1
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Chou WC, Tell LA, Baynes RE, Davis JL, Maunsell FP, Riviere JE, Lin Z. An Interactive Generic Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (igPBPK) Modeling Platform to Predict Drug Withdrawal Intervals in Cattle and Swine: A Case Study on Flunixin, Florfenicol and Penicillin G. Toxicol Sci 2022; 188:180-197. [PMID: 35642931 PMCID: PMC9333411 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfac056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Violative chemical residues in edible tissues from food-producing animals are of global public health concern. Great efforts have been made to develop physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models for estimating withdrawal intervals (WDIs) for extralabel prescribed drugs in food animals. Existing models are insufficient to address the food safety concern as these models are either limited to 1 specific drug or difficult to be used by non-modelers. This study aimed to develop a user-friendly generic PBPK platform that can predict tissue residues and estimate WDIs for multiple drugs including flunixin, florfenicol, and penicillin G in cattle and swine. Mechanism-based in silico methods were used to predict tissue/plasma partition coefficients and the models were calibrated and evaluated with pharmacokinetic data from Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank (FARAD). Results showed that model predictions were, in general, within a 2-fold factor of experimental data for all 3 drugs in both species. Following extralabel administration and respective U.S. FDA-approved tolerances, predicted WDIs for both cattle and swine were close to or slightly longer than FDA-approved label withdrawal times (eg, predicted 8, 28, and 7 days vs labeled 4, 28, and 4 days for flunixin, florfenicol, and penicillin G in cattle, respectively). The final model was converted to a web-based interactive generic PBPK platform. This PBPK platform serves as a user-friendly quantitative tool for real-time predictions of WDIs for flunixin, florfenicol, and penicillin G following FDA-approved label or extralabel use in both cattle and swine, and provides a basis for extrapolating to other drugs and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chun Chou
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.,Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Lisa A Tell
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Ronald E Baynes
- Center for Chemical Toxicology Research and Pharmacokinetics, Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Jennifer L Davis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | - Fiona P Maunsell
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Jim E Riviere
- Center for Chemical Toxicology Research and Pharmacokinetics, Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA.,1Data Consortium,Kansas State University, Olathe, KS, 66061, USA
| | - Zhoumeng Lin
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.,Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, FL, 32608, USA
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2
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Halleran JL, Papich MG, Li M, Lin Z, Davis JL, Maunsell FP, Riviere JE, Baynes RE, Foster DM. Update on withdrawal intervals following extralabel use of procaine penicillin G in cattle and swine. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022; 260:50-55. [PMID: 34793323 DOI: 10.2460/javma.21.05.0268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Halleran
- Food Animal Residue Avoidance and Depletion Program (FARAD), Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Mark G Papich
- FARAD, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Miao Li
- FARAD, Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Zhoumeng Lin
- FARAD, Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Jennifer L Davis
- FARAD, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Fiona P Maunsell
- FARAD, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Jim E Riviere
- Food Animal Residue Avoidance and Depletion Program (FARAD), Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Ronald E Baynes
- Food Animal Residue Avoidance and Depletion Program (FARAD), Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Derek M Foster
- Food Animal Residue Avoidance and Depletion Program (FARAD), Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
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3
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Djebala S, Croubels S, Cherlet M, Martinelle L, Thiry D, Moula N, Sartelet A, Bossaert P. Description of Plasma Penicillin G Concentrations after Intramuscular Injection in Double-Muscled Cows to Optimize the Timing of Antibiotherapy for Caesarean Section. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8050067. [PMID: 33919071 PMCID: PMC8143178 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8050067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to improve the efficacy of penicillin injection during caesarean section, we aimed to identify the optimal timing of its preoperative administration. A study was conducted in 12 adult, non-pregnant Belgian Blue cows. To evaluate the plasma penicillin concentrations, blood samples were taken from the jugular vein at −5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 120, 240, 480 min relative to the intramuscular (IM) injection of 21,000 IU/kg of body weight of penicillin G. Results showed that plasma concentrations at 15 min after IM injection (668.3 ± 73.7 ng/mL) largely exceeded the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of penicillin-sensitive bacteria (MIC < 125 ng/mL). With increasing time, plasma concentrations continued to rise, attaining an increasing proportion of moderately sensitive bacteria (250 ng/mL > MIC < 2000 ng/mL). The maximal concentration was reached between 1 and 4 h (average: 1.495.1 ± 181.7 ng/mL) after IM injection in the majority of cows, and decreased non-significantly to 1002.1 ± 93.2 ng/mL at 8 h. In conclusion, plasma penicillin concentrations at 15 min after an IM injection inhibit penicillin-sensitive bacteria. However, in order to obtain the maximal protective effect of the antibiotherapy, surgery should be started at 1 to 2 h after IM penicillin injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salem Djebala
- Clinical Department of Ruminants, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem 7A-7D, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (A.S.); (P.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-493-333-591
| | - Siska Croubels
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (S.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Marc Cherlet
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (S.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Ludovic Martinelle
- CARE-FEPEX Experimental Station, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Quartier Vallée 3, Chemin de la Ferme 6, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Damien Thiry
- Bacteriology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue Cureghem 6, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Nassim Moula
- Department of Veterinary Management of Animal Resources, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal & Health (FARAH), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
- GIGA—Animal Facilities—ULiège—B 34, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Sartelet
- Clinical Department of Ruminants, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem 7A-7D, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (A.S.); (P.B.)
| | - Philippe Bossaert
- Clinical Department of Ruminants, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem 7A-7D, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (A.S.); (P.B.)
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4
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Li M, Mainquist-Whigham C, Karriker LA, Wulf LW, Zeng D, Gehring R, Riviere JE, Coetzee JF, Lin Z. An integrated experimental and physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling study of penicillin G in heavy sows. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2019; 42:461-475. [PMID: 31012501 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Penicillin G is widely used in food-producing animals at extralabel doses and is one of the most frequently identified violative drug residues in animal-derived food products. In this study, the plasma pharmacokinetics and tissue residue depletion of penicillin G in heavy sows after repeated intramuscular administrations at label (6.5 mg/kg) and 5 × label (32.5 mg/kg) doses were determined. Plasma, urine, and environmental samples were tested as potential antemortem markers for penicillin G residues. The collected new data and other available data from the literature were used to develop a population physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for penicillin G in heavy sows. The results showed that antemortem testing of urine provided potential correlation with tissue residue levels. Based on the United States Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service action limit of 25 ng/g, the model estimated a withdrawal interval of 38 days for penicillin G in heavy sows after 3 repeated intramuscular injections at 5 × label dose. This study improves our understanding of penicillin G pharmacokinetics and tissue residue depletion in heavy sows and provides a tool to predict proper withdrawal intervals after extralabel use of penicillin G in heavy sows, thereby helping safety assessment of sow-derived meat products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Li
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM), Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Christine Mainquist-Whigham
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Locke A Karriker
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.,Swine Medicine Education Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Larry W Wulf
- Pharmacology Analytical Support Team (PhAST), Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Dongping Zeng
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM), Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas.,National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU), Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ronette Gehring
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM), Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Jim E Riviere
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM), Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Johann F Coetzee
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM), Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas.,Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.,Pharmacology Analytical Support Team (PhAST), Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Zhoumeng Lin
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM), Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
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5
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Li M, Gehring R, Riviere JE, Lin Z. Probabilistic Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model for Penicillin G in Milk From Dairy Cows Following Intramammary or Intramuscular Administrations. Toxicol Sci 2018; 164:85-100. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Miao Li
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM), Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
| | - Ronette Gehring
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM), Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
| | - Jim E Riviere
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM), Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
| | - Zhoumeng Lin
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM), Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
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6
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Hardefeldt LY, Browning GF, Thursky KA, Gilkerson JR, Billman-Jacobe H, Stevenson MA, Bailey KE. Cross-sectional study of antimicrobials used for surgical prophylaxis by bovine veterinary practitioners in Australia. Vet Rec 2017; 181:426. [PMID: 28893972 DOI: 10.1136/vr.104375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobials are widely used in veterinary practices, but there has been no investigation of antimicrobial classes used or the appropriateness of their use in bovine practice. This study investigated antimicrobial use for surgical prophylaxis in bovine practice in Australia. A cross-sectional study of veterinarian antimicrobial usage patterns was conducted using an online questionnaire. Information solicited included respondent's details, the frequency with which antimicrobials were used for specific surgical conditions (including the dose, timing and duration of therapy) and details of practice antimicrobial use policies and sources of information about antimicrobials. In total, 212 members of the Australian veterinary profession working in bovine practice completed the survey. Antimicrobials were always or frequently used by more than 75 per cent of respondents in all scenarios. Generally, antimicrobial drug choice was appropriate for the reported surgical conditions. Procaine penicillin and oxytetracycline accounted for 93 per cent of use. However, there was a wide range of doses used, with underdosing and inappropriate timing of administration being common reasons for inappropriate prophylactic treatment. There was very low use of critically important antimicrobials (3.3 per cent of antimicrobials reported). Antimicrobial use guidelines need to be developed and promoted to improve the responsible use of antimicrobials in bovine practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Y Hardefeldt
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Peter Doherty Institute, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Glenn F Browning
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Peter Doherty Institute, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Karin A Thursky
- National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Peter Doherty Institute, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - James R Gilkerson
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helen Billman-Jacobe
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Peter Doherty Institute, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark A Stevenson
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kirsten E Bailey
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Peter Doherty Institute, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
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7
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Li M, Gehring R, Riviere JE, Lin Z. Development and application of a population physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for penicillin G in swine and cattle for food safety assessment. Food Chem Toxicol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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8
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Li M, Gehring R, Tell L, Baynes R, Huang Q, Riviere JE. Interspecies mixed-effect pharmacokinetic modeling of penicillin G in cattle and swine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:4495-503. [PMID: 24867969 PMCID: PMC4136073 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02806-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Extralabel drug use of penicillin G in food-producing animals may cause an excess of residues in tissue which will have the potential to damage human health. Of all the antibiotics, penicillin G may have the greatest potential for producing allergic responses to the consumer of food animal products. There are, however, no population pharmacokinetic studies of penicillin G for food animals. The objective of this study was to develop a population pharmacokinetic model to describe the time-concentration data profile of penicillin G across two species. Data were collected from previously published pharmacokinetic studies in which several formulations of penicillin G were administered to diverse populations of cattle and swine. Liver, kidney, and muscle residue data were also used in this study. Compartmental models with first-order absorption and elimination were fit to plasma and tissue concentrations using a nonlinear mixed-effect modeling approach. A 3-compartment model with extra tissue compartments was selected to describe the pharmacokinetics of penicillin G. Typical population parameter estimates (interindividual variability) were central volumes of distribution of 3.45 liters (12%) and 3.05 liters (8.8%) and central clearance of 105 liters/h (32%) and 16.9 liters/h (14%) for cattle and swine, respectively, with peripheral clearance of 24.8 liters/h (13%) and 9.65 liters/h (23%) for cattle and 13.7 liters/h (85%) and 0.52 liters/h (40%) for swine. Body weight and age were the covariates in the final pharmacokinetic models. This study established a robust model of penicillin for a large and diverse population of food-producing animals which could be applied to other antibiotics and species in future analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Li
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Ronette Gehring
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Lisa Tell
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Ronald Baynes
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Qingbiao Huang
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Jim E Riviere
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
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9
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DeDonder KD, Gehring R, Baynes RE, Tell LA, Vickroy TW, Apley MD, Riviere JE. Effects of new sampling protocols on procaine penicillin G withdrawal intervals for cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 243:1408-12. [PMID: 24171369 DOI: 10.2460/javma.243.10.1408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keith D DeDonder
- Food Animal Residue Avoidance and Depletion Program (FARAD), Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
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10
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O'Connor AM, Gould SA, Coetzee JF, Kreuder AJ, Plummer PJ. What is the evidence? Intra-abdominal administration of antimicrobial drugs to prevent peritonitis or wound infection in cattle after abdominal surgery. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2011; 239:314-6. [PMID: 21801043 DOI: 10.2460/javma.239.3.314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annette M O'Connor
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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11
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Delis G, Batzias G, Theodosiadou E, Kounenis G, Koutsoviti-Papadopoulou M. Influence of the injection site on the pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin after intramuscular administration of a conventional and a long-acting formulation in sheep. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2009; 32:457-64. [PMID: 19754912 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2009.01064.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin (AMX) were investigated in sheep following intravenous (i.v.) and intramuscular (i.m) injection, comparing two different drug formulations, a conventional and a long-acting AMX-trihydrate suspension. For the i.m. application two different injections sites, the neck area and the hind limb were used to identify possible differences in the kinetic parameters related to the site of injection. A three-compartment open model could best describe AMX disposition after i.v. administration. Data analysis after i.m. administration of the conventional suspension at both injection sites revealed the occurrence of a flip-flop phenomenon, clearly indicating that absorption of AMX is the rate-limiting step of its overall disposition. A moderate effect of the injection site was observed with a tendency for the neck area to be advantageous, mainly in terms of rate rather than extent of absorption. Injection of the long-acting formulation led to a focal depot formation, thus yielding lower but remarkably prolonged serum AMX levels reflected in the respective terminal half-lives. The concentration-time profile of AMX after administration of the long-acting formulation was less affected by the injection site, but the low serum levels justify its use only in cases in which a high susceptibility of the involved bacterial population is confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Delis
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54 124, Greece
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12
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CHICOINE AL, BOISON JO, PARKER S, CLARK C, DOWLING PM. Kinetics and residues after intraperitoneal procaine penicillin G administration in lactating dairy cows. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2009; 32:289-95. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2008.01040.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Abstract
Penicillin is one of the most commonly detected drug residues in tissues and milk, and is the antimicrobial for which information is most often sought through FARAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Payne
- Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank (FARAD), Environmental Toxicology Extension, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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14
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Craigmill AL, Miller GR, Gehring R, Pierce AN, Riviere JE. Meta-analysis of pharmacokinetic data of veterinary drugs using the Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank: oxytetracycline and procaine penicillin G. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2005; 27:343-53. [PMID: 15500573 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2004.00606.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Investigators frequently face the quandary of how to interpret the often times disparate pharmacokinetic parameter values reported in the literature. Combining of data from multiple studies (meta-analysis) is a useful tool in pharmacokinetics. Few studies have explored the use of meta-analysis for veterinary species. Even fewer studies have explored the potential strengths and weaknesses of the various methods of performing a meta-analysis. Therefore, in this study we performed a meta-analysis for oxytetracycline (OTC) and procaine penicillin G (PPG) given intramuscularly to cattle. The analysis included 28 individual data sets from 18 published papers for PPG (288 data points), and 41 individual data sets from 25 published papers for OTC (489 data points). Three methods were used to calculate the parameters. The first was a simple statistical analysis of the parameter values reported in each paper. The second method was a standard Two-Stage Method (TSM) using the mean concentration vs. time data extracted from each paper. The third method was the use of nonlinear mixed effect modeling (NMEM) of the concentration vs. time data reported in the various papers, treating the mean data as if each set came from an individual animal. The results of this evaluation indicate that all three methods generate comparable mean parameter estimates for OTC and PPG. The only significant difference noted was for OTC absorption half-lives taken from the published literature, a difference attributable to the use of an alternative method of parameter calculation. The NMEM procedure offers the possibility of including covariates such as dose, age, and weight. In this study the covariates did not influence the derived parameters. A combination approach to meta-analysis of published mean data is recommended, where the TSM is the first step, followed by the NMEM approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Craigmill
- Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank, Environmental Toxicology, University of California, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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15
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Ranheim B, Ween H, Egeli AK, Hormazabal V, Yndestad M, Søli NE. Benzathine penicillin G and procaine penicillin G in piglets: comparison of intramuscular and subcutaneous injection. Vet Res Commun 2003; 26:459-65. [PMID: 12241099 DOI: 10.1023/a:1020590408947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The disposition of penicillin G in piglets is described after intramuscular or subcutaneous injection of depot preparations. The piglets were injected with 33,000 IU/kg or 100,000 IU/kg benzathine + procaine penicillin G intramuscularly or subcutaneously, or 100,000 IU/kg procaine penicillin G intramuscularly or subcutaneously. Intramuscular injection of benzathine + procaine penicillin resulted in higher maximum concentrations in plasma (Cmax) than did subcutaneous injection. The mean residence time (MRT) of penicillin G was longer when the drugs were injected subcutaneously rather than intramuscularly. The plasma concentration versus time profiles of the subcutaneous injections of benzathine + procaine penicillin revealed secondary peaks, possibly reflecting a certain degree of inflammation at the injection site.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ranheim
- Department of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Food Hygiene, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo.
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Abstract
This article reviews some of the issues surrounding antimicrobial use in treating diseases that cause lameness in cattle. The discussion includes sections on selection of an antimicrobial, regimen design, and medication of multiple animals. Pathogen susceptibility testing is covered, along with empiric selection of antimicrobials. Other issues covered include regional perfusion and topical application of antimicrobials, antimicrobials in footbaths and in feed, and withdrawal time estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- V R Fajt
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
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Whittem T, Hanlon D. Dihydrostreptomycin or streptomycin in combination with penicillin G in dairy cattle therapeutics: A review and re-analysis of published data Part 1: Clinical pharmacology. N Z Vet J 1997; 45:178-84. [PMID: 16031982 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.1997.36022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Combination formulations of penicillin G salts and dihydrostreptomycin were developed during the 1960s and are currently marketed in New Zealand for parenteral and intramammary use in dairy cattle. In this paper, the clinical indications and efficacy, pharmacokinetics and potential for antimicrobial synergy of penicillin and dihydrostreptomycin or streptomycin, when combined, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Whittem
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1008 W Hazelwood Dr, LAC210, MC-004, Urbana, IL 61802, United States
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