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Shevchenko G. Participation of proteins binding both actin filaments and microtubules in higher plant cell growth. CYTOL GENET+ 2015. [DOI: 10.3103/s009545271504009x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Idris NA, Collings DA. The life of phi: the development of phi thickenings in roots of the orchids of the genus Miltoniopsis. PLANTA 2015; 241:489-506. [PMID: 25377920 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-014-2194-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Phi thickenings, bands of secondary wall thickenings that reinforce the primary wall of root cortical cells in a wide range of species, are described for the first time in the epiphytic orchid Miltoniopsis. As with phi thickenings found in other plants, the phi thickenings in Miltoniopsis contain highly aligned cellulose running along the lengths of the thickenings, and are lignified but not suberized. Using a combination of histological and immunocytochemical techniques, thickening development can be categorized into three different stages. Microtubules align lengthwise along the thickening during early and intermediate stages of development, and callose is deposited within the thickening in a pattern similar to the microtubules. These developing thickenings also label with the fluorescently tagged lectin wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). These associations with microtubules and callose, and the WGA labeling, all disappear when the phi thickenings are mature. This pattern of callose and WGA deposition show changes in the thickened cell wall composition and may shed light on the function of phi thickenings in plant roots, a role for which has yet to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul A Idris
- School of Biological Science, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
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Gushchin VA, Solovyev AG, Erokhina TN, Morozov SY, Agranovsky AA. Beet yellows virus replicase and replicative compartments: parallels with other RNA viruses. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:38. [PMID: 23508802 PMCID: PMC3589766 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotic virus systems, infection leads to induction of membranous compartments in which replication occurs. Virus-encoded subunits of the replication complex mediate its interaction with membranes. As replication platforms, RNA viruses use the cytoplasmic surfaces of different membrane compartments, e.g., endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi, endo/lysosomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and peroxisomes. Closterovirus infections are accompanied by formation of multivesicular complexes from cell membranes of ER or mitochondrial origin. So far the mechanisms for vesicles formation have been obscure. In the replication-associated 1a polyprotein of Beet yellows virus (BYV) and other closteroviruses, the region between the methyltransferase and helicase domains (1a central region (CR), 1a CR) is marginally conserved. Computer-assisted analysis predicts several putative membrane-binding domains in the BYV 1a CR. Transient expression of a hydrophobic segment (referred to here as CR-2) of the BYV 1a in Nicotiana benthamiana led to reorganization of the ER and formation of ~1-μm mobile globules. We propose that the CR-2 may be involved in the formation of multivesicular complexes in BYV-infected cells. This provides analogy with membrane-associated proteins mediating the build-up of “virus factories” in cells infected with diverse positive-strand RNA viruses (alpha-like viruses, picorna-like viruses, flaviviruses, and nidoviruses) and negative-strand RNA viruses (bunyaviruses).
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Jahn KA, Barton DA, Kobayashi K, Ratinac KR, Overall RL, Braet F. Correlative microscopy: providing new understanding in the biomedical and plant sciences. Micron 2011; 43:565-82. [PMID: 22244153 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2011.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Correlative microscopy is the application of two or more distinct microscopy techniques to the same region of a sample, generating complementary morphological, structural and chemical information that exceeds what is possible with any single technique. As a variety of complementary microscopy approaches rather than a specific type of instrument, correlative microscopy has blossomed in recent years as researchers have recognised that it is particularly suited to address the intricate questions of the modern biological sciences. Specialised technical developments in sample preparation, imaging methods, visualisation and data analysis have also accelerated the uptake of correlative approaches. In light of these advances, this critical review takes the reader on a journey through recent developments in, and applications of, correlative microscopy, examining its impact in biomedical research and in the field of plant science. This twin emphasis gives a unique perspective into use of correlative microscopy in fields that often advance independently, and highlights the lessons that can be learned from both fields for the future of this important area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Jahn
- Australian Centre for Microscopy & Microanalysis and The School of Biological Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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CHAN J. Microtubule and cellulose microfibril orientation during plant cell and organ growth. J Microsc 2011; 247:23-32. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2818.2011.03585.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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A fluorescent GTP analog as a specific, high-precision label of microtubules. Biotechniques 2011; 51:43-8. [PMID: 21781052 DOI: 10.2144/000113703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescent imaging of cytoskeletal structures permits studies of both organization within the cell and dynamic reorganization of the cytoskeleton itself. Traditional fluorescent labels of microtubules, part of the cytoskeleton, have been used to study microtubule localization, structure, and dynamics, both in vivo and in vitro. However, shortcomings of existing labels make imaging of microtubules with high precision light microscopy difficult. In this paper, we report a new fluorescent labeling technique for microtubules, which involves a GTP analog modified with a bright, organic fluorophore (TAMRA, Cy3, or Cy5). This fluorescent GTP binds to a specific site, the exchangeable site, on tubulin in solution with a dissociation constant of 1.0±0.4 µM. Furthermore, the label becomes permanently incorporated into the microtubule lattice once tubulin polymerizes. We show that this label is usable as a single molecule fluorescence probe with nanometer precision and expect it to be useful for modern subdiffraction optical microscopy of microtubules and the cytoskeleton.
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White RG, Barton DA. The cytoskeleton in plasmodesmata: a role in intercellular transport? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:5249-66. [PMID: 21862484 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Actin and myosin are components of the plant cell cytoskeleton that extend from cell to cell through plasmodesmata (PD), but it is unclear how they are organized within the cytoplasmic sleeve or how they might behave as regulatory elements. Early work used antibodies to locate actin and myosin to PD, at the electron microscope level, or to pitfields (aggregations of PD in the cell wall), using immunofluorescence techniques. More recently, a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged plant myosin VIII was located specifically at PD-rich pitfields in cell walls. Application of actin or myosin disrupters may modify the conformation of PD and alter rates of cell-cell transport, providing evidence for a role in regulating PD permeability. Intriguingly, there is now evidence of differentiation between types of PD, some of which open in response to both actin and myosin disrupters, and others which are unaffected by actin disrupters or which close in response to myosin inhibitors. Viruses also interact with elements of the cytoskeleton for both intracellular and intercellular transport. The precise function of the cytoskeleton in PD may change during cell development, and may not be identical in all tissue types, or even in all PD within a single cell. Nevertheless, it is likely that actin- and myosin-associated proteins play a key role in regulating cell-cell transport, by interacting with cargo and loading it into PD, and may underlie the capacity for one-way transport across particular cell and tissue boundaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary G White
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Division of Plant Industry, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
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Sampathkumar A, Lindeboom JJ, Debolt S, Gutierrez R, Ehrhardt DW, Ketelaar T, Persson S. Live cell imaging reveals structural associations between the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2011; 23:2302-13. [PMID: 21693695 PMCID: PMC3160026 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.111.087940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Revised: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, the actin and microtubule (MT) cytoskeletal networks are dynamic structures that organize intracellular processes and facilitate their rapid reorganization. In plant cells, actin filaments (AFs) and MTs are essential for cell growth and morphogenesis. However, dynamic interactions between these two essential components in live cells have not been explored. Here, we use spinning-disc confocal microscopy to dissect interaction and cooperation between cortical AFs and MTs in Arabidopsis thaliana, utilizing fluorescent reporter constructs for both components. Quantitative analyses revealed altered AF dynamics associated with the positions and orientations of cortical MTs. Reorganization and reassembly of the AF array was dependent on the MTs following drug-induced depolymerization, whereby short AFs initially appeared colocalized with MTs, and displayed motility along MTs. We also observed that light-induced reorganization of MTs occurred in concert with changes in AF behavior. Our results indicate dynamic interaction between the cortical actin and MT cytoskeletons in interphase plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Sampathkumar
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jelmer J. Lindeboom
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Biology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Seth Debolt
- Department of Horticulture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546
| | - Ryan Gutierrez
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - David W. Ehrhardt
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Tijs Ketelaar
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Biology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Staffan Persson
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Address correspondence to
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Shemyakina EA, Solovyev AG, Leonova OG, Popenko VI, Schiemann J, Morozov SY. The Role of Microtubule Association in Plasmodesmal Targeting of Potato mop-top virus Movement Protein TGBp1. Open Virol J 2011; 5:1-11. [PMID: 21660184 PMCID: PMC3109696 DOI: 10.2174/1874357901105010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-to-cell movement of Potato mop-top virus (PMTV) is mediated by three virus-encoded ‘triple gene block’ (TGB) proteins termed TGBp1, TGBp2 and TGBp3. TGBp1 binds virus RNAs to form viral ribonucleoprotein complexes (vRNPs), the transport form of viral genome. TGBp2 and TGBp3 are necessary for intracellular delivery of TGBp1-containing vRNPs to plasmodesmata. To analyze subcellular localization and transport of TGBp1 we used a single binary vector for agrobacterium-mediated co-expression of PMTV TGBp1 fused to green fluorescent protein and TGBp2/TGBp3. At two days post infiltration (dpi) TGBp1 was found in the nucleus and in association with microtubules (MTs). Similar localization pattern was revealed in cells expressing GFP-TGBp1 alone after particle bombardment. At 3 dpi, in addition to the nucleus and MTs, TGBp1 was detected in numerous granular bodies located both along the MTs and at the cell wall. The latter structures co-localized with plasmodesmata-associated callose depositions. At 4 dpi, GFP-TGBp1 was detected in cell wall-associated bodies and also in residual MTs, the nucleoplasm and large perinuclear inclusions resembling aggresomes. Therefore GFP-TGBp1 association with MTs preceded to its localization to plasmodesmata. Disassembly of cell MTs by colchicine prevented GFP-TGBp1 targeting to plasmodesmata and the MT-dependent aggresome formation. Deletion analysis also revealed a correlation between TGBp1 microtubule association and plasmodesmata targeting. We propose that TGBp1 interaction with MTs may be important for the formation of vRNP bodies destined for the transport to plasmodesmata as well as degradation of the excessive TGBp1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A Shemyakina
- Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
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