Comparative in vitro characterization of moxidectin and doramectin percutaneous absorption through bovine skin

Occurrence and risk assessment of anthelmintics in Tuojiang River in Sichuan, China

Recently, emerging pollutants, such as anthelmintics have attracted an increasing attention worldwide due to their extensive use and notable stability. However, the information on anthelmintics in the environment of southwest China is scarce. Thus, the occurrence, ecological risk and exposure evaluation of nineteen anthelmintics in Tuojiang River, which is one of the largest tributaries of Yangtze River, and drinking water source of Sichuan, southwest China, were investigated. The result showed that the detection frequency of anthelmintics was relatively high in Tuojiang River, ranging from 65% to 100% in river water. Among the seven kinds of anthelmintics, benzimidazoles are the primary anthelmintics, with concentrations up to 61.12 ng/L and 596.06 ng/g in water and sediment of the Tuojiang river, respectively. The total concentration of 19 anthelmintics in sediment samples from non-agricultural area was higher than that in agricultural area(p = 0.000 < 0.05). This could be attributed to anthropogenic activities, which lead to greater discharge and accumulation of anthelmintics in residential area along the river. It's worth to mention that the highest total concentrations of anthelmintics (109.28 ng/L) was found at the junction of rivers in R31 site. The results could be ascribed to the complexity of junction of Tuojiang River and Yangtze River, which could influence the distribution of pollutant. Besides, the ecological risk assessment showed that the macrocyclic lactones rather than benzimidazoles had relatively high toxicity to non-target organisms in aquatic environment (p = 0.000 < 0.05), with the highest RQ_Ecotox value of 101 for Daphnia magna, while benzimidazoles had relatively high concentrations. The exposure risk could be ignored for both children and adults because the daily intake of anthelmintics via water ingestion were below 10 ng/kg/d. In addition, strong correlations were found between sucralose and most of the selected anthelmintics in Tuojiang River, indicating that sucralose might be a good tracer to evaluated the source of anthelmintics in surface water. This study provides the levels, risks and even some tracer information of pollutants for better understanding of anthelmintics in southwest China.

Argentinean Society of Experimental Pharmacology: Brief history and main scientific contributions to the discipline

Argentina Biomedical Science has been historically strong. The development of Human and Veterinary Pharmacology in our country as a pivotal discipline has been acknowledged worldwide because of the quality of its contributions. Argentinean Society of Experimental Pharmacology (SAFE) is a non- profit association whose research fields include Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology. SAFE main goals are described as follow (a) To meet active researchers for studying concerns regarding Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology (b) To launch an initiative for development of the discipline in mainly our country and other collaborative countries worldwide (c) To spread the pharmacological know-how obtained from different research teams (d) To strengthen relations between pharmacologists (e) To facilitate the presentation and discussion of scientific papers. This current article shows the SAFE's more important scientific contribution to pharmacology through its former research scientists to the present.

In vitro drug release and ex vivo percutaneous absorption of resveratrol cream using HPLC with zirconized silica stationary phase

Since the designs of optimal formulations for resveratrol permeation via the skin are lacking, the aim of this study was to establish the profile of resveratrol permeability into and across human skin. For that, a laboratory-made chromatographic column was used (Zr-PMODS), with its performance being compared to a traditional C18 column. In vitro drug release was conducted with polysulfone membranes, and the flux (JS) was 30.49 μg cm(-2) h(-1)), with a lag time (LT) of 0.04 h, following a pseudo-first-order kinetics. For ex vivo percutaneous absorption using excised female human skin, the kinetic profile was the same, but JS was 0.87 μg cm(-2) h(-1) and LT was 0.97 h. From the initials 49.30 μg applied to the skin, 9.50 μg were quantified in the receptor medium, 20.48 μg was retained at the stratum corneum (do not account as permeated) and 21.41 μg was retained at the viable epidermis+dermis (account as permeated), totalizing 30.90 μg of resveratrol permeated after 24 h of application (62.6%). From these results, one can conclude that a person using the 1-g emulsion dose released by the pump containing 20mg of resveratrol will have, theoretically, 12.53 mg of it liberated into his bloodstream, gradually and continuously for 24 h.