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Croft L, Matheson P, Butterworth NJ, McGaughran A. Fitness consequences of population bottlenecks in an invasive blowfly. Mol Ecol 2024; 33:e17492. [PMID: 39136044 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Invasive species often undergo demographic bottlenecks that cause a decrease in genetic diversity and associated reductions in population fitness. Despite this, they manage to thrive in novel environments. Investigating the effects of inbreeding and genetic bottlenecks on population fitness for invasive species is, therefore, key to understanding how they may survive in new environments. We used the blowfly Calliphora vicina (Sciences, Mathématiques et Physique, 1830, 2, 1), which is native to Europe and was introduced to Australia and New Zealand, to examine the effects of genetic diversity on population fitness. We first collected 59 samples from 15 populations across New Zealand and one in Australia, and used 20,501 biallelic SNPs to investigate population genomic diversity, structure and admixture. We then explored the impacts of repeated experimental bottlenecks on population fitness by creating inbred and outbred lines of C. vicina and measuring a variety of fitness traits. In wild-caught samples, we found low overall genetic diversity, signals of genetic admixture and limited (<3%) genetic differentiation between North and South Island populations, with genetic links between the South Island and Australia. Following experimental bottlenecks, we found significant reductions in fitness for inbred lines. However, fitness effects were not felt equally across all phenotypic traits. Moreover, they were not enough to cause population collapse in any experimental line, suggesting that C. vicina (when under relaxed selection, as in laboratory settings) may be able to compensate for population bottlenecks even when highly inbred. Our results demonstrate the value of a tractable experimental system for investigating processes that may facilitate or hamper biological invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilly Croft
- Te Aka Mātuatua - School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Paige Matheson
- Te Aka Mātuatua - School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | | | - Angela McGaughran
- Te Aka Mātuatua - School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
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Shah PT, Bahoussi AN, Yang C, Yao G, Dong L, Wu C, Xing L. Genetic Characteristics and Phylogeographic Dynamics of Lagoviruses, 1988-2021. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040815. [PMID: 37112796 PMCID: PMC10143477 DOI: 10.3390/v15040815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV), European brown hare syndrome virus (EBHSV), rabbit calicivirus (RCV), and hare calicivirus (HaCV) belong to the genus Lagovirus of the Caliciviridae family that causes severe diseases in rabbits and several hare (Lepus) species. Previously, Lagoviruses were classified into two genogroups, e.g., GI (RHDVs and RCVs) and GII (EBHSV and HaCV) based on partial genomes, e.g., VP60 coding sequences. Herein, we provide a robust phylogenetic classification of all the Lagovirus strains based on full-length genomes, grouping all the available 240 strains identified between 1988 and 2021 into four distinct clades, e.g., GI.1 (classical RHDV), GI.2 (RHDV2), HaCV/EBHSV, and RCV, where the GI.1 clade is further classified into four (GI.1a-d) and GI.2 into six sub-clades (GI.2a-f). Moreover, the phylogeographic analysis revealed that the EBHSV and HaCV strains share their ancestor with the GI.1, while the RCV shares with the GI.2. In addition, all 2020-2021 RHDV2 outbreak strains in the USA are connected to the strains from Canada and Germany, while RHDV strains isolated in Australia are connected with the USA-Germany haplotype RHDV strain. Furthermore, we identified six recombination events in the VP60, VP10, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) coding regions using the full-length genomes. The amino acid variability analysis showed that the variability index exceeded the threshold of 1.00 in the ORF1-encoded polyprotein and ORF2-encoded VP10 protein, respectively, indicating significant amino acid drift with the emergence of new strains. The current study is an update of the phylogenetic and phylogeographic information of Lagoviruses that may be used to map the evolutionary history and provide hints for the genetic basis of their emergence and re-emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pir Tariq Shah
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Amina Nawal Bahoussi
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Caiting Yang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Guanhan Yao
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Development, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Li Dong
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Cell Biology, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Major Infectious Diseases, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, China
- The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Changxin Wu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Cell Biology, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Major Infectious Diseases, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, China
- The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Li Xing
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Cell Biology, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Major Infectious Diseases, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, China
- The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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Sawyers E, Cox TE, Fleming PJS, Leung LKP, Morris S. Social interactions of juvenile rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and their potential role in lagovirus transmission. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271272. [PMID: 35901018 PMCID: PMC9333329 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease Virus (RHDV), which is a calicivirus, is used as a biocontrol agent to suppress European wild rabbit populations in Australia. The transmission of RHDV can be influenced by social interactions of rabbits; however, there is a paucity of this knowledge about juvenile rabbits and the roles they may play in the transmission of RHDV. We aimed to quantify the social interactions of juvenile (< 900 g) and adult (> 1200 g) rabbits in a locally abundant population in the Central Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia. Twenty-six juvenile and 16 adult rabbits were fitted with VHF proximity loggers to monitor intra- and inter-group pairings. Use of multiple warrens by these rabbits was investigated using VHF base stations at nine warrens and on foot with a hand-held Yagi antenna. Juvenile rabbits were strongly interconnected with both juveniles and adults within and outside their warren of capture, and almost all juveniles were well-connected to other individuals within their own social group. Inter-group pairings were infrequent and fleeting between adults. Both juvenile and adult rabbits used multiple warrens. However, visits to warrens outside their warren of capture, particularly those within 50 m, were more common and longer in duration in juveniles than in adults. The high connectivity of juveniles within and between warrens in close proximity increases potential pathogen exchange between warrens. Therefore, juvenile rabbits could be of greater importance in lagovirus transmission than adult rabbits. The strength of juvenile rabbit inter- and intra-group pairings, and their tendency to use multiple warrens, highlight their potential to act as ‘superspreaders’ of both infection and immunity for lagoviruses and other pathogens with similar lifecycles. Confirmation of this potential is required through examination of disease progress and rabbit age-related immune responses during outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Sawyers
- Vertebrate Pest Research Unit, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Orange, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Tarnya E. Cox
- Vertebrate Pest Research Unit, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Orange, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter J. S. Fleming
- Vertebrate Pest Research Unit, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Orange, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Luke K. P. Leung
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephen Morris
- Fisheries Research, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Wollongbar, New South Wales, Australia
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Souza CM, Madeira-Ott T, Masiero FS, Bunde PRS, Ribeiro GA, Thyssen PJ. Synanthropy of Sarcophaginae (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) From Southern Brazil and Its Sanitary Implications. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 58:913-920. [PMID: 33145599 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjaa243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although different feeding habits have been reported for Sarcophaginae (Diptera, Sarcophagidae), most species are associated with decomposing organic matter such as feces and decaying corpses. This study provides the synanthropy index for males of species of Sarcophaginae collected during a 12-mo period in three different environments (urban, rural, and wild) of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, in Southern Brazil, linking this parameter with the sanitary issue. This article also investigated the presence of pathogenic bacteria on the external surface of Oxysarcodexia paulistanensis (Mattos), the most abundant species collected using a sanitized entomological net. Almost all the species collected most abundantly, including O. paulistanensis (n = 241), Ravinia advena (Walker) (n = 87), and O. thornax (Walker) (n = 58), were classified as synanthropic; O. thornax was the species with the highest synanthropy index (+80.3). Escherichia coli (Escherich), Shigella spp. (Enterobacteriaceae), and Staphylococcus aureus (Rosenbach) (Staphylococcaceae) were isolated and identified from the external surface of O. paulistanensis. The isolation and identification of pathogenic bacteria, and their synanthropic behavior, adds weight to potential role of some flesh flies, as O. paulistanensis, in a sanitary context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina M Souza
- Faculty of Human Talents, FACTHUS, Campus I, PC, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Tais Madeira-Ott
- Laboratory of Integrative Entomology, Department of Animal Biology, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, PC, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Franciele S Masiero
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Pelotas, UFPel, PC, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Paulo R S Bunde
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Pelotas, UFPel, PC, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Gladis A Ribeiro
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Pelotas, UFPel, PC, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Patricia J Thyssen
- Laboratory of Integrative Entomology, Department of Animal Biology, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, PC, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Rader R, Cunningham SA, Howlett BG, Inouye DW. Non-Bee Insects as Visitors and Pollinators of Crops: Biology, Ecology, and Management. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 65:391-407. [PMID: 31610136 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-011019-025055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Insects other than bees (i.e., non-bees) have been acknowledged as important crop pollinators, but our understanding of which crop plants they visit and how effective they are as crop pollinators is limited. To compare visitation and efficiency of crop-pollinating bees and non-bees at a global scale, we review the literature published from 1950 to 2018 concerning the visitors and pollinators of 105 global food crops that are known to benefit from animal pollinators. Of the 105 animal-pollinated crops, a significant proportion are visited by both bee and non-bee taxa (n = 82; 77%), with a total gross domestic product (GDP) value of US$780.8 billion. For crops with a narrower range of visitors, those that favor non-bees (n = 8) have a value of US$1.2 billion, compared to those that favor bees (n = 15), with a value of US$19.0 billion. Limited pollinator efficiency data were available for one or more taxa in only half of the crops (n = 61; 58%). Among the non-bees, some families were recorded visiting a wide range of crops (>12), including six families of flies (Syrphidae, Calliphoridae, Muscidae, Sarcophagidae, Tachinidae, and Bombyliidae), two beetle families (Coccinelidae and Nitidulidae), ants (Formicidae), wasps (Vespidae), and four families of moths and butterflies (Hesperiidae, Lycaenidae, Nymphalidae, and Pieridae). Among the non-bees, taxa within the dipteran families Syrphidae and Calliphoridae were the most common visitors to the most crops, but this may be an artifact of the limited data available. The diversity of species and life histories in these groups of lesser-known pollinators indicates that diet, larval requirements, and other reproductive needs will require alternative habitat management practices to bees.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rader
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia;
| | - S A Cunningham
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, College of Science, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - B G Howlett
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - D W Inouye
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, Colorado 81224, USA
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Hall RN, Huang N, Roberts J, Strive T. Carrion flies as sentinels for monitoring lagovirus activity in Australia. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:2025-2032. [PMID: 31127981 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Lagoviruses are an essential tool for managing wild rabbit populations in Australia. Our understanding of lagovirus epidemiology in Australia currently depends on members of the public submitting liver samples from dead lagomorphs (i.e. rabbits and hares) through a monitoring program called Rabbitscan. However, many wild lagomorphs die in inaccessible locations or are scavenged before sampling can occur, leading to considerable sampling bias. In this study, we screened field-caught carrion flies for the presence of lagoviruses to monitor virus circulation patterns in the landscape, with an aim to establish a less biased epidemiological surveillance tool. Carrion flies were collected from two study sites over a 22-month period and these samples were used to optimize and validate molecular testing methods in this sample type for the currently circulating lagovirus variants. Virus was clearly detectable in field-caught carrion flies using optimized SYBR-green RT-qPCR and RT-PCR assays. However, variant identification was frequently hindered by the low virus loads present in carrion fly samples and spurious RT-PCR amplification. This was overcome by frequent sampling, which effectively acts as replicate sampling to verify inconclusive results. There was generally good correlation between virus detections and variant identification in carrion flies and in samples recovered from wild lagomorphs. The methods reported here provide an additional surveillance tool to monitor lagovirus spread and circulation at a landscape scale, which in turn can help to guide more effective rabbit management programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn N Hall
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.,Centre for Invasive Species Solutions, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Nina Huang
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - John Roberts
- CSIRO Land and Water, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Tanja Strive
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.,Centre for Invasive Species Solutions, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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Hume T, Geiser F, Currie SE, Körtner G, Stawski C. Responding to the weather: energy budgeting by a small mammal in the wild. Curr Zool 2019; 66:15-20. [PMID: 32467700 PMCID: PMC7245004 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoz023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy conservation is paramount for small mammals because of their small size, large surface area to volume ratio, and the resultant high heat loss to the environment. To survive on limited food resources and to fuel their expensive metabolism during activity, many small mammals employ daily torpor to reduce energy expenditure during the rest phase. We hypothesized that a small terrestrial semelparous marsupial, the brown antechinus Antechinus stuartii, would maximize activity when foraging conditions were favorable to gain fat reserves before their intense breeding period, but would increase torpor use when conditions were poor to conserve these fat reserves. Female antechinus were trapped and implanted with small temperature-sensitive radio transmitters to record body temperature and to quantify torpor expression and activity patterns in the wild. Most antechinus used torpor at least once per day over the entire study period. Total daily torpor use increased and mean daily body temperature decreased significantly with a reduction in minimum ambient temperature. Interestingly, antechinus employed less torpor on days with more rain and decreasing barometric pressure. In contrast to torpor expression, activity was directly related to ambient temperature and inversely related to barometric pressure. Our results reveal that antechinus use a flexible combination of physiology and behavior that can be adjusted to manage their energy budget according to weather variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Hume
- Centre for Behavioural and Physiological Ecology, Zoology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Fritz Geiser
- Centre for Behavioural and Physiological Ecology, Zoology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Shannon E Currie
- Centre for Behavioural and Physiological Ecology, Zoology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia.,Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, Berlin, 10315, Germany
| | - Gerhard Körtner
- Centre for Behavioural and Physiological Ecology, Zoology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Clare Stawski
- Centre for Behavioural and Physiological Ecology, Zoology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia.,Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, 7491, Norway
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Mulieri PR, Olea MS, Patitucci LD, Battán-Horenstein M. Sex Ratio and Abundance Fluctuations of Sarcosaprophagous Calyptratae (Diptera): Field Evaluation of Two Sampling Techniques. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 55:1210-1216. [PMID: 29878149 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjy093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Abundance of sarcosaprophagous Calyptratae species was monitored by using baited traps and active captures with hand net. Analysis of field data collected in three protected areas in the Valdivian temperate forest of South America (Lanín National Park, Lago Puelo National Park, and Los Alerces National Park) indicated that bottle traps baited with putrescine is a reliable method to estimate local abundance of sarcosaprophagous species by comparison to the active capture method. Also, we describe and compare general patterns of sex bias for four dominant species: Sarconesia magellanica (Le Guillou), Calliphora vicina Robineau-Desvoidy, Microcerella spinigena (Rondani), and Oxysarcodexia varia (Walker). From these analyses, it can be concluded that abundance fluctuations of flies showed significant relationship between the sampling methods. This study showed that besides the expected interspecific differences in trapping efficiency, there are acute intraspecific differences of sex ratios between sampling methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Mulieri
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales 'Bernardino Rivadavia' (MACN), Av. Ángel Gallardo, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M S Olea
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales 'Bernardino Rivadavia' (MACN), Av. Ángel Gallardo, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - L D Patitucci
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales 'Bernardino Rivadavia' (MACN), Av. Ángel Gallardo, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Battán-Horenstein
- IDEA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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Frequent Insect Visitors Are Not Always Pollen Carriers in Hybrid Carrot Pollination. INSECTS 2018; 9:insects9020061. [PMID: 29880773 PMCID: PMC6023358 DOI: 10.3390/insects9020061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Insect crop visitations do not necessarily translate to carriage or transfer of pollen. To evaluate the potential of the various insects visiting hybrid carrot flowers to facilitate pollen transfer, this study examines insect visitation rates to hybrid carrot seed crops in relation to weather, time of day and season, pollen carrying capacity, inter-row movement, and visitation frequency to male-fertile and male-sterile umbels. The highest pollen loads were carried by nectar scarabs, honey bees, and the hover fly Eristalis tenax (Linnaeus). Honey bees and muscoid flies were observed to forage mostly within the male fertile carrot row while nectar scarabs and E. tenax foraged across rows, carrying equal pollen loads regardless of their distance from the pollen source. All observed insect taxa were more frequently seen visiting male-fertile than male-sterile umbels. In contrast to other visiting insects, honey bees were abundant and frequent visitors and were observed carrying high pollen loads. Consequently, we suggest both optimizing honey bee management and improving the attraction of carrot lines to honey bees to improve pollination rates for hybrid carrot seed crops.
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Mulieri PR, Patitucci LD, Schnack JA, Mariluis JC. Diversity and seasonal dynamics of an assemblage of sarcophagid Diptera in a gradient of urbanization. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2011; 11:91. [PMID: 21870984 PMCID: PMC3281442 DOI: 10.1673/031.011.9101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Sarcophagid species inhabiting different locations in a rural-urban gradient were surveyed in the east central Argentine district of the Almirante Brown, Buenos Aires province. The main objectives of this research were to identify the most prevalent sarcophagid species and to describe community richness and diversity according to the degree of urbanization and the environmental variables measured in three locations within a rural-urban gradient sampled during two years from May 2005 to April 2007. Spatial and seasonal variations were the main factors involved in structuring the sarcophagid communities. Diversity was lower in urbanized areas than in rural ones. Bait and microhabitat preferences (sunny or shady places) and seasonal fluctuations were described for 17 sarcophagid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo R. Mulieri
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud “Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán”, CeNDIE- Departamento Vectores. Av. Vélez Sarsfield 563, 1281, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luciano D. Patitucci
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud “Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán”, CeNDIE- Departamento Vectores. Av. Vélez Sarsfield 563, 1281, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan A Schnack
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- División Entomología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Paseo del bosque
s/n°, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan C. Mariluis
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud “Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán”, CeNDIE- Departamento Vectores. Av. Vélez Sarsfield 563, 1281, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Henning J, Pfeiffer DU, Davies PR, Stevenson MA, Meers J. Mortality patterns over 3 years in a sparse population of wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in New Zealand, with an emphasis on rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD). EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-008-0187-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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McIntosh MT, Behan SC, Mohamed FM, Lu Z, Moran KE, Burrage TG, Neilan JG, Ward GB, Botti G, Capucci L, Metwally SA. A pandemic strain of calicivirus threatens rabbit industries in the Americas. Virol J 2007; 4:96. [PMID: 17910765 PMCID: PMC2147015 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-4-96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2007] [Accepted: 10/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease (RHD) is a severe acute viral disease specifically affecting the European rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus. As the European rabbit is the predominant species of domestic rabbit throughout the world, RHD contributes towards significant losses to rabbit farming industries and endangers wild populations of rabbits in Europe and other predatory animals in Europe that depend upon rabbits as a food source. Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease virus (RHDV) – a Lagovirus belonging to the family Caliciviridae is the etiological agent of RHD. Typically, RHD presents with sudden death in 70% to 95% of infected animals. There have been four separate incursions of RHDV in the USA, the most recent of which occurred in the state of Indiana in June of 2005. Animal inoculation studies confirmed the pathogenicity of the Indiana 2005 isolate, which caused acute death and pathological changes characterized by acute diffuse severe liver necrosis and pulmonary hemorrhages. Complete viral genome sequences of all USA outbreak isolates were determined and comparative genomics revealed that each outbreak was the result of a separate introduction of virus rather than from a single virus lineage. All of the USA isolates clustered with RHDV genomes from China, and phylogenetic analysis of the major capsid protein (VP60) revealed that they were related to a pandemic antigenic variant strain known as RHDVa. Rapid spread of the RHDVa pandemic suggests a selective advantage for this new subtype. Given its rapid spread, pathogenic nature, and potential to further evolve, possibly broadening its host range to include other genera native to the Americas, RHDVa should be regarded as a threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T McIntosh
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Shawn C Behan
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Fawzi M Mohamed
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Lu
- Department of Homeland Security, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Karen E Moran
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Thomas G Burrage
- Department of Homeland Security, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - John G Neilan
- Department of Homeland Security, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Gordon B Ward
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Giuliana Botti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna via Bianchi, 9 – 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Capucci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna via Bianchi, 9 – 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Samia A Metwally
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
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14
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Gilles J, Litrico I, Tillard E, Duvallet G. Genetic structure and gene flow along an altitudinal gradient among two stomoxyine species (Diptera: Muscidae) on La Réunion Island. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2007; 44:433-9. [PMID: 17547228 DOI: 10.1603/0022-2585(2007)44[433:gsagfa]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal variations of insect population sizes are often dramatic, particularly in temperate regions and at altitudes where the climatic conditions are unfavorable to insect development during the winter. Decline of population size (or bottlenecks) and founder events may reduce the genetic variability and may create genetic differentiation between populations by drift and founder effects, but this reduction of genetic diversity is strongly influenced by gene flow between populations. In this study, we determined the population genetic structure for two stomoxyine species (Diptera: Muscidae), Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) and Stomoxys niger niger Macquart, which co-occur in dairy barns along an altitudinal gradient on La Réunion island. Using microsatellite markers, we quantified the genetic variation within and among populations for different altitudes. This study displays that, contrary to expectations, genetic diversity is not correlated with altitude and that genetic differentiation is not larger among high-altitude populations than among low-altitude populations. These results attest to the small drift and founder effects in high-altitude populations despite drastic decreases in population size during the winter. Furthermore, at the island scale, the populations of S. calcitrans were slightly differentiated, but those of S. niger niger were not. Together, the results revealed large levels of gene flow on La Réunion Island despite the dramatic geographic barriers, and they emphasize the importance of considering agricultural practices to restrict the dispersal of stomoxyines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Gilles
- Institut für Vergleichende Tropenmedizin und Parasitologie-Leopoldstrasse 5, D-80802 München, Germany.
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15
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Henning J, Pfeiffer DU, Davies PR, Meers J, Morris RS. Temporal dynamics of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus infection in a low-density population of wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in New Zealand. WILDLIFE RESEARCH 2006. [DOI: 10.1071/wr03059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A longitudinal capture–mark–recapture study was conducted to determine the temporal dynamics of rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) in a European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) population of low to moderate density on sand-hill country in the lower North Island of New Zealand. A combination of sampling (trapping and radio-tracking) and diagnostic (cELISA, PCR and isotype ELISA) methods was employed to obtain data weekly from May 1998 until June 2001. Although rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) infection was detected in the study population in all 3 years, disease epidemics were evident only in the late summer or autumn months in 1999 and 2001. Overall, 20% of 385 samples obtained from adult animals older than 11 weeks were seropositive. An RHD outbreak in 1999 contributed to an estimated population decline of 26%. A second RHD epidemic in February 2001 was associated with a population decline of 52% over the subsequent month. Following the outbreaks, the seroprevalence in adult survivors was between 40% and 50%. During 2000, no deaths from RHDV were confirmed and mortalities were predominantly attributed to predation. Influx of seronegative immigrants was greatest in the 1999 and 2001 breeding seasons, and preceded the RHD epidemics in those years. Our data suggest that RHD epidemics require the population immunity level to fall below a threshold where propagation of infection can be maintained through the population.
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