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Yang B, Liu S, Cheng J, Qu H, Guo Y, Ji C, Wang Y, Zhao S, Huang S, Zhao L, Ma Q. Pharmacokinetics of Enrofloxacin in Plasma, Urine, and Feces of Donkey ( Equus asinus) after a Single Intragastric Administration. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:355. [PMID: 38667031 PMCID: PMC11047589 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13040355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Enrofloxacin is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent, but the study of its pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PKs/PDs) in donkeys is rarely reported. The present study aimed to investigate the pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin administered intragastrically, and to study the pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin in plasma, urine, and feces, and the PK/PD parameters were investigated to provide a rationale for enrofloxacin treatment in donkeys. A total of five healthy donkeys were selected for intragastric administration of 7.5 mg·kg-1 BW of enrofloxacin by gavage, and blood, urine, and fecal samples were collected. The results showed that the elimination half-life of plasma enrofloxacin was 11.40 ± 6.40 h, Tmax was 0.55 ± 0.12 h, Cmax was 2.46 ± 0.14 mg·L-1, AUC0-∞ was 10.30 ± 3.37 mg·L-1·h, and mean residence time (MRT) was 7.88 ± 1.26 h. The Tmax of plasma ciprofloxacin was 0.52 ± 0.08 h, Cmax was 0.14 ± 0.03 mg·L-1, and AUC0-∞ was 0.24 ± 0.16 mg·L-1·h. Urinary Cmax was 38.18 ± 8.56 mg·L-1 for enrofloxacin and 15.94 ± 4.15 mg·L-1 for ciprofloxacin. The total enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin recovered amount in urine was 7.09 ± 2.55% of the dose for 144 h after dosing. The total enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin recovered amount in feces was 25.73 ± 10.34% of the dose for 144 h after dosing. PK/PD parameters were also examined in this study, based on published MICs. In conclusion, 7.5 mg/kg BW of enrofloxacin administered intragastrically to donkeys was rapidly absorbed, widely distributed, and slowly eliminated in their bodies, and was predicted to be effective against bacteria with MICs < 0.25 mg·L-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (B.Y.); (S.L.); (H.Q.); (Y.G.); (S.H.); (L.Z.)
| | - Shijie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (B.Y.); (S.L.); (H.Q.); (Y.G.); (S.H.); (L.Z.)
| | - Jie Cheng
- National Engineering Research Center for Gelatin-Based Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dong-E-E-Jiao Co., Ltd., Liaocheng 252201, China; (J.C.); (C.J.); (Y.W.)
| | - Honglei Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (B.Y.); (S.L.); (H.Q.); (Y.G.); (S.H.); (L.Z.)
- National Engineering Research Center for Gelatin-Based Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dong-E-E-Jiao Co., Ltd., Liaocheng 252201, China; (J.C.); (C.J.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yanxin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (B.Y.); (S.L.); (H.Q.); (Y.G.); (S.H.); (L.Z.)
| | - Chuanliang Ji
- National Engineering Research Center for Gelatin-Based Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dong-E-E-Jiao Co., Ltd., Liaocheng 252201, China; (J.C.); (C.J.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yantao Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Gelatin-Based Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dong-E-E-Jiao Co., Ltd., Liaocheng 252201, China; (J.C.); (C.J.); (Y.W.)
| | - Shancang Zhao
- Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China;
| | - Shimeng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (B.Y.); (S.L.); (H.Q.); (Y.G.); (S.H.); (L.Z.)
| | - Lihong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (B.Y.); (S.L.); (H.Q.); (Y.G.); (S.H.); (L.Z.)
| | - Qiugang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (B.Y.); (S.L.); (H.Q.); (Y.G.); (S.H.); (L.Z.)
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Kim GB, Seo JI, Gye MC, Yoo HH. Isosorbide, a versatile green chemical: Elucidating its ADME properties for safe use. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 272:116051. [PMID: 38310823 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Isosorbide, an environmentally friendly and renewable substance, finds extensive application in diverse fields, such as a bisphenol A substitute, polymers, functional materials, organic solvents, fuels, and pharmaceuticals. Despite its increasing interest and widespread usage, there remains a notable absence of available reports regarding its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties. This study endeavors to investigate the ADME characteristics of isosorbide in rats. Isosorbide levels in biological samples were quantified based on the analytical method using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Following administration, isosorbide exhibited rapid absorption and elimination, with a bioavailability of 96.1%. The metabolic stability assay indicated that isosorbide remained stable during metabolism. The majority of absorbed isosorbide was promptly excreted, with urinary excretion as the primary route. This study furnishes valuable insights into the ADME of isosorbide, contributing to its safety assessment and fostering its continued application across various domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi Beom Kim
- Pharmacomicrobiomics Research Center and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong In Seo
- Pharmacomicrobiomics Research Center and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Chan Gye
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hye Hyun Yoo
- Pharmacomicrobiomics Research Center and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea.
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Wei Y, Ji X, Zhang F, Zhang S, Deng Q, Ding H. PK-PD integration of enrofloxacin and cefquinome alone and in combination against Klebsiella pneumoniae using an in vitro dynamic model. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1226936. [PMID: 37869750 PMCID: PMC10587432 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1226936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Klebsiella pneumoniae is classified as a critical pathogen in both animals and humans and infections can be fatal in chickens resulting in substantial economic losses. However, the misuse of antibiotics can also lead to drug resistance and a potential transmission chain between animals and humans. Three K. pneumoniae strains with different susceptibility phenotypes were chosen to study the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) integration of enrofloxacin (ENR) and cefquinome (CEQ) alone and in combination. Results: Checkerboard assay results indicated that the combination treatment for type strain ATCC 700603 was synergistic effect with a fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) of ≤0.5. The other two clinical strains demonstrated an additive effect (FICI >0.5 to ≤1). Furthermore, static time-kill curves indicated that enrofloxacin and cefquinome added singly were effective in killing K. pneumoniae at concentrations of >2 MIC and ≥1 MIC, respectively. Additionally, the combination of enrofloxacin and cefquinome led to an enhanced antibacterial activity of cefquinome. The dynamic time-kill curves indicated that enrofloxacin and cefquinome had bactericidal and bacteriostatic activities, respectively at ≥1.5 mg/L (single-dose) and 4 mg/L (8 h split-dose) causing a decrease in bacterial counts of ≥4.45 and >2 log10 CFU/mL. Enrofloxacin possessed no bacteriostatic effects against K. pneumoniae at a constant concentration of 1× MIC. Cefquinome used in combination with 1× MIC enrofloxacin exhibited bactericidal activity at ≥4 mg/L (12 h split-dose) with reductions of ≥3.65 log10 CFU/mL. The PK/PD parameters were also analyzed to determine the concentration and duration of the drugs needed to reduce bacteria by 3 log10 CFU/mL. For enrofloxacin alone, the AUC24h/MIC was 23.29 h and the Cmax/MIC was 3.18. For cefquinome alone, the %T > MIC was 48.66 and when used in combination with enrofloxacin was 18.04. The combined use of cefquinome and enrofloxacin can increase the antibacterial activity of cefquinome against K. pneumoniae under a 12-h split-dose regimen regardless of individual drug susceptibility. Discussion: The static and dynamic time-kill curves indicated that enrofloxacin exhibited concentration-dependent activity, while cefquinome exhibited time-dependent activity. In the in vitro dynamic model, enrofloxacin alone exhibited better antimicrobial effects against K. pneumoniae compared to cefquinome alone. However, the antibacterial effect of cefquinome can be enhanced by combining it with enrofloxacin. These findings suggest a potentially effective approach for combating K. pneumoniae infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Huanzhong Ding
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Xu N, Sun W, Zhang H, Li Z, Luo X, Ai X, Ding Y, Cheng B. Effects of Temperature on Plasma Protein Binding Ratios (PPBRs) of Enrofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin in Yellow Catfish ( Pelteobagrus fulvidraco), Grass Carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idella), and Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1749. [PMID: 37889633 PMCID: PMC10251843 DOI: 10.3390/ani13111749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the PPBRs of EF and CF in the plasma of yellow catfish, grass carp, and largemouth bass at different temperatures with different concentrations. A fast and simple ultrafiltration method was used to determine the PPBRs of EF and CF. Results showed that PPBRs of EF decreased from 37.71% to 9.66%, from 46.10% to 13.52%, and from 43.90% to 4.36% in the plasma of yellow catfish with the increase of concentration from 15 to 25 °C. The same trends of PPBRs of EF were presented in the plasma of grass carp and largemouth bass. In comparison to the data at the same concentration of EF at disparate temperatures, the PPBRs of EF at a concentration of 1 µg/mL increased from 37.71% to 46.10% and then decreased to 43.90% in the plasma of yellow catfish with elevated temperature from 15 to 25 °C. There is no obvious regularity with the rise of temperature, and the same phenomenon also were found in other concentrations and species. Meanwhile, the PPBRs of CF also decreased in the three species with the rise in concentration. Under the consistent concentration, the temperature-dependent regularities were not found in the PPBRs of CF. Overall, the increased concentration reduced the PPBRs of EF and CF in the plasma of three fish species, and the alteration in temperature only has a certain effect on the PPBRs of EF and CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Xu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China; (N.X.)
| | - Weiyu Sun
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China; (N.X.)
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China; (N.X.)
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China; (N.X.)
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Xiangzhong Luo
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China; (N.X.)
| | - Xiaohui Ai
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China; (N.X.)
| | - Yongzhen Ding
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Bo Cheng
- Aquatic Products Quality and Standard Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing 100141, China
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Senapati BC, Vyasam S, Prasad S, Sekhar JC, Angurana SK. Enrofloxacin Poisoning: A Rare Occurrence in Children. Indian J Pediatr 2023; 90:306. [PMID: 36624327 DOI: 10.1007/s12098-022-04450-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bibhas Chandra Senapati
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Center (APC), Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Siva Vyasam
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Center (APC), Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Shankar Prasad
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Center (APC), Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Jerin C Sekhar
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Center (APC), Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Suresh Kumar Angurana
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Center (APC), Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India.
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Caneschi A, Bardhi A, Barbarossa A, Zaghini A. The Use of Antibiotics and Antimicrobial Resistance in Veterinary Medicine, a Complex Phenomenon: A Narrative Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12030487. [PMID: 36978354 PMCID: PMC10044628 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12030487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As warned by Sir Alexander Fleming in his Nobel Prize address: “the use of antimicrobials can, and will, lead to resistance”. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has recently increased due to the overuse and misuse of antibiotics, and their use in animals (food-producing and companion) has also resulted in the selection and transmission of resistant bacteria. The epidemiology of resistance is complex, and factors other than the overall quantity of antibiotics consumed may influence it. Nowadays, AMR has a serious impact on society, both economically and in terms of healthcare. This narrative review aimed to provide a scenario of the state of the AMR phenomenon in veterinary medicine related to the use of antibiotics in different animal species; the impact that it can have on animals, as well as humans and the environment, was considered. Providing some particular instances, the authors tried to explain the vastness of the phenomenon of AMR in veterinary medicine due to many and diverse aspects that cannot always be controlled. The veterinarian is the main reference point here and has a high responsibility towards the human–animal–environment triad. Sharing such a burden with human medicine and cooperating together for the same purpose (fighting and containing AMR) represents an effective example of the application of the One Health approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anisa Bardhi
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (A.B.); Tel.: +39-051-2097-500 (Andrea Barbarossa)
| | - Andrea Barbarossa
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (A.B.); Tel.: +39-051-2097-500 (Andrea Barbarossa)
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7
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Koch DW, Berglund AK, Messenger KM, Gilbertie JM, Ellis IM, Schnabel LV. Interleukin-1β in tendon injury enhances reparative gene and protein expression in mesenchymal stem cells. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:963759. [PMID: 36032300 PMCID: PMC9410625 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.963759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendon injury in the horse carries a high morbidity and monetary burden. Despite appropriate therapy, reinjury is estimated to occur in 50–65% of cases. Although intralesional mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy has improved tissue architecture and reinjury rates, the mechanisms by which they promote repair are still being investigated. Additionally, reevaluating our application of MSCs in tendon injury is necessary given recent evidence that suggests MSCs exposed to inflammation (deemed MSC licensing) have an enhanced reparative effect. However, applying MSC therapy in this context is limited by the inadequate quantification of the temporal cytokine profile in tendon injury, which hinders our ability to administer MSCs into an environment that could potentiate their effect. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to define the temporal cytokine microenvironment in a surgically induced model of equine tendon injury using ultrafiltration probes and subsequently evaluate changes in MSC gene and protein expression following in vitro inflammatory licensing with cytokines of similar concentration as identified in vivo. In our in vivo surgically induced tendon injury model, IL-1β and IL-6 were the predominant pro-inflammatory cytokines present in tendon ultrafiltrate where a discrete peak in cytokine concentration occurred within 48 h following injury. Thereafter, MSCs were licensed in vitro with IL-1β and IL-6 at a concentration identified from the in vivo study; however, only IL-1β induced upregulation of multiple genes beneficial to tendon healing as identified by RNA-sequencing. Specifically, vascular development, ECM synthesis and remodeling, chemokine and growth factor function alteration, and immunomodulation and tissue reparative genes were significantly upregulated. A significant increase in the protein expression of IL-6, VEGF, and PGE2 was confirmed in IL-1β-licensed MSCs compared to naïve MSCs. This study improves our knowledge of the temporal tendon cytokine microenvironment following injury, which could be beneficial for the development and determining optimal timing of administration of regenerative therapies. Furthermore, these data support the need to further study the benefit of MSCs administered within the inflamed tendon microenvironment or exogenously licensed with IL-1β in vitro prior to treatment as licensed MSCs could enhance their therapeutic benefit in the healing tendon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew W. Koch
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Alix K. Berglund
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Kristen M. Messenger
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Jessica M. Gilbertie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Ilene M. Ellis
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Lauren V. Schnabel
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: Lauren V. Schnabel
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Defining the Profile: Characterizing Cytokines in Tendon Injury to Improve Clinical Therapy. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY AND REGENERATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 16. [PMID: 35309714 PMCID: PMC8932644 DOI: 10.1016/j.regen.2022.100059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cytokine manipulation has been widely used to bolster innate healing mechanisms in an array of modern therapeutics. While other anatomical locations have a more definitive analysis of cytokine data, the tendon presents unique challenges to detection that make a complete portrayal of cytokine involvement during injury unattainable thus far. Without this knowledge, the advancement of tendon healing modalities is limited. In this review, we discuss what is known of the cytokine profile within the injured tendinous environment and the unique obstacles facing cytokine detection in the tendon while proposing possible solutions to these challenges. IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 in particular have been identified as key cytokines for initiating tendon healing, but their function and temporal expression are still not well understood. Methods used for cytokine evaluation in the tendon including cell culture, tissue biopsy, and microdialysis have their strengths and limitations, but new methods and approaches are needed to further this research. We conclude that future study design for cytokine detection in the injured tendon should meet set criteria to achieve definitive characterization of cytokine expression to guide future therapeutics.
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Yang B, Li XD, Chen X, Hong J, Liu C, Zheng JP, Ou ZY, Yu DJ. PK/PD modelling of enrofloxacin against Glaesserella parasuis infection in pigs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2022; 45:291-300. [PMID: 35348230 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model was developed to optimize the dosing regimen of enrofloxacin (EN) against Glaesserella parasuis in pigs. EN (2.5 mg/kg) was administered intramuscularly to eight healthy pigs and eight pigs that were experimentally infected with G. parasuis SW124. Blood samples were collected at predetermined time points. Plasma EN concentrations were determined, and the main PK parameters were estimated. The PD of EN against G. parasuis SW124 was also investigated in vitro and ex vivo. The dynamic behaviour of EN in pigs was consistent with a one-compartment model. Significant differences were observed between healthy and infected pigs in the area under the curve (AUC) (3.58 ± 0.94 and 5.39 ± 1.01 μg h/ml, respectively) and the systemic clearance (CL) (736.32 ± 171.46 and 479.36 ± 96.81 ml/h/kg, respectively), suggesting that the pathogenicity of G. parasuis SW124 to pigs might alter the PK profile of EN, and therefore should be considered in dose optimization. Both the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were 0.125 μg/ml in tryptone soya broth (TSB) medium or plasma. The mutant prevention concentration (MPC) was 0.6 μg/ml. EN inhibited or killed G. parasuis SW124 in a concentration-dependent manner. The targeted endpoints of AUC24 h /MIC for bacteriostasis, bactericidal action, and eradication were 5.10, 7.34, and 8.65 h and 5.91, 9.01, and 10.90 h in healthy and infected pigs, respectively. The optimal doses were 3.58-6.08 mg/kg in healthy pigs and 2.71-4.99 mg/kg in infected pigs from the point of view of preventing drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- University Key Laboratory for Integrated Chinese Traditional and Western Veterinary Medicine and Animal Healthcare in Fujian Province/Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiao Dong Li
- University Key Laboratory for Integrated Chinese Traditional and Western Veterinary Medicine and Animal Healthcare in Fujian Province/Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xun Chen
- University Key Laboratory for Integrated Chinese Traditional and Western Veterinary Medicine and Animal Healthcare in Fujian Province/Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Juan Hong
- University Key Laboratory for Integrated Chinese Traditional and Western Veterinary Medicine and Animal Healthcare in Fujian Province/Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Can Liu
- University Key Laboratory for Integrated Chinese Traditional and Western Veterinary Medicine and Animal Healthcare in Fujian Province/Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jin Ping Zheng
- University Key Laboratory for Integrated Chinese Traditional and Western Veterinary Medicine and Animal Healthcare in Fujian Province/Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zheng Yang Ou
- University Key Laboratory for Integrated Chinese Traditional and Western Veterinary Medicine and Animal Healthcare in Fujian Province/Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Dao Jin Yu
- University Key Laboratory for Integrated Chinese Traditional and Western Veterinary Medicine and Animal Healthcare in Fujian Province/Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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10
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Qu W, Dong M, Pan Y, Xie S, Yuan Z, Huang L. Preparation of Aditoprim Injection against Streptococcus suis in Pigs and a Dose Regimen Based on Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Modeling. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14040730. [PMID: 35456564 PMCID: PMC9028088 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14040730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to effectively treat the infection of Streptococcus suis and reduce the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria, an aditoprim (ADP) injection was developed in this study. The pharmaceutical property investigation results demonstrated that ADP injection was a clear yellow liquid with 10 g ADP distributing in every 100 mL solution uniformly. Its pH value and drug content were around 6.20 and 99.35~100.40%, respectively. And quality assessment preliminarily indicated its reliable quality and stability. Additionally, the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid method was first applied to evaluate accurate ADP concentration at infection site in this study. Through pharmacodynamic assay, the MIC, MBC and MPC of ADP against Streptococcus suis CVCC 607 was 2 μg/mL, 4 μg/mL and 12.8 μg/mL, respectively. The bacteria growth inhibition curves showed that ADP was a concentration-dependent antibacterial drug, and the PK-PD model parameter of AUC/MIC was selected. The pharmacokinetic parameters of alveolar fluid evaluated by WinNonlin software revealed similar pharmacokinetic process of ADP in healthy pigs and infected pigs. Combined with pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics (PK-PD) modeling, the dosage regimen of 3~5 days with an interval of 12 h at 4.10 mg/kg or 5.91 mg/kg could be adopted to treat the infection of Streptococcus suis. Consequently, this ADP injection with a multi-dose protocol would be a promising antimicrobial product for efficient treatment of S. suis infection of pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (W.Q.); (M.D.); (Y.P.); (S.X.); (Z.Y.)
- MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Mengxiao Dong
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (W.Q.); (M.D.); (Y.P.); (S.X.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Yuanhu Pan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (W.Q.); (M.D.); (Y.P.); (S.X.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Shuyu Xie
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (W.Q.); (M.D.); (Y.P.); (S.X.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Zonghui Yuan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (W.Q.); (M.D.); (Y.P.); (S.X.); (Z.Y.)
- MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lingli Huang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (W.Q.); (M.D.); (Y.P.); (S.X.); (Z.Y.)
- MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-27-87287140-8108
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11
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Enrofloxacin—The Ruthless Killer of Eukaryotic Cells or the Last Hope in the Fight against Bacterial Infections? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073648. [PMID: 35409007 PMCID: PMC8998546 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Enrofloxacin is a compound that originates from a group of fluoroquinolones that is widely used in veterinary medicine as an antibacterial agent (this antibiotic is not approved for use as a drug in humans). It reveals strong antibiotic activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, mainly due to the inhibition of bacterial gyrase and topoisomerase IV enzymatic actions. The high efficacy of this molecule has been demonstrated in the treatment of various animals on farms and other locations. However, the use of enrofloxacin causes severe adverse effects, including skeletal, reproductive, immune, and digestive disorders. In this review article, we present in detail and discuss the advantageous and disadvantageous properties of enrofloxacin, showing the benefits and risks of the use of this compound in veterinary medicine. Animal health and the environmental effects of this stable antibiotic (with half-life as long as 3–9 years in various natural environments) are analyzed, as are the interesting properties of this molecule that are expressed when present in complexes with metals. Recommendations for further research on enrofloxacin are also proposed.
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Wang S, Huang A, Gu Y, Li J, Huang L, Wang X, Tao Y, Liu Z, Wu C, Yuan Z, Hao H. Rational Use of Danofloxacin for Treatment of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in Chickens Based on the Clinical Breakpoint and Lung Microbiota Shift. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11030403. [PMID: 35326865 PMCID: PMC8944443 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11030403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The study was to explore the rational use of danofloxacin against Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) based on its clinical breakpoint (CBP) and the effect on lung microbiota. The CBP was established according to epidemiological cutoff value (ECV/COWT), pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic (PK–PD) cutoff value (COPD) and clinical cutoff value (COCL). The ECV was determined by the micro-broth dilution method and analyzed by ECOFFinder software. The COPD was determined according to PK–PD modeling of danofloxacin in infected lung tissue with Monte Carlo analysis. The COCL was performed based on the relationship between the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the possibility of cure (POC) from clinical trials. The CBP in infected lung tissue was 1 μg/mL according to CLSI M37-A3 decision tree. The 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequencing results showed that the lung microbiota, especially the phyla Firmicutes and Proteobacteria had changed significantly along with the process of cure regimen (the 24 h dosing interval of 16.60 mg/kg b.w for three consecutive days). Our study suggested that the rational use of danofloxacin for the treatment of MG infections should consider the MIC and effect of antibiotics on the respiratory microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuge Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan 430070, China; (S.W.); (A.H.); (Y.G.); (L.H.); (X.W.); (Y.T.); (Z.L.); (Z.Y.)
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Wuhan 430070, China
- National Center for Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Anxiong Huang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan 430070, China; (S.W.); (A.H.); (Y.G.); (L.H.); (X.W.); (Y.T.); (Z.L.); (Z.Y.)
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yufeng Gu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan 430070, China; (S.W.); (A.H.); (Y.G.); (L.H.); (X.W.); (Y.T.); (Z.L.); (Z.Y.)
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jun Li
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China;
| | - Lingli Huang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan 430070, China; (S.W.); (A.H.); (Y.G.); (L.H.); (X.W.); (Y.T.); (Z.L.); (Z.Y.)
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xu Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan 430070, China; (S.W.); (A.H.); (Y.G.); (L.H.); (X.W.); (Y.T.); (Z.L.); (Z.Y.)
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yanfei Tao
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan 430070, China; (S.W.); (A.H.); (Y.G.); (L.H.); (X.W.); (Y.T.); (Z.L.); (Z.Y.)
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhenli Liu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan 430070, China; (S.W.); (A.H.); (Y.G.); (L.H.); (X.W.); (Y.T.); (Z.L.); (Z.Y.)
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Congming Wu
- National Center for Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Zonghui Yuan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan 430070, China; (S.W.); (A.H.); (Y.G.); (L.H.); (X.W.); (Y.T.); (Z.L.); (Z.Y.)
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Haihong Hao
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan 430070, China; (S.W.); (A.H.); (Y.G.); (L.H.); (X.W.); (Y.T.); (Z.L.); (Z.Y.)
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-27-87287186; Fax: +86-27-87672232
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13
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Serrano MJ, García-Gonzalo D, Abilleira E, Elorduy J, Mitjana O, Falceto MV, Laborda A, Bonastre C, Mata L, Condón S, Pagán R. Antibacterial Residue Excretion via Urine as an Indicator for Therapeutical Treatment Choice and Farm Waste Treatment. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10070762. [PMID: 34201627 PMCID: PMC8300810 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10070762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many of the infectious diseases that affect livestock have bacteria as etiological agents. Thus, therapy is based on antimicrobials that leave the animal's tissues mainly via urine, reaching the environment through slurry and waste water. Once there, antimicrobial residues may lead to antibacterial resistance as well as toxicity for plants, animals, or humans. Hence, the objective was to describe the rate of antimicrobial excretion in urine in order to select the most appropriate molecule while reducing harmful effects. Thus, 62 pigs were treated with sulfamethoxypyridazine, oxytetracycline, and enrofloxacin. Urine was collected through the withdrawal period and analysed via LC-MS/MS. Oxytetracycline had the slowest rate of degradation (a half-life time of 4.18 days) and the most extended elimination period in urine (over 2 months), followed by enrofloxacin (a half-life time of 1.48 days, total urine elimination in ca. 3 weeks) and sulfamethoxypyridazine (a half-life time of 0.49 days, total urine elimination in ca. 1 week). Bacterial sensitivity and recommendations for responsible use are limiting when selecting the treatment. Nevertheless, with similar effectiveness, sulfamethoxypyridazine would be the choice, as waste treatment would only need to be implemented for 1 week after treatment. Thus, more in-depth knowledge regarding antibacterial elimination would improve resource management, while protecting animals and consumers' health.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Jesús Serrano
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.J.S.); (D.G.-G.); (O.M.); (M.V.F.); (A.L.); (C.B.); (S.C.)
| | - Diego García-Gonzalo
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.J.S.); (D.G.-G.); (O.M.); (M.V.F.); (A.L.); (C.B.); (S.C.)
| | - Eunate Abilleira
- Public Health Laboratory, Office of Public Health and Addictions, Ministry of Health of the Basque Government, 48160 Derio, Spain; (E.A.); (J.E.)
| | - Janire Elorduy
- Public Health Laboratory, Office of Public Health and Addictions, Ministry of Health of the Basque Government, 48160 Derio, Spain; (E.A.); (J.E.)
| | - Olga Mitjana
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.J.S.); (D.G.-G.); (O.M.); (M.V.F.); (A.L.); (C.B.); (S.C.)
| | - María Victoria Falceto
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.J.S.); (D.G.-G.); (O.M.); (M.V.F.); (A.L.); (C.B.); (S.C.)
| | - Alicia Laborda
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.J.S.); (D.G.-G.); (O.M.); (M.V.F.); (A.L.); (C.B.); (S.C.)
| | - Cristina Bonastre
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.J.S.); (D.G.-G.); (O.M.); (M.V.F.); (A.L.); (C.B.); (S.C.)
| | - Luis Mata
- Department of R&D, ZEULAB S.L., 50197 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Santiago Condón
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.J.S.); (D.G.-G.); (O.M.); (M.V.F.); (A.L.); (C.B.); (S.C.)
| | - Rafael Pagán
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.J.S.); (D.G.-G.); (O.M.); (M.V.F.); (A.L.); (C.B.); (S.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-9-7676-2675
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14
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Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of enrofloxacin treatment of Escherichia coli in a murine thigh infection modeling. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:212. [PMID: 34107961 PMCID: PMC8191022 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02908-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enrofloxacin is an antibacterial drug with broad-spectrum activity that is widely indicated for veterinary use. We aim to develop the clinical applications of Enrofloxacin against colibacillosis by using the neutropenic mice thigh infection model. RESULTS The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) distribution of 67 isolated E. coli strains to ENR was calculated using CLSI guidelines. Whereas, the MIC50 value calculation was considered as the population PD parameter for ENR against E. coli strains. The MIC values of 15 E. coli strains were found to be nearest to the MIC50 i.e., 0.25 μg/mL. Of all the tested strains, the PK-PD and E. coli disease model was established via selected E. coli strain i.e., Heilong 15. We analyzed the PK characteristics of ENR and its metabolite ciprofloxacin (CIP) following a single subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of ENR (1.25, 2.5, 5, 10 mg/kg). The concentration-time profiling of ENR within the plasma specimens was determined by considering the non-compartmental analysis (NCA). The basic PK parameters of ENR for the peak drug concentration (Cmax) and the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) values were found to be in the range of 0.27-1.97 μg/mL and 0.62-3.14 μg.h/mL, respectively. Multiple s.c. injection over 24 h (1.25, 2.5, 5, 10 mg/kg at various time points i.e., 6, 8, 12, and 24 h respectively) were administered to assess the targeted PD values. The Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) was used to choose PD models, and the model with the lowest AIC was chosen. The inhibitory Emax model was employed to calculate the related PK-PD parameters. The results of our study indicated that there was a strong correlation between the AUC/MIC and various antibacterial activities (R2 = 0.9928). The target values of dividing AUC/MIC by 24 h for bacteriostatic action were 1-log10 reduction, 2-log10 reduction, and 3-log10 reduction 0.325, 0.4375, 0.63, and 0.95 accordingly. CONCLUSION The identified pharmacodynamics targets for various antibacterial effects will be crucial in enhancing ENR clinical applications and serving as a key step in reducing bacterial resistance.
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15
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Enomoto H, Yeatts J, Carbajal L, Krishnan BR, Madan JP, Laumas S, Blikslager AT, Messenger KM. In vivo assessment of a delayed release formulation of larazotide acetate indicated for celiac disease using a porcine model. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249179. [PMID: 33844694 PMCID: PMC8041193 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is no FDA approved therapy for the treatment of celiac disease (CeD), aside from avoidance of dietary gluten. Larazotide acetate (LA) is a first in class oral peptide developed as a tight junction regulator, which is a lead candidate for management of CeD. A delayed release formulation was tested in vitro and predicted release in the mid duodenum and jejunum, the target site of CeD. The aim of this study was to follow the concentration versus time profile of orally administered LA in the small intestine using a porcine model. A sensitive liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method was developed to quantify LA concentrations in porcine intestinal fluid samples. Oral dosing of LA (1 mg total) in overnight fasted pigs resulted in time dependent appearance of LA in the distal duodenum and proximal jejunum. Peak LA concentrations (0.32-1.76 μM) occurred at 1 hour in the duodenum and in proximal jejunum following oral dosing, with the continued presence of LA (0.02-0.47 μM) in the distal duodenum and in proximal jejunum (0.00-0.43 μM) from 2 to 4 hours following oral dosing. The data shows that LA is available in detectable concentrations at the site of CeD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Enomoto
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - James Yeatts
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Liliana Carbajal
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - B. Radha Krishnan
- Innovate Biopharmaceuticals Inc., Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Jay P. Madan
- Innovate Biopharmaceuticals Inc., Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Sandeep Laumas
- Innovate Biopharmaceuticals Inc., Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Anthony T. Blikslager
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Kristen M. Messenger
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
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16
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Ahmad SU, Sun J, Cheng F, Li B, Arbab S, Zhou X, Zhang J. Comparative Study on Pharmacokinetics of Four Long-Acting Injectable Formulations of Enrofloxacin in Pigs. Front Vet Sci 2021; 7:604628. [PMID: 33575278 PMCID: PMC7870480 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.604628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A comparative study on pharmacokinetics of four long-acting enrofloxacin injectable formulations was investigated in 36 healthy pigs after intramuscular injection according to the recommended single dose @ 2.5 mg/kg body weight. The drug concentrations in the plasma were computed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection. WinNonLin5.2.1 software was used to analyze the experimental data and compared it under one-way ANOVA using SPSS software with a 95% confidence interval (CI). The main pharmacokinetic parameters, that is, the maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax), the time to maximum concentration (Tmax), area under the time curve concentration (AUCall) and Terminal half-life (T1/2) were 733.84 ± 129.87, 917.00 ± 240.13, 694.84 ± 163.49, 621.98 ± 227.25 ng/ml, 2.19 ± 0.0.66, 1.50 ± 0.37, 2.89 ± 0.24, 0.34 ± 0.13 h, 7754.43 ± 2887.16, 8084.11 ± 1543.98, 7369.42 ± 2334.99, 4194.10 ± 1186.62 ng h/ml, 10.48 ± 2.72, 10.37 ± 2.38, 10.20 ± 2.81, and 10.61 ± 0.86 h for 10% enrofloxacin (Alkali), 20% enrofloxacin (Acidic), Yangkang and control drug Nuokang® respectively. There were significant differences among Cmax, Tmax, and AUCall of three formulations compare with that of the reference formulation. No significant differences were observed among the T1/2 for tested formulations compare with the reference formulation. The pharmacokinetic parameters showed that the tested formulations were somewhat better compared to the reference one. The calculated PK/PD indices were effective for bacteria such as Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and Pasteurella multocida with values higher than the cut-off points (Cmax/MIC90≥10–12 and AUC/MIC90 ≥ 125). However, they were not effective against bacteria like Haemophilus parasuis, Streptococcus suis, E. coli, and Bordetella bronchiseptica where lower values were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salah Uddin Ahmad
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China.,Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Jichao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China.,Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fusheng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China.,Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bing Li
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China.,Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Safia Arbab
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China.,Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xuzheng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China.,Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jiyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China.,Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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17
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Toutain PL, Pelligand L, Lees P, Bousquet-Mélou A, Ferran AA, Turnidge JD. The pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic paradigm for antimicrobial drugs in veterinary medicine: Recent advances and critical appraisal. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2020; 44:172-200. [PMID: 33089523 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modelling is the initial step in the semi-mechanistic approach for optimizing dosage regimens for systemically acting antimicrobial drugs (AMDs). Numerical values of PK/PD indices are used to predict dose and dosing interval on a rational basis followed by confirmation in clinical trials. The value of PK/PD indices lies in their universal applicability amongst animal species. Two PK/PD indices are routinely used in veterinary medicine, the ratio of the area under the curve of the free drug plasma concentration to the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) (fAUC/MIC) and the time that free plasma concentration exceeds the MIC over the dosing interval (fT > MIC). The basic concepts of PK/PD modelling of AMDs were established some 20 years ago. Earlier studies have been reviewed previously and are not reconsidered in this review. This review describes and provides a critical appraisal of more recent, advanced PK/PD approaches, with particular reference to their application in veterinary medicine. Also discussed are some hypotheses and new areas for future developments.First, a brief overview of PK/PD principles is presented as the basis for then reviewing more advanced mechanistic considerations on the precise nature of selected indices. Then, several new approaches to selecting PK/PD indices and establishing their numerical values are reviewed, including (a) the modelling of time-kill curves and (b) the use of population PK investigations. PK/PD indices can be used for dose determination, and they are required to establish clinical breakpoints for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. A particular consideration is given to the precise nature of MIC, because it is pivotal in establishing PK/PD indices, explaining that it is not a "pharmacodynamic parameter" in the usual sense of this term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Louis Toutain
- INTHERES, INRA, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Peter Lees
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Aude A Ferran
- INTHERES, INRA, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - John D Turnidge
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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18
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Nixon E, Mays TP, Routh PA, Yeatts JL, Fajt VR, Hairgrove T, Baynes RE. Plasma, urine and tissue concentrations of Flunixin and Meloxicam in Pigs. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:340. [PMID: 32938437 PMCID: PMC7493136 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02556-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to determine the renal clearance of flunixin and meloxicam in pigs and compare plasma and urine concentrations and tissue residues. Urine clearance is important for livestock show animals where urine is routinely tested for these drugs. Fourteen Yorkshire/Landrace cross pigs were housed in individual metabolism cages to facilitate urine collection. This is a unique feature of this study compared to other reports. Animals received either 2.2 mg/kg flunixin or 0.4 mg/kg meloxicam via intramuscular injection and samples analyzed by mass spectrometry. Pigs were euthanized when drugs were no longer detected in urine and liver and kidneys were collected to quantify residues. RESULTS Drug levels in urine reached peak concentrations between 4 and 8 h post-dose for both flunixin and meloxicam. Flunixin urine concentrations were higher than maximum levels in plasma. Urine concentrations for flunixin and meloxicam were last detected above the limit of quantification at 120 h and 48 h, respectively. The renal clearance of flunixin and meloxicam was 4.72 ± 2.98 mL/h/kg and 0.16 ± 0.04 mL/h/kg, respectively. Mean apparent elimination half-life in plasma was 5.00 ± 1.89 h and 3.22 ± 1.52 h for flunixin and meloxicam, respectively. Six of seven pigs had detectable liver concentrations of flunixin (range 0.0001-0.0012 µg/g) following negative urine samples at 96 and 168 h, however all samples at 168 h were below the FDA tolerance level (0.03 µg/g). Meloxicam was detected in a single liver sample (0.0054 µg/g) at 72 h but was below the EU MRL (0.065 µg/g). CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that pigs given a single intramuscular dose of meloxicam at 0.4 mg/kg or flunixin at 2.2 mg/kg are likely to have detectable levels of the parent drug in urine up to 2 days and 5 days, respectively, after the first dose, but unlikely to have tissue residues above the US FDA tolerance or EU MRL following negative urine testing. This information will assist veterinarians in the therapeutic use of these drugs prior to livestock shows and also inform livestock show authorities involved in testing for these substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Nixon
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 27607, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Travis P Mays
- Texas A & M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, 77840, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Patricia A Routh
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 27607, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - James L Yeatts
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 27607, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Virginia R Fajt
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A & M University, 77843, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Thomas Hairgrove
- Texas A & M AgriLife Extension, Texas A & M University, 77843, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Ronald E Baynes
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 27607, Raleigh, NC, United States.
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19
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Nixon E, Almond GW, Baynes RE, Messenger KM. Comparative Plasma and Interstitial Fluid Pharmacokinetics of Meloxicam, Flunixin, and Ketoprofen in Neonatal Piglets. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:82. [PMID: 32154277 PMCID: PMC7044185 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Piglet castration and tail-docking are routinely performed in the United States without analgesia. Pain medications, predominately non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, are used in the EU/Canada to decrease pain associated with processing and improve piglet welfare, however, past studies have shown the efficacy and required dose remain controversial, particularly for meloxicam. This study assessed the pharmacokinetics of three NSAIDs (meloxicam, flunixin, and ketoprofen) in piglets prior to undergoing routine castration and tail-docking. Five-day-old male piglets (8/group) received one of 3 randomized treatments; meloxicam (0.4 mg/kg), flunixin (2.2 mg/kg), ketoprofen (3.0 mg/kg). Two hours post-dose, piglets underwent processing. Drug concentrations were quantified in plasma and interstitial fluid (ISF) and pharmacokinetic parameters were generated by non-compartmental analysis. Time to peak concentration (Tmax) of meloxicam, flunixin, and S(-)-ketoprofen in plasma were 1.21, 0.85, and 0.59 h, compared to 2.81, 3.64, and 2.98 h in the ISF, respectively. The apparent terminal half-life of meloxicam, flunixin and S(-)-ketoprofen were 4.39, 7.69, and 3.50 h, compared to 11.26, 16.34, and 5.54 h, respectively in the ISF. If drug concentrations in the ISF are more closely related to efficacy than the plasma, then the delay between the Tmax in plasma and ISF may be relevant to the timing of castration in order to provide the greatest analgesic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Nixon
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Glen W Almond
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Ronald E Baynes
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Kristen M Messenger
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
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20
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Antibacterial activity of cyadox against Clostridium perfringens in broilers and a dosage regimen design based on pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling. Microb Pathog 2020; 141:103981. [PMID: 31962185 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.103981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Necrotic enteritis is an intestinal disease caused by Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) that results in high economic losses to the poultry industry. The purpose of this study was to investigate the antibacterial activity of cyadox against C. perfringens and to formulate its dosage regimen based on pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) modeling in broilers. The PK parameters of cyadox in ileum of healthy and infected broilers following oral administration at 30 mg/kg body weight (BW) were investigated and PD study the MIC, MBC, MPC, and PAE were determined. The time-killing curves were established in vitro and ex vivo to evaluate the antibacterial activity of cyadox against C. perfringens. The results revealed that the MIC of cyadox against C. perfringens was 1-16 μg/mL. After oral administration of cyadox, the peak concentration (Cmax), maximum concentration time (Tmax), and area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) in ileum content of broilers were 143.55-161.48 μg/mL, 1.08-1.25 h, and 359.51-405.69 μg h/mL respectively. After Integrating the in vivo PK and ex vivo PD data the AUC24h/MIC values needed for bacteriostatic, bactericidal and bacterial eradication were 27.71 h, 78.93 h, and 165.14 h, respectively. By model validation, the cure rate was 85.71%. In conclusion, a dosage regimen of 14.02 mg/kg repeated after every 12 h for 3-5days was expected to be therapeutically effective in broilers against C. perfringens with MIC ≤2 μg/mL.
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21
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Ellerbrock RE, Curcio BR, Zhong L, Honoroto J, Wilkins P, Lima FS, Giguere S, Canisso IF. Pharmacokinetics of intravenous and oral administration of enrofloxacin to the late-term pregnant and non-pregnant mares. Equine Vet J 2019; 52:464-470. [PMID: 31483886 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enrofloxacin may be an alternative antimicrobial for unresponsive cases of severe bacterial infections in pregnant mares. As pregnancy may affect drug bioavailability, distribution, metabolism and excretion, dose adjustment might be necessary. OBJECTIVES To determine the disposition of orally and intravenously administered enrofloxacin in pregnant and non-pregnant mares. STUDY DESIGN Randomised cross-over experiment. METHODS Six light-breed, healthy pregnant mares (260 days gestation) were given a single dose of either intravenous (5 mg/kg bwt) or oral compounded (7.5 mg/kg bwt) enrofloxacin, with the opposite dose administered after a 7-day washout. The protocol was repeated 45-60 days post-partum, 15-30 days after foals were weaned. Plasma samples were obtained via venepuncture at 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90 min, and 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 72 h after enrofloxacin administration. Enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin concentrations were measured by LC-MS/MS. Concentration versus time data were analysed based on non-compartmental pharmacokinetics. RESULTS Enrofloxacin AUC0-∞ was significantly higher in pregnant mares than non-pregnant mares after PO administration and tended to be higher after i.v. administration. Ciprofloxacin maximum plasma concentration (Cmax ) and concentration at 24 h (C24h ) were higher, and half-life of the terminal phase (t½λz ) was longer in pregnant mares than non-pregnant mares after oral administration. Similarly, ciprofloxacin C24h was higher in pregnant mares with intravenous administration. Oral bioavailability did not differ based on pregnancy status. MAIN LIMITATIONS Only six healthy light breed mares were assessed. Disease or horse breed may affect the endpoints evaluated. A lack of established enrofloxacin AUC/MIC targets for equine pathogens limits pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic conclusions. CONCLUSIONS The oral form of enrofloxacin was well absorbed, and oral bioavailability was comparable to previous studies. While differences in enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetics were seen between pregnant and non-pregnant mares, the recommended drug dose and dose intervals are appropriate for MIC <0.25 µg/mL. Dosages may need to be adjusted for bacteria with a MIC >0.25 µg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Ellerbrock
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - B R Curcio
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Departamento de Clinica Veterinaria, Faculdade de Veterinaria, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - L Zhong
- Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - J Honoroto
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - P Wilkins
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - F S Lima
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - S Giguere
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - I F Canisso
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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22
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Yang Y, Zhang Y, Li J, Cheng P, Xiao T, Muhammad I, Yu H, Liu R, Zhang X. Susceptibility breakpoint for Danofloxacin against swine Escherichia coli. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:51. [PMID: 30717803 PMCID: PMC6360659 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1783-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Improper use of antimicrobials results in poor treatment and severe bacterial resistance. Breakpoints are routinely used in the clinical laboratory setting to guide clinical decision making. Therefore, the objective of this study was to establish antimicrobial susceptibility breakpoints for danofloxacin against Escherichia coli (E.coli), which is an important pathogen of digestive tract infections. Results The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 1233 E. coli isolates were determined by the microdilution broth method in accordance with the guidelines in Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) document M07-A9. The wild type (WT) distribution or epidemiologic cutoff value (ECV) was set at 8 μg/mL with statistical analysis. Plasma drug concentration data were used to establish pharmacokinetic (PK) model in swine. The in vitro time kill test in our study demonstrated that danofloxacin have concentration dependent activity against E.coli. The PK data indicated that danofloxacin concentration in plasma was rapidly increased to peak levels at 0.97 h and remained detectable until 48 h after drug administration. The pharmacodynamic cutoff (COPD) was determined as 0.03 μg/mL using Monte Carlo simulation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to establish the ECV and COPD of danofloxacin against E.coli with statistical method. Conclusions Compared to the COPD of danofloxacin against E.coli (0.03 μg/mL), the ECV for E.coli seemed reasonable to be used as the final breakpoint of danofloxacin against E.coli in pigs. Therefore, the ECV (MIC ≤8 μg/mL) was finally selected as the optimum danofloxacin susceptibility breakpoint for swine E.coli. In summary, this study provides a criterion for susceptibility testing and improves prudent use of danofloxacin for protecting public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Yang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development. Faculty of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixin Zhang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development. Faculty of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiarui Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development. Faculty of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Cheng
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development. Faculty of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianshi Xiao
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development. Faculty of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Ishfaq Muhammad
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development. Faculty of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxiao Yu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development. Faculty of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruimeng Liu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development. Faculty of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuying Zhang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development. Faculty of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, People's Republic of China.
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23
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Ferguson KM, Jacob ME, Theriot CM, Callahan BJ, Prange T, Papich MG, Foster DM. Dosing Regimen of Enrofloxacin Impacts Intestinal Pharmacokinetics and the Fecal Microbiota in Steers. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2190. [PMID: 30283418 PMCID: PMC6156522 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The intestinal concentrations of antimicrobial drugs that select for resistance in fecal bacteria of cattle are poorly understood. Our objective was to associate active drug concentrations in the intestine of steers with changes in the resistance profile and composition of the fecal microbiome. Methods: Steers were administered either a single dose (12.5 mg/kg) or 3 multiple doses (5 mg/kg) of enrofloxacin subcutaneously every 24 h. Enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin concentrations in intestinal fluid were measured over 96 h, and the abundance and MIC of E. coli in culture and the composition of the fecal microbiota by 16S rRNA gene sequencing were assessed over 192 h after initial treatment. Results: Active drug concentrations in the ileum and colon exceeded plasma and interstitial fluid concentrations, but were largely eliminated by 48 h after the last dose. The concentration of E. coli in the feces significantly decreased during peak drug concentrations, but returned to baseline by 96 h in both groups. The median MIC of E. coli isolates increased for 24 h in the single dose group, and for 48 h in the multiple dose group. The median MIC was higher in the multiple dose group when compared to the single dose group starting 12 h after the initial dose. The diversity of the fecal microbiota did not change in either treatment group, and taxa-specific changes were primarily seen in phyla commonly associated with the rumen. Conclusions: Both dosing regimens of enrofloxacin achieve high concentrations in the intestinal lumen, and the rapid elimination mitigates long-term impacts on fecal E. coli resistance and the microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn M Ferguson
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Megan E Jacob
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Casey M Theriot
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Benjamin J Callahan
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Timo Prange
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Mark G Papich
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Derek M Foster
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
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24
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Mzyk DA, Bublitz CM, Sylvester H, Mullen KAE, Hobgood GD, Baynes RE, Foster DM. Short communication: Use of an ultrafiltration device in gland cistern for continuous sampling of healthy and mastitic quarters of lactating cattle for pharmacokinetic modeling. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:10414-10420. [PMID: 30197136 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacokinetic studies of the drugs in the milk are often limited due to infrequent sampling associated with milking. Alternatively, frequent sample collection with repeated milking may increase drug elimination. The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of continuously sampling the udder using ultrafiltration. An ultrafiltration probe was placed into the gland cisterns through mammary parenchyma of normal and mastitic quarters of 6 mature mid-lactation Jersey cows with naturally occurring subclinical mastitis. An ultrafiltration probe was secured to the caudal or lateral aspect of the udder depending on the quarter being sampled. The timed interval samples were collected at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 18, 24, 28, 32, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, and 96 h after drug administration. Plasma samples were collected at the same time points. Each cow received 2.2 mg/kg of flunixin intravenously before milking at time 0. All cows were routinely milked by machine every 12 h. Flunixin concentrations in plasma, whole milk, and milk ultrafiltrates were analyzed by use of ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. We found no significant effects on the appearance of the milk or the ability to milk the cows after implantation of the ultrafiltration probes. The concentration of flunixin collected from the ultrafiltration probes in the mastitic quarters tended to be greater than that of the healthy quarters. We concluded that collection of ultrafiltration samples from the mammary gland of cows provides a viable means to continuously assess drug concentrations in the milk while continuing to milk the cow normally. This study demonstrates the utility of continuous sampling of milk via ultrafiltration for future pharmacokinetic studies in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Mzyk
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology and the Food Animal Residue Avoidance Depletion Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh 27695
| | - C M Bublitz
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology and the Food Animal Residue Avoidance Depletion Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh 27695
| | - H Sylvester
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology and the Food Animal Residue Avoidance Depletion Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh 27695
| | - K A E Mullen
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695
| | - G D Hobgood
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology and the Food Animal Residue Avoidance Depletion Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh 27695
| | - R E Baynes
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology and the Food Animal Residue Avoidance Depletion Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh 27695
| | - D M Foster
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology and the Food Animal Residue Avoidance Depletion Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh 27695.
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25
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Morassi A, Rivera-Vélez SM, Slovak JE, Court MH, Villarino NF. Ex vivo binding of the immunosuppressant mycophenolic acid to dog and cat plasma proteins and the effect of co-incubated dexamethasone and prednisolone. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2018; 41:513-521. [PMID: 29687456 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mycophenolic acid (MPA) has been shown to be promising for the treatment of autoimmune diseases in dogs and cats. In humans, MPA is highly bound to plasma proteins (~97%). It has been recommended to monitor free drug plasma concentrations because the free MPA correlates with its immunosuppressive effect. However, it is unknown if MPA is highly bound to plasma proteins in dogs and cats. The objectives of this study were to determine the extent of plasma protein binding of MPA and evaluate the effect of prednisolone and dexamethasone on the extent of protein binding of MPA in dogs and cats. The extent of plasma protein binding of MPA was determined in plasma collected from clinically healthy adult cats (n = 13) and dogs (n = 14) by combining high-throughput dialysis and ultra-high-liquid chromatography. This study reveals that MPA is highly bound to plasma proteins (>90%) in dogs and cats, mean extent of binding of MPA at 15 μg/ml to plasma proteins being 96% (range, 95%-97%) and 92% (range, 90%-93%) for dogs and cats, respectively. In dog plasma, MPA is primarily bound to albumin. In vitro, prednisolone increased the unbound MPA in dogs (p < .01) but not in cats (p = .07) while dexamethasone had no effect on MPA plasma binding in either species (p > .05). Results of this study provide valuable information for designing future pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies and also therapeutic monitoring programs for dogs and cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Morassi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Program in Individualized Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - S M Rivera-Vélez
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Program in Individualized Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - J E Slovak
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Program in Individualized Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - M H Court
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Program in Individualized Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - N F Villarino
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Program in Individualized Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
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26
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Li Y, Mou Y, Thunders M, Wu Y, Ai X, Zhou X, Qiu J. Effects of enrofloxacin on antioxidant system, microsomal enzymatic activity, and proteomics in porcine liver. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2018; 41:562-571. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Li
- School of Agriculture and Biology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - Y. Mou
- School of Agriculture and Biology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - M. Thunders
- College of Health; Massey University; Wellington New Zealand
| | - Y. Wu
- School of Agriculture and Biology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - X. Ai
- School of Agriculture and Biology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - X. Zhou
- School of Agriculture and Biology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - J. Qiu
- School of Agriculture and Biology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
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27
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Lei Z, Liu Q, Xiong J, Yang B, Yang S, Zhu Q, Li K, Zhang S, Cao J, He Q. Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Marbofloxacin and PK/PD Modeling against Escherichia coli in Pigs. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:542. [PMID: 28871226 PMCID: PMC5566571 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the activity of marbofloxacin and establish the optimal dose regimens for decreasing the development of fluoroquinolone resistance in pigs against Escherichia coli with ex vivo pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modeling. The recommended dose (2 mg/kg body weight) of marbofloxacin was orally administered in healthy pigs. The ileum content and plasma were both collected for the determination of marbofloxacin. The main parameters of Cmax, AUC0-24 h, AUC, Ke, t1/2ke, MRT and Clb were 11.28 μg/g, 46.15, 77.81 μg⋅h/g, 0.001 h-1, 69.97 h, 52.45 h, 0.026 kg/h in ileum content, and 0.55 μg/ml, 8.15, 14.67 μg⋅h/ml, 0.023 h-1, 30.67 h, 34.83 h, 0.14 L/h in plasma, respectively In total, 218 E. coli strains were isolated from most cities of China. The antibacterial activity in vitro and ex vivo of marbofloxacin against E. coli was determined following CLSI guidance. The MIC90 of sensitive strains (142) was calculated as 2 μg/ml. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of HB197 was 2 and 4 μg/ml in broth and ileum fluids, respectively. In vitro mutant prevention concentration, growth and killing-time in vitro and ex vivo of marbofloxacin against selected HB197 were assayed for pharmacodynamic studies. According to the inhibitory sigmoid Emax modeling, the value of AUC0-24 h/MIC produced in ileum content was achieved, and bacteriostatic, bactericidal activity, and elimination were calculated as 16.26, 23.54, and 27.18 h, respectively. Based on Monte Carlo simulations to obtain 90% target attainment rate, the optimal doses to achieve bacteriostatic, bactericidal, and elimination effects were 0.85, 1.22, and 1.41 mg/kg.bw for 50% target, respectively, and 0.92, 1.33, and 1.53 mg/kg.bw for 90% target, respectively, after oral administration. The results in this study provided a more optimized alternative for clinical use and demonstrated that the dosage 2 mg/kg of marbofloxacin by oral administration could have an effect on bactericidal activity against E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Lei
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China.,National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agriculture UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Qianying Liu
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China.,National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agriculture UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Jincheng Xiong
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Bing Yang
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Shuaike Yang
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Qianqian Zhu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agriculture UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Kun Li
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Shishuo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agriculture UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Jiyue Cao
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China.,National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agriculture UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Qigai He
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agriculture UniversityWuhan, China
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28
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Yan L, Xie S, Chen D, Pan Y, Tao Y, Qu W, Liu Z, Yuan Z, Huang L. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modeling of cyadox against Clostridium perfringens in swine. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 28642571 PMCID: PMC5481453 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03970-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the activity of cyadox against Clostridium perfringens in swine and optimize the dosage regimen using ex vivo pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) modeling. After oral administration, the ileum fluid of pigs containing the free cyadox was collected by implanted ultrafiltration probes. The Tmax, AUC24h, and CL/F of free cyadox in the ileum fluid were 1.96 h, 106.40 μg/h/mL, and 0.27 L/kg/h, respectively. Cyadox displayed a concentration-dependent killing action against C. perfrignens. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of cyadox against 60 clinical isolates ranged from 0.5 to 8 μg/mL, with MIC50 and MIC90 values of 2 and 4 μg/mL, respectively. The MIC was 2 μg/mL against the pathogenic C. perfrignens isolate CPFK122995 in both broth and ileum fluid. According to the inhibitory sigmoid Emax modeling, the AUC24h/MIC ratios of ileum fluid required to achieve the bacteriostatic, bactericidal, and virtual bacterial elimination effects were 26.72, 39.54, and 50.69 h, respectively. Monte Carlo simulations for the 90% target attainment rate (TAR) predicted daily doses of 29.30, 42.56, and 54.50 mg/kg over 24 h to achieve bacteriostatic, bactericidal, and elimination actions, respectively. The results of this study suggest that cyadox is a promising antibacterial agent for the treatment of C. perfringens infections, and can be used to inform its clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Shuyu Xie
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Dongmei Chen
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.,Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Yuanhu Pan
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.,Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Yanfei Tao
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.,Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Wei Qu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - ZhenLi Liu
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.,Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Zonghui Yuan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.,Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Lingli Huang
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China. .,Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
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Foster DM, Sylvester HJ, Papich MG. Comparison of direct sampling and brochoalveolar lavage for determining active drug concentrations in the pulmonary epithelial lining fluid of calves injected with enrofloxacin or tilmicosin. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2017; 40:e45-e53. [PMID: 28457009 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic distribution to interstitial fluid (ISF) and pulmonary epithelial fluid (PELF) was measured and compared to plasma drug concentrations in eight healthy calves. Enrofloxacin (Baytril® 100) was administered at a dose of 12.5 mg/kg subcutaneously (SC), and tilmicosin (Micotil® 300) was administered at a dose of 20 mg/kg SC. PELF, sampled by two different methods-bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and direct sampling (DS)-plasma, and ISF were collected from each calf and measured for tilmicosin, enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin by HPLC. Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed on the concentrations in each fluid, for each drug. The enrofloxacin/ciprofloxacin concentration as measured by AUC in DS samples was 137 ± 72% higher than in plasma, but in BAL samples, this value was 535 ± 403% (p < .05). The concentrations of tilmicosin in DS and BAL samples exceeded plasma drug concentrations by 567 ± 189% and 776 ± 1138%, respectively. The enrofloxacin/ciprofloxacin concentrations collected by DS were significantly different than those collected by BAL, but the tilmicosin concentrations were not significantly different between the two methods. Concentrations of enrofloxacin/ciprofloxacin exceeded the MIC values for bovine respiratory disease pathogens but tilmicosin did not reach MIC levels for these pathogens in any fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Foster
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - H J Sylvester
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - M G Papich
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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30
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Mzyk DA, Baynes RE, Messenger KM, Martinez M, Smith GW. Pharmacokinetics and distribution in interstitial and pulmonary epithelial lining fluid of danofloxacin in ruminant and preruminant calves. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2016; 40:179-191. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. A. Mzyk
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology and the Food Animal Residue Avoidance; Depletion Program; College of Veterinary Medicine; North Carolina State University; Raleigh NC USA
| | - R. E. Baynes
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology and the Food Animal Residue Avoidance; Depletion Program; College of Veterinary Medicine; North Carolina State University; Raleigh NC USA
| | - K. M. Messenger
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; North Carolina State University; Raleigh NC USA
| | - M. Martinez
- US Food and Drug Administration; Center for Veterinary Medicine; Office of New Animal Drug Evaluation; Rockville MD USA
| | - G. W. Smith
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology and the Food Animal Residue Avoidance; Depletion Program; College of Veterinary Medicine; North Carolina State University; Raleigh NC USA
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31
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RUENNARONG N, WONGPANIT K, SAKULTHAEW C, GIORGI M, KUMAGAI S, POAPOLATHEP A, POAPOLATHEP S. Dispositions of enrofloxacin and its major metabolite ciprofloxacin in Thai swamp buffaloes. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78:397-403. [PMID: 26596287 PMCID: PMC4829506 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the limited information available in this species, the aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetic characteristics of enrofloxacin (ER) and its major metabolite ciprofloxacin (CP) in buffaloes, Bubalus bubalis. ER was administered intravenously (i.v.) or subcutaneously (s.c.) to buffaloes at doses of 5.0 and 7.5 mg/kg BW, and plasma, urine and fecal samples were collected until 48 hr post-administration. The concentrations of ER and CP in the plasma, urine and feces were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with a fluorescence detector. The plasma concentrations of ER and CP could be determined up to 24 hr and 32 hr after i.v. and s.c. administrations at doses of 5.0 and 7.5 mg/kg BW, respectively. CP concentrations were always lower than those of parental drug. The s.c. bioavailability of ER was 52.36 ± 4.24% and 72.12 ± 5.39% at doses of 5.0 and 7.5 mg/kg BW, respectively. Both ER and CP were detectable in urine and feces up to 24 hr. ER and CP were mainly excreted via the urine. Based on the pharmacokinetic data and PK-PD indices, s.c. administration of ER at doses of 5.0 and 7.5 mg/kg BW might be appropriate for the treatment of susceptible bacterial diseases in Thai swamp buffaloes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitwarat RUENNARONG
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Kannika WONGPANIT
- Faculty of Natural Resources and Agro-industry,
Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Kasetsart University, Sakon Nakhon 47000,
Thailand
| | | | - Mario GIORGI
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via
Livornese (lato monte), San Piero a Grado, Italy
| | - Susumu KUMAGAI
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduated School of
Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113–8657, Japan
| | - Amnart POAPOLATHEP
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Saranya POAPOLATHEP
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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32
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Foster DM, Martin LG, Papich MG. Comparison of Active Drug Concentrations in the Pulmonary Epithelial Lining Fluid and Interstitial Fluid of Calves Injected with Enrofloxacin, Florfenicol, Ceftiofur, or Tulathromycin. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149100. [PMID: 26872361 PMCID: PMC4752255 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pneumonia is the most common reason for parenteral antimicrobial administration to beef cattle in the United States. Yet there is little information describing the antimicrobial concentrations at the site of action. The objective of this study was to compare the active drug concentrations in the pulmonary epithelial lining fluid and interstitial fluid of four antimicrobials commonly used in cattle. After injection, plasma, interstitial fluid, and pulmonary epithelial lining fluid concentrations and protein binding were measured to determine the plasma pharmacokinetics of each drug. A cross-over design with six calves per drug was used. Following sample collection and drug analysis, pharmacokinetic calculations were performed. For enrofloxacin and metabolite ciprofloxacin, the interstitial fluid concentration was 52% and 78% of the plasma concentration, while pulmonary fluid concentrations was 24% and 40% of the plasma concentration, respectively. The pulmonary concentrations (enrofloxacin + ciprofloxacin combined) exceeded the MIC90 of 0.06 μg/mL at 48 hours after administration. For florfenicol, the interstitial fluid concentration was almost 98% of the plasma concentration, and the pulmonary concentrations were over 200% of the plasma concentrations, exceeding the breakpoint (≤ 2 μg/mL), and the MIC90 for Mannheimia haemolytica (1.0 μg/mL) for the duration of the study. For ceftiofur, penetration to the interstitial fluid was only 5% of the plasma concentration. Pulmonary epithelial lining fluid concentration represented 40% of the plasma concentration. Airway concentrations exceeded the MIC breakpoint for susceptible respiratory pathogens (≤ 2 μg/mL) for a short time at 48 hours after administration. The plasma and interstitial fluid concentrations of tulathromcyin were lower than the concentrations in pulmonary fluid throughout the study. The bronchial concentrations were higher than the plasma or interstitial concentrations, with over 900% penetration to the airways. Despite high diffusion into the bronchi, the tulathromycin concentrations achieved were lower than the MIC of susceptible bacteria at most time points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek M. Foster
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Luke G. Martin
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Mark G. Papich
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
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34
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Rose M, Pridmore A, Shaw A, Wilhelm C, Menge M, Kilp S, Röpke R, Nürnberger M. A microbiological assay to estimate the antimicrobial activity of parenteral tildipirosin against foodborne pathogens and commensals in the colon of beef cattle and pigs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2015; 39:277-86. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Rose
- MSD Animal Health Innovation GmbH; A Member of the MSD Animal Health Group; Schwabenheim Germany
| | - A. Pridmore
- Don Whitley Scientific Limited (DWS); Shipley UK
| | - A. Shaw
- Don Whitley Scientific Limited (DWS); Shipley UK
| | - C. Wilhelm
- MSD Animal Health Innovation GmbH; A Member of the MSD Animal Health Group; Schwabenheim Germany
| | - M. Menge
- MSD Animal Health Innovation GmbH; A Member of the MSD Animal Health Group; Schwabenheim Germany
| | - S. Kilp
- MSD Animal Health Innovation GmbH; A Member of the MSD Animal Health Group; Schwabenheim Germany
| | - R. Röpke
- MSD Animal Health Innovation GmbH; A Member of the MSD Animal Health Group; Schwabenheim Germany
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Yasini SA, Zadeh MHB, Shahdadi H. The antibacterial activity and toxicity of enrofloxacin are decreased by nanocellulose conjugated with aminobenzyl purin. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 135:518-524. [PMID: 26295691 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The first aim of this study was to synthesize nanocellulose conjugated with aminobenzyl purin (NCABP), and the second aim was to evaluate the effect of NCABP on both toxicity and antibacterial activity of enrofloxacin. Here, the adsorption of enrofloxacin by NCABP was first modeled by molecular dynamic (MD) simulation. In the next step, NCABP was synthesized, and was exposed to enrofloxacin, 1000 μg mL(-1), at various conditions. Then, the quantity of adsorption and release was separately measured. Furthermore, both toxicity and antibacterial activity of NCABP, enrofloxacin, and (NCABP+enrofloxacin) were separately evaluated. In this study, MD simulation clearly showed the adsorption after 50 picoseconds. The adsorption tests revealed that the increase of incubation time and NCABP concentration, at range of 50-200 μg mL(-1), led to increase of adsorption. Moreover, the decrease of pH led to increase of adsorption. Interestingly, NCABP could adsorb enrofloxacin, up to 1000 μg mL(-1), in different types of meat. Moreover, the increase of incubation time and temperature did not release enrofloxacin, but the increase of pH increased release. This study showed that both toxicity and antibacterial activity of enrofloxacin were decreased when exposed together with NCABP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Ali Yasini
- Department of Food Technology, Yazd Science and Research, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Balal Zadeh
- Department of Food Science, Yazd Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran; Department of Food Science, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran.
| | - Hossein Shahdadi
- Department of Food Science, Yazd Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran; Department of Food Science, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran
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36
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Postparturient disorders and backfat loss in tropical sows associated with parity, farrowing duration and type of antibiotic. Trop Anim Health Prod 2015; 47:1457-64. [PMID: 26174573 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-015-0883-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the incidence of postparturient disorders and backfat loss in primiparous and multiparous sows under tropical climates in relation to duration of farrowing and type of antibiotic used postpartum. In total, 81 sows (42 primiparous and 39 multiparous sows) were included. The sows were categorised according to the duration of farrowing into three groups: <2 (n = 58), 2-4 (n = 19) and >4 h (n = 4). According to the antibiotic used postpartum, the sows were divided into two groups: group I (enrofloxacin type 1, n = 36) and group II (enrofloxacin type 2, n = 45). Rectal temperature, the presence of abnormal vaginal discharge, the occurrence of postpartum dysgalactia syndrome (PDS) and the sows' appetite were determined at days 0, 1, 2 and 3 postpartum. Backfat thickness was measured before farrowing and at 21 days postpartum. The mean duration of farrowing was 114.5 ± 60.2 min. Stillborn piglets in the sows with a long duration of farrowing (>4 h, mean 287.9 min) was higher than in sows with a short duration (<2 h, mean 85.5 min) of farrowing (29.2 and 7.9 %, P = 0.044). Primiparous sows lost more backfat during lactation than multiparous sows (15.7 and 4.8 %, P = 0.004). The incidence of abnormal vaginal discharge (P = 0.046) and PDS (P = 0.057) was less frequent in group II than in group I sows. In conclusion, primiparous sows and sows with a long duration of farrowing had a high risk of postparturient disorders. The type of antibiotic had an effect on the incidence of abnormal vaginal discharge and PDS in sows.
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37
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Foster DM, Jacob ME, Warren CD, Papich MG. Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and ceftiofur in plasma, interstitial fluid, and gastrointestinal tract of calves after subcutaneous injection, and bactericidal impacts on representative enteric bacteria. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2015; 39:62-71. [PMID: 25989138 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This study's objectives were to determine intestinal antimicrobial concentrations in calves administered enrofloxacin or ceftiofur sodium subcutaneously, and their impact on representative enteric bacteria. Ultrafiltration devices were implanted in the ileum and colon of 12 steers, which received either enrofloxacin or ceftiofur sodium. Samples were collected over 48 h after drug administration for pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis. Enterococcus faecalis or Salmonella enterica (5 × 10(5) CFU/mL of each) were exposed in vitro to peak and tail (48 h postadministration) concentrations of both drugs at each location for 24 h to determine inhibition of growth and change in MIC. Enrofloxacin had tissue penetration factors of 1.6 and 2.5 in the ileum and colon, while ciprofloxacin, an active metabolite of enrofloxacin, was less able to cross into the intestine (tissue penetration factors of 0.7 and 1.7). Ceftiofur was rapidly eliminated leading to tissue penetration factors of 0.39 and 0.25. All concentrations of enrofloxacin were bactericidal for S. enterica and significantly reduced E. faecalis. Peak ceftiofur concentration was bactericidal for S. enterica, and tail concentrations significantly reduced growth. E. faecalis experienced growth at all ceftiofur concentrations. The MICs for both organisms exposed to peak and tail concentrations of antimicrobials were unchanged at the end of the study. Enrofloxacin and ceftiofur achieved intestinal concentrations capable of reducing intestinal bacteria, yet the short exposure of ceftiofur in the intestine may select for resistant organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Foster
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - M E Jacob
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - C D Warren
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - M G Papich
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Messenger KM, Wofford JA, Papich MG. Carprofen pharmacokinetics in plasma and in control and inflamed canine tissue fluid using in vivo
ultrafiltration. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2015; 39:32-9. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K. M. Messenger
- The Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; North Carolina State University; Raleigh NC USA
| | - J. A. Wofford
- The Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; North Carolina State University; Raleigh NC USA
| | - M. G. Papich
- The Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; North Carolina State University; Raleigh NC USA
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Maaland MG, Guardabassi L, Papich MG. Minocycline pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in dogs: dosage recommendations for treatment of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius infections. Vet Dermatol 2015; 25:182-e47. [PMID: 24840325 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although minocycline is not licensed for use in dogs, this tetracycline has therapeutic potential against meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to establish rational dosage recommendations for minocycline use in dogs. Specific objectives were to generate and analyse minocycline pharmacokinetic (PK) data on plasma and interstitial fluid (ISF) concentrations, plasma protein binding and pharmacodynamic (PD) data on antimicrobial activity against S. pseudintermedius. ANIMALS Six healthy dogs from a research colony were used in this study. METHODS Dogs were administered 5 mg/kg intravenously and 10 mg/kg orally (p.o.) of minocycline hydrochloride in separate crossover experiments. In vivo drug concentrations in plasma and in ISF collected by ultrafiltration were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed on plasma and ISF concentrations. PK/PD analysis was completed using in vitro data on plasma protein binding and minocycline susceptibility in 168 S. pseudintermedius isolates. RESULTS Minocycline distributed to the ISF to a higher degree than predicted by the protein-unbound fraction in plasma. A large volume of distribution after oral administration, with plasma and ISF elimination half-lives of 4.1 and 7.4 h, respectively, demonstrated that the ISF serves as a drug reservoir for sustained tissue concentrations. Monte Carlo simulation, used to assess target attainment at different drug dosages, indicated that p.o. administration of 5 mg/kg twice daily is sufficient to inhibit S. pseudintermedius strains with minimal inhibitory concentrations ≤0.25 μg/mL. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Besides dosage recommendations for therapy of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius infections in dogs, the study also provides PK/PD data necessary to consider species-specific clinical breakpoints for minocycline susceptibility testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit G Maaland
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Luca Guardabassi
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Mark G Papich
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27607, USA
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40
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Warren CD, Prange T, Campbell NB, Gerard MP, Martin LG, Jacob ME, Smith GW, Papich MG, Foster DM. Implantation of an ultrafiltration device in the ileum and spiral colon of steers to continuously collect intestinal fluid. Res Vet Sci 2014; 97:611-5. [PMID: 25468800 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Collection of fluid from the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract is commonly necessary for research projects, but presents challenges including intestinal motility and potential for leakage of intestinal contents. In this study, ultrafiltration collection devices were surgically implanted in the ileum and spiral colon of 12 steers for repeated collection of intestinal fluid over 48 hours. There were no significant complications associated with surgery or during the post-operative period, nor were there any significant pathologic changes found at necropsy 3 or 4 days post-surgery. Over 48 hours, we obtained 88% of the desired 212 samples. Only two devices failed to routinely collect samples. Use of ultrafiltration probes is a novel, consistent and humane method to repeatedly sample the gastrointestinal contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea D Warren
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, United States
| | - Timo Prange
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, United States
| | - Nigel B Campbell
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, United States
| | - Mat P Gerard
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, United States
| | - Luke G Martin
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, United States
| | - Megan E Jacob
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, United States
| | - Geof W Smith
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, United States
| | - Mark G Papich
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, United States
| | - Derek M Foster
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, United States.
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Vilalta C, Giboin H, Schneider M, El Garch F, Fraile L. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic evaluation of marbofloxacin in the treatment of
Haemophilus parasuis
and
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
infections in nursery and fattener pigs using Monte Carlo simulations. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2014; 37:542-9. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Vilalta
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Cerdanyola del Vallès Spain
| | - H. Giboin
- Vétoquinol Research Centre Lure France
| | | | | | - L. Fraile
- ETSEA Universitat de Lleida Lleida Spain
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Zhao DH, Zhou YF, Yu Y, Shi W, Yang X, Xiao X, Deng H, Qiao GG, Fang BH, Liu YH. Integration of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic indices of valnemulin in broiler chickens after a single intravenous and intramuscular administration. Vet J 2014; 201:109-15. [PMID: 24906499 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The antibacterial efficacy of valnemulin against Staphylococcus aureus was studied ex vivo in broiler chickens after intravenous and intramuscular administration at a dose of 10 mg/kg bodyweight (BW). The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of valnemulin against S. aureus strains ATCC 25923 in broth and serum were 0.12 and 1 µg/mL, respectively. The MIC50 and MIC90 of valnemulin against all susceptible S. aureus strains isolated from chickens in the test population were 0.06 and 0.12 μg/mL, respectively. Protein binding, which greatly influences the efficacy of valnemulin, was assayed by equilibrium dialysate in vitro. A high binding fraction of 86.2% was found, which seems in good agreement with the difference of bacterial susceptibility tests observed in broth and serum. The surrogate index of AUC0-24/MIC required for the lowest bacteriostatic effect, and 2 log10CFU reduction in bacterial count were 24.4 h and 38.0 h, respectively. The required daily dose of valnemulin for a bacteriostatic activity was calculated to be 15 mg/kg BW based on the MIC90 of 0.12 µg/mL. Considering the slow disposition process of valnemulin and an AUC0-24 h value of more than 10-fold obtained from diseased animals, a suggested dose of 3 mg/kg BW is sufficient to achieve a satisfactory therapeutic efficacy in infected broilers. Due to the time-dependent antibacterial characteristics of valnemulin, the recommended daily dose should be split into two or three sub-doses to achieve the highest effectiveness while diminishing the risk of development of bacterial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hao Zhao
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yu-Feng Zhou
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wei Shi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xia Xiao
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Hui Deng
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Guilin Gary Qiao
- 8725, John J Kingman Rd, MS 6201, Ft Belvoir, VA, 22060-6201, USA
| | - Bing-Hu Fang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ya-Hong Liu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Underwood C, Collins SN, van Eps AW, Allavena RE, Medina-Torres CE, Pollitt CC. Ultrafiltration of equine digital lamellar tissue. Vet J 2014; 202:314-22. [PMID: 25439438 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
There are no experimentally validated pharmacological means of preventing laminitis; however, locally acting pharmaceutical agents with the potential to prevent laminitis have been identified. Demonstrating therapeutic drug concentrations in lamellar tissue is essential for evaluating the efficacy of these agents. The aim of this study was to develop an experimental technique for repeatedly sampling lamellar interstitial fluid. A technique for placing ultrafiltration probes was developed in vitro using 15 cadaver limbs. Subsequently, lamellar ultrafiltration probes were placed in one forelimb in six living horses. Interstitial fluid was collected continuously from the probes as ultrafiltrate for 4 (n = 4) or 14 days (n = 2). The rate of ultrafiltrate collection was calculated every 12 h. Biochemical analyses were performed on ultrafiltrate collected on night 1 (12-24 h post-implantation) and night 4 (84-96 h post-implantation). Sections surrounding the probe and control tissue from the contralateral limb were harvested, stained with H&E and Masson's trichrome and scored based on the tissue response to the probe. Ultrafiltration probes were placed in the lamellar tissue in all six horses. Ultrafiltrate was collected from these probes at 55 (30-63) μL/h (median [interquartile range]). Fluid production decreased significantly with time from night 3 onwards (P < 0.05). There was no significant change in the constituents of the ultrafiltrate between nights 1 and 4 (P > 0.05). The technique was well tolerated. This study demonstrates that ultrafiltration can be used to sample equine digital lamellar interstitial fluid, and has potential for measuring lamellar drug levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Underwood
- Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Gatton, Qld 4343, Australia.
| | - Simon N Collins
- Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Gatton, Qld 4343, Australia
| | - Andrew W van Eps
- Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Gatton, Qld 4343, Australia
| | - Rachel E Allavena
- Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Gatton, Qld 4343, Australia
| | - Carlos E Medina-Torres
- Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Gatton, Qld 4343, Australia
| | - Christopher C Pollitt
- Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Gatton, Qld 4343, Australia
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Howard JT, Baynes RE, Brooks JD, Yeatts JL, Bellis B, Ashwell MS, Routh P, O'Nan AT, Maltecca C. The effect of breed and sex on sulfamethazine, enrofloxacin, fenbendazole and flunixin meglumine pharmacokinetic parameters in swine. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2014; 37:531-41. [PMID: 24731191 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Drug use in livestock has received increased attention due to welfare concerns and food safety. Characterizing heterogeneity in the way swine populations respond to drugs could allow for group-specific dose or drug recommendations. Our objective was to determine whether drug clearance differs across genetic backgrounds and sex for sulfamethazine, enrofloxacin, fenbendazole and flunixin meglumine. Two sires from each of four breeds were mated to a common sow population. The nursery pigs generated (n = 114) were utilized in a random crossover design. Drugs were administered intravenously and blood collected a minimum of 10 times over 48 h. A non-compartmental analysis of drug and metabolite plasma concentration vs. time profiles was performed. Within-drug and metabolite analysis of pharmacokinetic parameters included fixed effects of drug administration date, sex and breed of sire. Breed differences existed for flunixin meglumine (P-value<0.05; Cl, Vdss ) and oxfendazole (P-value<0.05, AUC0→∞ ). Sex differences existed for oxfendazole (P-value < 0.05; Tmax ) and sulfamethazine (P-value < 0.05, Cl). Differences in drug clearance were seen, and future work will determine the degree of additive genetic variation utilizing a larger population.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Howard
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Abstract
Susceptibility breakpoints are crucial for prudent use of antimicrobials. This study has developed the first susceptibility breakpoint (MIC ≤ 0.25 μg/ml) for enrofloxacin against swine Salmonella spp. based on wild-type cutoff (COWT) and pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) cutoff (COPD) values, consequently providing a criterion for susceptibility testing and clinical usage of enrofloxacin.
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Hauschild G, Rohn K, Engelhardt E, Sager M, Hardes J, Gosheger G. Pharmacokinetic study on pradofloxacin in the dog - comparison of serum analysis, ultrafiltration and tissue sampling after oral administration. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:32. [PMID: 23410255 PMCID: PMC3598979 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pradofloxacin, a newly developed 8-cyano-fluoroquinolone, show enhanced activity against Gram-positive organisms and anaerobes to treat canine and feline bacterial infections. The purpose of this cross-over study was to measure the unbound drug concentration of pradofloxacin in the interstitial fluid (ISF) using ultrafiltration and to compare the kinetics of pradofloxacin in serum, ISF and tissue using enrofloxacin as reference. RESULTS After oral administration of enrofloxacin (5 mg/kg) and pradofloxacin (3 mg/kg and 6 mg/kg, respectively), serum collection and ultrafiltration in regular intervals over a period of 24 h were performed, followed by tissue sampling at the end of the third dosing protocol (pradofloxacin 6 mg/kg). Peak concentrations of pradofloxacin (3 mg/kg) were 1.55±0.31 μg/ml in the ISF and 1.85±0.23 μg/ml in serum and for pradofloxacin (6 mg/kg) 2.71±0.81 μg/kg in the ISF and 2.77±0.64 μg/kg in serum; both without a statistical difference between ISF and serum. Comparison between all sampling approaches showed no consistent pattern of statistical differences. CONCLUSIONS Despite some technical shortcomings the ultrafiltration approach appears to be the most sensitive sampling technique to estimate pharmacokinetic values of pradofloxacin at the infection site. Pharmacokinetics - Pradofloxacin - Ultrafiltration - Dog - Oral Administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Hauschild
- Department of Orthopedics and Tumororthopedics, University Hospital of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Straße 33, Münster, 48149, Germany
- LESIA Center for Veterinary Medicine, Hannov, Germany
| | - Karl Rohn
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Eva Engelhardt
- Central Animal Laboratory, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Martin Sager
- Central Animal Laboratory, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jendrik Hardes
- Department of Orthopedics and Tumororthopedics, University Hospital of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Straße 33, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Georg Gosheger
- Department of Orthopedics and Tumororthopedics, University Hospital of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Straße 33, Münster, 48149, Germany
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