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Zhang X, Feng S, Yang X, Peng Y, Du M, Zhang R, Sima J, Zou F, Wu X, Wang Y, Gao X, Luo Y, Zhang M. Neuroelectrophysiological alteration associated with cognitive flexibility after 24 h sleep deprivation in adolescents. Conscious Cogn 2024; 124:103734. [PMID: 39096822 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2024.103734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
The cognitive neural mechanisms by which sleep deprivation affects cognitive flexibility are poorly understood. Therefore, the study investigated the neuroelectrophysiological basis of the effect of 24 h sleep deprivation on cognitive flexibility in adolescents. 72 participants (36 females, mean age ± SD=20.46 ± 2.385 years old) participated in the study and were randomly assigned to the sleep deprivation group and control group. They were instructed to complete a task switch paradigm, during which participants' behavioral and electroencephalographic data were recorded. Behaviorally, there were significant between-group differences in accuracy. The results of event-related potential showed that the P2, N2 and P3 components had significant group effects or interaction effects. At the time-frequency level, there were statistically significant differences between the delta and theta bands. These results suggested that 24 h sleep deprivation affected problem-solving effectiveness rather than efficiency, mainly because it systematically impaired cognitive processing associated with cognitive flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xirui Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Henan 453003, China
| | - Shuqing Feng
- Department of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan 453003, China; Mental Illness and Cognitive Neuroscience Key Laboratory of Xinxiang (Xinxiang Medical University), Xinxiang 453003, Henan Province, China
| | - Xiaochen Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Henan 453003, China
| | - Yunwen Peng
- Department of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan 453003, China; Mental Illness and Cognitive Neuroscience Key Laboratory of Xinxiang (Xinxiang Medical University), Xinxiang 453003, Henan Province, China
| | - Mei Du
- Department of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan 453003, China; Mental Illness and Cognitive Neuroscience Key Laboratory of Xinxiang (Xinxiang Medical University), Xinxiang 453003, Henan Province, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan 453003, China; Mental Illness and Cognitive Neuroscience Key Laboratory of Xinxiang (Xinxiang Medical University), Xinxiang 453003, Henan Province, China
| | - Jiashan Sima
- Department of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan 453003, China; Mental Illness and Cognitive Neuroscience Key Laboratory of Xinxiang (Xinxiang Medical University), Xinxiang 453003, Henan Province, China
| | - Feng Zou
- Department of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan 453003, China; Mental Illness and Cognitive Neuroscience Key Laboratory of Xinxiang (Xinxiang Medical University), Xinxiang 453003, Henan Province, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Department of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan 453003, China; Mental Illness and Cognitive Neuroscience Key Laboratory of Xinxiang (Xinxiang Medical University), Xinxiang 453003, Henan Province, China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Department of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan 453003, China; Mental Illness and Cognitive Neuroscience Key Laboratory of Xinxiang (Xinxiang Medical University), Xinxiang 453003, Henan Province, China
| | - Xiaomeng Gao
- Department of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan 453003, China; Mental Illness and Cognitive Neuroscience Key Laboratory of Xinxiang (Xinxiang Medical University), Xinxiang 453003, Henan Province, China.
| | - Yanyan Luo
- School of Nursing, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan 453003, China.
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan 453003, China; Mental Illness and Cognitive Neuroscience Key Laboratory of Xinxiang (Xinxiang Medical University), Xinxiang 453003, Henan Province, China.
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Cao Y, Li J, Ou S, Xie T, Jiang T, Guo X, Ma N. Effect of homeostatic pressure and circadian rhythm on the task-switching: Evidence from drift diffusion model and ERP. Int J Psychophysiol 2024; 195:112263. [PMID: 37981032 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2023.112263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
The effect of diurnal fluctuations on cognitive functions is widely studied, yet rare research has attempted to separate the role of two crucial processes underlying diurnal fluctuations: homeostatic pressure and circadian rhythm. The present study aimed to dissociate their effects by conducting a task-switching task in the morning, napping afternoon, and no-napping afternoon, respectively. Additionally, DDM and ERP were utilized to explore how these two processes differentially affect cognitive processes involved in task-switching. By a within-participant design, 35 healthy adults (20.03 ± 2.01 year-old, 14 males) with an intermediate-type chronotype were recruited in the current study. The results demonstrated that accumulated homeostatic pressure caused reduced accuracy, drift rate, and decision threshold. In the no-napping afternoon, P1 and P2 amplitudes were also decreased due to homeostatic pressure, whereas an afternoon nap could partially restore performance and neural activity. Conversely, the upward circadian rhythm in the afternoon exerted a compensatory effect, resulting in increases in N2 and P3 amplitudes. The findings highlight the disassociated impacts of homeostatic pressure and circadian rhythm on the cognitive processes involved in task-switching and further underscore the importance of considering diurnal variation in both scientific research and accident prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Cao
- Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health & Cognitive Science, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Jiahui Li
- Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health & Cognitive Science, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Simei Ou
- Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health & Cognitive Science, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Tian Xie
- Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health & Cognitive Science, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Tianxiang Jiang
- Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health & Cognitive Science, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Xi Guo
- Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health & Cognitive Science, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Ning Ma
- Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health & Cognitive Science, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China.
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Stephenson S, Britten R. Simulated Space Radiation Exposure Effects on Switch Task Performance in Rats. Aerosp Med Hum Perform 2022; 93:673-680. [DOI: 10.3357/amhp.6017.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Astronauts on the mission to Mars will be subjected to galactic cosmic radiation (GCR) exposures. While ground-based studies suggest that simulated GCR (GCRsim) exposure impairs performance in multiple cognitive tasks, the impact of such exposures on task switching
performance (an important skill for all aviators) has not yet been determined.METHODS: Male Wistar rats previously exposed to 10 cGy of 4He ions or GCRsim and their sham littermates were trained to perform a touchscreen-based switch task designed to mimic warning light
response tests used to evaluate pilots’ response times.RESULTS: Irradiated rats failed to complete a high cognitive task load training task threefold more frequently than shams. There were 18 (4 Sham, 7 He-, and 7 GCR-exposed) rats that successfully completed initial training
and underwent switch task testing. Relative to the sham rats in the switch task, the GCRsim-exposed rats had significantly slower response times in switch but not repeat trials. The GCRsim-exposed rats had significantly (P < 0.01) higher switch response ratios (switch/repeat trial
response time) and absolute switch costs (switch minus repeat trial response time) than either the sham or He-exposed rats.DISCUSSION: Rats exposed to GCRsim have significantly impaired performance in the switch task manifested as an absolute switch cost of ∼700 ms. The operational
significance of such an increase requires further investigation, but a 1000-ms switch cost results in a twofold increase in cockpit error rates in pilots. If exposure to GCR in space results in similar effects in humans, the operational performance of astronauts on the Mars mission may be
suboptimal.Stephenson S, Britten R. Simulated space radiation exposure effects on switch task performance in rats. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2022; 93(9):673–680.
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Schumann F, Steinborn MB, Flehmig HC, Kürten J, Langner R, Huestegge L. On doing multi-act arithmetic: A multitrait-multimethod approach of performance dimensions in integrated multitasking. Front Psychol 2022; 13:946626. [PMID: 36059769 PMCID: PMC9433926 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.946626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we present a systematic plan to the experimental study of test–retest reliability in the multitasking domain, adopting the multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) approach to evaluate the psychometric properties of performance in Düker-type speeded multiple-act mental arithmetic. These form of tasks capacitate the experimental analysis of integrated multi-step processing by combining multiple mental operations in flexible ways in the service of the overarching goal of completing the task. A particular focus was on scoring methodology, particularly measures of response speed variability. To this end, we present data of two experiments with regard to (a) test–retest reliability, (b) between-measures correlational structure, (c) and stability (test–retest practice effects). Finally, we compared participants with high versus low performance variability to assess ability-related differences in measurement precision (typically used as proxy to “simulate” patient populations), which is especially relevant in the applied fields of clinical neuropsychology. The participants performed two classic integrated multi-act arithmetic tasks, combining addition and verification (Exp. 1) and addition and comparison (Exp. 2). The results revealed excellent test–retest reliability for the standard and the variability measures. The analysis of between-measures correlational structure revealed the typical pattern of convergent and discriminant relationships, and also, that absolute response speed variability was highly correlated with average speed (r > 0.85), indicating that these measures mainly deliver redundant information. In contrast, speed-adjusted (relativized) variability revealed discriminant validity being correlated to a much lesser degree with average speed, indicating that this measure delivers additional information not already provided by the speed measure. Furthermore, speed-adjusted variability was virtually unaffected by test–retest practice, which makes this measure interesting in situations with repeated testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Schumann
- Mittweida University of Applied Sciences, Mittweida, Germany
- *Correspondence: Frank Schumann,
| | | | | | - Jens Kürten
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Robert Langner
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7: Brain and Behaviour), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Lynn Huestegge
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Kayser KC, Puig VA, Estepp JR. Predicting and mitigating fatigue effects due to sleep deprivation: A review. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:930280. [PMID: 35992930 PMCID: PMC9389006 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.930280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The deleterious effects of insufficient sleep have been well-established in the literature and can lead to a wide range of adverse health outcomes. Some of the most replicated findings demonstrate significant declines in cognitive functions such as vigilance and executive attention, psychomotor and cognitive speed, and working memory. Consequently, these decrements often lead individuals who are in a fatigued state to engage in substandard performance on everyday tasks. In the interest of curtailing these effects, prior work has attempted to identify mechanisms that predict fatigue onset and develop techniques to mitigate its negative consequences. Nonetheless, these results are often confounded by variables such as an individual’s resistance to fatigue, sleep history, and unclear distinctions about whether certain performance decrements are present due to fatigue or due to other confounding factors. Similar areas of research have provided approaches to produce models for the prediction of cognitive performance decrements due to fatigue through the use of multi-modal recording and analysis of fatigue-related responses. Namely, gathering and combining response information from multiple sources (i.e., physiological and behavioral) at multiple timescales may provide a more comprehensive representation of what constitutes fatigue onset in the individual. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to discuss the relevant literature on the topic of fatigue-related performance effects with a special emphasis on a variety of physiological and behavioral response variables that have shown to be sensitive to changes in fatigue. Furthermore, an increasing reliance on sleep loss, meant to assist in meeting the demands of modern society, has led to an upsurge in the relevance of identifying dependable countermeasures for fatigued states. As such, we will also review methods for the mitigation of performance effects due to fatigue and discuss their usefulness in regulating these effects. In sum, this review aims to inspire future work that will create opportunities to detect fatigue and mitigate its effects prior to the onset of cognitive impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie C. Kayser
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, United States
| | - Vannia A. Puig
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, United States
| | - Justin R. Estepp
- 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Justin R. Estepp,
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Schumann F, Steinborn MB, Kürten J, Cao L, Händel BF, Huestegge L. Restoration of Attention by Rest in a Multitasking World: Theory, Methodology, and Empirical Evidence. Front Psychol 2022; 13:867978. [PMID: 35432083 PMCID: PMC9010884 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.867978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we evaluate the status of both theory and empirical evidence in the field of experimental rest-break research based on a framework that combines mental-chronometry and psychometric-measurement theory. To this end, we (1) provide a taxonomy of rest breaks according to which empirical studies can be classified (e.g., by differentiating between long, short, and micro-rest breaks based on context and temporal properties). Then, we (2) evaluate the theorizing in both the basic and applied fields of research and explain how popular concepts (e.g., ego depletion model, opportunity cost theory, attention restoration theory, action readiness, etc.) relate to each other in contemporary theoretical debates. Here, we highlight differences between all these models in the light of two symbolic categories, termed the resource-based and satiation-based model, including aspects related to the dynamics and the control (strategic or non-strategic) mechanisms at work. Based on a critical assessment of existing methodological and theoretical approaches, we finally (3) provide a set of guidelines for both theory building and future empirical approaches to the experimental study of rest breaks. We conclude that a psychometrically advanced and theoretically focused research of rest and recovery has the potential to finally provide a sound scientific basis to eventually mitigate the adverse effects of ever increasing task demands on performance and well-being in a multitasking world at work and leisure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Schumann
- Mittweida University of Applied Sciences, Mittweida, Germany
| | | | - Jens Kürten
- Department of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Liyu Cao
- Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Lynn Huestegge
- Department of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Xu S, Akioma M, Yuan Z. Relationship between circadian rhythm and brain cognitive functions. FRONTIERS OF OPTOELECTRONICS 2021; 14:278-287. [PMID: 36637731 PMCID: PMC9743892 DOI: 10.1007/s12200-021-1090-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are considered a masterstroke of natural selection, which gradually increase the adaptability of species to the Earth's rotation. Importantly, the nervous system plays a key role in allowing organisms to maintain circadian rhythmicity. Circadian rhythms affect multiple aspects of cognitive functions (mainly via arousal), particularly those needed for effort-intensive cognitive tasks, which require considerable top-down executive control. These include inhibitory control, working memory, task switching, and psychomotor vigilance. This mini review highlights the recent advances in cognitive functioning in the optical and multimodal neuroimaging fields; it discusses the processing of brain cognitive functions during the circadian rhythm phase and the effects of the circadian rhythm on the cognitive component of the brain and the brain circuit supporting cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyang Xu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Miriam Akioma
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Zhen Yuan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China.
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Manousakis JE, Mann N, Jeppe KJ, Anderson C. Awareness of sleepiness: Temporal dynamics of subjective and objective sleepiness. Psychophysiology 2021; 58:e13839. [PMID: 34032305 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We systematically examined the temporal relationships between subjective sleepiness and both physiological drowsiness and performance impairment in a controlled laboratory setting. Eighteen healthy young adults (8 women; MAGE = 21.44 ± 3.24 years) underwent 40 hr of extended wakefulness, completing a bihourly Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) and 10-min Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT). Microsleeps and slow eye movements (SEMs) were scored during the PVT. KSS scores increased 3 hr prior to performance impairment (p < .001) and 4-6 hr prior to physiological sleepiness (p < .001). There were strong within-subject correlations between KSS and PVT lapses (r = 0.75, p < .001) and physiological drowsiness (r > 0.60, p < .001). Between-subjects product-moment correlations were more modest but showed a significant positive increase across time awake, suggesting that subjective sleepiness and objective outcomes were more tightly correlated after sleep loss. Cross-correlations showed significant positive correlations at 0-lag (p < .034); however, a high proportion of participants showed maximal correlations at positive lags, suggesting KSS was associated with future objective impairment. Within individuals, subjective sleepiness was highly correlated with objective impairment, between-subject correlations were more modest, possibly due to interindividual vulnerability to sleep loss. These results suggest that subjective sleepiness represents an inbuilt early warning system for subsequent drowsiness and performance impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Manousakis
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nikita Mann
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katherine J Jeppe
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Clare Anderson
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Sumińska S, Nowak K, Łukomska B, Cygan HB. Cognitive functions of shift workers: paramedics and firefighters - an electroencephalography study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND ERGONOMICS 2020; 27:686-697. [PMID: 32436781 DOI: 10.1080/10803548.2020.1773117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction. Working shifts has a negative impact on employee health and cognitive efficiency. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of shift work on cognitive functions - attention and working memory - using both behavioural and electrophysiological measures. Methods. The study was carried out on a group of 34 shift employees (18 paramedics, 16 firefighters) and on 17 day workers. Participants performed the attention network test and the N-back task with two conditions (1-back, 2-back) while the electroencephalography signal was recorded. Results. Observations included a higher amplitude of the P200 potential in paramedics (compared to the control group), a higher amplitude of the P300 potential after work than on a day off and the lowest increase in power in the θ band after the night shift. In firefighters, lower α desynchronization and lower synchronization in the α/β band were observed after a 24-h shift. Paramedics and firefighters had longer reaction times (N-back task). Conclusions. The results suggest that paramedics experience problems with sustained attention. Paramedics process visual stimuli in a different way; after a night shift, performing the tasks required more engagement of cognitive resources. For firefighters, a decrease in visual attention functions and cognitive inhibition was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Sumińska
- Central Institute for Labour Protection - National Research Institute (CIOP-PIB), Poland
| | - Kamila Nowak
- Central Institute for Labour Protection - National Research Institute (CIOP-PIB), Poland
| | - Barbara Łukomska
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland
| | - Hanna B Cygan
- Bioimaging Research Center, Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, Poland
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Wilckens KA, Kline CE, Bowman MA, Brindle RC, Cribbet MR, Thayer JF, Hall MH. Does objectively-assessed sleep moderate the association between history of major depressive disorder and task-switching? J Affect Disord 2020; 265:216-223. [PMID: 32090744 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Executive function and psychomotor speed are consistently impaired in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). Persistent cognitive impairments after depression remission are thought to reflect "scarring" from the neurotoxic effects of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity during a depressive episode. As sleep also deteriorates with depression and restores daytime executive functions, we examined whether adequate sleep could be protective against task-switching and psychomotor impairments associated with a history of MDD. METHODS This cross-sectional study tested task-switching associations with MDD history, sleep, and their interaction to determine whether sleep continuity and sleep duration moderate the relationship between MDD history and task-switching performance. RESULTS After adjusting for age, sex, education, current depressive symptoms, and use of anti-depressants, a history of MDD, particularly recurrent MDD, was associated with slower response speed and disproportionately lower accuracy on repetition trials compared to switch trials, reflecting impaired adoption of a task-set. Regardless of MDD history, higher wake after sleep onset and shorter total sleep time were associated with slower response times, but neither sleep measure moderated the association between depression history and task-switching performance. LIMITATIONS This cross-sectional study cannot assess the causal direction of associations. One night of sleep in the laboratory was used to assess sleep and a single task-switching paradigm was used to assess executive function. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that longer, more continuous sleep is associated with greater psychomotor speed across healthy controls and those with a history of MDD, but MDD-task-switching associations are not mitigated by longer or more continuous sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine A Wilckens
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3801 O'Hara Street E-1124, Pittsburgh 15213, PA, United States.
| | - Christopher E Kline
- Department of Health and Physical Activity, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Marissa A Bowman
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Ryan C Brindle
- Department of Cognitive and Behavioral Science & Neuroscience Program, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, VA, United States
| | - Matthew R Cribbet
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States
| | - Julian F Thayer
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Martica H Hall
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3801 O'Hara Street E-1124, Pittsburgh 15213, PA, United States
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Gupta CC, Centofanti S, Dorrian J, Coates A, Stepien JM, Kennaway D, Wittert G, Heilbronn L, Catcheside P, Noakes M, Coro D, Chandrakumar D, Banks S. Altering meal timing to improve cognitive performance during simulated nightshifts. Chronobiol Int 2019; 36:1691-1713. [DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2019.1676256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte C Gupta
- Behaviour-Brain-Body Research Centre, School of Psychology, Social Work and Social Policy, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Stephanie Centofanti
- Behaviour-Brain-Body Research Centre, School of Psychology, Social Work and Social Policy, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- University of South Australia Online, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jillian Dorrian
- Behaviour-Brain-Body Research Centre, School of Psychology, Social Work and Social Policy, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Alison Coates
- Behaviour-Brain-Body Research Centre, School of Psychology, Social Work and Social Policy, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jacqueline M Stepien
- Behaviour-Brain-Body Research Centre, School of Psychology, Social Work and Social Policy, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - David Kennaway
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Gary Wittert
- Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Leonie Heilbronn
- Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- South Australia Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia
| | - Peter Catcheside
- Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide Australia
| | - Manny Noakes
- Food and Nutrition Flagship, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Daniel Coro
- Behaviour-Brain-Body Research Centre, School of Psychology, Social Work and Social Policy, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Dilushi Chandrakumar
- Behaviour-Brain-Body Research Centre, School of Psychology, Social Work and Social Policy, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Siobhan Banks
- Behaviour-Brain-Body Research Centre, School of Psychology, Social Work and Social Policy, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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12
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Barnes CM, Watson NF. Why healthy sleep is good for business. Sleep Med Rev 2019; 47:112-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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13
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Decreased psychomotor vigilance of female shift workers after working night shifts. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219087. [PMID: 31276523 PMCID: PMC6611661 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We compared psychomotor vigilance in female shift workers of the Bergmannsheil University Hospital in Bochum, Germany (N = 74, 94% nurses) after day and night shifts. Methods Participants performed a 3-minute Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT) test bout at the end of two consecutive day and three consecutive night shifts, respectively. Psychomotor vigilance was analyzed with respect to mean reaction time, percentage of lapses and false starts, and throughput as an overall performance score, combining reaction time and error frequencies. We also determined the reaction time coefficient of variation (RTCV) to assess relative reaction time variability after day and night shifts. Further, we examined the influence of shift type (night vs. day) by mixed linear models with associated 95% confidence intervals (CI), adjusted for age, chronotype, study day, season, and the presence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Results At the end of a night shift, reaction times were increased (β = 7.64; 95% CI 0.94; 14.35) and the number of lapses higher compared to day shifts (exp(β) = 1.55; 95% CI 1.16–2.08). By contrast, we did not observe differences in the number of false starts between day and night shifts. Throughput was reduced after night shifts (β = -15.52; 95% CI -27.49; -3.46). Reaction times improved across consecutive day and night shifts, whereas the frequency of lapses decreased after the third night. RTCV remained unaffected by both, night shifts and consecutive shift blocks. Discussion Our results add to the growing body of literature demonstrating that night-shift work is associated with decreased psychomotor vigilance. As the analysis of RTCV suggests, performance deficits may selectively be driven by few slow reactions at the lower end of the reaction time distribution function. Comparing intra-individual PVT-performances over three consecutive night and two consecutive day shifts, we observed performance improvements after the third night shift. Although a training effect cannot be ruled out, this finding may suggest better adaptation to the night schedule if avoiding fast-changing shift schedules.
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Shaked D, Faulkner LMD, Tolle K, Wendell CR, Waldstein SR, Spencer RJ. Reliability and validity of the Conners' Continuous Performance Test. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-ADULT 2019; 27:478-487. [PMID: 30793982 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2019.1570199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The Conners' Continuous Performance Test-Second Edition (CCPT-2) is a widely used measure of attention and impulsivity, however, only a minimal amount is known about its reliability. To clarify the psychometric properties of the CCPT-2, we assessed its performance stability and related it to criterion measures. A total of 91 undergraduate students completed the CCPT-2, the State-Trait Personality Inventory (STPI), and reported on sleep during two sessions approximately one week apart. They completed the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult Version (BRIEF-A) at session one and the Stroop Color and Word Test at session two. Findings indicated that the CCPT-2 had strong internal consistency, adequate test-retest reliability for commission errors and response time, poor test-retest reliability for omission errors, and practice effects for omission and commission errors. The CCPT-2 was largely unrelated to the BRIEF-A, Stroop Color and Word Test, and the STPI. More sleep was related to a quicker response time and more commission errors on the CCPT-2, and the BRIEF-A's Behavior Regulation Index was positively related to commission errors. Relative to the omission error component of the CCPT-2, commission errors and response time may be useful and stable measures of sustained attention and impulsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Shaked
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lauren M. D. Faulkner
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kathryn Tolle
- VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Carrington R. Wendell
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shari R. Waldstein
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert J. Spencer
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Socially alerted cognition evoked by a confederate's mere presence: analysis of reaction-time distributions and delta plots. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2019; 84:1424-1439. [PMID: 30623238 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-019-01143-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We examined aspects of social alerting as induced through the presence of an attentive but non-evaluative confederate on mental efficiency. To this end, individuals were administered with a chained mental-arithmetic task (levels: low vs. high demand) in two contextual conditions (levels: alone vs. presence). In addition, we examined self-report measures of subjective state for purposes of control. As a result, the presence (vs. alone) condition improved (not hampered) processing speed (while error rate remained low overall), and this effect was differentially more pronounced for high (vs. low) demand. Reaction-time distributional analyses revealed that improvements in average performance actually originated from a selective speeding-up in the slower percentiles, indicating that social alerting promotes stability of information-processing throughput. These results challenge prevalent theoretical notions of mere-presence effects as individuals became consistently faster and less vulnerable to commit attention failure. Our findings indicate that social presence promotes not only processing speed but volitional steadiness.
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Gallegos C, García A, Ramírez C, Borrani J, Azevedo CVM, Valdez P. Circadian and homeostatic modulation of the attentional blink. Chronobiol Int 2018; 36:343-352. [PMID: 30488723 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2018.1543315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
An important property of attention is the limitation to process new information after responding to a stimulus. This property of attention can be evaluated by the Attentional Blink (AB), a phenomenon that consists of a failure to detect the second of two targets when the interval between them is 200-500 ms. The aim of the present work is to determine the possible existence of time awake (homeostatic changes) and time of day (circadian rhythm) variations in the AB. Eighteen undergraduate students, 11 men and 7 women, age = 18.06 ± 1.16 years, participated voluntarily in this research. They were recorded in a constant routine protocol during 29 h, in which rectal temperature was recorded every minute, while subjective sleepiness and responses to a Rapid Serial Visual Presentation (RSVP) task, to measure the AB, were recorded every hour. Homeostatic and circadian variations in all parameters of the RSVP task were observed, including changes in the capacity to process a new stimulus (Target 1 accuracy), a second stimulus occurring in a short interval after the first (Target 2 accuracy at lag 2, 200 ms) and to process another successive independent stimulus (Target 2 accuracy at lag 8, 800 ms). The acrophase of these parameters occurred with a phase delay of 2 h compared to the circadian rhythm of rectal temperature. The AB magnitude, an index of the AB, showed a decline with time awake, but no variations with time of day. In conclusion, there are homeostatic and circadian variations in the capacity to process any incoming information, especially in tasks with brief duration stimuli presented at a high frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Gallegos
- a Laboratorio de Psicofisiología, Facultad de Psicología , Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León , Monterrey, NL , México
| | - Aída García
- a Laboratorio de Psicofisiología, Facultad de Psicología , Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León , Monterrey, NL , México
| | - Candelaria Ramírez
- a Laboratorio de Psicofisiología, Facultad de Psicología , Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León , Monterrey, NL , México
| | - Jorge Borrani
- a Laboratorio de Psicofisiología, Facultad de Psicología , Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León , Monterrey, NL , México
| | - Carolina V M Azevedo
- b Laboratorio de Cronobiologia, Departamento de Fisiologia , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte , Natal, RN , Brazil
| | - Pablo Valdez
- a Laboratorio de Psicofisiología, Facultad de Psicología , Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León , Monterrey, NL , México
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Fournier LR, Hansen DA, Stubblefield AM, Van Dongen HPA. Action plan interrupted: resolution of proactive interference while coordinating execution of multiple action plans during sleep deprivation. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2018; 84:454-467. [PMID: 30006887 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-018-1054-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The ability to retain an action plan to execute another is necessary for most complex, goal-directed behavior. Research shows that executing an action plan to an interrupting event can be delayed when it partly overlaps (vs. does not overlap) with the retained action plan. This phenomenon is known as partial repetition costs (PRCs). PRCs reflect proactive interference, which may be resolved by inhibitory, executive control processes. We investigated whether these inhibitory processes are compromised due to one night of sleep deprivation. Participants were randomized to a sleep-deprived group or a well-rested control group. All participants performed an action planning task at baseline after a full night of sleep, and again either after a night of sleep deprivation (sleep-deprived group) or a full night of sleep (control group). In this task, two visual events occurred in a sequence. Participants retained an action plan to the first event in working memory while executing a speeded action to the second (interrupting) event; afterwards, they executed the action to the first event. The two action plans either partly overlapped (required the same hand) or did not (required different hands). Results showed slower responses to the interrupting event during sleep deprivation compared to baseline and the control group. However, the magnitude of the PRCs was no different during sleep deprivation compared to baseline and the control group. Thus, one night of sleep deprivation slowed global responses to the interruption, but inhibitory processes involved in reducing proactive interference while responding to an interrupting event were not compromised. These findings are consistent with other studies that show sleep deprivation degrades global task performance, but does not necessarily degrade performance on isolated, executive control components of cognition. The possibility that our findings involve local as opposed to central inhibition is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa R Fournier
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
| | - Devon A Hansen
- Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
- Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | | | - Hans P A Van Dongen
- Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
- Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
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18
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Trading off switch costs and stimulus availability benefits: An investigation of voluntary task-switching behavior in a predictable dynamic multitasking environment. Mem Cognit 2018. [DOI: 10.3758/s13421-018-0802-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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19
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Slama H, Chylinski DO, Deliens G, Leproult R, Schmitz R, Peigneux P. Sleep Deprivation Triggers Cognitive Control Impairments in Task-Goal Switching. Sleep 2017; 41:4737239. [PMID: 29244170 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsx200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES This study investigates the impact of sleep deprivation (SD) on task-goal switching, a key component of cognitive flexibility. METHODS Task-goal switching performance was tested after one night of regular sleep (n = 17 participants) or of total SD (n = 18). To understand the relationships between task-switching performance and other cognitive processes following SD, participants were tested for other key attentional (alertness and vigilance) and executive (inhibition and working memory) functions. Spontaneous eye blink rate (EBR) was also measured as an indirect marker of striatal dopaminergic function. RESULTS SD negatively affects task-goal switching as well as attentional and inhibition measures, but not working memory. Changes in task-goal switching performance were not significantly correlated with changes in objective and subjective markers of fatigue and sleepiness, response inhibition, or spontaneous EBR. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, our results show differentiated effects of SD on key executive functions such as working memory, inhibition, and task-goal switching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hichem Slama
- UR2NF - Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Group at CRCN - Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences and UNI - ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.,UNESCOG - Research Unit in Cognitive Neurosciences at CRCN - Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences and UNI - ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.,Work Performed: Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)
| | - Daphne Olivia Chylinski
- UR2NF - Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Group at CRCN - Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences and UNI - ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.,Work Performed: Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)
| | - Gaétane Deliens
- UR2NF - Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Group at CRCN - Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences and UNI - ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.,ACTE - Autism in Context: Theory and Experience/Langage & Esprit, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.,Work Performed: Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)
| | - Rachel Leproult
- UR2NF - Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Group at CRCN - Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences and UNI - ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.,Work Performed: Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)
| | - Rémy Schmitz
- UR2NF - Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Group at CRCN - Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences and UNI - ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.,Work Performed: Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)
| | - Philippe Peigneux
- UR2NF - Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Group at CRCN - Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences and UNI - ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.,Work Performed: Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)
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20
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Cropper EC, Jing J, Perkins MH, Weiss KR. Use of the Aplysia feeding network to study repetition priming of an episodic behavior. J Neurophysiol 2017; 118:1861-1870. [PMID: 28679841 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00373.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many central pattern generator (CPG)-mediated behaviors are episodic, meaning that they are not continuously ongoing; instead, there are pauses between bouts of activity. This raises an interesting possibility, that the neural networks that mediate these behaviors are not operating under "steady-state" conditions; i.e., there could be dynamic changes in motor activity as it stops and starts. Research in the feeding system of the mollusk Aplysia californica has demonstrated that this can be the case. After a pause, initial food grasping responses are relatively weak. With repetition, however, responses strengthen. In this review we describe experiments that have characterized cellular/molecular mechanisms that produce these changes in motor activity. In particular, we focus on cumulative effects of modulatory neuropeptides. Furthermore, we relate Aplysia research to work in other systems and species, and develop a hypothesis that postulates that changes in response magnitude are a reflection of an efficient feeding strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Cropper
- Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; and
| | - Jian Jing
- Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; and.,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Matthew H Perkins
- Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; and
| | - Klaudiusz R Weiss
- Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; and
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21
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Steinborn MB, Huestegge L. Phone Conversation while Processing Information: Chronometric Analysis of Load Effects in Everyday-media Multitasking. Front Psychol 2017. [PMID: 28634458 PMCID: PMC5459907 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This is a pilot study that examined the effect of cell-phone conversation on cognition using a continuous multitasking paradigm. Current theorizing argues that phone conversation affects behavior (e.g., driving) by interfering at a level of cognitive processes (not peripheral activity) and by implying an attentional-failure account. Within the framework of an intermittent spare–utilized capacity threading model, we examined the effect of aspects of (secondary-task) phone conversation on (primary-task) continuous arithmetic performance, asking whether phone use makes components of automatic and controlled information-processing (i.e., easy vs. hard mental arithmetic) run more slowly, or alternatively, makes processing run less reliably albeit with the same processing speed. The results can be summarized as follows: While neither expecting a text message nor expecting an impending phone call had any detrimental effects on performance, active phone conversation was clearly detrimental to primary-task performance. Crucially, the decrement imposed by secondary-task (conversation) was not due to a constant slowdown but is better be characterized by an occasional breakdown of information processing, which differentially affected automatic and controlled components of primary-task processing. In conclusion, these findings support the notion that phone conversation makes individuals not constantly slower but more vulnerable to commit attention failure, and in this way, hampers stability of (primary-task) information processing.
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22
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Steinborn MB, Langner R, Huestegge L. Mobilizing cognition for speeded action: try-harder instructions promote motivated readiness in the constant-foreperiod paradigm. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2016; 81:1135-1151. [PMID: 27650820 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-016-0810-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We examined the effect of motivational readiness on cognitive performance. An important but still not sufficiently elaborated question is whether individuals can voluntarily increase cognitive efficiency for an impending target event, given sufficient preparation time. Within the framework of the constant-foreperiod design (comparing reaction time performance in blocks of short and long foreperiod intervals, FPs), we examined the effect of an instruction to try harder (instructional cue: standard vs. effort) in a choice-reaction task on performance speed and variability. Proceeding from previous theoretical considerations, we expected the instruction to speed-up processing irrespective of FP length, while error rate should be increased in the short-FP but decreased in the long-FP condition. Overall, the results confirmed this prediction. Importantly, the distributional (ex-Gaussian and delta plot) analysis revealed that the instruction to try harder decreased distributional skewness (i.e., longer percentiles were more affected), indicating that mobilization ensured temporal performance stability (persistence).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Steinborn
- Psychologie III, University of Wuerzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Robert Langner
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Lynn Huestegge
- Psychologie III, University of Wuerzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
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Steinborn MB, Huestegge L. A Walk Down the Lane Gives Wings to Your Brain. Restorative Benefits of Rest Breaks on Cognition and Self-Control. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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24
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Emerging adults’ sleep patterns and attentional capture: the pivotal role of consistency. Cogn Process 2016; 17:155-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s10339-016-0754-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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25
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Ginani GE, Pradella-Hallinan M, Pompéia S. Identification of emotional expressiveness in facial photographs over 36 h of extended vigilance in healthy young men—a preliminary study. Cogn Emot 2015; 31:339-348. [PMID: 26689749 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2015.1121863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giuliano Emerenciano Ginani
- Departamento de Psicologia, Faculdade União das Américas – UNIAMÉRICA, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo-UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Sabine Pompéia
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo-UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
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Steinborn MB, Langner R, Flehmig HC, Huestegge L. Everyday Life Cognitive Instability Predicts Simple Reaction Time Variability: Analysis of Reaction Time Distributions and Delta Plots. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Langner
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology; Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Düsseldorf Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1); Research Centre Jülich; Jülich Germany
| | - Hagen C. Flehmig
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry; Saxon Hospital Großschweidnitz; Großschweidnitz Germany
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Slama H, Deliens G, Schmitz R, Peigneux P, Leproult R. Afternoon nap and bright light exposure improve cognitive flexibility post lunch. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125359. [PMID: 26016658 PMCID: PMC4446306 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Beneficial effects of napping or bright light exposure on cognitive performance have been reported in participants exposed to sleep loss. Nonetheless, few studies investigated the effect of these potential countermeasures against the temporary drop in performance observed in mid-afternoon, and even less so on cognitive flexibility, a crucial component of executive functions. This study investigated the impact of either an afternoon nap or bright light exposure on post-prandial alterations in task switching performance in well-rested participants. Twenty-five healthy adults participated in two randomized experimental conditions, either wake versus nap (n=15), or bright light versus placebo (n=10). Participants were tested on a switching task three times (morning, post-lunch and late afternoon sessions). The interventions occurred prior to the post-lunch session. In the nap/wake condition, participants either stayed awake watching a 30-minute documentary or had the opportunity to take a nap for 30 minutes. In the bright light/placebo condition, participants watched a documentary under either bright blue light or dim orange light (placebo) for 30 minutes. The switch cost estimates cognitive flexibility and measures task-switching efficiency. Increased switch cost scores indicate higher difficulties to switch between tasks. In both control conditions (wake or placebo), accuracy switch-cost score increased post lunch. Both interventions (nap or bright light) elicited a decrease in accuracy switch-cost score post lunch, which was associated with diminished fatigue and decreased variability in vigilance. Additionally, there was a trend for a post-lunch benefit of bright light with a decreased latency switch-cost score. In the nap group, improvements in accuracy switch-cost score were associated with more NREM sleep stage N1. Thus, exposure to bright light during the post-lunch dip, a countermeasure easily applicable in daily life, results in similar beneficial effects as a short nap on performance in the cognitive flexibility domain with possible additional benefits on latency switch-cost scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hichem Slama
- UR2NF - Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Group at CRCN -Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences and UNI - ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- UNESCOG - Research Unit in Cognitive Neurosciences at CRCN - Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences and UNI - ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gaétane Deliens
- UR2NF - Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Group at CRCN -Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences and UNI - ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- CO3 - Consciousness, Cognition & Computation Group at CRCN - Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences and UNI - ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rémy Schmitz
- UR2NF - Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Group at CRCN -Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences and UNI - ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- LABNIC - Laboratory for Neurology and Imaging of Cognition, Department of Neuroscience and Clinic of Neurology, Campus Biotech, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Peigneux
- UR2NF - Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Group at CRCN -Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences and UNI - ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rachel Leproult
- UR2NF - Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Group at CRCN -Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences and UNI - ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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28
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Varga AW, Kang M, Ramesh PV, Klann E. Effects of acute sleep deprivation on motor and reversal learning in mice. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2014; 114:217-22. [PMID: 25046627 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Sleep supports the formation of a variety of declarative and non-declarative memories, and sleep deprivation often impairs these types of memories. In human subjects, natural sleep either during a nap or overnight leads to long-lasting improvements in visuomotor and fine motor tasks, but rodent models recapitulating these findings have been scarce. Here we present evidence that 5h of acute sleep deprivation impairs mouse skilled reach learning compared to a matched period of ad libitum sleep. In sleeping mice, the duration of total sleep time during the 5h of sleep opportunity or during the first bout of sleep did not correlate with ultimate gain in motor performance. In addition, we observed that reversal learning during the skilled reaching task was also affected by sleep deprivation. Consistent with this observation, 5h of sleep deprivation also impaired reversal learning in the water-based Y-maze. In conclusion, acute sleep deprivation negatively impacts subsequent motor and reversal learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Varga
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA; NYU Sleep Disorders Center, NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Mihwa Kang
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA; NYU Sleep Disorders Center, NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Priyanka V Ramesh
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Eric Klann
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
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Cropper EC, Friedman AK, Jing J, Perkins MH, Weiss KR. Neuromodulation as a mechanism for the induction of repetition priming. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2014; 29:33-8. [PMID: 25261622 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2014.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
It is becoming apparent that the activity of many neural networks is shaped by effects of endogenous neuromodulators. Modulators exert second messenger-mediated actions that persist. We consider how this may impact network function and its potential role in the induction of repetition priming (increased performance when behavior is repeated). When effects of modulators persist and modulatory substances are repeatedly released, their effects will accumulate (summate) and become more pronounced. If this enhances the ability of a network to generate a particular output, performance will improve. We review data that support this model, and consider its implications for task switching. This model predicts that priming of one type of network activity will negatively impact the rapid transition to an incompatible type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Cropper
- Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, United States.
| | - Allyson K Friedman
- Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, United States
| | - Jian Jing
- Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, United States; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Matthew H Perkins
- Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, United States
| | - Klaudiusz R Weiss
- Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, United States
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30
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The vigilance decrement in executive function is attenuated when individual chronotypes perform at their optimal time of day. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88820. [PMID: 24586404 PMCID: PMC3929366 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Time of day modulates our cognitive functions, especially those related to executive control, such as the ability to inhibit inappropriate responses. However, the impact of individual differences in time of day preferences (i.e. morning vs. evening chronotype) had not been considered by most studies. It was also unclear whether the vigilance decrement (impaired performance with time on task) depends on both time of day and chronotype. In this study, morning-type and evening-type participants performed a task measuring vigilance and response inhibition (the Sustained Attention to Response Task, SART) in morning and evening sessions. The results showed that the vigilance decrement in inhibitory performance was accentuated at non-optimal as compared to optimal times of day. In the morning-type group, inhibition performance decreased linearly with time on task only in the evening session, whereas in the morning session it remained more accurate and stable over time. In contrast, inhibition performance in the evening-type group showed a linear vigilance decrement in the morning session, whereas in the evening session the vigilance decrement was attenuated, following a quadratic trend. Our findings imply that the negative effects of time on task in executive control can be prevented by scheduling cognitive tasks at the optimal time of day according to specific circadian profiles of individuals. Therefore, time of day and chronotype influences should be considered in research and clinical studies as well as real-word situations demanding executive control for response inhibition.
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Juda M, Vetter C, Roenneberg T. Chronotype modulates sleep duration, sleep quality, and social jet lag in shift-workers. J Biol Rhythms 2013; 28:141-51. [PMID: 23606613 DOI: 10.1177/0748730412475042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This study explores chronotype-dependent tolerance to the demands of working morning, evening, and night shifts in terms of social jet lag, sleep duration, and sleep disturbance. A total of 238 shift-workers were chronotyped with the Munich ChronoType Questionnaire for shift-workers (MCTQ(Shift)), which collects information about shift-dependent sleep duration and sleep timing. Additionally, 94 shift-workers also completed those items of the Sleep Questionnaire from the Standard Shift-Work Index (SSI) that assess sleep disturbances. Although all participants worked morning, evening, and night shifts, subsamples differed in rotation direction and speed. Sleep duration, social jet lag, and sleep disturbance were all significantly modulated by the interaction of chronotype and shift (mixed-model ANOVAs). Earlier chronotypes showed shortened sleep duration during night shifts, high social jet lag, as well as higher levels of sleep disturbance. A similar pattern was observed for later chronotypes during early shifts. Age itself only influenced sleep duration and quality per se, without showing interactions with shifts. We found that workers slept longer in fast, rotating shift schedules. Since chronotype changes with age, investigations on sleep behavior and circadian misalignment in shift-workers have to consider chronotype to fully understand interindividual and intraindividual variability, especially in view of the current demographic changes. Given the impact of sleep on health, our results stress the importance of chronotype both in understanding the effects of shift-work on sleep and in devising solutions to reduce shift-work-related health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Juda
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Centre of Chronobiology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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32
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Bratzke D, Steinborn MB, Rolke B, Ulrich R. Effects of sleep loss and circadian rhythm on executive inhibitory control in the Stroop and Simon tasks. Chronobiol Int 2012; 29:55-61. [PMID: 22217101 DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2011.635235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed the influence of sleep loss and circadian rhythm on executive inhibitory control (i.e., the ability to inhibit conflicting response tendencies due to irrelevant information). Twelve ordinarily diurnally active, healthy young male participants performed the Stroop and the Simon task every 3 h in a 40-h constant routine protocol that comprised constant wakefulness under controlled behavioral and environmental conditions. In both tasks, overall performance showed clear circadian rhythm and sleep-loss effects. However, both Stroop and Simon interference remained unchanged across the 40 h of wakefulness, suggesting that neither cumulative sleep loss nor the circadian clock affects executive inhibitory control. The present findings challenge the widely held view that executive functions are especially vulnerable to the influence of sleep loss and circadian rhythm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bratzke
- Department of Psychology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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RAMÍREZ C, GARCÍA A, VALDEZ P. Identification of circadian rhythms in cognitive inhibition and flexibility using a Stroop task. Sleep Biol Rhythms 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1479-8425.2012.00540.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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García A, Ramírez C, Martínez B, Valdez P. Circadian rhythms in two components of executive functions: cognitive inhibition and flexibility. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2011.638137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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35
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Leenaars CHC, Joosten RNJMA, Zwart A, Sandberg H, Ruimschotel E, Hanegraaf MAJ, Dematteis M, Feenstra MGP, van Someren EJW. Switch-task performance in rats is disturbed by 12 h of sleep deprivation but not by 12 h of sleep fragmentation. Sleep 2012; 35:211-21. [PMID: 22294811 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.1624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Task-switching is an executive function involving the prefrontal cortex. Switching temporarily attenuates the speed and/or accuracy of performance, phenomena referred to as switch costs. In accordance with the idea that prefrontal function is particularly sensitive to sleep loss, switch-costs increase during prolonged waking in humans. It has been difficult to investigate the underlying neurobiological mechanisms because of the lack of a suitable animal model. Here, we introduce the first switch-task for rats and report the effects of sleep deprivation and inactivation of the medial prefrontal cortex. DESIGN Rats were trained to repeatedly switch between 2 stimulus-response associations, indicated by the presentation of a visual or an auditory stimulus. These stimulus-response associations were offered in blocks, and performance was compared for the first and fifth trials of each block. Performance was tested after exposure to 12 h of total sleep deprivation, sleep fragmentation, and their respective movement control conditions. Finally, it was tested after pharmacological inactivation of the medial prefrontal cortex. SETTINGS Controlled laboratory settings. PARTICIPANTS 15 male Wistar rats. MEASUREMENTS & RESULTS Both accuracy and latency showed switch-costs at baseline. Twelve hours of total sleep deprivation, but not sleep fragmentation, impaired accuracy selectively on the switch-trials. Inactivation of the medial prefrontal cortex by local neuronal inactivation resulted in an overall decrease in accuracy. CONCLUSIONS We developed and validated a switch-task that is sensitive to sleep deprivation. This introduces the possibility for in-depth investigations on the neurobiological mechanisms underlying executive impairments after sleep disturbance in a rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathalijn H C Leenaars
- Department of Sleep and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), an institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences,Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Steinborn MB, Langner R. Arousal modulates temporal preparation under increased time uncertainty: Evidence from higher-order sequential foreperiod effects. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2012; 139:65-76. [PMID: 22088963 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2011.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Revised: 10/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
When the foreperiod (FP) is unpredictably varied in reaction-time tasks, responses are slow at short but fast at long FPs (variable-FP effect), and further vary asymmetrically as a function of FP sequence (sequential FP effect). A trace-conditioning model attributes these phenomena to time-related associative learning, while a dual-process model views them as resulting from combined effects of strategic preparation and trial-to-trial changes in arousal. Sometimes, responses are slower in long-long than in short-long FP sequences. This pattern is not predicted from the trace-conditioning account, since FP repetitions should speed up, rather than slow down, responses (due to reinforcement). The effect, however, might indicate the contribution of arousal, which according to the dual-process model, is heightened after a short FP(n-1) but decreased after a long FP(n-1). In five experiments, we examined higher-order sequential FP effects on performance, with a particular emphasis on analyzing performance in long-FP(n) trials as a function of FP length in the two preceding trials, varying temporal FP context (i.e. average FP length) and reaction mode (simple vs. choice reaction). Slower responses in long-long-long (compared with short-short-long) FP sequences were not found within a short-FP context (Exps. 1 & 2) but clearly emerged within a long-FP context (Exps. 3-5). This pattern supports the notion that transient arousal changes contribute to sequential performance effects in variable-FP tasks, in line with the dual-process account of temporal preparation.
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Plessow F, Kiesel A, Kirschbaum C. The stressed prefrontal cortex and goal-directed behaviour: acute psychosocial stress impairs the flexible implementation of task goals. Exp Brain Res 2011; 216:397-408. [PMID: 22101494 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-011-2943-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Goals are often at the basis of human actions. As an essential mechanism of behavioural adaptation, individuals need to be able to flexibly implement new task goals so as to alter their actions (switch tasks) in response to contextual changes. The present study investigated the effect of acute psychosocial stress on cognitive control processes of flexible task-goal implementation with temporal focus on the occurrence interval of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) stress response. For this, forty-eight healthy volunteers were either challenged with a standardised stress-induction protocol (the Trier Social Stress Test) or underwent a standardised control situation. Subsequently, they were exposed to a task-switching procedure with two tasks alternating in random order. Participants of the stress group displayed increased salivary α-amylase activity immediately after stress exposure as well as elevations of salivary cortisol from 10 min after stress cessation, reflecting the typical stress-related activity increases in the sympathetic nervous system and the HPA axis, respectively. At the time interval of elevated cortisol levels, stressed individuals persistently showed larger performance differences between task switches and task repetitions (switch costs) than controls. This effect was reliably evident when tested 5-20 min as well as 25-40 min following treatment cessation. These results indicate that acute psychosocial stress impairs cognitive control processes of flexible task-goal implementation essential for voluntary goal-directed behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Plessow
- Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany.
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Jasper I, Gordijn M, Häußler A, Hermsdörfer J. Circadian rhythms in handwriting kinematics and legibility. Hum Mov Sci 2011; 30:818-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2010.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Revised: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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39
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Steinborn MB, Bratzke D, Rolke B, Gordijn MCM, Beersma DGM, Ulrich R. The effect of 40 hours of constant wakefulness on number comparison performance. Chronobiol Int 2010; 27:807-25. [PMID: 20560712 DOI: 10.3109/07420521003778765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of sleep loss and circadian rhythm on number comparison performance. Magnitude comparison of single-digits is robustly characterized by a distance effect: Close numbers (e.g., 5 versus 6) produce longer reaction times than numbers further apart (e.g., 2 versus 8). This distance effect is assumed to reflect the difficulty of a comparison process based on an analogous representation of general magnitude. Twelve male participants were required to stay awake for 40 h in a quasi-constant-routine protocol. Response speed and accuracy deteriorated between 00:00 and 06:00 h but recovered afterwards during the next day, indicating a circadian rhythm of elementary cognitive function (i.e., attention and speed of mental processing). The symbolic distance effect, however, did not increase during the nighttime, indicating that neither cumulative sleep loss nor the circadian clock prolongs numerical comparison processes. The present findings provide first evidence for a relative insensitivity of symbolic magnitude processing against the temporal variation in energy state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Steinborn
- Department of Cognitive and Biological Psychology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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40
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Valdez P, Ramírez C, García A, Talamantes J, Cortez J. CIRCADIAN AND HOMEOSTATIC VARIATION IN SUSTAINED ATTENTION. Chronobiol Int 2010; 27:393-416. [DOI: 10.3109/07420521003765861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Differential effects of prolonged work on performance measures in self-paced speed tests. Adv Cogn Psychol 2010; 5:105-13. [PMID: 20689668 PMCID: PMC2916666 DOI: 10.2478/v10053-008-0070-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2009] [Accepted: 11/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Time-related changes in the speeded performance of complex cognitive tasks are
considered to arise from the combined effects of practice and mental fatigue.
Here we explored the differential contributions of practice and fatigue to
performance changes in a self-paced speeded mental addition and comparison task
of about 50 min duration, administered twice within one week’s time. Performance
measures included average response speed, accuracy, and response speed
variability. The results revealed differential effects of prolonged work on
different performance indices: Practice effects, being more pronounced in the
first session, were reflected in an improvement of average response speed,
whereas mental fatigue, occurring in both sessions, was reflected in an increase
of response speed variability. This demonstrates that effects of mental fatigue
on average speed of performance may be masked by practice effects but still be
detectable in the variability of performance. Therefore, besides experimental
factors such as the length and complexity of tasks, indices of response speed
variability should be taken into consideration when interpreting different
aspects of performance in self-paced speed tests.
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