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Liu M, Wan X, Liu W, Ma X, Zhang Z. The combined effect of bromadiolone and ivermectin (iBr) in controlling both rodents and their fleas. Integr Zool 2024; 19:156-164. [PMID: 37651263 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Rodent pests not only cause severe agricultural loss but also spread zoonotic pathogens to human beings. Anticoagulant rodenticides are widely used to decrease the population densities of rodents but often lead to the spillover of ectoparasites because fleas and ticks may gather on surviving rodents. Therefore, it is necessary to kill fleas and ticks before culling rodents to minimize the risk of pathogen transmission. In this study, we used a mixture of ivermectin (an antiparasitic drug) and bromadiolone (an anticoagulant rodenticide) to control both rodent and flea/tick abundances. We found that in a laboratory test, 0.01% ivermectin bait was not lethal for greater long-tailed hamsters after 7 days of treatment, while 0.1% ivermectin bait was lethal for approximately 33% of treated rodents. In a field test, bait containing 0.001%, 0.005%, 0.01%, and 0.05% ivermectin decreased the number of fleas per vole of Brandt's voles to 0.42, 0.22, 0.12, and 0.2, respectively, compared with 0.77 in the control group, indicating that 0.01% ivermectin bait performed best in removing fleas. In another laboratory test, bait containing a 0.01% ivermectin and 0.005% bromadiolone mixture caused the death of all voles within 6-14 days after the intake of the bait. In the field test, the bait containing 0.01% ivermectin and 0.005% bromadiolone reduced the average number of fleas per vole to 0.35, which was significantly lower than the 0.77 of the control group. Our results indicate that a 0.01% ivermectin and 0.005% bromadiolone mixture could be used to control both rodents and fleas to minimize the spillover risk of disease transmission when using traditional rodenticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- International Society of Zoological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinrong Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xingan Ma
- Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Zhibin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Kutahya ZO, Akyol BA, Deliklitas K, Gokbulut C. Plasma disposition and faecal excretion of eprinomectin following subcutaneous administration in Saanen and Alpine goats. Res Vet Sci 2024; 166:105091. [PMID: 37984218 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.105091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Eprinomectin is extensively used in veterinary medicine, particularly in the treatment of internal and external parasites in livestock, including goats. The pharmacokinetic behavior of eprinomectin in plasma and faeces was studied after a single subcutaneous administration in two different goat breeds at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg body weight. The study was conducted on one-year-old female Saanen (n = 8) and Alpine (n = 8) goats in a parallel design. There were no significant differences between Saanen and Alpine goats on the peak plasma concentration (Cmax, 28.59 ± 7.46 ng/mL vs. 37.69 ± 14.89 ng/mL), area under the curve (AUC0-∞, 93.08 ± 11.66 ng.d/mL vs. 116.98 ± 48.36 ng.d/mL), area under the first moment curve (AUMC0-∞, 311.05 ± 67.23 ng.d2/mL vs. 348.25 ± 202.64 ng.d2/mL) and mean residence time (MRT, 3.24 ± 0.77 d vs. 2.74 ± 0.64 d) values. The plasma terminal half-life and the time to reach peak plasma concentration were significantly higher in Saanen goats (T1/2λz, 2.18 ± 0.43 d; Tmax, 1.21 ± 0.25 d) than in Alpine goats (T1/2λz, 1.66 ± 0.41 d; Tmax, 0.79 ± 0.25 d). The results revealed that the plasma concentration of eprinomectin did not differ depending on the breed in Saanen and Alpine goats. However, it was determined that the eprinomectin clearance from the body may vary depending on the breed in goats. The faecal eprinomectin concentration of Saanen and Alpine goats was 90 and 80 times higher than the plasma eprinomectin concentration, respectively. Although high faecal excretion of eprinomectin confers a high efficacy advantage against parasites in the gastrointestinal tract, it may pose an ecotoxicological risk to manure fauna and aquatic organisms with high susceptibility to this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Ozdemir Kutahya
- Cukurova University, Faculty of Ceyhan Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Adana, Türkiye
| | - Busra Aslan Akyol
- Balikesir University, Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, CoHE 100/2000 Scholarship Holder, Balikesir, Türkiye
| | - Kubra Deliklitas
- Balikesir University, Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, CoHE 100/2000 Scholarship Holder, Balikesir, Türkiye
| | - Cengiz Gokbulut
- Balikesir University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Balikesir, Türkiye; Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Balikesir, Türkiye.
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Liu M, Ren D, Wan X, Shen X, Zhao C, Xingan, Wang Y, Bu F, Liu W, Zhang Z, Gao Y, Si X, Bai D, Yuan S, Zheng F, Wan X, Fu H, Wu X, Zheng A, Liu Q, Zhang Z. Synergistic effects of EP-1 and ivermectin mixture (iEP-1) to control rodents and their ectoparasites. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:607-615. [PMID: 36214760 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ectoparasites of rodents play significant roles in disease transmission to humans. Conventional poisoning potentially reduces the population densities of rodents, however, they may increase the ectoparasite loads on the surviving hosts. EP-1 has been shown to have anti-fertility effects on many rodent species, while ivermectin is effective in controlling ectoparasites. In this study, we examined the combined effects of EP-1 and ivermectin mixture (iEP-1) baits on rodents and their corresponding flea/tick loads. RESULTS In males, the weight of testis, epididymis, and seminiferous vesicle were reduced to less than 33%, 25%, and 17%, respectively, compared to the control group following administration of iEP-1 for 7 days. The weight of the uterus increased by approximately 75%. After 5 days of iEP-1 intake, all ticks were killed, whereas 94% of fleas on mice died after 3 days of bait intake. In the field test near Beijing, the flea index was reduced by more than 90% after 7 days of iEP-1 bait delivery. In a field test in Inner Mongolia, the weights of testis, epididymis, and seminiferous vesicle were significantly reduced by 27%, 32%, and 57%, respectively, 2 weeks after iEP-1 bait delivery. Approximately 36% rodents exhibited obvious uterine oedema accompanied by a weight increase of about 150%. The flea index was reduced by over 90%. CONCLUSION Our results indicated that iEP-1 is a promising treatment for reducing the abundance of both small rodents and their ectoparasites; this will be effective for managing rodent damage and transmission of rodent-borne diseases associated with fleas and ticks. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dongsheng Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xinrong Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaona Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Chaoyue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xingan
- Inner Mongolia Agriculture University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Yujie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Bu
- Center of Disease Control & Prevention of Inner Mongolia, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongbing Zhang
- Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Yulong Gao
- Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Xiaoyan Si
- Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Defeng Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Ordos Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ordos, China
| | - Shuai Yuan
- Center of Disease Control & Prevention of Inner Mongolia, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Feng Zheng
- International Society of Zoological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinru Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Heping Fu
- Center of Disease Control & Prevention of Inner Mongolia, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Xiaodong Wu
- Center of Disease Control & Prevention of Inner Mongolia, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Aihua Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiyong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zhibin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Ordos Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ordos, China
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Meredith HR, Furuya-Kanamori L, Yakob L. Optimising systemic insecticide use to improve malaria control. BMJ Glob Health 2019; 4:e001776. [PMID: 31798988 PMCID: PMC6861066 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Long-lasting insecticidal nets and indoor residual sprays have significantly reduced the burden of malaria. However, several hurdles remain before elimination can be achieved: mosquito vectors have developed resistance to public health insecticides, including pyrethroids, and have altered their biting behaviour to avoid these indoor control tools. Systemic insecticides, drugs applied directly to blood hosts to kill mosquitoes that take a blood meal, offer a promising vector control option. To date, most studies focus on repurposing ivermectin, a drug used extensively to treat river blindness. There is concern that overdependence on a single drug will inevitably repeat past experiences with the rapid spread of pyrethroid resistance in malaria vectors. Diversifying the arsenal of systemic insecticides used for mass drug administration would improve this strategy’s sustainability. Methods Here, a review was conducted to identify systemic insecticide candidates and consolidate their pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties. The impact of alternative integrated vector control options and different dosing regimens on malaria transmission reduction are illustrated through mathematical model simulation. Results The review identified drugs from four classes commonly used in livestock and companion animals: avermectins, milbemycins, isoxazolines and spinosyns. Simulations predicted that isoxazolines and spinosyns are promising candidates for mass drug administration, as they were predicted to need less frequent application than avermectins and milbemycins to maintain mosquitocidal blood concentrations. Conclusions These findings will provide a guide for investigating and applying different systemic insecticides to achieve more effective and sustainable control of malaria transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah R Meredith
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Luis Furuya-Kanamori
- Research School of Population Health, College of Health and Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Laith Yakob
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Brunt LM, Rast L, Hernandez-Jover M, Brockwell YM, Woodgate RG. A producer survey of knowledge and practises on gastrointestinal nematode control within the Australian goat industry. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2019; 18:100325. [PMID: 31796185 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2019.100325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) have been identified in Australia as a major problem in goat production, with few anthelmintics registered for use in goats. Therefore, anecdotally many producers use anthelmintics that have not been registered for goats. Using unregistered products could increase selection pressure for anthelmintic resistance as well as safety and/or meat or milk chemical residues of products from treated goats. This producer survey was conducted in 2014 to establish Australian goat producer knowledge, perception and practises of GIN treatment and control. Eighty-eight producers responded to the survey. Of these respondents, 90% thought that GINs were a problem for the Australian goat industry, and 73% considered GINs had caused production losses or health impacts for their goats during the 5 years prior to the survey. With regard to anthelmintic resistance, 7% believed that anthelmintic resistance was not a problem at all, 93% acknowledged anthelmintic resistance was a problem in Australian goats herds, with 25% of these reporting their properties as being affected. The majority (81%) of respondents believed the number of anthelmintics registered for goats was inadequate for effective GIN control. Of the 85% of producers who used an anthelmintic during the survey period, 69% had used a treatment not registered for use in goats. Fifty respondents listed the anthelmintic dosage used, and 50% of those had used a dose rate greater than the recommended label dose. The average frequency of administration of anthelmintic was 2.5 times per annum. Of the 51% of respondents who listed the frequency of their treatments given during the survey period, 16% administered four or more treatments annually to the majority of their goats and 8% administered treatments on an "as needed" basis. Faecal egg count (FEC) had been performed on 72% of properties in at least one of the six years covered by the survey. These results indicated that the majority of surveyed producers use anthelmintics that are not registered for use in goats and at different dose rates to label. These practises have the potential for increasing the spread of anthelmintic resistance in the GIN populations of goats and sheep. Further, giving dose rates in excess of label recommendations could impact goat safety and/or product residues. Further research is needed to investigate these risks and evaluate more sustainable GIN control options for goat herds. In addition more effective dissemination of information is necessary for the improvement of the Australian goat industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Brunt
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
| | - L Rast
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (An alliance between Charles Sturt University and NSW Department of Primary Industries), Charles Sturt University, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
| | - M Hernandez-Jover
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (An alliance between Charles Sturt University and NSW Department of Primary Industries), Charles Sturt University, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
| | - Y M Brockwell
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
| | - R G Woodgate
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (An alliance between Charles Sturt University and NSW Department of Primary Industries), Charles Sturt University, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia.
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