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Nafie MS, Kahwash SH, Youssef MM, Dawood KM. Recent advances on quinoxalines as target-oriented chemotherapeutic anticancer agents through apoptosis. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024:e2400225. [PMID: 38822393 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202400225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
The current review outlines all possible recent synthetic platforms to quinoxaline derivatives and the potent stimulated apoptosis mechanisms targeted by anticancer therapies. The currently reported results disclosed that quinoxaline derivatives had promising anticancer potencies against a wide array of cancer cell lines, better than the reference drugs, through target inhibition. This review summarizes some potent quinoxaline derivatives with their synthesis strategies and their potential activities against various molecular targets. Quinoxalines can be considered an important scaffold for apoptosis inducers in cancer cells through inhibiting some molecular targets, so they can be further developed as target-oriented chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S Nafie
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Shaima H Kahwash
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Magdy M Youssef
- Chemistry Department, Biochemistry Division, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Kamal M Dawood
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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2
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Heravi MM, Zadsirjan V. Prescribed drugs containing nitrogen heterocycles: an overview. RSC Adv 2020; 10:44247-44311. [PMID: 35557843 PMCID: PMC9092475 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra09198g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Heteroatoms as well as heterocyclic scaffolds are frequently present as the common cores in a plethora of active pharmaceuticals natural products. Statistically, more than 85% of all biologically active compounds are heterocycles or comprise a heterocycle and most frequently, nitrogen heterocycles as a backbone in their complex structures. These facts disclose and emphasize the vital role of heterocycles in modern drug design and drug discovery. In this review, we try to present a comprehensive overview of top prescribed drugs containing nitrogen heterocycles, describing their pharmacological properties, medical applications and their selected synthetic pathways. It is worth mentioning that the reported examples are actually limited to current top selling drugs, being or containing N-heterocycles and their synthetic information has been extracted from both scientific journals and the wider patent literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid M Heravi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Alzahra University PO Box 1993891176, Vanak Tehran Iran +98 21 88041344 +98 21 88044051
| | - Vahideh Zadsirjan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Alzahra University PO Box 1993891176, Vanak Tehran Iran +98 21 88041344 +98 21 88044051
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Berryhill EH, Knych H, Edman JM, Magdesian KG. Pharmacokinetics of single doses of maropitant citrate in adult horses. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2019; 42:487-491. [PMID: 31190332 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The neurokinin-1 (NK) receptor antagonist, maropitant citrate, mitigates nausea and vomiting in dogs and cats. Nausea is poorly understood and likely under-recognized in horses. Use of NK-1 receptor antagonists in horses has not been reported. The purpose of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetic profile of maropitant in seven adult horses after single intravenous (IV; 1 mg/kg) and intragastric (IG; 2 mg/kg) doses. A randomized, crossover design was performed. Serial blood samples were collected after dosing; maropitant concentrations were measured using LC-MS/MS. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using noncompartmental analysis. The mean plasma maropitant concentration 3 min after IV administration was 800 ± 140 ng/ml, elimination half-life was 10.37 ± 2.07 h, and volume of distribution was 6.54 ± 1.84 L/kg. The maximum concentration following IG administration was 80 ± 40 ng/ml, and elimination half-life was 9.64 ± 1.27 hr. Oral bioavailability was variable at 13.3 ± 5.3%. Maropitant concentrations achieved after IG administration were comparable to those in small animals. Concentrations after IV administration were lower than in dogs and cats. Elimination half-life was longer than in dogs and shorter than in cats. This study is the basis for further investigations into using maropitant in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily H Berryhill
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Heather Knych
- Kenneth L. Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Judy M Edman
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - K Gary Magdesian
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
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4
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Gorden PJ, Ydstie JA, Kleinhenz MD, Brick TA, Smith JS, Griffith RW, Wulf LW, Rajewski SM, Zhang M, Sidhu PK, Mochel JP, Coetzee JF. Comparative plasma and interstitial fluid pharmacokinetics and tissue residues of ceftiofur crystalline-free acid in cattle with induced coliform mastitis. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2018; 41:848-860. [PMID: 29971798 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ceftiofur (CEF) is a third-generation cephalosporin that is the most widely used antimicrobial in the dairy industry. Currently, violative meat residues in cull dairy cattle are commonly associated with CEF. One potential cause for violative residues is altered pharmacokinetics of the drug due to disease, which could increase the time needed for the residue to deplete. The objectives of this study were (a) to determine the absolute bioavailability of CEF crystalline-free acid (CFA) in healthy versus diseased cows; (b) to compare the plasma and interstitial fluid pharmacokinetics and plasma protein binding of CEF between healthy dairy cows and those with disease; and (c) to determine the CEF residue profile in tissues of diseased cows. For this trial, disease was induced through intramammary Escherichia coli infusion. Following disease induction and CEF CFA administration, for plasma concentrations, there was not a significant effect of treatment (p = 0.068), but the treatment-by-time interaction (p = 0.005) was significant. There was a significantly greater concentration of CEF in the plasma of the DIS cows at T2 hr (p = 0.002), T8 hr (p < 0.001), T12 hr (p = 0.001), and T16 hr (p = 0.002). For PK parameters in plasma, the slope of the terminal phase of the concentration versus time curve was significantly lower (p = 0.007), terminal half-life was significantly longer (p = 0.014), and apparent volume of distribution during the elimination phase was significantly higher (p = 0.028) diseased group. There was no difference in plasma protein binding of CEF and interstitial fluid pharmacokinetics. None of the cows had kidney CEF residues above the US tolerance level following observation of the drug's withdrawal period, but one cow with a larger apparent volume of distribution and longer terminal half-life had tissue residues slightly below the tolerance. Whereas these findings do not support the hypothesis that severely ill cows need longer withdrawal times, alterations in the terminal half-life suggest that it is theoretically possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Gorden
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.,Pharmacology Analytical Support Team (PhAST), Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Joshua A Ydstie
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Michael D Kleinhenz
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Troy A Brick
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Joe S Smith
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Ronald W Griffith
- Veterinary Microbiology and Preventative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Larry W Wulf
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.,Pharmacology Analytical Support Team (PhAST), Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Suzanne M Rajewski
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.,Pharmacology Analytical Support Team (PhAST), Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Pritam K Sidhu
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Jonathan P Mochel
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.,Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Johann F Coetzee
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
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5
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Oreff GL, Tatz AJ, Dahan R, Segev G, Haberman S, Britzi M, Kelmer G. Pharmacokinetics of ceftazidime after regional limb perfusion in standing horses. Vet Surg 2017; 46:1120-1125. [PMID: 28952152 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.12720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the metacarpophalangeal joint fluid concentrations of ceftazidime administered via regional limb perfusion (RLP). ANIMALS Eight healthy horses. METHODS RLP was performed by injecting 2 g of ceftazidime and 60 mL of perfusate volume in the cephalic vein of standing, sedated horses. Serum and synovial fluid from the metacarpophalangeal joint were collected before perfusion and at 0.5, 2, 6, 12, 24 hours postperfusion. Ceftazidime concentrations were measured via liquid chromatography. Maximal concentration (Cmax ), area under the curve (AUC), half-life of the drug (T ½), and the timing of Cmax (Tmax ) were determined to assess ceftazidime as a candidate drug for RLP. Continuous parameters were compared with the Mann-Whitney U test. P value ≤ .05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS The Cmax of ceftazidime in synovial fluid (235 µg/mL) was 15 times higher than the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for most bacteria involved in orthopedic infections, including resistant pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MIC = 16 µg/mL). However, synovial concentrations decreased quickly and remained above the MIC in only 1 horse by 6 hours postperfusion. CONCLUSION RLP generated high synovial fluid concentrations of ceftazidime in the distal limb, but these concentrations decreased rapidly below the deliberately high MIC selected. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Once daily RLP, as applied in our study, with 2 g ceftazidime in standing horses, cannot be recommended for use in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil L Oreff
- Department of Large Animal Medicine and Surgery, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Amos J Tatz
- Department of Large Animal Medicine and Surgery, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Roee Dahan
- Department of Large Animal Medicine and Surgery, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gilad Segev
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shelley Haberman
- Department of Large Animal Medicine and Surgery, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Malka Britzi
- National Residue Control Laboratory, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Gal Kelmer
- Department of Large Animal Medicine and Surgery, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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Tolić L, Grujić S, Mojović M, Jovanović M, Lubec G, Bačić G, Laušević M. Determination of anisomycin in tissues and serum by LC-MS/MS: application to pharmacokinetic and distribution studies in rats. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra16083b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The first study on anisomycin pharmacokinetics in rats using a new preparation method for tissues and serum and LC-MS/MS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljiljana Tolić
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
- University of Belgrade
- 11000 Belgrade
- Serbia
| | - Svetlana Grujić
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
- University of Belgrade
- 11000 Belgrade
- Serbia
| | - Miloš Mojović
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry
- University of Belgrade
- 11000 Belgrade
- Serbia
| | - Miloš Jovanović
- Faculty of Biology
- University of Belgrade
- 11000 Belgrade
- Serbia
| | - Gert Lubec
- Medical University of Vienna
- Department of Pediatrics
- 1090 Vienna
- Austria
| | - Goran Bačić
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry
- University of Belgrade
- 11000 Belgrade
- Serbia
| | - Mila Laušević
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
- University of Belgrade
- 11000 Belgrade
- Serbia
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7
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Underwood C, Collins SN, van Eps AW, Allavena RE, Medina-Torres CE, Pollitt CC. Ultrafiltration of equine digital lamellar tissue. Vet J 2014; 202:314-22. [PMID: 25439438 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
There are no experimentally validated pharmacological means of preventing laminitis; however, locally acting pharmaceutical agents with the potential to prevent laminitis have been identified. Demonstrating therapeutic drug concentrations in lamellar tissue is essential for evaluating the efficacy of these agents. The aim of this study was to develop an experimental technique for repeatedly sampling lamellar interstitial fluid. A technique for placing ultrafiltration probes was developed in vitro using 15 cadaver limbs. Subsequently, lamellar ultrafiltration probes were placed in one forelimb in six living horses. Interstitial fluid was collected continuously from the probes as ultrafiltrate for 4 (n = 4) or 14 days (n = 2). The rate of ultrafiltrate collection was calculated every 12 h. Biochemical analyses were performed on ultrafiltrate collected on night 1 (12-24 h post-implantation) and night 4 (84-96 h post-implantation). Sections surrounding the probe and control tissue from the contralateral limb were harvested, stained with H&E and Masson's trichrome and scored based on the tissue response to the probe. Ultrafiltration probes were placed in the lamellar tissue in all six horses. Ultrafiltrate was collected from these probes at 55 (30-63) μL/h (median [interquartile range]). Fluid production decreased significantly with time from night 3 onwards (P < 0.05). There was no significant change in the constituents of the ultrafiltrate between nights 1 and 4 (P > 0.05). The technique was well tolerated. This study demonstrates that ultrafiltration can be used to sample equine digital lamellar interstitial fluid, and has potential for measuring lamellar drug levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Underwood
- Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Gatton, Qld 4343, Australia.
| | - Simon N Collins
- Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Gatton, Qld 4343, Australia
| | - Andrew W van Eps
- Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Gatton, Qld 4343, Australia
| | - Rachel E Allavena
- Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Gatton, Qld 4343, Australia
| | - Carlos E Medina-Torres
- Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Gatton, Qld 4343, Australia
| | - Christopher C Pollitt
- Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Gatton, Qld 4343, Australia
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8
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Messenger KM, Papich MG, Blikslager AT. Distribution of enrofloxacin and its active metabolite, using an in vivo ultrafiltration sampling technique after the injection of enrofloxacin to pigs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2011; 35:452-9. [PMID: 21913941 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2011.01338.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics (PK) of enrofloxacin in pigs and compare to the tissue interstitial fluid (ISF). Six healthy, young pigs were administered 7.5 mg/kg enrofloxacin subcutaneously (SC). Blood and ISF samples were collected from preplaced intravenous catheters and ultrafiltration sampling probes placed in three different tissue sites (intramuscular, subcutaneous, and intrapleural). Enrofloxacin concentrations were measured using high-pressure liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection, PK parameters were analyzed using a one-compartment model, and protein binding was determined using a microcentrifugation system. Concentrations of the active metabolite ciprofloxacin were negligible. The mean ± SD enrofloxacin plasma half-life, volume of distribution, clearance, and peak concentration were 26.6 ± 6.2 h (harmonic mean), 6.4 ± 1.2 L/kg, 0.18 ± 0.08 L/kg/h, and 1.1 ± 0.3 μg/mL, respectively. The half-life of enrofloxacin from the tissues was 23.6 h, and the maximum concentration was 1.26 μg/mL. Tissue penetration, as measured by a ratio of area-under-the-curve (AUC), was 139% (± 69%). Plasma protein binding was 31.1% and 37.13% for high and low concentrations, respectively. This study demonstrated that the concentration of biologically active enrofloxacin in tissues exceeds the concentration predicted by the unbound fraction of enrofloxacin in pig plasma. At a dose of 7.5 mg/kg SC, the high tissue concentrations and long half-life produce an AUC/MIC ratio sufficient for the pathogens that cause respiratory infections in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Messenger
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
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9
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AMBROS L, KREIL V, TARRAGONA L, MONFRINOTTI A, HALLU R, REBUELTO M. Comparative pharmacokinetics of intravenous cephalexin in pregnant, lactating, and nonpregnant, nonlactating goats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2010; 34:397-402. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2010.01232.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Sammeta SM, Vaka SRK, Murthy SN. Dermal drug levels of antibiotic (cephalexin) determined by electroporation and transcutaneous sampling (ETS) technique. J Pharm Sci 2010; 98:2677-85. [PMID: 19067398 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this project was to assess the validity of a novel Electroporation and transcutaneous sampling (ETS) technique for sampling cephalexin from the dermal extracellular fluid (ECF). This work also investigated the plausibility of using cephalexin levels in the dermal ECF as a surrogate for the drug levels in the synovial fluid. In vitro and in vivo studies were carried out using hairless rats to assess the workability of ETS. Cephalexin (20 mg/kg) was administered (i.v.) through tail vein and the time course of drug concentration in the plasma was determined. In the same rats, cephalexin concentration in the dermal ECF was determined by ETS and microdialysis techniques. In a separate set of rats, only intraarticular microdialysis was carried out to determine the time course of cephalexin concentration in synovial fluid. The drug concentration in the dermal ECF determined by ETS and microdialysis did not differ significantly from each other and so as were the pharmacokinetic parameters. The results provide validity to the ETS technique. Further, there was a good correlation ( approximately 0.9) between synovial fluid and dermal ECF levels of cephalexin indicating that dermal ECF levels could be used as a potential surrogate for cephalexin concentration in the synovial fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Sammeta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, The University of Mississippi, University Mississippi 38677, USA
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Huinink KD, Lambooij B, Jansen-van Zelm K, Cremers TIFH, van Oeveren W, Bakker PL, Venema K, Westerink BHC, Korf J. Microfiltration sampling in rats and in cows: toward a portable device for continuous glucocorticoidhormone sampling. Analyst 2010; 135:390-6. [DOI: 10.1039/b921629d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Chicoine A, Cox W, Huang L, Wang G, Dowling P. Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of a novel cephalexin oral paste formulation in fed and fasted dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2009; 32:400-2. [PMID: 19614847 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2008.01047.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Chicoine
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, Canada.
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13
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Peterson JW, O'Meara TA, Seymour MD, Wang W, Gu B. Sorption mechanisms of cephapirin, a veterinary antibiotic, onto quartz and feldspar minerals as detected by Raman spectroscopy. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2009; 157:1849-1856. [PMID: 19246140 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2008] [Revised: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/23/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy was used to investigate sorption mechanisms of cephapirin (CHP), a veterinary antibiotic, onto quartz (SiO(2)) and feldspar (KAlSi(3)O(8)) at different pH. Sorption occurs by electrostatic attraction, monodentate and bidentate complexation. The zwitterion (CHP(o)) adsorbs to a quartz((+)) surface by electrostatic attraction of the carboxylate anion group (-COO(-)) at low pH, but adsorbs to a quartz((-)) surface through electrostatic attraction of the pyridinium cation, and possibly COO(-) bridge complexes, at higher pH. CHP(-) bonds to quartz((-)) surfaces by bidentate complexation between one oxygen of -COO(-) and oxygen from carbonyl of an acetoxymethyl group. On a feldspar((+/-)) surface, CHP(o) forms monodentate complexes between CO, and possible -COO(-) bridges and/or electrostatic attachments to localized edge (hydr)oxy-Al surfaces. CHP(-) adsorbs to feldspar((-)) through monodentate CO complexation. Similar mechanisms may operate for other cephalosporins. Results demonstrate, for the first time, that Raman techniques can be effective for evaluating sorption mechanisms of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W Peterson
- Department of Geological & Environmental Sciences, Hope College, P.O. Box 9000, Holland, MI 49422-9000, USA.
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14
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DAVIS JL, FOSTER DM, PAPICH MG. Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of enrofloxacin and its active metabolite ciprofloxacin in calves. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2007; 30:564-71. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2007.00914.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Davis JL, Little D, Blikslager AT, Papich MG. Mucosal permeability of water-soluble drugs in the equine jejunum: a preliminary investigation. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2006; 29:379-85. [PMID: 16958782 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2006.00757.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Ussing chambers have been used to study the mucosal permeability of drugs in humans, rats and other species. This data can then be used to develop in vitro/in vivo correlations (IVIVC) for drugs based on the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS). Due to the poor oral bioavailability of many drugs in the horse, this method may be useful for screening drugs before development to determine if they warrant further study. Cephalexin (CPX), marbofloxacin (MAR), metronidazole (MTZ) and fluconazole (FCZ) were chosen for this study based on the wide range of physicochemical properties and bioavailability in the horse. Permeability was ranked as follows: MTZ > FCZ > MAR > CPX. This correlated with the bioavailability (R(2) = 0.633447), the Log P (R(2) = 0.648517), as well as the molecular weight (R(2) = 0.851208) of the drugs. Metronidazole induced a decrease in the tissue transepithelial resistance, suggestive of the possibility of tissue toxicity, which may have falsely increased its permeability. The low permeability of cephalexin across the tissue may indicate a lack of active transporters that are found in other species. From this study, we can conclude that the Ussing chamber is a promising method for determining mucosal permeability in the horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Davis
- Clinical Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
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16
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Stok JE, Baldwin JE. Development of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the detection of deacetoxycephalosporin C and isopenicillin N synthase activity. Anal Chim Acta 2006; 577:153-62. [PMID: 17723666 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2006] [Revised: 06/13/2006] [Accepted: 06/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Although there are a number of existing assays for monitoring the activity of both isopenicillin N synthase (IPNS) and deacetoxycephalosporin C synthase (DAOCS), none have demonstrated the qualities required for screening a mutant library. Hence, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for IPNS and DAOCS were developed based on the detection of the catalytic turnover products isopenicillin N and cephalexin/phenylacetyl-7-aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid (G-7-ADCA), respectively. These assays are relatively fast compared to existing assays, such as the hole-plate bioassay, and are amenable with high-throughput screening. Both the IPNS and DAOCS-ELISAs were optimised for use with crude protein extracts rather than purified protein, thereby eliminating any additional time required for purification. The ELISA developed for the detection of cephalexin had an IC50 value of 154+/-9 ng mL(-1) and LOD of 7.2+/-2.2 ng mL(-1) under conditions required for the assay. Good recoveries and correlation was observed for spiked samples when the concentration of crude protein was kept below 1 mg mL(-1). The DAOCS-ELISA was found to have increased sensitivity compared to the hole-plate bioassay (10.3 microg mL(-1)). The IPNS-ELISA did not significantly increase the sensitivity (approximately 5 microg mL(-1)) compared to that of the hole-plate bioassay (16 microg mL(-1)) for isopenicillin N. The minimum amount of crude protein extract required for producing detectable amounts of product for both assays was below 0.5% of the maximum amount of protein that the assay could contain without any effect on the ELISA. This suggests that when screening a mutant library, mutants producing low amounts of the product could still be detected using these assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette E Stok
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom.
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