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Redmond JS, Stang BV, Schlipf JW, Christensen JM. Pharmacokinetics of diphenhydramine following single-dose intravenous and oral administration in non-fasted adult horses. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2021; 45:188-195. [PMID: 34921427 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Diphenhydramine is an H1 receptor antagonist used to control urticaria and other allergic signs caused by type I hypersensitivity reactions in horses (Equus caballus). Limited studies have been conducted on pharmacokinetics of this drug in horses, with no studies involving oral formulations. Our study investigated pharmacokinetics of an oral diphenhydramine formulation compared to intravenous administration in non-fasted adult horses. Six healthy horses underwent a single administration of three different doses of diphenhydramine (1 mg/kg intravenously, 1 mg/kg intragastrically, and 5 mg/kg intragastrically) with a two-week washout period between doses. Bioavailability of intragastric diphenhydramine was less than one percent and six percent for 1 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg intragastric doses, respectively. This poor bioavailability is similar to what is reported in dogs. Two of six horses experienced transient side effects after intravenous diphenhydramine administration, emphasizing the need for determining therapeutic plasma levels in efforts to determine the lowest effective dose minimizing risk of adverse effects. The main conclusion of our study was that oral diphenhydramine at doses up to 5 mg/kg are unlikely to achieve therapeutic plasma levels in adult horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy S Redmond
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Bernadette V Stang
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - John W Schlipf
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
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Rosa B. Equine Drug Transporters: A Mini-Review and Veterinary Perspective. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12111064. [PMID: 33171593 PMCID: PMC7695171 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12111064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenobiotic transport proteins play an important role in determining drug disposition and pharmacokinetics. Our understanding of the role of these important proteins in humans and pre-clinical animal species has increased substantially over the past few decades, and has had an important impact on human medicine; however, veterinary medicine has not benefitted from the same quantity of research into drug transporters in species of veterinary interest. Differences in transporter expression cause difficulties in extrapolation of drug pharmacokinetic parameters between species, and lack of knowledge of species-specific transporter distribution and function can lead to drug–drug interactions and adverse effects. Horses are one species in which little is known about drug transport and transporter protein expression. The purpose of this mini-review is to stimulate interest in equine drug transport proteins and comparative transporter physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brielle Rosa
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, TRW 2D01, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
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Virkel G, Ballent M, Lanusse C, Lifschitz A. Role of ABC Transporters in Veterinary Medicine: Pharmaco- Toxicological Implications. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:1251-1269. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180201094730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Unlike physicians, veterinary practitioners must deal with a number of animal species with crucial differences in anatomy, physiology and metabolism. Accordingly, the pharmacokinetic behaviour, the clinical efficacy and the adverse or toxic effects of drugs may differ across domestic animals. Moreover, the use of drugs in food-producing species may impose a risk for humans due to the generation of chemical residues in edible products, a major concern for public health and consumer's safety. As is clearly known in human beings, the ATP binding cassette (ABC) of transport proteins may influence the bioavailability and elimination of numerous drugs and other xenobiotics in domestic animals as well. A number of drugs, currently available in the veterinary market, are substrates of one or more transporters. Therefore, significant drug-drug interactions among ABC substrates may have unpredictable pharmacotoxicological consequences in different species of veterinary interest. In this context, different investigations revealed the major relevance of P-gp and other transport proteins, like breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs), in both companion and livestock animals. Undoubtedly, the discovery of the ABC transporters and the deep understanding of their physiological role in the different species introduced a new paradigm into the veterinary pharmacology. This review focuses on the expression and function of the major transport proteins expressed in species of veterinary interest, and their impact on drug disposition, efficacy and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Virkel
- Laboratorio de Farmacologia, Centro de Investigacion Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN-CONICETCICPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (FCV-UNCPBA), Campus Universitario (Los Ombues y Reforma Universitaria), (7000) Tandil, Prov. de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana Ballent
- Laboratorio de Farmacologia, Centro de Investigacion Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN-CONICETCICPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (FCV-UNCPBA), Campus Universitario (Los Ombues y Reforma Universitaria), (7000) Tandil, Prov. de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos Lanusse
- Laboratorio de Farmacologia, Centro de Investigacion Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN-CONICETCICPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (FCV-UNCPBA), Campus Universitario (Los Ombues y Reforma Universitaria), (7000) Tandil, Prov. de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adrián Lifschitz
- Laboratorio de Farmacologia, Centro de Investigacion Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN-CONICETCICPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (FCV-UNCPBA), Campus Universitario (Los Ombues y Reforma Universitaria), (7000) Tandil, Prov. de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Brom‐Spierenburg AJ, Theelen MJP, Sloet van Oldruitenborgh‐Oosterbaan MM. Dermatographism in a horse, responsive to cetirizine treatment. EQUINE VET EDUC 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. J. Brom‐Spierenburg
- Department of Equine Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - M. J. P. Theelen
- Department of Equine Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
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Knych HK, Stanley SD, Arthur RM, McKemie DS. Elimination of cetirizine following administration of multiple doses to exercised thoroughbred horses. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2016; 39:522-4. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. K. Knych
- K.L. Maddy Analytical Chemistry Laboratory; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA USA
- Department of Veterinary Molecular Biosciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - S. D. Stanley
- K.L. Maddy Analytical Chemistry Laboratory; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA USA
- Department of Veterinary Molecular Biosciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - R. M. Arthur
- School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - D. S. McKemie
- K.L. Maddy Analytical Chemistry Laboratory; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA USA
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Lassaline-Utter M, Miller C, Wotman KL. Eosinophilic keratitis in 46 eyes of 27 horses in the Mid-Atlantic United States (2008-2012). Vet Ophthalmol 2013; 17:311-20. [PMID: 23763548 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the signalment, clinical characteristics, treatment, and outcome of equine EK cases in the Mid-Atlantic United States; to evaluate the effects of topical or systemic corticosteroid treatment, oral cetirizine treatment and secondary corneal infection on disease duration; and to evaluate the association between corticosteroid and cetirizine treatment and likelihood of recurrence. ANIMALS Twenty-seven horses (47 eyes) diagnosed with EK from 2008 to 2012. PROCEDURE Retrospective medical record review followed by phone interview to obtain recurrence data. RESULTS Average age of affected horses was 8.2 years, SD 5.8 years. Eleven of 27 horses (41%) were diagnosed with EK in July. Twelve horses (44%) had been affected in previous years. Time to resolution averaged 3.7 months, SD 2.3 months. Ten horses (18 eyes) were treated with systemic dexamethasone, with a significantly shorter time to resolution, P = 0.03, averaging 2.23 months, SD 1.13 months, relative to horses not so treated, averaging 4.20 months, SD 1.47 months. Secondary infection led to a significant increase in time to resolution, P = 0.03, average 4.1 months, SD 1.7 months, relative to horses without secondary infection, average 3.0 months, SD 1.5 months. All eyes were visual at resolution. Horses treated with cetirizine were less likely to have recurrence during the follow-up period (1/13, or 8%) relative to horses not so treated (8/14, or 57%). CONCLUSIONS Eosinophilic keratitis has a seasonal occurrence in summer in the Mid-Atlantic United States. Systemic but not topical corticosteroid treatment may decrease therapy duration. Treatment with cetirizine may be associated with a decreased risk of recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Lassaline-Utter
- New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA, 19348, USA
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Tydén E, Bjornstrom H, Tjälve H, Larsson P. Expression and localization of BCRP, MRP1 and MRP2 in intestines, liver and kidney in horse. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2011; 33:332-40. [PMID: 20646193 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2009.01140.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The gene and protein expression and the cellular localization of the ABC transport proteins breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1) and multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2) have been examined in the intestines, liver and kidney in horse. High gene and protein expression of BCRP and MRP2 were found in the small intestines, with cellular localization in the apical membranes of the enterocytes. In the liver, MRP2 was present in the bile canalicular membranes of the hepatocytes, whereas BCRP was localized in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes in the peripheral parts of the liver lobuli. In the kidney both BCRP and MRP2 were predominantly present in the distal tubuli and in the loops of Henle. In most tissues, the gene and protein expression of MRP1 were much lower than for BCRP and MRP2. Immunostaining of MRP1 was detectable only in the intestines and with localization in the cytoplasm of enterocytes in the caecum and colon and in the cells of serous acini of Brunner's glands in the duodenum and the upper jejunum. The latter cells were also stained for BCRP, but not for MRP2. Many drugs used in horse are substrates for one or more of the ABC transport proteins. These transporters may therefore have important functions for oral bioavailability, distribution and excretion of substrate compounds in horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tydén
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Division of Pathology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Olsén L, Bondesson U, Broström H, Olsson U, Mazogi B, Sundqvist M, Tjälve H, Ingvast-Larsson C. Pharmacokinetics and effects of cetirizine in horses with insect bite hypersensitivity. Vet J 2011; 187:347-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Tydén E, Tallkvist J, Tjälve H, Larsson P. P-glycoprotein in intestines, liver, kidney and lymphocytes in horse. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2009; 32:167-76. [PMID: 19290947 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2008.01017.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is an important drug transporter, which is expressed in a variety of cells, such as the intestinal enterocytes, the hepatocytes, the renal tubular cells and the intestinal and peripheral blood lymphocytes. We have studied the localization and the gene and protein expression of P-gp in these cells in horse. In addition we have compared the protein sequence of P-gp in horse with the protein sequences of P-gp in several other species. Real time RT-PCR and Western blot showed gene and protein expression of horse P-gp in all parts of the intestines, but there was no strict correlation between these parameters. Immunohistochemistry showed localization of P-gp in the apical cell membranes of the enterocytes and, in addition, staining was observed in the intestinal intraepithelial and lamina propria lymphocytes. Peripheral blood lymphocytes also stained for P-gp, and gene and protein expression of P-gp were observed in these cells. There was a high gene and protein expression of P-gp in the liver, with P-gp-immunoreactivity in the bile canalicular membranes of the hepatocytes. Gene and protein expression of P-gp were found in the kidney with localization of the protein in different parts of the nephrons. Protein sequence alignment showed that horse P-gp has two amino acid insertions at the N-terminal region of the protein, which are not present in several other species examined. One of these is a 99 amino acid long sequence inserted at amino acid positions 23-121 from the N-terminal. The other is a six amino acid long sequence present at the amino acid positions 140-145 from the N-terminal. The results of the present study indicate that P-gp has an important function for oral bioavailability, distribution and excretion of substrate compounds in horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tydén
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Division of Pathology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Bizikova P, Papich MG, Olivry T. Hydroxyzine and cetirizine pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics after oral and intravenous administration of hydroxyzine to healthy dogs. Vet Dermatol 2008; 19:348-57. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2008.00697.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Olsén L, Bondesson U, Broström H, Tjälve H, Ingvast-Larsson C. Cetirizine in horses: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics following repeated oral administration. Vet J 2008; 177:242-9. [PMID: 17581764 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2007] [Revised: 03/27/2007] [Accepted: 03/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of the histamine H(1)-antagonist cetirizine and its effect on histamine-induced cutaneous wheal formation were studied in six healthy horses following repeated oral administration. After three consecutive administrations of cetirizine (0.2 mg/kg body weight, bw) every 12h, the trough plasma concentration of cetirizine was 16+/-4 ng/mL (mean+/-SD) and the wheal formation was inhibited by 45+/-23%. After four additional administrations of cetirizine (0.4 mg/kg bw) every 12 h, the trough plasma concentration was 48+/-15 ng/mL and the wheal formation was inhibited by 68+/-11%. The terminal half-life was about 5.8 h. A pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic link model showed that the maximal inhibition of wheal formation was about 95% and the EC(50) about 18 ng/mL. It is concluded that cetirizine in doses of 0.2-0.4 mg/kg bw administered at 12 h intervals exhibits favourable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties without causing visible side effects, and the drug may therefore be a useful antihistamine in equine medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Olsén
- Division of Pathology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
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