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Kim JH, Miletic V, Leprince JG, Park YS. Evaluation of Relative Dentin Abrasivity in Whitening Toothpastes Containing Acids. Int Dent J 2024:S0020-6539(24)00111-4. [PMID: 38762371 DOI: 10.1016/j.identj.2024.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIMS This study aimed to evaluate the relative dentin abrasivity of whitening toothpastes containing acids using the Radioactive Dentin Abrasivity - Profilometry Equivalent (RDA-PE). METHODS A total of 100 bovine dentin specimens were prepared and assigned to the following groups (n = 10): 5 hydrogen peroxide (HP) whitening toothpastes (WTH1-WTH5) with or without acid (citric acid, ethylenedinitrilotetraacetic acid disodium, and phosphoric acid), 2 whitening toothpastes with silica and containing citric or phosphoric acid (WTS1 and WTS2), one conventional toothpaste (CT), and 2 reference slurries (RS). All specimens were brushed for 4,000 or 10,000 strokes using toothbrush and toothbrushing machine. The average dentin depth was measured using a noncontact profilometery, and the RDA-PE value was calculated based on the RS. The pH of the solution, average particle size, particle content, and particle hardness were measured. The RDA-PE data were analysed using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's test, and the effects of the 4 measured factors on RDA-PE were investigated via multiple regression analysis. RESULTS The RDA-PE values of the HP whitening toothpastes (mean value: 19-46) were significantly lower, whereas those of the silica whitening toothpastes (80 or 111) were similar to those of the RS after 4,000 strokes (100). The RDA-PE values of all whitening toothpastes were significantly lower than the RS values after 10,000 strokes (242). The HP whitening toothpastes were slightly acidic (pH ≤6) compared to the other solutions. The HP (2.9%-3.7%) and silica (8.9% or 9.9%) whitening toothpastes had significantly lower particle content than RS (16.6%). The particle content significantly influenced the RDA-PE values by multiple regression results. CONCLUSIONS The RDA-PE values of whitening toothpastes varied. The particle content in the solution was a key factor affecting the RDA-PE value. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Whitening toothpastes containing acids did not cause significant dentin abrasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Heon Kim
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Vesna Miletic
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Julian Gregoire Leprince
- Division of Cariology and Endodontology, Section of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Young-Seok Park
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Center for Future of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Ucuncu MK, Guven K, Yazicioglu O. Investigation of the constituents of commercially available toothpastes. Int J Dent Hyg 2024. [PMID: 38659161 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Toothpaste plays a pivotal role in oral and dental hygiene. This cross-sectional study not only investigates the constituents of toothpastes available in the market and their frequency across different brands but also delves into the potential side effects, irritations, or unfavourable outcomes of these constituents, emphasizing the broader health and environmental implications. METHODS The largest of the five major chain markets in each district of Istanbul was visited, and adult toothpastes were included in this study. All the constituents that make up the toothpaste were individually recorded in an Excel database. Subsequently, literature regarding the purposes, toxic and potential side effects of each ingredient was gathered using databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed and ScienceDirect. The percentages of these ingredients' occurrence among all the toothpastes were calculated, and the ingredients were categorized into 15 distinct groups based on their usage purposes. RESULTS There were 160 different varieties of toothpaste belonging to 19 different brands on the market shelves. Although a total of 244 different ingredients were identified, only 78 of them were included in the study. Among the analysed toothpaste types, 105 of them were found to contain 1450 ppm fluoride, whilst 26 toothpaste variants were discovered to have fluoride levels below this value. Among the various ingredients analysed, particular attention was drawn to commonly debated compounds in oral care products. Specifically, titanium dioxide was found in 68% (n = 111) of the varieties, sodium lauryl sulphate in 67% (n = 108) and paraben in 2% (n = 4), respectively. CONCLUSION Whilst certain ingredients may raise concerns for potential side effects and health considerations within the human body, the toothpaste has long been regarded as an indispensable tool for maintaining optimal oral and dental health. However, gaining a deeper understanding and conducting research on each constituent that comprises the toothpaste, as well as raising awareness in this regard, holds significant importance for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musa Kazim Ucuncu
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Altinbas University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Oktay Yazicioglu
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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3
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Alzahrani L, Denucci GC, Lippert F, Dehailan LA, Bhamidipalli SS, Hara AT. Impact of toothbrush head configuration and dentifrice abrasivity on non-carious cervical lesions in-vitro. J Dent 2024; 140:104798. [PMID: 38043721 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2023.104798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of toothbrush head configuration and dentifrice slurry abrasivity on the development of simulated non-carious cervical lesions (NCCLs) in vitro. METHODS Extracted premolars were randomly allocated into 15 groups (n = 16) generated by the association between toothbrush head configuration (flat-trimmed, rippled, cross-angled/multilevel/rubbers added, cross-angled/multilevel/flex head, feathered) and dentifrice slurry abrasivity (low/medium/high). Teeth were mounted on acrylic blocks and had their roots partially covered with acrylic resin, leaving 2-mm root surfaces exposed. Toothbrushing was performed for 35,000 and 65,000 double-strokes. Specimens were analyzed using non-contact profilometry for dental volume loss (mm3) and lesion morphology. Data was analyzed using ANOVA with pairwise comparisons and Kruskal-Wallis tests. RESULTS The two-way interaction between toothbrush head configuration and slurry abrasivity was significant (p = 0.02). At 35,000 strokes, the flat-trimmed and cross-angled/multilevel/rubbers added toothbrushes caused the highest loss, when associated to the high-abrasive slurry (p<0.05); whereas cross-angled/multilevel/flex head showed the least loss, when associated to the low-abrasive (p<0.05). At 65,000, more dental loss was observed for all toothbrushes when associated to the high-abrasive slurry, with flat-trimmed causing the highest loss (p < 0.05). Lower dental loss rates were observed for cross-angled/multilevel/flex head associated to the low-abrasive slurry when compared to the other toothbrushes (p < 0.05), except to feathered (p = 0.14) and rippled (p = 0.08). Flat lesions (mean internal angle ± standard-deviation: 146.2°± 16.8) were mainly associated with low-abrasive slurry, while wedge-shaped lesions (85.8°± 18.8) were more frequent with medium- and high-abrasive slurries. CONCLUSION The development, progression and morphology of simulated NCCLs were modulated by both toothbrush head configuration and dentifrice abrasivity. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Dental professionals should consider both the type of toothbrush and dentifrice abrasivity in the management plan of patients at risk of developing NCCLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Alzahrani
- Department of Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Oral Health Research Institute, 415 Lansing Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P. O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Giovanna C Denucci
- Department of Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Oral Health Research Institute, 415 Lansing Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Frank Lippert
- Department of Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Oral Health Research Institute, 415 Lansing Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Laila Al Dehailan
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P. O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Surya S Bhamidipalli
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Data Science, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Anderson T Hara
- Department of Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Oral Health Research Institute, 415 Lansing Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Kim JH, Kim S, Truong VM, Lee JW, Park YS. Is whitening toothpaste safe for dental health?: RDA-PE method. Dent Mater J 2022; 41:731-740. [PMID: 35793939 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2021-303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The relative dentin abrasivity-profilometry equivalent values were compared using non-contact profilometry with three subtypes of regular toothpaste and two subtypes of whitening toothpaste containing sodium bicarbonate and 35% hydrogen peroxide. Bovine dentin specimens were assigned to six groups: regular toothpaste (R): R1 (BAMBOO SALT GUM OINTMENT); R2 (MEDIAN TARTAR ORIGINAL); R3 (PERIOE Alpha), Reference slurry: RS (calcium pyrophosphate), whitening toothpaste (W): W1 (NET. WT); W2 (Vussen 28 WHITENING). Relative dentin abrasion-profilometry equivalent (RDA-PE) was determined by brushing 10,000 times (n=8). The pH of the toothpaste was measured (n=5) and the abrasive constituents of the toothpaste was analyzed by FE-SEM and EDS. The RDA-PE values ranged from 26 to166, and the pH level ranges were 4.928-9.153. The RDA-PE value of the whitening toothpaste containing hydrogen peroxide was not high compared with that of the regular toothpaste. The RDA-PE values of whitening toothpaste could vary depending on the mechanism and ingredients of the whitening agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Heon Kim
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University
| | - Soyeon Kim
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University
| | - Van Mai Truong
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University
| | - Joo Won Lee
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University
| | - Young-Seok Park
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University.,Center future of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University
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Nassar HM, Hara AT. Effect of dentifrice slurry abrasivity and erosive challenge on simulated non-carious cervical lesions development in vitro. J Oral Sci 2021; 63:191-194. [PMID: 33790090 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.20-0478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of slurry abrasive levels and acidic challenges on the development of non-carious cervical lesions. METHODS Ninety-six extracted upper premolars were affixed in pairs to acrylic blocks and had their root surfaces covered by acrylic resin except for 2 mm from the cemento-enamel junction. The specimens were distributed into six groups (n = 8 pairs) based on two experimental factors: (1) slurry abrasivity level [low/medium/high] and (2) citric acid challenge [yes/no]. Specimens were brushed for 5,000, 15,000, 35,000, and 65,000 strokes. Volume loss (VL) was determined based on optical profilometry scans of specimens impressions at the baseline and at subsequent brushing levels. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance and Bonferroni pairwise comparison (α = 0.05). RESULTS Higher VL values were associated with high-abrasivity slurries relative to low- and medium-abrasivity slurries (P < 0.001). Increasing the slurry abrasivity level increased the VL regardless of the acidic challenge, which did not have a significant effect (P = 0.184). After 65,000 strokes, significant VL was recorded in all groups relative to preceding brushing levels (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Higher values of time-dependent surface loss were associated with increased dentifrice slurry abrasivity, regardless of the citric acid challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani M Nassar
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University
| | - Anderson T Hara
- Department of Cariology, Operative Dentistry, and Dental Public Health, School of Dentistry, Indiana University, Oral Health Research Institute
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Onwubu SC, Mdluli PS, Singh S, Nyembe S, Thakur R. Evaluating the Abrasivity of a Nanosized Eggshell-Titanium Dioxide on Tooth Enamel Using Atomic Force Microscopy. Eur J Dent 2020; 14:598-604. [PMID: 32777839 PMCID: PMC7535973 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1714172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives
This study aimed to evaluate nanosized eggshell–titanium dioxide (EB@TiO
2
) abrasiveness in comparison with calcium carbonate and hydrated silica-containing toothpaste.
Material and Methods
Thirty-five bovine tooth enamels were prepared, and specimens randomly assigned to a sample group of five (
n
= 7), namely, Colgate regular, Colgate pro-relief, Sensodyne rapid relief, Sensodyne repair, and EB@TiO
2
. Half of the enamel surface was brushed with each respective sample group, while the other half was covered with a tap.
Statistical Analysis
The mean roughness value (Ra) of the brushed and covered halves were measured using an atomic force microscope (AFM). To assess the surface morphology and changes, a scanning electron microscope (SEM) was performed. Using pair sample test and ANOVA, the Ra for the entire specimens were analyzed. A Bonferroni correction was used to identify the mean differences among the five groups (α=.05).
Results
The findings from this analysis show that all the tested toothpaste abraded the enamel significantly (
p
< 0.05). The abrasive value contained in toothpaste comprising calcium carbonate was lower than the silica toothpaste hydrated.
Conclusion
Overall, Colgate regular had the lowest toothpaste abrasivity, followed by EB@TiO2, while Sensodyne rapid relief had the most enamel wear. The prominent feature of this study suggests that EB@TiO2 is suitable for oral use, as its abrasivity is comparable with calcium carbonate-containing toothpaste.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Phumlane Selby Mdluli
- Department of Chemistry, Durban University of Technology (DUT), Durban, South Africa
| | - Shenuka Singh
- Discipline of Dentistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Durban, South Africa
| | - Sanele Nyembe
- DST/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Advanced Materials Division, Mintek, Randburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Rookmoney Thakur
- Public Management and Economics, Durban University of Technology (DUT), Durban, South Africa
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Bergesch V, Baggio Aguiar FH, Turssi CP, Gomes França FM, Basting RT, Botelho Amaral FL. Shade changing effectiveness of plasdone and blue covarine-based whitening toothpaste on teeth stained with chlorhexidine and black tea. Eur J Dent 2019; 11:432-437. [PMID: 29279667 PMCID: PMC5727726 DOI: 10.4103/ejd.ejd_97_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study evaluated the effectiveness of toothbrushing with whitening toothpaste in altering the shade of stained human enamel. Materials and Methods Thirty fragments of human enamel, stained with chlorhexidine/black tea underwent 1000 and 5000 brushing cycles (BC) with (n = 10): PLS (Gel Dental Day, Bitufo), Close Up White Now, Unilever (COVB) and regular (Gel Dental Night, Bitufo) toothpaste. Images were taken before staining (baseline), after staining (STN) and following 1000 and 5000 BC and were analyzed using the CIELAB parameters (ΔE, Δb and ΔL). Statistical Analysis Used Data were submitted to two-way ANOVA (α = 0.05). Results ΔE was higher from STN to baseline; 1000 BC to STN and 5000 BC to STN (P < 0.001). Significant differences in Δb values were found from 1000 BC to STN and 5000 BC to STN. For COVB, greater ΔL was observed from 1000 BC to STN, what differed statistically from the regular toothpaste (P < 0.05). There was no difference between toothpaste when ΔL was calculated from 5000 CB to STN. Conclusions Toothpaste containing COVB or PLS in association with 5000 BCs showed similar effectiveness in changing enamel shade; but after the first 1000 toothbrushing cycles, the use of COVB toothpaste promoted higher lightness in stained enamel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vania Bergesch
- São Leopoldo Mandic Institute and Research Center, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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8
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Hara AT, Turssi CP. Baking soda as an abrasive in toothpastes: Mechanism of action and safety and effectiveness considerations. J Am Dent Assoc 2019; 148:S27-S33. [PMID: 29056187 DOI: 10.1016/j.adaj.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toothpastes can be formulated with different abrasive systems, depending on their intended clinical application. This formulation potentially affects their effectiveness and safety and, therefore, requires proper understanding. In this article, the authors focused on abrasive aspects of toothpastes containing sodium bicarbonate (baking soda), which have gained considerable attention because of their low abrasivity and good compatibility, while providing clinical effectiveness (further detailed in the other articles of this special issue). The authors first appraised the role of toothpaste abrasivity on tooth wear, exploring some underlying processes and the existing methods to determine toothpaste abrasivity. TYPES OF STUDIES REVIEWED The authors reviewed the available data on the abrasivity of toothpastes containing baking soda and reported a summary of findings highlighting the clinical implications. CONCLUSIONS On the basis of the collected evidence, baking soda has an intrinsic low-abrasive nature because of its comparatively lower hardness in relation to enamel and dentin. Baking soda toothpastes also may contain other ingredients, which can increase their stain removal effectiveness and, consequently, abrasivity. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Even those formulations have abrasivity well within the safety limit regulatory agencies have established and, therefore, can be considered safe.
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Sabrah AH, Turssi CP, Lippert F, Eckert GJ, Kelly AB, Hara AT. 3D-Image analysis of the impact of toothpaste abrasivity on the progression of simulated non-carious cervical lesions. J Dent 2018; 73:14-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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10
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Milleman KR, Creeth JE, Burnett GR, Milleman JL. A randomized clinical trial to evaluate the stain removal efficacy of a sodium phytate dentifrice formulation. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2018; 30:E45-E51. [PMID: 29411532 PMCID: PMC5969293 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.12355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Phytate is an organic, cyclic polyphosphate analogous to linear condensed polyphosphates used as stain removal agents. This study investigated stain removal efficacy of an experimental sodium phytate‐containing dentifrice compared to a reference dentifrice. Methods An experimental, moderate abrasivity (relative dentine abrasivity [RDA] ∼130) antisensitivity fluoride dentifrice containing sodium phytate (0.85% w/w as the hexasodium salt) (n = 111) was compared to a reference, marketed, low‐abrasivity (RDA ∼ 43), anti‐sensitivity fluoride dentifrice (n = 113), both containing 1150 ppm fluoride as sodium fluoride. Primary efficacy variables were between‐treatment differences in extrinsic dental stain of anterior teeth after 6 and 12 weeks' twice‐daily use, using Lobene stain index (MacPherson modification, MLSI) mean area (A) and intensity (I) scores. Comparisons included whole‐tooth and hard‐to‐reach areas (gingival, interproximal, body of lingual). Results At both 6‐ and 12‐week timepoints, MLSI (A × I) scores for total area and hard‐to‐reach areas for the experimental dentifrice were statistically significantly lower than baseline (P < .0001 for all). This was demonstrated for the reference dentifrice at 6 weeks only, for total, interproximal (P < .0001 for both), and body of lingual (P = .0395) scores. Compared with the reference, the experimental dentifrice had statistically significantly lower MLSI scores at both 6 and 12 weeks for all outcome variables including both total MLSI (A × I) and hard‐to reach areas (P < .0001 in all cases). Products were generally well‐tolerated. Conclusions Differences between treatments were considered clinically differentiable. Sodium phytate may therefore be a suitable additive ingredient to improve tooth stain control performance within an otherwise conventional dentifrice formulation. Clinical Significance Following 6 and 12 weeks brushing, clinically differentiable differences were shown in stain index scores with an experimental dentifrice containing sodium phytate compared to a reference dentifrice without sodium phytate. Sodium phytate may therefore be a suitable additive ingredient to improve tooth stain control performance within an otherwise conventional dentifrice formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan E Creeth
- GSK Consumer Healthcare, Weybridge, Surrey, KT13 ODE, United Kingdom
| | - Gary R Burnett
- GSK Consumer Healthcare, Weybridge, Surrey, KT13 ODE, United Kingdom
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Mockdeci H, Polonini H, Martins I, Granato AP, Raposo N, Chaves MDG. Evaluation of ex vivo effectiveness of commercial desensitizing dentifrices. J Clin Exp Dent 2017; 9:e503-e510. [PMID: 28469813 PMCID: PMC5410668 DOI: 10.4317/jced.53040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dentin hypersensitivity is a short, severe pain with fast onset. Therapy aims to either prevent or decrease neural transmission or physically occlude the dentinal tubules. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of commercial desensitizing dentifrice by means of an ex vivo method. MATERIAL AND METHODS Samples (n=8 lower human premolars for each group) were randomly allocated into: G1- brushing with Colgate®Sensitive Pro-Relief; G2- brushing with Sensodyne®Rapid Relief; G3- brushing with Sensodyne®Repair & Protect; and G4- brushing with Colgate®Maximum Cavity Protection. The test bodies were submitted to simulated toothbrushing and dentifrices were analyzed regarding their hydrodynamic size, polydispersity index (PI) and zeta potential. Specimens were evaluated using: scanning electron microscopy (SEM); spectroscopy energy dispersive X-ray (EDS); and profilometry. A qualitative analysis of the photomicrographs and topographies was performed. RESULTS The dentifrices showed statistical similar physical and chemical characteristics. They also demonstrated obliteration of dentinal tubules when micrographs were observed. Regarding the chemical elements present in the dentin samples, there was a statistically significant difference between the control and experimental surfaces in the four groups. CONCLUSIONS Joint data analysis shows that the desensitizing dentifrice showed better results with regards to the obliteration of dentinal tubules compared to positive and negative controls. Key words:Dentin hypersensitivity, dentin desensitizing agents, toothpastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanny Mockdeci
- Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Hudson Polonini
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Isadora Martins
- Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Ana-Paula Granato
- Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Nádia Raposo
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
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Abstract
Tooth sensitivity is a common complaint of patients in dental practices. Studies have demonstrated dentinal hypersensitivity to affect 10-30% of the population. There are various potential causes of tooth sensitivity and a variety of available treatment options. This narrative review will discuss the possible aetiology of this condition, as well as the treatment modalities available. A tailor-made treatment plan that starts with the most non-invasive treatment options and escalates only when those options have proven insufficient in alleviating symptoms should be provided for each patient. Only after all non- and less-invasive methods have failed to reduce the symptoms should more invasive treatment options, such as root-coverage, be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Clark
- Division of Dental Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Liran Levin
- Division of Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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Bruno M, Taddeo F, Medeiros IS, Boaro LCC, Moreira MSNA, Marques MM, Calheiros FC. Relationship between toothpastes properties and patient-reported discomfort: crossover study. Clin Oral Investig 2015; 20:485-94. [PMID: 26228904 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-015-1539-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to correlate patient-reported reactions with in vitro analyses of the pH, abrasive quality, and cytotoxicity of four toothpastes. MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred twenty-one patients received non-identified samples of toothpaste to be used for 6 days and answered a questionnaire about their sensations. In vitro analysis: the pH of toothpastes was measured with a pH meter. The abrasivity of toothpastes was evaluated against composite resin specimens (n = 10). A toothbrushing machine was used to simulate wear, which was indirectly measured by mass loss using a scale. Cell culture media conditioned with toothpaste were used to assess the cytotoxicity. Confluent cells were kept in contact with the conditioned media or control for 24 h. The cell viability was measured using the 3-(bromide, 4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium (MTT)-reduction assay. The obtained data on the pH, weight loss, and cell viability were compared by ANOVA/Tukey's tests (p < 0.05). RESULTS With the exception of the bleaching effect paste, the Oral B® paste produced the highest frequencies of irritation reports, tooth sensitivity, taste discomfort, and texture discomfort in the clinical study; patients also reported rougher teeth, soft tissue peeling, dry mouth, thrush, tingling, and taste changes in response to this paste. The in vitro analysis demonstrated that Oral B® had the lowest pH, the highest abrasivity, and produced the lowest cell viability (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Results suggest that low pH toothpastes that are highly abrasive and cytotoxic may cause undesirable reactions in patients. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Toothpaste's properties should be well known for indication to patient therefore minimizing discomfort reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Bruno
- Master Degree Program, School of Dentistry, Ibirapuera University, Chácara Flora, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Taddeo
- School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Maria Stella N A Moreira
- Master Degree Program, School of Dentistry, Ibirapuera University, Chácara Flora, São Paulo, Brazil
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Souza-Rodrigues RDD, Ferreira SDS, D'Almeida-Couto RS, Lachowski KM, Sobral MÂP, Marques MM. Choice of toothpaste for the elderly: an in vitro study. Braz Oral Res 2015; 29:S1806-83242015000100288. [PMID: 26176359 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2015.vol29.0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyposalivation and dental root exposure in the elderly are problems that require special oral care. In this context, the characteristics of certain toothpastes are of particular importance. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity and dentin wear caused by seven different toothpastes. For dentin wear analysis, 40 root dentin specimens were submitted to 20,000 brushing cycles with the different toothpastes and distilled water (control group-CG), using a brushing machine. Dentin surface loss (SL) was measured by contact profilometer. The cytotoxicity of each toothpaste was tested using cultured fibroblasts submitted to a cell-culture-conditioned medium. Fresh medium served as the control. Cell viability was assessed by MTT assay after 24 h of contact with the conditioned media. The data were analyzed statistically by ANOVA, followed by Tukey's test (p < 0.05). The SL of the CG was minimal and significantly lower than that of the Oral B Pro Health (OBPH) group (p < 0.05). All other groups presented SL in between that of the CG and the Oral B Pro Health OBPH group, except for the Sensodyne (SEN) group, which presented SL similar to that of CG (p = 0.05). The SEN group presented a percentage of viable cells similar to that of CG: between 60-89%. All the other toothpastes showed high cytotoxicity, with cell viability less than 50% of the CG. Considering study limitations, we concluded that only one of the seven tested toothpastes exhibited the most desirable toothpaste characteristics for the worldwide growing elderly population (e.g. low cytotoxicity and low-abrasive potential).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stella da Silva Ferreira
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Maria Ângela Pita Sobral
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Márcia Martins Marques
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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15
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In situ randomised trial to investigate the occluding properties of two desensitising toothpastes on dentine after subsequent acid challenge. Clin Oral Investig 2012; 17:195-203. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-012-0683-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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16
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Quantifying and qualifying surface changes on dental hard tissues in vitro. J Dent 2010; 38:182-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2010.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Revised: 12/11/2009] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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