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Zhang X, Wang X, Wu M, Ghildyal R, Yuan Z. Animal Models for the Study of Hepatitis B Virus Pathobiology and Immunity: Past, Present, and Future. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:715450. [PMID: 34335553 PMCID: PMC8322840 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.715450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a global public health problem that plagues approximately 240 million people. Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) often leads to liver inflammation and aberrant repair which results in diseases ranging from liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, to hepatocellular carcinoma. Despite its narrow species tropism, researchers have established various in vivo models for HBV or its related viruses which have provided a wealth of knowledge on viral lifecycle, pathogenesis, and immunity. Here we briefly revisit over five decades of endeavor in animal model development for HBV and summarize their advantages and limitations. We also suggest directions for further improvements that are crucial for elucidation of the viral immune-evasion strategies and for development of novel therapeutics for a functional cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Zhang
- Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaomeng Wang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Wu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Reena Ghildyal
- Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Zhenghong Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Liu B, Bai L, Fu Y, Zhao S, Liu H, Wang R, Wang W, Li Y, Tao Y, Wang Z, Fan J, Liu E. Genetic and molecular features for hepadnavirus and plague infections in the Himalayan marmot. Genome 2020; 63:307-317. [PMID: 32308030 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2019-0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The Himalayan marmot (Marmota himalayana), a natural host and transmitter of plague, is also susceptible to the hepadnavirus infection. To reveal the genetic basis of the hepadnavirus susceptibility and the immune response to plague, we systematically characterized the features of immune genes in Himalayan marmot with those of human and mouse. We found that the entire major histocompatibility complex region and the hepatitis B virus pathway genes of the Himalayan marmot were conserved with those of humans. A Trim (tripartite motif) gene cluster involved in immune response and antiviral activity displays dynamic evolution, which is reflected by the duplication of Trim5 and the absence of Trim22 and Trim34. Three key regions of Ntcp, which is critical for hepatitis B virus entry, had high identity among seven species of Marmota. Moreover, we observed a severe alveolar hemorrhage, inflammatory infiltrate in the infected lungs and livers from Himalayan marmots after infection of EV76, a live attenuated Yersinia pestis strain. Lots of immune genes were remarkably up-regulated, which several hub genes Il2rγ, Tra29, and Nlrp7 are placed at the center of the gene network. These findings suggest that Himalayan marmot is a potential animal model for study on the hepadnavirus and plague infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoning Liu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China.,Research Institute of Atherosclerotic Disease, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Liang Bai
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China.,Research Institute of Atherosclerotic Disease, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Yu Fu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China.,Research Institute of Atherosclerotic Disease, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Sihai Zhao
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China.,Research Institute of Atherosclerotic Disease, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Haiqing Liu
- Qinghai Institute for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Xining, Qinghai 811602, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China.,Research Institute of Atherosclerotic Disease, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Weirong Wang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China.,Research Institute of Atherosclerotic Disease, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Yandong Li
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710000, China
| | - Yuanqing Tao
- Qinghai Institute for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Xining, Qinghai 811602, China
| | - Zhongdong Wang
- Qinghai Institute for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Xining, Qinghai 811602, China
| | - Jianglin Fan
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Enqi Liu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China.,Research Institute of Atherosclerotic Disease, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
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Zhu B, Zhu Z, Wang J, Huang S, Li F, Wang L, Liu Y, Yan Q, Zhou S, Lu M, Yang D, Wang B. Chinese woodchucks with different susceptibility to WHV infection differ in their genetic background exemplified by cytochrome B and MHC-DRB molecules. Virol J 2018; 15:101. [PMID: 29914514 PMCID: PMC6006932 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-1010-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chinese woodchucks (M. himalayana) were recently found to be susceptible to woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) infection. In this study, we aimed to determine the susceptibility to WHV infection of M. himalayana from different areas and their association with the animal genetic background exemplified by cytochrome B and MHC-DRB molecules. METHODS Animals from four different areas in Qinghai province were inoculated with WHV59 strains. The virological markers including WHV surface antigen (WHsAg), WHV core antibody (WHcAb), and WHV DNA in serum were measured by ELISA and Real-time PCR, respectively. The sequences of cytochrome B gene and MHC-DRB molecules were obtained and sorted with Clustalx software. The nucleotide variation sites were identified using MEGA5 software. RESULTS The animals from four different areas had different susceptibility to WHV infection. Animals from TR and TD areas had a high level of long-lasting viremia, while those from GD and WL areas had a low level of transient viremia after WHV inoculation. All of the animals belong to the same subspecies M. himalayana robusta identified by cytochrome B gene sequences. Based on their nucleotide variation pattern, 8 alleles of cytochrome B gene were identified, and 7 MHC-DRB alleles were identified. Allele A of cytochrome B and Allele Mamo-DRB1*02 of MHC-DRB was found to be frequent in animals from TR and TD areas, while Allele H of cytochrome B and Allele Mamo-DRB1*07 of MHC-DRB was predominant in animals from GD and WL areas. CONCLUSION Chinese woodchucks from different areas differed in their susceptibility to WHV infection, though they belong to the same subspecies M. himalayana robusta. The genetic background exemplified by cytochrome B and MHC-DRB differed in Chinese woodchucks with different susceptibility to WHV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277# Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Zhenni Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277# Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Department of Pediatrics, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province (Women and Children's Hospital of Hubei Province), Wuhan, China
| | - Junzhong Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277# Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Shunmei Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277# Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Fanghui Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277# Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277# Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yanan Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277# Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Qi Yan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277# Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Shunchang Zhou
- Laboratory Animal Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute of Virology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Dongliang Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277# Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Baoju Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277# Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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Nie H, Mei Z, Wang R, Zhao B, Gao Y, Chen J, Wang L. Bushen recipe and its disassembled prescriptions inhibit inflammation of liver injury associated with Concanavalin A through Toll‑like receptor 3/9 signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:1682-1691. [PMID: 29845244 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to explore the effect of Bushen recipe and its disassembled prescriptions on liver injury and chronic hepatitis B. Liver injury was induced in normal and hepatitis B virus (HBV)‑transgenic mice through injection of Concanavalin A, followed by treatment with Bushen recipe and its disassembled prescriptions including the Bushen‑yang, the Bushen‑yin and the QingHua groups as well as the GanYanLing group (positive control). Subsequently, their liver function indexes were investigated by a microplate method and liver sections were blindly evaluated using an optical microscope by a pathologist. Subsequently, the activation state of Toll‑like receptor (TLR)3/9 signaling pathway in liver tissues was analyzed by western blotting. Additionally, the inflammatory factors produced following liver injury in peripheral blood were detected via ELISA. Following intervention with the Bushen recipe and its disassembled prescriptions, the liver function indexe alanine aminotransferase had declined, whereas cholinesterase increased. The pathological alterations of liver tissue in HBV transgenic mice were reversed by Bushen recipe and its disassembled prescriptions. In addition, the TLR3/9 signaling pathway in liver tissues of HBV transgenic mice was inhibited and inflammatory factors such as interleukin (IL)‑6, IL‑1, tumor necrosis factor‑α and interferon‑γ were reduced significantly. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that Bushen recipe and its disassembled prescriptions repaired liver injury induced by Concanavalin A through inhibition of TLR3/9 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongming Nie
- Department of Liver Disease, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Zhaohe Mei
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Pudong New Area Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Binbin Zhao
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Yueqiu Gao
- Department of Liver Disease, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Jianjie Chen
- Department of Liver Disease, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Lingtai Wang
- Department of Liver Disease, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
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Abstract
Even with an effective vaccine, an estimated 240 million people are chronically infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) worldwide. Current antiviral therapies, including interferon and nucleot(s)ide analogues, rarely cure chronic hepatitis B. Animal models are very crucial for understanding the pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis B and developing new therapeutic drugs or strategies. HBV can only infect humans and chimpanzees, with the use of chimpanzees in HBV research strongly restricted. Thus, most advances in HBV research have been gained using mouse models with HBV replication or infection or models with HBV-related hepadnaviral infection. This review summarizes the animal models currently available for the study of HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Na Guo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan Hubei 430022, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan Hubei 430022, China
| | - Ling Ai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan Hubei 430022, China
| | - Dong-Liang Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan Hubei 430022, China
| | - Bao-Ju Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan Hubei 430022, China.
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Menne S, Tumas DB, Liu KH, Thampi L, AlDeghaither D, Baldwin BH, Bellezza CA, Cote PJ, Zheng J, Halcomb R, Fosdick A, Fletcher SP, Daffis S, Li L, Yue P, Wolfgang GHI, Tennant BC. Sustained efficacy and seroconversion with the Toll-like receptor 7 agonist GS-9620 in the Woodchuck model of chronic hepatitis B. J Hepatol 2015; 62:1237-45. [PMID: 25559326 PMCID: PMC4439359 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS New therapies for chronic hepatitis B (CHB) are urgently needed since current treatments rarely lead to cure. We evaluated whether the oral small molecule toll-like receptor (TLR7) agonist GS-9620 could induce durable antiviral efficacy in woodchucks chronically infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV), a hepadnavirus closely related to human hepatitis B virus (HBV). METHODS After evaluating the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and tolerability of oral GS-9620 in uninfected woodchucks, adult woodchucks chronically infected with WHV (n = 7 per group) were dosed with GS-9620 or placebo for 4 or 8 weeks with different treatment schedules. RESULTS GS-9620 treatment induced rapid, marked and sustained reduction in serum viral DNA (mean maximal 6.2log10 reduction), and hepatic WHV DNA replicative intermediates, WHV cccDNA and WHV RNA, as well as loss of detectable serum WHV surface antigen (WHsAg). GS-9620 treatment also induced a sustained antibody response against WHsAg in a subset of animals. Strikingly, treatment reduced the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) from 71% in the placebo group to 8% in GS-9620-treated woodchucks with sustained viral load reduction. GS-9620 treatment was associated with reversible increases in serum liver enzymes and thrombocytopenia, and induced intrahepatic CD8(+) T cell, NK cell, B cell and interferon response transcriptional signatures. CONCLUSIONS The data demonstrate that short duration, finite treatment with the oral TLR7 agonist GS-9620 can induce a sustained antiviral response in the woodchuck model of CHB, and support investigation of this compound as a therapeutic approach to attain a functional cure in CHB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Menne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, United States.
| | - Daniel B Tumas
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, United States
| | - Katherine H Liu
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Gastrointestinal Unit, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - Linta Thampi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| | - Dalal AlDeghaither
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| | - Betty H Baldwin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Gastrointestinal Unit, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - Christine A Bellezza
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Gastrointestinal Unit, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - Paul J Cote
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| | - Jim Zheng
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, United States
| | - Randall Halcomb
- Department of Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, United States
| | - Abigail Fosdick
- Department of Drug Safety Evaluation, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, United States
| | - Simon P Fletcher
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, United States
| | - Stephane Daffis
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, United States
| | - Li Li
- Department of Biomarkers, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, United States
| | - Peng Yue
- Department of Biomarkers, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, United States
| | - Grushenka H I Wolfgang
- Department of Drug Safety Evaluation, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, United States
| | - Bud C Tennant
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Gastrointestinal Unit, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
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Enhanced immune response to hepatitis B vaccination through immunization with a Pre-S1/Pre-S2/S vaccine. Med Microbiol Immunol 2015; 204:57-68. [PMID: 25557605 PMCID: PMC4305084 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-014-0374-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Efficacy and safety of recombinant yeast-derived hepatitis B vaccines for prevention of hepatitis B have been demonstrated unequivocally worldwide as reflected in reduction in HBsAg carrier rates and hepatocellular carcinoma. A new generation of recombinant HBV vaccines expressed in mammalian cells containing Pre-S/S epitopes has been developed in several countries. Such vaccines are useful in special risk groups, i.e., in non-responders to conventional HBV vaccines including older adults, obese people, health care workers, patients with renal failure and on dialysis, transplant patients, patients with HIV as well as travelers on short notice to HBV endemic regions. The future of such vaccines depends on their enhanced immunogenicity and cost profile. Sci-B-Vac™ is a mammalian cell-derived recombinant Pre-S1/Pre-S2/S hepatitis B vaccine which has been shown to be highly immunogenic, inducing faster and higher seroprotection rates against HBV with higher anti-HBs levels at lower HBsAg doses as compared to conventional yeast-derived vaccines. Recently, it has been suggested that such Pre-S/S vaccines against HBV might be efficacious not only for prevention but also for intervention in persistent HBV infection. Data obtained in a recent clinical trial conducted in Vietnam in patients with chronic hepatitis B suggest that repeated monthly i.m. injections of the Sci-B-Vac™ co-administered with daily oral lamivudine treatment can suppress HBV replication and lead to anti-HBs seroconversion in ~50 % of treated patients. Optimization of protocols and efficacy of such an intervention, intended to bypass T cell exhaustion and immune tolerance to HBV remains to be explored.
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Fakharzadeh S, Kalanaky S, Hafizi M, Goya MM, Masoumi Z, Namaki S, Shakeri N, Abbasi M, Mahdavi M, Nazaran MH. The new nano-complex, Hep-c, improves the immunogenicity of the hepatitis B vaccine. Vaccine 2013; 31:2591-7. [PMID: 23583463 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Prevention of hepatitis B requires a vaccine that stimulates the humoral and cellular immune responses in a balanced manner, particularly those associated with Th1 and cytotoxic T cells. Alum adjuvant is currently used in the hepatitis B vaccine formulations but it lacks the efficiency of establishing such immune responses. Therefore, for accessing a suitable vaccine to prevent this fatal disease, it is essential to design and construct a new adjuvant which can overcome the limitations of the alum adjuvant and can stimulate a strong Th1 response as used along with it. In the present study, the adjuvant effect of Hep-c, the first nano-complex which was synthesized by nanochelating technology to improve the immunogenicity of the vaccine against hepatitis B, had been evaluated. Female Balb/c mice were divided into 7 groups and were injected with 10μg/ml of the hepatitis B vaccine and different doses of Hep-c for 3 times. Groups merely treated with the vaccine, Hep-c or phosphate buffered solution were used as control. Total specific antibody, IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgM, interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) levels were examined by the ELISA method. The proliferative response of the splenocytes was evaluated using bromodeoxyuridine assay. Results showed that immunization with hepatitis B vaccine and Hep-c increased the lymphocyte proliferation and specific IgM and IgG2a compared to the hepatitis B vaccine immunized group. Also, this nano-complex significantly increased the IFN-γ and IL-4 cytokine levels compared to the hepatitis B vaccine immunized group. Our findings show that Hep-c can not only preserve the alum capacity to effectively stimulate production of the antibodies but also cover its inefficiency in inducing Th1 response and prompting cellular immunity. Thus, by boosting the performance of the hepatitis B vaccine, it seemed that this nano-adjuvant has the suitable potential to be used in the commercial HBS vaccine formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saideh Fakharzadeh
- Department of Research and Development, Sodour Ahrar Shargh Company, Tehran, Iran
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The expression of PD-1 ligands and their involvement in regulation of T cell functions in acute and chronic woodchuck hepatitis virus infection. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26196. [PMID: 22022563 PMCID: PMC3194835 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)/programmed death-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) system may play a role in the negative regulation of T cell functions in hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Thus, it is important to study its role in the widely used animal model for HBV infection of woodchucks with woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV). Methods Woodchuck PD-L1 (wPD-L1) and -L2 (wPD-L2) were cloned and characterized. The levels of wPD-L1 expression in primary woodchuck hepatocytes (PWH), peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and liver tissue of naive and WHV-infected woodchucks were examined by real time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR and flow cytometry. Using antibodies against wPD-L1 and -L2, the effect of blocking PD-1/PD-L1/PD-L2 interaction on the proliferation and degranulation of woodchuck PBMCs was examined. Principal Findings Both wPD-L1 and -L2 showed a high homology to their counterparts of other mammalian species and humans. WPD-L1 expression in PWH and PBMCs of naive animals was low but could be stimulated by Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands and interferons (IFN). WPD-L1 expression in liver tissue was significantly higher than that measured in PWHs and was slightly elevated during acute and chronic WHV infection. However, wPD-1 and wPD-L1 expression on PBMCs was strongly up-regulated during acute and chronic infection. In vitro blockade with antibodies against wPD-L1 and -L2 partially enhanced proliferation and degranulation of PBMCs from WHV-infected woodchucks. Conclusions Our results demonstrated that wPD-1/wPD-L1 expression in hepatocytes and PBMCs can be induced by different inflammatory stimuli and is up-regulated mainly on PBMCs during WHV infection. A blockade of the woodchuck PD-1/PD-L pathway could partially enhance T cell functions in WHV infection.
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10
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Subversion of cellular autophagy machinery by hepatitis B virus for viral envelopment. J Virol 2011; 85:6319-33. [PMID: 21507968 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02627-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved eukaryotic mechanism that mediates the removal of long-lived cytoplasmic macromolecules and damaged organelles via a lysosomal degradative pathway. Recently, a multitude of studies have reported that viral infections may have complex interconnections with the autophagic process. The findings reported here demonstrate that hepatitis B virus (HBV) can enhance the autophagic process in hepatoma cells without promoting protein degradation by the lysosome. Mutation analysis showed that HBV small surface protein (SHBs) was required for HBV to induce autophagy. The overexpression of SHBs was sufficient to induce autophagy. Furthermore, SHBs could trigger unfolded protein responses (UPR), and the blockage of UPR signaling pathways abrogated the SHB-induced lipidation of LC3-I. Meanwhile, the role of the autophagosome in HBV replication was examined. The inhibition of autophagosome formation by the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) or small interfering RNA duplexes targeting the genes critical for autophagosome formation (Beclin1 and ATG5 genes) markedly inhibited HBV production, and the induction of autophagy by rapamycin or starvation greatly contributed to HBV production. Furthermore, evidence was provided to suggest that the autophagy machinery was required for HBV envelopment but not for the efficiency of HBV release. Finally, SHBs partially colocalized and interacted with autophagy protein LC3. Taken together, these results suggest that the host's autophagy machinery is activated during HBV infection to enhance HBV replication.
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D'Ugo E, Argentini C, Giuseppetti R, Canitano A, Catone S, Rapicetta M. The woodchuck hepatitis B virus infection model for the evaluation of HBV therapies and vaccine therapies. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2010; 5:1153-62. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2010.530252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Ni YH, Chen DS. Hepatitis B vaccination in children: the Taiwan experience. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 58:296-300. [PMID: 20116181 DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2009.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The world's first nationwide hepatitis B virus (HBV) universal vaccination program for infants was launched in Taiwan in July, 1984. All infants received three to four doses plasma or recombinant HBV vaccines. In addition, infants of HBeAg-positive mothers received 0.5ml of hepatitis B immunoglobulin within 24hours after birth. The vaccination coverage rate is as high as 97%. Seroprevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) declined from 9.8% (prevaccination period) to 0.6% in children in Taipei City after 20years of mass vaccination. The seropositive rates for HBsAg, antibody to HBsAg, and antibody to hepatitis B core antigen were 1.2%, 50.5%, and 3.7%, respectively, in those born after the vaccination program (<20years old) in 2004. In line with the decrease of chronic HBV infection, the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) also decreased in children in Taiwan. From 1981 to 1994, the incidence of HCC in 6- to 9-year-olds declined from 0.52/100,000 for those born between 1974 and 1984 to 0.13 for those born between 1984 and 1986 (p<0.001). We extended the observation to 2000, the incidence of HCC per 100,000 children declined from 0.54 to 0.20. The prevalence of a determinant mutants (amino acids 121-149 of HBsAg) in Taiwanese carrier children was 7.8% (eight out of 103) in 1984, increased to 19.6% (10 out of 51) in 1989, peaked at 28.1% (nince out of 32) in 1994, and remained stationary at 23.1% (three out of 13) and about 25% in 1999 and 2004, respectively; it was higher in those fully vaccinated compared with those not vaccinated. The other group of subjects who are susceptible to vaccine failure is the immunocompromized hosts. We observed some de novo HBV infection in children after liver transplantation. Despite of the success of hepatitis B immunization, childhood chronic HBV infection and HCC were not eliminated by the universal vaccination program. Among those HBsAg carriers born after the vaccination program, 89% of their mothers were found to be positive for HBsAg, indicating the importance of maternal transmission. This was also true in the mothers of children with HCC, of them 96% were HBsAg positive. After two decades of universal infant HBV vaccination, we found this program provides long-term protection for up to more than 20years, and a universal booster is not required for the primary HBV vaccinees before adulthood. Mother-to-child transmission, although largely diminished, is still the main cause for immunoprophylaxis failure. The emergence of escape mutant did not impose increased risk of chronic infection at present. Nevertheless, development of new vaccines may overcome the vaccine failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-H Ni
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Lu M, Yao X, Xu Y, Lorenz H, Dahmen U, Chi H, Dirsch O, Kemper T, He L, Glebe D, Gerlich WH, Wen Y, Roggendorf M. Combination of an antiviral drug and immunomodulation against hepadnaviral infection in the woodchuck model. J Virol 2008; 82:2598-603. [PMID: 18160442 PMCID: PMC2258919 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01613-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2007] [Accepted: 12/14/2007] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The essential role of multispecific immune responses for the control of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection implies the need of multimodal therapeutic strategies for chronic HBV infection, including antiviral chemotherapy and immunomodulation. This hypothesis was tested in the woodchuck model by a combination of lamivudine pretreatment and subsequent immunizations of woodchucks chronically infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus. The immunizations were performed with DNA vaccines or antigen-antibody immune complexes (IC)/DNA vaccines. Immunizations with IC/DNA vaccines led to an anti-woodchuck hepatitis virus surface antibody response and significant reductions of viral load and antigenemia, suggesting that such a strategy may be effective against chronic HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengji Lu
- Institut für Virologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122 Essen, Germany.
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