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Wimbish C, Lynch AM, Knych HK, Ueda Y, Messenger KM. Pharmacokinetics of a continuous intravenous infusion of hydromorphone in healthy dogs. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1362730. [PMID: 38686029 PMCID: PMC11056520 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1362730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Dosing recommendations for hydromorphone intravenous constant rate infusion (IV CRI) are derived from simulations following IV bolus administration. While this extrapolated dose regimen has been described clinically, pharmacokinetics (PK) of hydromorphone infusions in dogs are not yet described. The study objective was to describe the PK of hydromorphone in healthy dogs receiving an IV bolus followed by an IV CRI for 48 h. Methods A prospective, experimental study was performed involving the administration of hydromorphone (0.1 mg/kg IV bolus then IV CRI 0.01 mg/kg/h over a 48 h period) to 6 healthy Beagle dogs. Blood samples were collected at 16 time points between 0 and 58 h relative to the initial bolus. Plasma hydromorphone concentrations were analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry detection. Pharmacokinetic parameter estimates were obtained with compartmental methods using commercially available software. Results A two-compartment model with first order elimination was used. At the end of the infusion, median (range) plasma hydromorphone concentrations were 6.8 (5.5-19.6) ng/mL. The median total body clearance was 30.4 (19.8-36.7) mL/min/kg; volume of distribution at steady state was 4.5 (3.2-7.8) L/kg; and terminal elimination half-life was 11.2 (7.6-24.3) h. Conclusion Hydromorphone (0.1 mg/kg IV bolus then IV CRI of 0.01 mg/kg/h) maintained steady-state plasma concentrations above the minimum human analgesic target in healthy Beagle dogs with minimal side effects. Further studies are needed to determine the effective plasma concentrations of hydromorphone in painful dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candace Wimbish
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Alex M. Lynch
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Heather K. Knych
- K.L. Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Yu Ueda
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Kristen M. Messenger
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
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Simon BT, Steagall PV. The present and future of opioid analgesics in small animal practice. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2016; 40:315-326. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. T. Simon
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station TX USA
| | - P. V. Steagall
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Université de Montréal; Saint-Hyacinthe QC Canada
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Johnson RJ, Kerr CL, Enouri SS, Modi P, Lascelles BDX, del Castillo JRE. Pharmacokinetics of liposomal encapsulated buprenorphine suspension following subcutaneous administration to cats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2016; 40:256-269. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. J. Johnson
- Ontario Veterinary College; University of Guelph; Guelph ON Canada
| | - C. L. Kerr
- Ontario Veterinary College; University of Guelph; Guelph ON Canada
| | - S. S. Enouri
- Ontario Veterinary College; University of Guelph; Guelph ON Canada
| | - P. Modi
- Transdermal Corp; Birmingham MI USA
| | - B. D. X. Lascelles
- College of Veterinary Medicine; North Caroline State University; Raleigh NC USA
| | - J. R. E. del Castillo
- GREPAQ - Département de Biomédecine Vétérinaire; Université de Montréal; Saint-Hyacinthe QC Canada
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Taylor BF, Ramirez HE, Battles AH, Andrutis KA, Neubert JK. Analgesic Activity of Tramadol and Buprenorphine after Voluntary Ingestion by Rats (Rattus norvegicus). JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2016; 55:74-82. [PMID: 26817983 PMCID: PMC4747014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Effective pain management for rats and mice is crucial due to the continuing increase in the use of these species in biomedical research. Here we used a recently validated operant orofacial pain assay to determine dose-response curves for buprenorphine and tramadol when mixed in nut paste and administered to male and female rats. Statistically significant analgesic doses of tramadol in nut paste included doses of 20, 30, and 40 mg/kg for female rats but only 40 mg/kg for male rats. For male rats receiving buprenorphine mixed in nut paste, a significant analgesic response was observed at 0.5 and 0.6 mg/kg. None of the doses tested produced a significant analgesic response in female rats. Our results indicate that at the doses tested, tramadol and buprenorphine produced an analgesic response in male rats. In female rats, tramadol shows a higher analgesic effect than buprenorphine. The analgesic effects observed 60 min after administration of the statistically significant oral doses of both drugs were similar to the analgesic effects of 0.03 mg/kg subcutaneous buprenorphine 30 min after administration. The method of voluntary ingestion could be effective, is easy to use, and would minimize stress to the rats during the immediate postoperative period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan F Taylor
- Animal Care Services, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Harvey E Ramirez
- Animal Care Services, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida;,
| | - August H Battles
- Animal Care Services, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Karl A Andrutis
- Animal Care Services, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - John K Neubert
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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Krugner-Higby L, Smith LJ, Schmidt B, Steagall PV, Brown C, Heath TD. Postoperative Analgesia Provided by Liposomal Hydromorphone in Client-Owned Dogs Undergoing Limb Amputation. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2015; 52:13-21. [PMID: 26606204 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-6113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The analgesic efficacy of liposomal hydromorphone (LE-hydro) was tested in dogs undergoing limb amputation. The positive controls (n = 10) received subcutaneous (SQ) hydromorphone (0.2 mg/kg) and 1.5 mL of blank liposomes before surgery; fentanyl continuous rate infusion (CRI), 5-10 μg/kg/hr IV, during and for 24 hr after surgery; and a fentanyl patch at extubation. The negative controls (n = 7) received SQ hydromorphone (0.2 mg/kg) and 1.5 mLs of blank liposomes SQ before surgery, fentanyl CRI (5-10 μg/kg/hr IV) during surgery but stopped at extubation, and a fentanyl patch at extubation. The test group (n = 11) received 3 mg/kg of LE-hydro and 1.5 mL of saline SQ before surgery, 1.5 mL of saline SQ, and a saline CRI during surgery. All groups received a bupivacaine block in the limb prior to amputation and carprofen prior to surgery. Treatment failures, pain scores, opioid side effects, heart rate, respiratory rate, temperature, and client-reported pain and side effects were evaluated. There were three treatment failures in the positive control (3/10) and test groups (3/11). Negative controls had seven treatment failures (7/7). Side effects for all three groups were within expected limits. LE-hydro provides postoperative analgesia equivalent to fentanyl CRI in dogs undergoing limb amputation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Krugner-Higby
- From the Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, WI (L.K-H., L.J.S, B.S., P.V.S., C.B.); and the Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, WI (T.D.H.)
| | - Lesley J Smith
- From the Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, WI (L.K-H., L.J.S, B.S., P.V.S., C.B.); and the Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, WI (T.D.H.)
| | - Brynn Schmidt
- From the Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, WI (L.K-H., L.J.S, B.S., P.V.S., C.B.); and the Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, WI (T.D.H.)
| | - Paulo V Steagall
- From the Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, WI (L.K-H., L.J.S, B.S., P.V.S., C.B.); and the Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, WI (T.D.H.)
| | - Carolyn Brown
- From the Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, WI (L.K-H., L.J.S, B.S., P.V.S., C.B.); and the Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, WI (T.D.H.)
| | - Timothy D Heath
- From the Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, WI (L.K-H., L.J.S, B.S., P.V.S., C.B.); and the Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, WI (T.D.H.)
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Current options for providing sustained analgesia to laboratory animals. Lab Anim (NY) 2014; 43:364-71. [DOI: 10.1038/laban.590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Guzman DSM, Drazenovich TL, Olsen GH, Willits NH, Paul-Murphy JR. Evaluation of thermal antinociceptive effects after oral administration of tramadol hydrochloride to American kestrels (Falco sparverius). Am J Vet Res 2014; 75:117-23. [PMID: 24471747 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.75.2.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the thermal antinociceptive and sedative effects and duration of action of tramadol hydrochloride after oral administration to American kestrels (Falco sparverius). ANIMALS 12 healthy 3-year-old American kestrels. PROCEDURES Tramadol (5, 15, and 30 mg/kg) and a control suspension were administered orally in a masked randomized crossover experimental design. Foot withdrawal response to a thermal stimulus was determined 1 hour before (baseline) and 0.5, 1.5, 3, 6, and 9 hours after treatment. Agitation-sedation scores were determined 3 to 5 minutes before each thermal stimulus test. RESULTS The lowest dose of tramadol evaluated (5 mg/kg) significantly increased the thermal foot withdrawal thresholds for up to 1.5 hours after administration, compared with control treatment values, and for up to 9 hours after administration, compared with baseline values. Tramadol at doses of 15 and 30 mg/kg significantly increased thermal thresholds at 0.5 hours after administration, compared with control treatment values, and up to 3 hours after administration, compared with baseline values. No significant differences in agitation-sedation scores were detected between tramadol and control treatments. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated oral administration of 5 mg of tramadol/kg significantly increased thermal nociception thresholds for kestrels for 1.5 hours, compared with a control treatment, and 9 hours, compared with baseline values; higher doses resulted in less pronounced antinociceptive effects. Additional studies with other types of stimulation, formulations, dosages, routes of administration, and testing times would be needed to fully evaluate the analgesic and adverse effects of tramadol in kestrels and other avian species.
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Smith LJ, Kukanich BK, Krugner-Higby LA, Schmidt BH, Heath TD. Pharmacokinetics of ammonium sulfate gradient loaded liposome-encapsulated oxymorphone and hydromorphone in healthy dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg 2013; 40:537-45. [PMID: 23601353 DOI: 10.1111/vaa.12042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the pharmacokinetics, in dogs, of liposome-encapsulated oxymorphone and hydromorphone made by the ammonium sulfate gradient loading technique (ASG). ANIMALS Four healthy purpose-bred Beagles aged 9.5 ± 3.2 months and weighing 13.4 ± 2.3 kg. STUDY DESIGN Randomized cross-over design. METHODS Each dog was given either 4.0 mg kg(-1) of ASG-oxymorphone or 8.0 mg kg(-1) of ASG-hydromorphone SC on separate occasions with a 3-month washout period. Blood was collected at baseline and at serial time points up to 1032 hours (43 days) after injection for determination of serum opioid concentrations. Serum opioid concentrations were measured with HPLC-MS and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using commercial software and non-compartmental methods. RESULTS Serum concentrations of oxymorphone remained above the limit of quantification for 21 days, while those for hydromorphone remained above the limit of quantification for 29 days. Cmax for ASG-oxymorphone was 7.5 ng mL(-1) ; Cmax for ASG-hydromorphone was 5.7 ng mL(-1) . CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Oxymorphone and hydromorphone, when encapsulated into liposomes using the ammonium sulfate gradient loading technique, result in measureable serum concentrations for between 3 to 4 weeks. This formulation may have promise in the convenient use of opioids for clinical treatment of chronically painful conditions in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley J Smith
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison WI 53706, USA.
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Nanomedicine and veterinary science: the reality and the practicality. Vet J 2012; 193:12-23. [PMID: 22365842 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanomedicine is a rapidly expanding field with a promising future that is already permeating veterinary science. This review summarises the current applications for nanoparticles in human medicine and explores their potential applicability for veterinary use. The principles underlying the use of nanoparticles in drug delivery, imaging and as vaccine adjuvants are explored along with the unique issues surrounding nanoparticle toxicity and regulatory approval. A brief overview of the properties of different nanoparticle systems including, liposomes, micelles, emulsions and inorganic nanoparticles, is provided, along with a description of their current and potential future applications in veterinary medicine.
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Krugner-Higby L, KuKanich B, Schmidt B, Heath TD, Brown C. Pharmacokinetics and behavioral effects of liposomal hydromorphone suitable for perioperative use in rhesus macaques. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2011; 216:511-23. [PMID: 21404039 PMCID: PMC3142292 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2239-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 02/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aims to evaluate the pharmacokinetic, behavioral, and motor effects of a liposomal preparation of hydromorphone hydrochloride (LE-hydro) in rhesus monkeys. We administered either 2 mg/kg of LE-hydro (n = 8) subcutaneous (s.c.) or 0.1 mg/kg of standard pharmaceutical hydromorphone HCl (hydro) preparation either intravenous (i.v.; n = 4) or s.c. (n = 5). MATERIALS AND METHODS Serial blood samples were drawn after injection and analyzed for serum hydro concentration by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Following s.c. injection of 0.1 mg/kg hydro or 2 mg/kg LE-hydro, behavioral evaluations were conducted in groups of rhesus monkeys (n = 10/group) in the presence of a compatible stimulus animal and motor skills were also evaluated (n = 10/group). The motor skills test consisted of removing a food reward (carrot ring) from either a straight peg (simple task) or a curved peg (difficult task). RESULTS LE-hydro (MRT(0-INF) = 105.9 h) demonstrated extended-release pharmacokinetics compared to hydro when administered by either i.v. (MRT(0-INF) =1.1 h) or s.c. (MRT(0-INF) =1.3 h) routes. Hydro did not affect motor performance of the simpler task, but the monkeys' performance deteriorated on the more difficult task at 0.5 and 1 h after injection. LE-hydro had no effect on motor skills in either the simpler or more difficult task. CONCLUSIONS The results of these studies indicate that LE-hydro has a pharmacokinetic and behavioral side effects profile consistent with an analgesic that could be tested for surgical use in animals. Our studies also expand the use of rhesus monkeys as a translational behavioral pharmacodynamics model for testing extended-release opioid medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Krugner-Higby
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53726-4089, USA.
| | - Butch KuKanich
- PharmCATS and the Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Brynn Schmidt
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Timothy D. Heath
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Carolyn Brown
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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Schmidt JR, Krugner-Higby L, Heath TD, Sullivan R, Smith LJ. Epidural administration of liposome-encapsulated hydromorphone provides extended analgesia in a rodent model of stifle arthritis. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2011; 50:507-512. [PMID: 21838980 PMCID: PMC3148635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Revised: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Liposome encapsulation of opioids by using an ammonium-sulfate-gradient loading technique significantly slows the release time of the drug. This study evaluated the duration of analgesia in a rodent model of monoarthritis after epidural administration of liposome-encapsulated hydromorphone (LE-hydromorphone; prepared by ammonium-sulfate-gradient loading) compared with standard hydromorphone and a negative control of blank liposomes. Analgesia was assessed by changes in thermal withdrawal latency, relative weight-bearing, and subjective behavioral scoring. Analgesia in arthritic rats was short-lived after epidural hydromorphone; increases in pain threshold were observed only at 2 h after administration. In contrast, thermal pain thresholds after epidural LE-hydromorphone were increased for as long as 72 h, and subjective lameness scores were lower for as long as 96 h after epidural administration. Injection of LE-hydromorphone epidurally was associated with various mild changes in CNS behavior, and 2 rats succumbed to respiratory depression and death. In conclusion, LE-hydromorphone prolonged the duration of epidural analgesia compared with the standard formulation of hydromorphone, but CNS side effects warrant careful administration of this LE-hydromorphone in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Schmidt
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Lisa Krugner-Higby
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Timothy D Heath
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Ruth Sullivan
- Research Animal Resources Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Lesley J Smith
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
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Krugner-Higby L, Smith L, Schmidt B, Wunsch L, Smetana A, Brown C, Heath TD. Experimental Pharmacodynamics and Analgesic Efficacy of Liposome-Encapsulated Hydromorphone in Dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2011; 47:185-95. [DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-5599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the experimental side effects of liposome-encapsulated hydromorphone (LE-Hydro) in beagles and to evaluate LE-Hydro analgesia in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomies (OVH). Beagles were injected subcutaneously with 1–3 mg/kg LE-Hydro or 0.1 mg/kg hydromorphone. Dogs were evaluated for sedation, temperature, respiratory rate, and heart rate. OVH dogs were injected with 2 mg/kg LE-Hydro subcutaneously or 0.2 mg/kg morphine and 0.05 mg/kg acepromazine intramuscularly. Side effects of LE-Hydro were within clinically acceptable limits. The analgesic efficacy was superior in dogs administered LE-Hydro at 12 hr postsurgically. LE-Hydro provided adequate, durable analgesia in dogs undergoing OVH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Krugner-Higby
- Research Animal Resources Center (L.K-H.), the School of Pharmacy (T.H), and Department of Surgical Sciences (L.K-H., L.S., B.S., L.W., A.S., C.B.), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Lesley Smith
- Research Animal Resources Center (L.K-H.), the School of Pharmacy (T.H), and Department of Surgical Sciences (L.K-H., L.S., B.S., L.W., A.S., C.B.), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Brynn Schmidt
- Research Animal Resources Center (L.K-H.), the School of Pharmacy (T.H), and Department of Surgical Sciences (L.K-H., L.S., B.S., L.W., A.S., C.B.), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Laura Wunsch
- Research Animal Resources Center (L.K-H.), the School of Pharmacy (T.H), and Department of Surgical Sciences (L.K-H., L.S., B.S., L.W., A.S., C.B.), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Andrea Smetana
- Research Animal Resources Center (L.K-H.), the School of Pharmacy (T.H), and Department of Surgical Sciences (L.K-H., L.S., B.S., L.W., A.S., C.B.), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Carolyn Brown
- Research Animal Resources Center (L.K-H.), the School of Pharmacy (T.H), and Department of Surgical Sciences (L.K-H., L.S., B.S., L.W., A.S., C.B.), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Timothy D. Heath
- Research Animal Resources Center (L.K-H.), the School of Pharmacy (T.H), and Department of Surgical Sciences (L.K-H., L.S., B.S., L.W., A.S., C.B.), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
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Affiliation(s)
- David R P Guay
- Department of experimental and clinical pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
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Tu S, McGinnis T, Krugner-Higby L, Heath TD. A mathematical relationship for hydromorphone loading into liposomes with trans-membrane ammonium sulfate gradients. J Pharm Sci 2010; 99:2672-80. [PMID: 20014429 DOI: 10.1002/jps.22017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the loading of the opioid hydromorphone into liposomes using ammonium sulfate gradients. Unlike other drugs loaded with this technique, hydromorphone is freely soluble as the sulfate salt, and, consequently, does not precipitate in the liposomes after loading. We have derived a mathematical relationship that can predict the extent of loading based on the ammonium ion content of the liposomes and the amount of drug added for loading. We have adapted and used the Berthelot indophenol assay to measure the amount of ammonium ions in the liposomes. Plots of the inverse of the fraction of hydromorphone loaded versus the amount of hydromorphone added are linear, and the slope should be the inverse of the amount of ammonium ions present in the liposomes. The inverse of the slopes obtained closely correspond to the amount of ammonium ions in the liposomes measured with the Berthelot indophenol assay. We also show that loading can be less than optimal under conditions where osmotically driven loss of ammonium ions or leakage of drug after loading may occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Tu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
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Abstract
Delivery of biologically active agents to animals is often perceived to be the poor relation of human drug delivery. Yet this field has a long and successful history of species-specific device and formulation development, ranging from simple approaches and devices used in production animals to more sophisticated formulations and approaches for a wide range of species. While several technologies using biodegradable polymers have been successfully marketed in a range of veterinary and human products, the transfer of delivery technologies has not been similarly applied across species. This may be due to a combination of specific technical requirements for use of devices in different species, inter-species pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and physiological differences, and distinct market drivers for drug classes used in companion and food-producing animals. This chapter reviews selected commercialised and research-based parenteral and non-parenteral veterinary drug delivery technologies in selected domestic species. Emphasis is also placed on the impact of endogenous drug transporters on drug distribution characteristics in different species. In vitro models used to investigate carrier-dependent transport are reviewed. Species-specific expression of transporters in several tissues can account for inter-animal or inter-species pharmacokinetic variability, lack of predictability of drug efficacy, and potential drug-drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Brayden
- School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin (UCD) and UCD Conway Institute, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Paul-Murphy JR, Krugner-Higby LA, Tourdot RL, Sladky KK, Klauer JM, Keuler NS, Brown CS, Heath TD. Evaluation of liposome-encapsulated butorphanol tartrate for alleviation of experimentally induced arthritic pain in green-cheeked conures (Pyrrhura molinae). Am J Vet Res 2009; 70:1211-9. [PMID: 19795935 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.70.10.1211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate injection of microcrystalline sodium urate (MSU) for inducing articular pain in green-cheeked conures (Pyrrhura molinae) and the analgesic efficacy of liposome-encapsulated butorphanol tartrate (LEBT) by use of weight load data, behavioral scores, and fecal corticosterone concentration. ANIMALS 8 conures. PROCEDURES In a crossover study, conures were randomly assigned to receive LEBT (15 mg/kg) or liposomal vehicle subsequent to experimental induction of arthritis or sham injection. The MSU was injected into 1 tibiotarsal-tarsometatarsal (intertarsal) joint to induce arthritis (time 0). weight-bearing load and behavioral scores were determined at 0, 2, 6, 26, and 30 hours. RESULTS MSU injection into 1 intertarsal joint caused a temporary decrease in weight bearing on the affected limb. Treatment of arthritic conures with LEBT resulted in significantly more weight bearing on the arthritic limb than treatment with vehicle. Administration of vehicle to arthritic conures caused a decrease in activity and feeding behaviors during the induction phase of arthritis, but as the arthritis resolved, there was a significant increase in voluntary activity at 30 hours and feeding behaviors at 26 and 30 hours, compared with results for LEBT treatment of arthritic birds. Treatment with LEBT or vehicle in conures without arthritis resulted in similar measurements for weight bearing and voluntary and motivated behaviors. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Experimental induction of arthritis in conures was a good method for evaluating tonic pain. Weight-bearing load was the most sensitive measure of pain associated with induced arthritis. Pain associated with MSU-induced arthritis was alleviated by administration of LEBT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne R Paul-Murphy
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA. paulmurphy@ucdavis
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A comparison of the effects of hydromorphone HCl and a novel extended release hydromorphone on arterial blood gas values in conscious healthy dogs. Res Vet Sci 2009; 88:154-8. [PMID: 19692102 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2009.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2008] [Revised: 05/19/2009] [Accepted: 07/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate arterial blood gases in dogs that were given hydromorphone or extended release liposome-encapsulated hydromorphone (LEH). Dogs were randomly administered LEH, n=6, (2.0 mg kg(-1)), hydromorphone, n=6, (0.2 mg kg(-1)) or a placebo of blank liposomes, n=3, subcutaneously on separate occasions. Arterial blood samples were drawn at serial time points over a 6-h time period for blood gas analysis. There was no change from baseline values in P(a)CO(2), P(a)O(2), (HCO(3)-), pH, and SBEc in the dogs that received the placebo. Administration of hydromorphone resulted in significant increases in P(a)CO(2) (maximum (mean+SD] 44.4+1.1mm of Hg) and significant decreases in P(a)O(2) (minimum (mean+SD) 82.4+4.7 mm of Hg) and pH (minimum (mean+SD) 7.31+0.01) compared with baseline. Administration of LEH resulted in significant increases in P(a)CO(2) (maximum (mean+SD) 44.6+0.9 mm of Hg) and significant decreases in P(a)O(2) (minimum (mean+SD) 84.8+2.6mm of Hg) and pH (minimum (mean+SD) 7.34+0.02) compared with baseline. There was no significant difference between these two groups at any time point. The changes observed in P(a)CO(2), P(a)O(2), and pH, however, were within clinically acceptable limits for healthy dogs. LEH was determined to cause moderate changes in arterial blood gas values similar to those caused by hydromorphone.
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Krugner-Higby L, KuKanich B, Schmidt B, Heath TD, Brown C, Smith LJ. Pharmacokinetics and behavioral effects of an extended-release, liposome-encapsulated preparation of oxymorphone in rhesus macaques. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 330:135-41. [PMID: 19351868 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.108.150052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of the study were to determine the pharmacokinetics of oxymorphone (oxy) and of ammonium sulfate-loaded, liposome-encapsulated oxymorphone (LE-ASG oxy) and to evaluate the behavioral effects of both opioid preparations by using ethographic evaluation specific to rhesus monkeys. Rhesus monkeys (n = 8) were injected with 2.0 mg/kg LE-ASG oxy s.c.. Blood samples were collected at serial time points up to 144 h in six monkeys and up to 456 h in two monkeys. Separate groups of monkeys were injected with 0.1 mg/kg oxy s.c. (n = 4) or i.v. (n = 5). Blood samples were collected at serial time points up to 24 h after injection. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by using commercially available software. Behavior was recorded in a different group of 10 monkeys administered LE-ASG oxy (2.0 mg/kg s.c.) or oxy (0.1 mg/kg s.c.) on separate occasions. Behavioral evaluations were made at serial time points while monkeys were in an extended cage with a compatible stimulus animal. Oxymorphone was rapidly eliminated from the serum in the oxy group. Measurable drug was present in serum for up to 4 h after oxy was administered subcutaneously or intravenously. LE-ASG oxy was present in serum in measurable concentrations for more than 2 weeks. Neither oxy nor LE-ASG oxy produced observable sedation. LE-ASG oxy decreased some environmentally directed behaviors, but this drug formulation increased watchfulness, decreased self-directed and elimination behaviors, increased nonspecific social contact, and decreased threat behaviors. LE-ASG oxy persisted for an extended period in rhesus monkey serum and produced behavioral changes consistent with this opioid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Krugner-Higby
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
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