et al., Ultramicroscopy 74 (1998) 83].
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bocquet
- Laboratoire TECSEN, UMR 6122, Faculté des Sciences, Université Paul Cézanne-Aix Marseille III, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France.
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22
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Narayan RJ. Hydroxyapatite–diamondlike carbon nanocomposite films. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2005.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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23
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Narayan RJ. Nanostructured diamondlike carbon thin films for medical applications. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2005.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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24
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25
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Daniels HR, Brydson R, Brown A, Rand B. Quantitative valence plasmon mapping in the TEM: viewing physical properties at the nanoscale. Ultramicroscopy 2003; 96:547-58. [PMID: 12871815 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3991(03)00115-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Using a series of graphitising carbons heat treated at different temperatures, the peak position of the bulk (pi+sigma) plasmon was measured using electron energy loss spectroscopy and observed to shift between 22 and 27eV. Experimental data is presented and discussed showing the effects of the collection conditions and sample orientation upon the observed spectra. We present an empirical technique by which quantitative energy filtered transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM) maps with two energy windows selected in the plasmon region can be readily acquired and processed, the results of which may be interpreted as graphitisation maps and subsequently physical property maps. An experimentally established resolution of approximately 1.6nm makes this technique a very useful tool with which to examine nanoscale properties in microstructural regions of interest in TEM specimens such as fibre/matrix interfaces within carbon-carbon composites, multi-walled carbon nanotubes and graphitic inclusions in carbon steels. Also presented is data demonstrating the unsuitability of pi(*)-related chemical EFTEM maps in both the low-loss region and at the carbon K ionisation edge for mapping bonding in such highly anisotropic media due to the strong orientation dependence of the intensity of the transitions involved. This is followed by suggestions for wider application of the plasmon mapping technique within systems other than those based upon carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Daniels
- Institute for Materials Research, The University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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26
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Yuan J, Brown LM. Investigation of atomic structures of diamond-like amorphous carbon by electron energy loss spectroscopy. Micron 2000; 31:515-25. [PMID: 10831296 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-4328(99)00132-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Research into amorphous carbon films has been developed to such an extent that the film property can be fine tuned to mimic that of the crystalline counterparts, be it diamond, graphite, or even fullerene-like. This flexibility makes such films ideal for a wide range of applications from anti-abrasive window coating to lubricating layers on the surface of magnetic hard-disk. Not only are their mechanical properties interesting, electrically the diamond-like amorphous carbon films are also easier to dope than crystalline diamond, making them potentially a better alternative to amorphous silicon for photovoltaic devices. We will show that electron energy loss spectroscopy, in particular the carbon 1s core absorption spectroscopy, has been instrumental in revealing the nature of the bonding between carbon atoms. Such information allows microstructure models to be developed for proper understanding of the observed properties and providing scientific basis for future improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yuan
- Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, UK.
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