1
|
Wojczulanis-Jakubas K, Hoover B, Jakubas D, Fort J, Grémillet D, Gavrilo M, Zielińska S, Zagalska-Neubauer M. Diversity of major histocompatibility complex of II B gene and mate choice in a monogamous and long-lived seabird, the Little Auk (Alle alle). PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304275. [PMID: 38865310 PMCID: PMC11168636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) plays a key role in the adaptive immune system of vertebrates, and is known to influence mate choice in many species. In birds, the MHC has been extensively examined but mainly in galliforms and passerines while other taxa that represent specific ecological and evolutionary life-histories, like seabirds, are underexamined. Here, we characterized diversity of MHC Class II B exon 2 in a colonial pelagic seabird, the Little Auk (or Dovekie Alle alle). We further examined whether MHC variation could be maintained through balancing selection and disassortative mating. We found high polymorphism at the genotyped MHC fragment, characterizing 99 distinct alleles across 140 individuals from three populations. The alleles frequencies exhibited a similar skewed distribution in both sexes, with the four most commonly occurring alleles representing approximately 35% of allelic variation. The results of a Bayesian site-by-site selection analysis suggest evidence of balancing selection and no direct evidence for MHC-dependent disassortative mating preferences in the Little Auk. The latter result might be attributed to the high overall polymorphism of the examined fragment, which itself may be maintained by the large population size of the species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian Hoover
- Farallon Institute, Petaluma, California, United States of America
| | - Dariusz Jakubas
- Department of Vertebrate Ecology and Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jérôme Fort
- Littoral, Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266 CNRS – La Rochelle University, 17000 La Rochelle, France
| | - David Grémillet
- Excellence Chair Nouvelle Aquitaine - CEBC UMR 7372 CNRS, La Rochelle Université, Villiers-en-Bois, France & FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | | | - Sylwia Zielińska
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Napolitano C, Sacristán I, Acuña F, Aguilar E, García S, López-Jara MJ, Cabello J, Hidalgo-Hermoso E, Poulin E, Grueber CE. Assessing micro-macroparasite selective pressures and anthropogenic disturbance as drivers of immune gene diversity in a Neotropical wild cat. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 897:166289. [PMID: 37591403 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic environmental change is reducing available habitat for wild species, providing novel selection pressures such as infectious diseases and causing species to interact in new ways. The potential for emerging infectious diseases and zoonoses at the interface between humans, domestic animals, and wild species is a key global concern. In vertebrates, diversity at the major histocompatibility complex MHC is critical to disease resilience, and its study in wild populations provides insights into eco-evolutionary dynamics that human activities alter. In natural populations, variation at MHC loci is partly maintained by balancing selection, driven by pathogenic selective pressures. We hypothesize that MHC genetic diversity differs between guigna populations inhabiting human-dominated landscapes (higher pathogen pressures) versus more natural habitats (lower pathogen pressures). We predict that MHC diversity in guignas would be highest in human-dominated landscapes compared with continuous forest habitats. We also expected to find higher MHC diversity in guignas infected with micro and macro parasites (higher parasite load) versus non infected guignas. We characterized for the first time the genetic diversity at three MHC class I and II exons in 128 wild guignas (Leopardus guigna) across their distribution range in Chile (32-46° S) and Argentina, representing landscapes with varying levels of human disturbance. We integrated MHC sequence diversity with multiple measures of anthropogenic disturbance and both micro and macro parasite infection data. We also assessed signatures of positive selection acting on MHC genes. We found significantly higher MHC class I diversity in guignas inhabiting landscapes where houses were present, and with lower percentage of vegetation cover, and also in animals with more severe cardiorespiratory helminth infection (richness and intensity) and micro-macroparasite co-infection. This comprehensive, landscape-level assessment further enhances our knowledge on the evolutionary dynamics and adaptive potential of vertebrates in the face of emerging infectious disease threats and increasing anthropogenic impacts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Constanza Napolitano
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Biodiversidad, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile; Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity (IEB), Concepción, Chile; Cape Horn International Center (CHIC), Puerto Williams, Chile.
| | - Irene Sacristán
- Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile; Animal Health Research Centre, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Centro Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisca Acuña
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Emilio Aguilar
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastián García
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María José López-Jara
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javier Cabello
- Chiloé Silvestre Center for the Conservation of Biodiversity, Ancud, Chile
| | | | - Elie Poulin
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity (IEB), Concepción, Chile; Millennium Institute of Biodiversity of Antarctic and Subantarctic Ecosystems and Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Catherine E Grueber
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lam DK, Frantz AC, Burke T, Geffen E, Sin SYW. Both selection and drift drive the spatial pattern of adaptive genetic variation in a wild mammal. Evolution 2023; 77:221-238. [PMID: 36626810 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpac014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) has been intensively studied for the relative effects of different evolutionary forces in recent decades. Pathogen-mediated balancing selection is generally thought to explain the high polymorphism observed in MHC genes, but it is still unclear to what extent MHC diversity is shaped by selection relative to neutral drift. In this study, we genotyped MHC class II DRB genes and 15 neutral microsatellite loci across 26 geographic populations of European badgers (Meles meles) covering most of their geographic range. By comparing variation of microsatellite and diversity of MHC at different levels, we demonstrate that both balancing selection and drift have shaped the evolution of MHC genes. When only MHC allelic identity was investigated, the spatial pattern of MHC variation was similar to that of microsatellites. By contrast, when functional aspects of the MHC diversity (e.g., immunological supertypes) were considered, balancing selection appears to decrease genetic structuring across populations. Our comprehensive sampling and analytical approach enable us to conclude that the likely mechanisms of selection are heterozygote advantage and/or rare-allele advantage. This study is a clear demonstration of how both balancing selection and genetic drift simultaneously affect the evolution of MHC genes in a widely distributed wild mammal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Derek Kong Lam
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alain C Frantz
- Musée National d'Histoire Naturelle, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Terry Burke
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Eli Geffen
- School of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Simon Yung Wa Sin
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Vlček J, Miláček M, Vinkler M, Štefka J. Effect of population size and selection on Toll-like receptor diversity in populations of Galápagos mockingbirds. J Evol Biol 2023; 36:109-120. [PMID: 36398499 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The interactions of evolutionary forces are difficult to analyse in free-living populations. However, when properly understood, they provide valuable insights into evolutionary biology and conservation genetics. This is particularly important for the interplay of genetic drift and natural selection in immune genes that confer resistance to disease. The Galápagos Islands are inhabited by four closely related species of mockingbirds (Mimus spp.). We used 12 different-sized populations of Galápagos mockingbirds and one population of their continental relative northern mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos) to study the effects of genetic drift on the molecular evolution of immune genes, the Toll-like receptors (TLRs: TLR1B, TLR4 and TLR15). We found that neutral genetic diversity was positively correlated with island size, indicating an important effect of genetic drift. However, for TLR1B and TLR4, there was little correlation between functional (e.g., protein) diversity and island size, and protein structural properties were largely conserved, indicating only a limited effect of genetic drift on molecular phenotype. By contrast, TLR15 was less conserved and even its putative functional polymorphism correlated with island size. The patterns observed for the three genes suggest that genetic drift does not necessarily dominate selection even in relatively small populations, but that the final outcome depends on the degree of selection constraint that is specific for each TLR locus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Vlček
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Department of Zoology, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice Faculty of Science, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Department of Botany, Charles University Faculty of Science, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Matěj Miláček
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Department of Zoology, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice Faculty of Science, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Vinkler
- Department of Zoology, Charles University Faculty of Science, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Štefka
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Department of Zoology, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice Faculty of Science, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
He K, Zhu Y, Yang SC, Ye Q, Fang SG, Wan QH. Major histocompatibility complex genomic investigation of endangered Chinese alligator provides insights into the evolution of tetrapod major histocompatibility complex and survival of critically bottlenecked species. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.1078058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundThe major histocompatibility complex (MHC) gene family, a vital immune gene family in vertebrates, helps animals defend against pathogens. The polymorphism of MHC genes is important for a species and is considered to be caused by the numerous alleles of MHC antigen-presenting genes. However, the mechanism of this process is unclear due to the lack of data on the MHC structure. The evolutionary trajectories of the tetrapod MHC are also unclear because of insufficient studies on the reptile MHC architecture. Here, we studied the Chinese alligator (Alligator sinensis), which experienced a population bottleneck, but the population increased rapidly in the past 30 years and is proposed to have a unique MHC system to face pathogenic challenges.ResultsWe successfully constructed a 2 Mb MHC region using bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library and genome data of the Chinese alligator and checked the antigen-presenting genes using transcriptome data and the rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) technique. The MHC architecture reported here uncovers adjacent Class I and Class II subregions and a unique CD1 subregion. This newly added information suggested that the Class I-II structure pattern was more ancient in tetrapods and helped reconstruct the evolution of the MHC region architecture. We also found multiple groups of MHC class I (MHC-I) (12 duplicated loci, belonging to three groups, two of which were novel) and MHC class II (MHC-II) (11 duplicated loci, belonging to two groups) inside the 2 Mb MHC region, and there were three more duplicated MHC-I loci outside it. These highly duplicated antigen-presenting loci had differences in expression, amino acid length of antigen-presenting exons, and splice signal of exon and intron, which together promoted the polymorphism of duplicated genes. Although the MHC antigen-presenting genes were identified as monomorphic or oligomorphic in our previous population study, the loci with high copy numbers and many differences can make up for this loss, presenting another mechanism for polymorphism in antigen presentation. These MHC-I and MHC-IIB loci with low polymorphism for each locus, but high numbers in all, may also contribute to MHC antigen-presenting binding variability in a population.ConclusionTo summarize, the fine MHC region architecture of reptiles presented in this study completes the evolutionary trajectories of the MHC structure in tetrapods, and these distinctive MHC gene groups in the Chinese alligator may have helped this species to expand rapidly in the past recent years.
Collapse
|
6
|
Petersen RM, Bergey CM, Roos C, Higham JP. Relationship between genome-wide and MHC class I and II genetic diversity and complementarity in a nonhuman primate. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9346. [PMID: 36311412 PMCID: PMC9596323 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Although mate choice is expected to favor partners with advantageous genetic properties, the relative importance of genome‐wide characteristics, such as overall heterozygosity or kinship, versus specific loci, is unknown. To disentangle genome‐wide and locus‐specific targets of mate choice, we must first understand congruence in global and local variation within the same individual. This study compares genetic diversity, both absolute and relative to other individuals (i.e., complementarity), assessed across the genome to that found at the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), a hyper‐variable gene family integral to immune system function and implicated in mate choice across species. Using DNA from 22 captive olive baboons (Papio anubis), we conducted double digest restriction site‐associated DNA sequencing to estimate genome‐wide heterozygosity and kinship, and sequenced two class I and two class II MHC loci. We found that genome‐wide diversity was not associated with MHC diversity, and that diversity at class I MHC loci was not correlated with diversity at class II loci. Additionally, kinship was a significant predictor of the number of MHC alleles shared between dyads at class II loci. Our results provide further evidence of the strong selective pressures maintaining genetic diversity at the MHC in comparison to other randomly selected sites throughout the genome. Furthermore, our results indicate that class II MHC disassortative mate choice may mediate inbreeding avoidance in this population. Our study suggests that mate choice favoring genome‐wide genetic diversity is not always synonymous with mate choice favoring MHC diversity, and highlights the importance of controlling for kinship when investigating MHC‐associated mate choice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M. Petersen
- Department of AnthropologyNew York UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA,New York Consortium in Evolutionary PrimatologyNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Christina M. Bergey
- Department of Genetics and the Human Genetics Institute of New JerseyRutgers UniversityPiscatawayNew JerseyUSA
| | - Christian Roos
- Gene Bank of Primates and Primate Genetics LaboratoryGerman Primate CenterLeibniz Institute for Primate ResearchGöttingenGermany
| | - James P. Higham
- Department of AnthropologyNew York UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA,New York Consortium in Evolutionary PrimatologyNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Diversity of the MHC class II DRB gene in the wolverine (Carnivora: Mustelidae: Gulo gulo) in Finland. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267609. [PMID: 35536786 PMCID: PMC9089919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The wolverine (Gulo gulo) in Finland has undergone significant population declines in the past. Since major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes encode proteins involved in pathogen recognition, the diversity of these genes provides insights into the immunological fitness of regional populations. We sequenced 862 amplicons (242 bp) of MHC class II DRB exon 2 from 32 Finnish wolverines and identified 11 functional alleles and three pseudogenes. A molecular phylogenetic analysis indicated trans-species polymorphism, and PAML and MEME analyses indicated positive selection, suggesting that the Finnish wolverine DRB genes have evolved under balancing and positive selection. In contrast to DRB gene analyses in other species, allele frequencies in the Finnish wolverines clearly indicated the existence of two regional subpopulations, congruent with previous studies based on neutral genetic markers. In the Finnish wolverine, rapid population declines in the past have promoted genetic drift, resulting in a lower genetic diversity of DRB loci, including fewer alleles and positively selected sites, than other mustelid species analyzed previously. Our data suggest that the MHC region in the Finnish wolverine population was likely affected by a recent bottleneck.
Collapse
|
8
|
Otto M, Zheng Y, Wiehe T. Recombination, selection and the evolution of tandem gene arrays. Genetics 2022; 221:6572811. [PMID: 35460227 PMCID: PMC9252282 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyac052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multigene families—immunity genes or sensory receptors, for instance—are often subject to diversifying selection. Allelic diversity may be favored not only through balancing or frequency-dependent selection at individual loci but also by associating different alleles in multicopy gene families. Using a combination of analytical calculations and simulations, we explored a population genetic model of epistatic selection and unequal recombination, where a trade-off exists between the benefit of allelic diversity and the cost of copy abundance. Starting from the neutral case, where we showed that gene copy number is Gamma distributed at equilibrium, we derived also the mean and shape of the limiting distribution under selection. Considering a more general model, which includes variable population size and population substructure, we explored by simulations mean fitness and some summary statistics of the copy number distribution. We determined the relative effects of selection, recombination, and demographic parameters in maintaining allelic diversity and shaping the mean fitness of a population. One way to control the variance of copy number is by lowering the rate of unequal recombination. Indeed, when encoding recombination by a rate modifier locus, we observe exactly this prediction. Finally, we analyzed the empirical copy number distribution of 3 genes in human and estimated recombination and selection parameters of our model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Otto
- Institut für Genetik, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Straße 47a, 50674 Köln, Germany
| | - Yichen Zheng
- Institut für Genetik, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Straße 47a, 50674 Köln, Germany
| | - Thomas Wiehe
- Institut für Genetik, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Straße 47a, 50674 Köln, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Davies CS, Taylor MI, Hammers M, Burke T, Komdeur J, Dugdale HL, Richardson DS. Contemporary evolution of the innate immune receptor gene TLR3 in an isolated vertebrate population. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:2528-2542. [PMID: 33949028 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Understanding where genetic variation exists, and how it influences fitness within populations is important from an evolutionary and conservation perspective. Signatures of past selection suggest that pathogen-mediated balancing selection is a key driver of immunogenetic variation, but studies tracking contemporary evolution are needed to help resolve the evolutionary forces and mechanism at play. Previous work in a bottlenecked population of Seychelles warblers (Acrocephalus sechellensis) show that functional variation has been maintained at the viral-sensing Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) gene, including one nonsynonymous SNP, resulting in two alleles. Here, we characterise evolution at this TLR3 locus over a 25-year period within the original remnant population of the Seychelles warbler, and in four other derived, populations. Results show a significant and consistent temporal decline in the frequency of the TLR3C allele in the original population, and that similar declines in the TLR3C allele frequency occurred in all the derived populations. Individuals (of both sexes) with the TLR3CC genotype had lower survival, and males - but not females - that carry the TLR3C allele had significantly lower lifetime reproductive success than those with only the TLR3A allele. These results indicate that positive selection on the TLR3A allele, caused by an as yet unknown agent, is driving TLR3 evolution in the Seychelles warbler. No evidence of heterozygote advantage was detected. However, whether the positive selection observed is part of a longer-term pattern of balancing selection (through fluctuating selection or rare-allele advantage) cannot be resolved without tracking the TLR3C allele over an extended time period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charli S Davies
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk, UK
| | - Martin I Taylor
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk, UK
| | - Martijn Hammers
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Terry Burke
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Jan Komdeur
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hannah L Dugdale
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - David S Richardson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk, UK.,Nature Seychelles, Roche Caiman, Mahé, Republic of Seychelles
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Peng F, Ballare KM, Hollis Woodard S, den Haan S, Bolnick DI. What evolutionary processes maintain MHC IIꞵ diversity within and among populations of stickleback? Mol Ecol 2021; 30:1659-1671. [PMID: 33576071 PMCID: PMC8049082 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) genes code for proteins that recognize foreign protein antigens to initiate T-cell-mediated adaptive immune responses. They are often the most polymorphic genes in vertebrate genomes. How evolution maintains this diversity remains of debate. Three main hypotheses seek to explain the maintenance of MHC diversity by invoking pathogen-mediated selection: heterozygote advantage, frequency-dependent selection, and fluctuating selection across landscapes or through time. Here, we use a large-scale field parasite survey in a stickleback metapopulation to test predictions derived from each of these hypotheses. We identify over 1000 MHC IIβ variants (alleles spanning paralogous genes) and find that many of them covary positively or negatively with parasite load, suggesting that these genes contribute to resistance or susceptibility. However, despite our large sample-size, we find no evidence for the widely cited stabilizing selection on MHC heterozygosity, in which individuals with an intermediate number of MHC variants have the lowest parasite burden. Nor do we observe a rare-variant advantage, or widespread fluctuating selection across populations. In contrast, we find that MHC diversity is best predicted by neutral genome-wide heterozygosity and between-population genomic divergence, suggesting neutral processes are important in shaping the pattern of metapopulation MHC diversity. Thus, although MHC IIβ is highly diverse and relevant to the type and intensity of macroparasite infection in these populations of stickleback, the main models of MHC evolution still provide little explanatory power in this system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Foen Peng
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsCTUSA
| | - Kimberly M. Ballare
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaSanta CruzCAUSA
| | | | | | - Daniel I. Bolnick
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsCTUSA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zapata D, Rivera-Gutierrez HF, Parra JL, Gonzalez-Quevedo C. Low adaptive and neutral genetic diversity in the endangered Antioquia wren (Thryophilus sernai). CONSERV GENET 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-020-01313-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
12
|
Funk ER, Spellman GM, Winker K, Withrow JJ, Ruegg KC, Zavaleta E, Taylor SA. Phylogenomic Data Reveal Widespread Introgression Across the Range of an Alpine and Arctic Specialist. Syst Biol 2020; 70:527-541. [PMID: 32941630 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syaa071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding how gene flow affects population divergence and speciation remains challenging. Differentiating one evolutionary process from another can be difficult because multiple processes can produce similar patterns, and more than one process can occur simultaneously. Although simple population models produce predictable results, how these processes balance in taxa with patchy distributions and complicated natural histories is less certain. These types of populations might be highly connected through migration (gene flow), but can experience stronger effects of genetic drift and inbreeding, or localized selection. Although different signals can be difficult to separate, the application of high-throughput sequence data can provide the resolution necessary to distinguish many of these processes. We present whole-genome sequence data for an avian species group with an alpine and arctic tundra distribution to examine the role that different population genetic processes have played in their evolutionary history. Rosy-finches inhabit high elevation mountaintop sky islands and high-latitude island and continental tundra. They exhibit extensive plumage variation coupled with low levels of genetic variation. Additionally, the number of species within the complex is debated, making them excellent for studying the forces involved in the process of diversification, as well as an important species group in which to investigate species boundaries. Total genomic variation suggests a broadly continuous pattern of allele frequency changes across the mainland taxa of this group in North America. However, phylogenomic analyses recover multiple distinct, well supported, groups that coincide with previously described morphological variation and current species-level taxonomy. Tests of introgression using D-statistics and approximate Bayesian computation reveal significant levels of introgression between multiple North American taxa. These results provide insight into the balance between divergent and homogenizing population genetic processes and highlight remaining challenges in interpreting conflict between different types of analytical approaches with whole-genome sequence data. [ABBA-BABA; approximate Bayesian computation; gene flow; phylogenomics; speciation; whole-genome sequencing.].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik R Funk
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, 1900 Pleasant St. 334 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Garth M Spellman
- Department of Zoology, Denver Museum of Nature and Science, 2001 Colorado Blvd., Denver, CO 80205, USA
| | - Kevin Winker
- University of Alaska Museum, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 1962 Yukon Dr., Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| | - Jack J Withrow
- University of Alaska Museum, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 1962 Yukon Dr., Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| | - Kristen C Ruegg
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, 251 W Pitkin St., Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Erika Zavaleta
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High St., Santa Cruz CA, 95064, USA
| | - Scott A Taylor
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, 1900 Pleasant St. 334 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Arauco-Shapiro G, Schumacher KI, Boersma D, Bouzat JL. The role of demographic history and selection in shaping genetic diversity of the Galápagos penguin (Spheniscus mendiculus). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0226439. [PMID: 31910443 PMCID: PMC6946592 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although many studies have documented the effects of demographic bottlenecks on the genetic diversity of natural populations, there is conflicting evidence of the roles that genetic drift and selection may play in driving changes in genetic variation at adaptive loci. We analyzed genetic variation at microsatellite and mitochondrial loci in conjunction with an adaptive MHC class II locus in the Galápagos penguin (Spheniscus mendiculus), a species that has undergone serial demographic bottlenecks associated with El Niño events through its evolutionary history. We compared levels of variation in the Galápagos penguin to those of its congener, the Magellanic penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus), which has consistently maintained a large population size and thus was used as a non-bottlenecked control. The comparison of neutral and adaptive markers in these two demographically distinct species allowed assessment of the potential role of balancing selection in maintaining levels of MHC variation during bottleneck events. Our analysis suggests that the lack of genetic diversity at both neutral and adaptive loci in the Galápagos penguin likely resulted from its restricted range, relatively low abundance, and history of demographic bottlenecks. The Galápagos penguin revealed two MHC alleles, one mitochondrial haplotype, and six alleles across five microsatellite loci, which represents only a small fraction of the diversity detected in Magellanic penguins. Despite the decreased genetic diversity in the Galápagos penguin, results revealed signals of balancing selection at the MHC, which suggest that selection can mitigate some of the effects of genetic drift during bottleneck events. Although Galápagos penguin populations have persisted for a long time, increased frequency of El Niño events due to global climate change, as well as the low diversity exhibited at immunological loci, may put this species at further risk of extinction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Arauco-Shapiro
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Katelyn I. Schumacher
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Dee Boersma
- Center for Ecosystem Sentinels and Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Juan L. Bouzat
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhu D, Chen H, Ou X, Liu M, Wang M, Zhao X, Jia R, Chen S, Sun K, Yang Q, Wu Y, Chen X, Cheng A. Comparison of immunohistochemistry and Ziehl-Neelsen staining for detecting the distribution of Mycobacterium avium subsp avium in naturally infected domestic Pekin ducks (Anas platyrhynchos domestica). Vet Med Sci 2019; 6:242-247. [PMID: 31770824 PMCID: PMC7196683 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to detect the distribution of Mycobacterium avium subsp avium (MAA) in naturally infected domestic Pekin ducks, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) staining were used and compared. Six organs, the liver, spleen, lung, kidney, duodenum and pectoralis muscle, were collected from naturally infected Pekin ducks. Paraffin embedded tissues were examined, and the results were compared. Statistical analysis was performed using Chi-Square test. The results showed that the detection rates by IHC were similar with ZN staining in liver, lung, spleen and pectoralis muscle, but the detection rates by IHC were much higher than ZN staining in kidney and duodenum (p = .013, p = .0044). The liver (87.5%) and lung (81.3%) had the highest detection rates. Acid-fast bacilli (AFB) were primarily found intracellularly in six organs using ZN staining. Similarly, the MAA antigens in those selected organs were also detected in the cytoplasm with different cell types. Specifically, MAA antigen was distributed in epithelioid macrophages and necrotic centres within the liver, lung, spleen and kidney, while they were observed in macrophages of the lamina propria and duodenal glands and degenerative myocytes in the pectoralis muscle. This comparative study provides an important insight into the distribution of MAA in infected domestic ducks and indicates that the detection rate by IHC was higher than that of ZN staining.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dekang Zhu
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hongxi Chen
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xumin Ou
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Kunfeng Sun
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoyue Chen
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
O'Connor EA, Westerdahl H, Burri R, Edwards SV. Avian MHC Evolution in the Era of Genomics: Phase 1.0. Cells 2019; 8:E1152. [PMID: 31561531 PMCID: PMC6829271 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Birds are a wonderfully diverse and accessible clade with an exceptional range of ecologies and behaviors, making the study of the avian major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of great interest. In the last 20 years, particularly with the advent of high-throughput sequencing, the avian MHC has been explored in great depth in several dimensions: its ability to explain ecological patterns in nature, such as mating preferences; its correlation with parasite resistance; and its structural evolution across the avian tree of life. Here, we review the latest pulse of avian MHC studies spurred by high-throughput sequencing. Despite high-throughput approaches to MHC studies, substantial areas remain in need of improvement with regard to our understanding of MHC structure, diversity, and evolution. Recent studies of the avian MHC have nonetheless revealed intriguing connections between MHC structure and life history traits, and highlight the advantages of long-term ecological studies for understanding the patterns of MHC variation in the wild. Given the exceptional diversity of birds, their accessibility, and the ease of sequencing their genomes, studies of avian MHC promise to improve our understanding of the many dimensions and consequences of MHC variation in nature. However, significant improvements in assembling complete MHC regions with long-read sequencing will be required for truly transformative studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Reto Burri
- Department of Population Ecology, Institute of Ecology & Evolution, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07737 Jena, Germany.
| | - Scott V Edwards
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Affiliation(s)
- Graham P. Wallis
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Montero BK, Refaly E, Ramanamanjato J, Randriatafika F, Rakotondranary SJ, Wilhelm K, Ganzhorn JU, Sommer S. Challenges of next-generation sequencing in conservation management: Insights from long-term monitoring of corridor effects on the genetic diversity of mouse lemurs in a fragmented landscape. Evol Appl 2019; 12:425-442. [PMID: 30828365 PMCID: PMC6383737 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term genetic monitoring of populations is essential for efforts aimed at preserving genetic diversity of endangered species. Here, we employ a framework of long-term genetic monitoring to evaluate the effects of fragmentation and the effectiveness of the establishment of corridors in restoring population connectivity and genetic diversity of mouse lemurs Microcebus ganzhorni. To this end, we supplement estimates of neutral genetic diversity with the assessment of adaptive genetic variability of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). In addition, we address the challenges of long-term genetic monitoring of functional diversity by comparing the genotyping performance and estimates of MHC variability generated by single-stranded conformation polymorphism (SSCP)/Sanger sequencing with those obtained by high-throughput sequencing (next-generation sequencing [NGS], Illumina), an issue that is particularly relevant when previous work serves as a baseline for planning management strategies that aim to ensure the viability of a population. We report that SSCP greatly underestimates individual diversity and that discrepancies in estimates of MHC diversity attributable to the comparisons of traditional and NGS genotyping techniques can influence the conclusions drawn from conservation management scenarios. Evidence of migration among fragments in Mandena suggests that mouse lemurs are robust to the process of fragmentation and that the effect of corridors is masked by ongoing gene flow. Nonetheless, results based on a larger number of shared private alleles at neutral loci between fragment pairs found after the establishment of corridors in Mandena suggest that gene flow is augmented as a result of enhanced connectivity. Our data point out that despite low effective population size, M. ganzhorni maintains high individual heterozygosity at neutral loci and at MHC II DRB gene and that selection plays a predominant role in maintaining MHC diversity. These findings highlight the importance of long-term genetic monitoring in order to disentangle between the processes of drift and selection maintaining adaptive genetic diversity in small populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B. Karina Montero
- Animal Ecology and ConservationHamburg UniversityHamburgGermany
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation GenomicsUniversity of UlmUlmGermany
| | | | | | | | | | - Kerstin Wilhelm
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation GenomicsUniversity of UlmUlmGermany
| | | | - Simone Sommer
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation GenomicsUniversity of UlmUlmGermany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
DeCandia AL, Henger CS, Krause A, Gormezano LJ, Weckel M, Nagy C, Munshi-South J, vonHoldt BM. Genetics of urban colonization: neutral and adaptive variation in coyotes (Canis latrans) inhabiting the New York metropolitan area. JOURNAL OF URBAN ECOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jue/juz002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra L DeCandia
- Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, 106A Guyot Hall, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Carol S Henger
- Louis Calder Center—Biological Field Station, Fordham University, 31 Whippoorwill Road, Armonk, NY, USA
| | - Amelia Krause
- Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, 106A Guyot Hall, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Linda J Gormezano
- American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West & 79th Street, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mark Weckel
- American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West & 79th Street, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Jason Munshi-South
- Louis Calder Center—Biological Field Station, Fordham University, 31 Whippoorwill Road, Armonk, NY, USA
| | - Bridgett M vonHoldt
- Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, 106A Guyot Hall, Princeton, NJ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Minias P, Pikus E, Anderwald D. Allelic diversity and selection at the MHC class I and class II in a bottlenecked bird of prey, the White-tailed Eagle. BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:2. [PMID: 30611206 PMCID: PMC6321662 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-018-1338-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Genes of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) are essential for adaptive immune response in vertebrates, as they encode receptors that recognize peptides derived from the processing of intracellular (MHC class I) and extracellular (MHC class II) pathogens. High MHC diversity in natural populations is primarily generated and maintained by pathogen-mediated diversifying and balancing selection. It is, however, debated whether selection at the MHC can counterbalance the effects of drift in bottlenecked populations. The aim of this study was to assess allelic diversity of MHC genes in a recently bottlenecked bird of prey, the White-tailed Eagle Haliaeetus albicilla, as well as to compare mechanisms that shaped the evolution of MHC class I and class II in this species. Results We showed that significant levels of MHC diversity were retained in the core Central European (Polish) population of White-tailed Eagles. Ten MHC class I and 17 MHC class II alleles were recovered in total and individual birds showed high average MHC diversity (3.80 and 6.48 MHC class I and class II alleles per individual, respectively). Distribution of alleles within individuals provided evidence for the presence of at least three class I and five class II loci the White-tailed Eagle, which suggests recent duplication events. MHC class II showed greater sequence polymorphism than MHC class I and there was much stronger signature of diversifying selection acting on MHC class II than class I. Phylogenetic analysis provided evidence for trans-species similarity of class II, but not class I, sequences, which is likely consistent with stronger balancing selection at MHC class II. Conclusions Relatively high MHC diversity retained in the White-tailed Eagles from northern Poland reinforces high conservation value of local eagle populations. At the same time, our study is the first to demonstrate contrasting patterns of allelic diversity and selection at MHC class I and class II in an accipitrid species, supporting the hypothesis that different mechanisms can shape evolutionary trajectories of MHC class I and class II genes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12862-018-1338-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Minias
- Department of Biodiversity Studies and Bioeducation, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 1/3, 90-237, Łódź, Poland.
| | - Ewa Pikus
- Department of Biodiversity Studies and Bioeducation, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 1/3, 90-237, Łódź, Poland
| | - Dariusz Anderwald
- Eagle Conservation Committee, Niepodległości 53/55, 10-044, Olsztyn, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhang P, Huang K, Zhang B, Dunn DW, Chen D, Li F, Qi X, Guo S, Li B. High polymorphism in MHC-DRB genes in golden snub-nosed monkeys reveals balancing selection in small, isolated populations. BMC Evol Biol 2018. [PMID: 29534675 PMCID: PMC5851093 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-018-1148-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Maintaining variation in immune genes, such as those of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), is important for individuals in small, isolated populations to resist pathogens and parasites. The golden snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana), an endangered primate endemic to China, has experienced a rapid reduction in numbers and severe population fragmentation over recent years. For this study, we measured the DRB diversity among 122 monkeys from three populations in the Qinling Mountains, and estimated the relative importance of different agents of selection in maintaining variation of DRB genes. Results We identified a total of 19 DRB sequences, in which five alleles were novel. We found high DRB variation in R. roxellana and three branches of evidence suggesting that balancing selection has contributed to maintaining MHC polymorphism over the long term in this species: i) different patterns of both genetic diversity and population differentiation were detected at MHC and neutral markers; ii) an excess of non-synonymous substitutions compared to synonymous substitutions at antigen binding sites, and maximum-likelihood-based random-site models, showed significant positive selection; and iii) phylogenetic analyses revealed a pattern of trans-species evolution for DRB genes. Conclusions High levels of DRB diversity in these R. roxellana populations may reflect strong selection pressure in this species. Patterns of genetic diversity and population differentiation, positive selection, as well as trans-species evolution, suggest that pathogen-mediated balancing selection has contributed to maintaining MHC polymorphism in R. roxellana over the long term. This study furthers our understanding of the role pathogen-mediated balancing selection has in maintaining variation in MHC genes in small and fragmented populations of free-ranging vertebrates. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12862-018-1148-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kang Huang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bingyi Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Derek W Dunn
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dan Chen
- Middle School Affiliated to Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fan Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaoguang Qi
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Songtao Guo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Baoguo Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China. .,Xi'an Branch of Chinese Academy of Science, Xi'an, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Elbers JP, Clostio RW, Taylor SS. Neutral Genetic Processes Influence MHC Evolution in Threatened Gopher Tortoises (Gopherus polyphemus). J Hered 2017; 108:515-523. [PMID: 28387863 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esx034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Levels of adaptive genetic variation influence how species deal with environmental and ecological change, but these levels are frequently inferred using neutral genetic markers. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes play a key role in the adaptive branch of the immune system and have been used extensively to estimate levels of adaptive genetic variation. Parts of the peptide binding region, sites where MHC molecules directly interact with pathogen and self-proteins, were sequenced from a MHC class I (95/441 tortoises) and class II (245/441 tortoises) gene in threatened and nonthreatened populations of gopher tortoises (Gopherus polyphemus), and adaptive genetic variation at MHC genes was compared to neutral genetic variation derived from 10 microsatellite loci (441 tortoises). Genetic diversity at the MHC class II locus and microsatellites was greater in populations in the nonthreatened portion of the gopher tortoise's range (MHC class II difference in mean A = 8.11, AR = 0.79, HO = 0.51, and HE = 0.16; microsatellite difference in mean A = 1.05 and AR = 0.47). Only MHC class II sequences showed evidence of positive selection (dN/dS > 1, Z = 1.81, P = 0.04). Historical gene flow as estimated with Migrate-N was greater than recent migration estimated with BayesAss, suggesting that populations were better connected in the past when habitat was less fragmented. MHC genetic differentiation was correlated with microsatellite differentiation (Mantel r = 0.431, P = 0.001) suggesting neutral genetic processes are influencing MHC evolution, and advantageous MHC alleles could be lost due to genetic drift.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean P Elbers
- School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University and AgCenter, 227 RNR Bldg., Baton Rouge, LA 70803; and Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA
| | - Rachel W Clostio
- School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University and AgCenter, 227 RNR Bldg., Baton Rouge, LA 70803; and Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA
| | - Sabrina S Taylor
- School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University and AgCenter, 227 RNR Bldg., Baton Rouge, LA 70803; and Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Grogan KE, Sauther ML, Cuozzo FP, Drea CM. Genetic wealth, population health: Major histocompatibility complex variation in captive and wild ring-tailed lemurs ( Lemur catta). Ecol Evol 2017; 7:7638-7649. [PMID: 29043021 PMCID: PMC5632616 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Across species, diversity at the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is critical to individual disease resistance and, hence, to population health; however, MHC diversity can be reduced in small, fragmented, or isolated populations. Given the need for comparative studies of functional genetic diversity, we investigated whether MHC diversity differs between populations which are open, that is experiencing gene flow, versus populations which are closed, that is isolated from other populations. Using the endangered ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta) as a model, we compared two populations under long-term study: a relatively "open," wild population (n = 180) derived from Bezà Mahafaly Special Reserve, Madagascar (2003-2013) and a "closed," captive population (n = 121) derived from the Duke Lemur Center (DLC, 1980-2013) and from the Indianapolis and Cincinnati Zoos (2012). For all animals, we assessed MHC-DRB diversity and, across populations, we compared the number of unique MHC-DRB alleles and their distributions. Wild individuals possessed more MHC-DRB alleles than did captive individuals, and overall, the wild population had more unique MHC-DRB alleles that were more evenly distributed than did the captive population. Despite management efforts to maintain or increase genetic diversity in the DLC population, MHC diversity remained static from 1980 to 2010. Since 2010, however, captive-breeding efforts resulted in the MHC diversity of offspring increasing to a level commensurate with that found in wild individuals. Therefore, loss of genetic diversity in lemurs, owing to small founder populations or reduced gene flow, can be mitigated by managed breeding efforts. Quantifying MHC diversity within individuals and between populations is the necessary first step to identifying potential improvements to captive management and conservation plans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen E. Grogan
- University Program in EcologyDuke UniversityDurhamNCUSA
- Department of Evolutionary AnthropologyDuke UniversityDurhamNCUSA
| | | | - Frank P. Cuozzo
- Lajuma Research CentreLouis Trichardt (Makhado)0920South Africa
| | - Christine M. Drea
- University Program in EcologyDuke UniversityDurhamNCUSA
- Department of Evolutionary AnthropologyDuke UniversityDurhamNCUSA
- Department of BiologyDuke UniversityDurhamNCUSA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Slade JWG, Sarquis-Adamson Y, Gloor GB, Lachance MA, MacDougall-Shackleton EA. Population Differences at MHC Do Not Explain Enhanced Resistance of Song Sparrows to Local Parasites. J Hered 2017; 108:127-134. [PMID: 27940472 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esw082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious disease represents an emerging threat to natural populations, particularly when hosts are more susceptible to novel parasites (allopatric) than to parasites from the local area (sympatric). This pattern could arise through evolutionary processes (host populations become adapted to their local parasites and genetically differentiated from other populations at immune-related loci) and/or through ecological interactions (host individuals develop resistance to local parasites through previous exposure). The relative importance of these candidate mechanisms remains unclear. In jawed vertebrates, genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) play a fundamental role in immunity and are compelling candidates for spatially varying selection. We recently showed that song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) are more susceptible to allopatric than to sympatric strains of malaria (Plasmodium). In the current study, to determine whether population differences at MHC explain this pattern, we characterized the peptide-binding regions of MHC (classes I and II) of birds that did or did not become infected in the previous experiment. We recovered up to 4 alleles per individual at class I, implying at least 2 loci, and up to 26 alleles per individual at class II, implying at least 13 loci. Individuals with more class I alleles were less likely to become infected by Plasmodium, consistent with parasite-mediated balancing selection. However, we found no evidence for population genetic differentiation at either class of MHC, based on 36 individuals sequenced. Resistance to sympatric parasites previously described for this system likely stems from individuals' prior immune experience, not from population differentiation and locally protective alleles at MHC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joel W G Slade
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Gregory B Gloor
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marc-André Lachance
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhai T, Yang HQ, Zhang RC, Fang LM, Zhong GH, Fang SG. Effects of Population Bottleneck and Balancing Selection on the Chinese Alligator Are Revealed by Locus-Specific Characterization of MHC Genes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5549. [PMID: 28717152 PMCID: PMC5514082 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05640-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese alligator (Alligator sinensis) is an endangered freshwater crocodilian endemic to China, which experienced a severe bottleneck about 30 years ago. In this study, we developed locus-specific primers to investigate the polymorphism of 3 major histocompatibility complex (MHC) loci in 3 Chinese alligator populations, in combination with 6 neutral microsatellite markers as a contrast. We found the genetic trace for the bottleneck effect on the endangered Chinese alligator: the low allelic diversity (2 alleles at each locus), the low nucleotide substitution rate (no more than 0.009) at all sites, the deviation from Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium/heterozygote deficiency, and the significant Tajima’s D values, indicating the MHC class I and class II loci being at different stages of bottleneck. We also obtained 3 pieces of evidence for balancing selection on this severely bottlenecked reptile: an obvious excess of nonsynonymous substitutions over synonymous at the antigen-binding positions, the mean synonymous substitution rate of MHC exons significantly higher than mean nucleotide substitution rate of introns, and the differentiation coefficient FST of MHC loci significantly lower than that of microsatellite loci. Consequently, we emphasize that the Chinese alligator holds a pretty low adaptive ability and requires scientific conservation strategies to ensure the long-term population development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teng Zhai
- The Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education, and State Conservation Center for Gene Resources of Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Hai-Qiong Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education, and State Conservation Center for Gene Resources of Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Rui-Can Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education, and State Conservation Center for Gene Resources of Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Li-Ming Fang
- Changxing Yinjiabian Chinese Alligator Nature Reserve, Changxing, Zhejiang, 313100, China
| | - Guo-Heng Zhong
- The Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education, and State Conservation Center for Gene Resources of Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Sheng-Guo Fang
- The Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education, and State Conservation Center for Gene Resources of Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Marmesat E, Schmidt K, Saveljev AP, Seryodkin IV, Godoy JA. Retention of functional variation despite extreme genomic erosion: MHC allelic repertoires in the Lynx genus. BMC Evol Biol 2017; 17:158. [PMID: 28676046 PMCID: PMC5496644 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-017-1006-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Demographic bottlenecks erode genetic diversity and may increase endangered species' extinction risk via decreased fitness and adaptive potential. The genetic status of species is generally assessed using neutral markers, whose dynamic can differ from that of functional variation due to selection. The MHC is a multigene family described as the most important genetic component of the mammalian immune system, with broad implications in ecology and evolution. The genus Lynx includes four species differing immensely in demographic history and population size, which provides a suitable model to study the genetic consequences of demographic declines: the Iberian lynx being an extremely bottlenecked species and the three remaining ones representing common and widely distributed species. We compared variation in the most variable exon of the MHCI and MHCII-DRB loci among the four species of the Lynx genus. RESULTS The Iberian lynx was characterised by lower number of MHC alleles than its sister species (the Eurasian lynx). However, it maintained most of the functional genetic variation at MHC loci present in the remaining and genetically healthier lynx species at all nucleotide, amino acid, and supertype levels. CONCLUSIONS Species-wide functional genetic diversity can be maintained even in the face of severe population bottlenecks, which caused devastating whole genome genetic erosion. This could be the consequence of divergent alleles being retained across paralogous loci, an outcome that, in the face of frequent gene conversion, may have been favoured by balancing selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Marmesat
- Department of Integrative Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana (CSIC), C/Américo Vespucio, 26, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Krzysztof Schmidt
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 17-230, Białowieża, Poland
| | - Alexander P Saveljev
- Department of Animal Ecology, Russian Research Institute of Game Management and Fur Farming, 79 Preobrazhenskaya Str, Kirov, 610000, Russia
| | - Ivan V Seryodkin
- Laboratory of Ecology and Conservation of Animals, Pacific Institute of Geography of Far East Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 7 Radio Street, Vladivostok, 690041, Russia
- Far Eastern Federal University, 8 Sukhanova Street, Vladivostok, 690091, Russia
| | - José A Godoy
- Department of Integrative Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana (CSIC), C/Américo Vespucio, 26, 41092, Sevilla, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Gilroy DL, Phillips KP, Richardson DS, van Oosterhout C. Toll-like receptor variation in the bottlenecked population of the Seychelles warbler: computer simulations see the 'ghost of selection past' and quantify the 'drift debt'. J Evol Biol 2017; 30:1276-1287. [PMID: 28370771 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Balancing selection can maintain immunogenetic variation within host populations, but detecting its signal in a postbottlenecked population is challenging due to the potentially overriding effects of drift. Toll-like receptor genes (TLRs) play a fundamental role in vertebrate immune defence and are predicted to be under balancing selection. We previously characterized variation at TLR loci in the Seychelles warbler (Acrocephalus sechellensis), an endemic passerine that has undergone a historical bottleneck. Five of seven TLR loci were polymorphic, which is in sharp contrast to the low genomewide variation observed. However, standard population genetic statistical methods failed to detect a contemporary signature of selection at any TLR locus. We examined whether the observed TLR polymorphism could be explained by neutral evolution, simulating the population's demography in the software DIYABC. This showed that the posterior distributions of mutation rates had to be unrealistically high to explain the observed genetic variation. We then conducted simulations with an agent-based model using typical values for the mutation rate, which indicated that weak balancing selection has acted on the three TLR genes. The model was able to detect evidence of past selection elevating TLR polymorphism in the prebottleneck populations, but was unable to discern any effects of balancing selection in the contemporary population. Our results show drift is the overriding evolutionary force that has shaped TLR variation in the contemporary Seychelles warbler population, and the observed TLR polymorphisms might be merely the 'ghost of selection past'. Forecast models predict immunogenetic variation in this species will continue to be eroded in the absence of contemporary balancing selection. Such 'drift debt' occurs when a gene pool has not yet reached its new equilibrium level of polymorphism, and this loss could be an important threat to many recently bottlenecked populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D L Gilroy
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - K P Phillips
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.,Evolutionary Biology Group, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - D S Richardson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.,Nature Seychelles, Mahe, Republic of Seychelles
| | - C van Oosterhout
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Villanova VL, Hughes PT, Hoffman EA. Combining genetic structure and demographic analyses to estimate persistence in endangered Key deer (Odocoileus virginianus clavium). CONSERV GENET 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-017-0958-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
28
|
Grueber CE, Sutton JT, Heber S, Briskie JV, Jamieson IG, Robertson BC. Reciprocal translocation of small numbers of inbred individuals rescues immunogenetic diversity. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:2660-2673. [PMID: 28214377 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Genetic rescue can reduce inbreeding depression and increase fitness of small populations, even when the donor populations are highly inbred. In a recent experiment involving two inbred island populations of the New Zealand South Island robin, Petroica australis, reciprocal translocations improved microsatellite diversity and individual fitness. While microsatellite loci may reflect patterns of genome-wide diversity, they generally do not indicate the specific genetic regions responsible for increased fitness. We tested the effectiveness of this reciprocal translocation for rescuing diversity of two immunogenetic regions: Toll-like receptor (TLR) and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes. We found that the relatively small number of migrants (seven and ten per island) effectively brought the characteristic TLR gene diversity of each source population into the recipient population. However, when migrants transmitted TLR alleles that were already present at high frequency in the recipient population, it was possible for offspring of mixed heritage to have decreased gene diversity compared to recipient population diversity prior to translocation. In contrast to TLRs, we did not observe substantial changes in MHC allelic diversity following translocation, with limited evidence of a decrease in differentiation, perhaps because most MHC alleles were observed at both sites prior to the translocation. Overall, we conclude that small numbers of migrants may successfully restore the diversity of immunogenetic loci with few alleles, but that translocating larger numbers of animals would provide additional opportunity for the genetic rescue of highly polymorphic immunity regions, such as the MHC, even when the source population is inbred.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E Grueber
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, RMC Gunn Building (B19), NSW 2006, Australia.,San Diego Zoo Global, PO Box 120551, San Diego, CA 92112, USA
| | - Jolene T Sutton
- Department of Biology, University of Hawai'i at Hilo, 200 West Kāwili Street, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
| | - Sol Heber
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - James V Briskie
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Ian G Jamieson
- Allan Wilson Centre for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Bruce C Robertson
- Allan Wilson Centre for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Li D, Sun K, Zhao Y, Lin A, Li S, Jiang Y, Feng J. Polymorphism in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC class II B) genes of the Rufous-backed Bunting ( Emberiza jankowskii). PeerJ 2017; 5:e2917. [PMID: 28149689 PMCID: PMC5270597 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic diversity is one of the pillars of conservation biology research. High genetic diversity and abundant genetic variation in an organism may be suggestive of capacity to adapt to various environmental changes. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is known to be highly polymorphic and plays an important role in immune function. It is also considered an ideal model system to investigate genetic diversity in wildlife populations. The Rufous-backed Bunting (Emberiza jankowskii) is an endangered species that has experienced a sharp decline in both population and habitat size. Many historically significant populations are no longer present in previously populated regions, with only three breeding populations present in Inner Mongolia (i.e., the Aolunhua, Gahaitu and Lubei557 populations). Efforts focused on facilitating the conservation of the Rufous-backed Bunting (Emberiza jankowskii) are becoming increasingly important. However, the genetic diversity of E. jankowskii has not been investigated. In the present study, polymorphism in exon 2 of the MHCIIB of E. jankowskii was investigated. This polymorphism was subsequently compared with a related species, the Meadow Bunting (Emberiza cioides). A total of 1.59 alleles/individual were detected in E. jankowskii and 1.73 alleles/individual were identified in E. cioides. The maximum number of alleles per individual from the three E. jankowskii populations suggest the existence of at least three functional loci, while the maximum number of alleles per individual from the three E. cioides populations suggest the presence of at least four functional loci. Two of the alleles were shared between the E. jankowskii and E. cioides. Among the 12 unique alleles identified in E. jankowskii, 10.17 segregating sites per allele were detected, and the nucleotide diversity was 0.1865. Among the 17 unique alleles identified in E. cioides, eight segregating sites per allele were detected, and the nucleotide diversity was 0.1667. Overall, compared to other passerine birds, a relatively low level of MHC polymorphism was revealed in E. jankowskii, which was similar to that in E. cioides. Positive selection was detected by PAML/SLAC/FEL analyses in the region encoding the peptide-binding region in both species, and no recombination was detected. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the alleles from E. jankowskii and E. cioides belong to the same clade and the two species shared similar alleles, suggesting the occurrence of a trans-species polymorphism between the two Emberiza species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Keping Sun
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University , Changchun , China
| | - Yunjiao Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun , China
| | - Aiqing Lin
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University , Changchun , China
| | - Shi Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun , China
| | - Yunlei Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun , China
| | - Jiang Feng
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University , Changchun , China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Lillie M, Dubey S, Shine R, Belov K. Variation in Major Histocompatibility Complex diversity in invasive cane toad populations. WILDLIFE RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/wr17055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Context The cane toad (Rhinella marina), a native species of central and southern America, was introduced to Australia in 1935 as a biocontrol agent after a complex history of prior introductions. The population rapidly expanded and has since spread through much of the Australian landmass, with severe impacts on the endemic wildlife, primarily via toxicity to predators. The invasion process has taken its toll on the cane toad, with changes in the immunological capacity across the Australian invasive population. Aims To investigate the immunogenetic underpinnings of these changes, we studied the diversity of the Major Histocompatiblity Complex (MHC) genes in introduced cane toad populations. Methods We studied the diversity of two MHC genes (the classical class I UA locus and a class II DAB locus) and compared these with neutral microsatellite markers in toads from the Australian site of introduction and the Australian invasion front. We also included toads from Hawai’i, the original source of the Australian toads, to infer founder effect. Key results Diversity across all markers was low across Australian and Hawai’ian samples, consistent with a reduction in genetic diversity through multiple founder effects during the course of the successive translocations. In Australia, allelic diversity at the microsatellite markers and the UA locus was reduced at the invasion front, whereas all three alleles at the DAB locus were maintained in the invasion-front toads. Conclusions Loss of allelic diversity observed at the microsatellite markers and the UA locus could be the result of drift and bottlenecking along the invasion process, however, the persistence of DAB diversity warrants further investigation to disentangle the evolutionary forces influencing this locus. Implications Through the use of different molecular markers, we provide a preliminary description of the adaptive genetic processes occurring in this invasive population. The extremely limited MHC diversity may represent low immunogenetic competence across the Australian population, which could be exploited for invasive species management.
Collapse
|
31
|
Dalton DL, Vermaak E, Smit-Robinson HA, Kotze A. Lack of diversity at innate immunity Toll-like receptor genes in the Critically Endangered White-winged Flufftail (Sarothrura ayresi). Sci Rep 2016; 6:36757. [PMID: 27827442 PMCID: PMC5101489 DOI: 10.1038/srep36757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The White-winged Flufftail (Sarothrura ayresi) population is listed as globally Critically Endangered. White-winged Flufftails are only known to occur, with any regularity, in the high-altitude wetlands of South Africa and Ethiopia. Threats to the species include the limited number of suitable breeding sites in Ethiopia and severe habitat degradation and loss both in Ethiopia and South Africa. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are increasingly being studied in a variety of taxa as a broader approach to determine functional genetic diversity. In this study, we confirm low genetic diversity in the innate immune regions of the White-winged Flufftail similar to that observed in other bird species that have undergone population bottlenecks. Low TLR diversity in White-winged Flufftail indicates that this species is more likely to be threatened by changes to the environment that would potentially expose the species to new diseases. Thus, conservation efforts should be directed towards maintaining pristine habitat for White-winged Flufftail in its current distribution range. To date, no studies on immunogenetic variation in White-winged Flufftail have been conducted and to our knowledge, this is the first study of TLR genetic diversity in a critically endangered species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Desire L. Dalton
- National Zoological Gardens of South Africa, P.O. Box 754, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
- Genetics Department, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
| | - Elaine Vermaak
- National Zoological Gardens of South Africa, P.O. Box 754, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Hanneline A. Smit-Robinson
- BirdLife South Africa, Private Bag X5000 Parklands 2121, Gauteng, South Africa
- Applied Behavioural Ecological & Ecosystem Research Unit (ABEERU), UNISA, Private Bag X6, Florida, 1717, South Africa
| | - Antoinette Kotze
- National Zoological Gardens of South Africa, P.O. Box 754, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
- Genetics Department, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Gilroy DL, van Oosterhout C, Komdeur J, Richardson DS. Toll-like receptor variation in the bottlenecked population of the endangered Seychelles warbler. Anim Conserv 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D. L. Gilroy
- School of Biological Sciences; Norwich Research Park; University of East Anglia; Norwich UK
| | - C. van Oosterhout
- School of Environmental Sciences; Norwich Research Park; University of East Anglia; Norwich UK
| | - J. Komdeur
- Behavioural Ecology and Self-Organization; Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies; University of Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - D. S. Richardson
- School of Biological Sciences; Norwich Research Park; University of East Anglia; Norwich UK
- Nature Seychelles; Mahe Republic of Seychelles
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Vlček J, Hoeck PEA, Keller LF, Wayhart JP, Dolinová I, Štefka J. Balancing selection and genetic drift create unusual patterns of MHCIIβ variation in Galápagos mockingbirds. Mol Ecol 2016; 25:4757-72. [PMID: 27545344 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular subunit of the major histocompatibility complex MHCIIβ plays an important role in the recognition of pathogens and the initiation of the adaptive immune response of vertebrates. It is widely accepted that pathogen-mediated selection in combination with neutral micro-evolutionary forces (e.g. genetic drift) shape the diversity of MHCIIβ, but it has proved difficult to determine the relative effects of these forces. We evaluated the effect of genetic drift and balancing selection on MHCIIβ diversity in 12 small populations of Galápagos mockingbirds belonging to four different species, and one larger population of the Northern mockingbird from the continental USA. After genotyping MHCIIβ loci by high-throughput sequencing, we applied a correlational approach to explore the relationships between MHCIIβ diversity and population size by proxy of island size. As expected when drift predominates, we found a positive effect of population size on the number of MHCIIβ alleles present in a population. However, the number of MHCIIβ alleles per individual and number of supertypes were not correlated with population size. This discrepancy points to an interesting feature of MHCIIβ diversity dynamics: some levels of diversity might be shaped by genetic drift while others are independent and possibly maintained by balancing selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Vlček
- Biology Centre CAS, Branišovská 31, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1670, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Paquita E A Hoeck
- Institute for Conservation Research, San Diego Zoo Global, 15600 San Pasqual Valley Road, Escondido, CA, 92027, USA
| | - Lukas F Keller
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jessica P Wayhart
- Institute for Conservation Research, San Diego Zoo Global, 15600 San Pasqual Valley Road, Escondido, CA, 92027, USA
| | - Iva Dolinová
- Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Bendlova 7, Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Štefka
- Biology Centre CAS, Branišovská 31, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic. .,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1670, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Elbers JP, Clostio RW, Taylor SS. Population genetic inferences using immune gene SNPs mirror patterns inferred by microsatellites. Mol Ecol Resour 2016; 17:481-491. [PMID: 27488693 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are replacing microsatellites for population genetic analyses, but it is not apparent how many SNPs are needed or how well SNPs correlate with microsatellites. We used data from the gopher tortoise, Gopherus polyphemus-a species with small populations, to compare SNPs and microsatellites to estimate population genetic parameters. Specifically, we compared one SNP data set (16 tortoises from four populations sequenced at 17 901 SNPs) to two microsatellite data sets, a full data set of 101 tortoises and a partial data set of 16 tortoises previously genotyped at 10 microsatellites. For the full microsatellite data set, observed heterozygosity, expected heterozygosity and FST were correlated between SNPs and microsatellites; however, allelic richness was not. The same was true for the partial microsatellite data set, except that allelic richness, but not observed heterozygosity, was correlated. The number of clusters estimated by structure differed for each data set (SNPs = 2; partial microsatellite = 3; full microsatellite = 4). Principle component analyses (PCA) showed four clusters for all data sets. More than 800 SNPs were needed to correlate with allelic richness, observed heterozygosity and expected heterozygosity, but only 100 were needed for FST . The number of SNPs typically obtained from next-generation sequencing (NGS) far exceeds the number needed to correlate with microsatellite parameter estimates. Our study illustrates that diversity, FST and PCA results from microsatellites can mirror those obtained with SNPs. These results may be generally applicable to small populations, a defining feature of endangered and threatened species, because theory predicts that genetic drift will tend to outweigh selection in small populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean P Elbers
- School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University and AgCenter, 227 RNR Bldg., Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Rachel W Clostio
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, 300 E. Street Mary Blvd., Lafayette, LA, 70503, USA
| | - Sabrina S Taylor
- School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University and AgCenter, 227 RNR Bldg., Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Population genetic diversity and geographical differentiation of MHC class II DAB genes in the vulnerable Chinese egret (Egretta eulophotes). CONSERV GENET 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-016-0876-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
36
|
Cobble KR, Califf KJ, Stone NE, Shuey MM, Birdsell DN, Colman RE, Schupp JM, Aziz M, Van Andel R, Rocke TE, Wagner DM, Busch JD. Genetic variation at the MHC DRB1 locus is similar across Gunnison's prairie dog (Cynomys gunnisoni) colonies regardless of plague history. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:2624-51. [PMID: 27066243 PMCID: PMC4798151 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Yersinia pestis was introduced to North America around 1900 and leads to nearly 100% mortality in prairie dog (Cynomys spp.) colonies during epizootic events, which suggests this pathogen may exert a strong selective force. We characterized genetic diversity at an MHC class II locus (DRB1) in Gunnison's prairie dog (C. gunnisoni) and quantified population genetic structure at the DRB1 versus 12 microsatellite loci in three large Arizona colonies. Two colonies, Seligman (SE) and Espee Ranch (ES), have experienced multiple plague‐related die‐offs in recent years, whereas plague has never been documented at Aubrey Valley (AV). We found fairly low allelic diversity at the DRB1 locus, with one allele (DRB1*01) at high frequency (0.67–0.87) in all colonies. Two other DRB1 alleles appear to be trans‐species polymorphisms shared with the black‐tailed prairie dog (C. ludovicianus), indicating that these alleles have been maintained across evolutionary time frames. Estimates of genetic differentiation were generally lower at the MHC locus (FST = 0.033) than at microsatellite markers (FST = 0.098). The reduced differentiation at DRB1 may indicate that selection has been important for shaping variation at MHC loci, regardless of the presence or absence of plague in recent decades. However, genetic drift has probably also influenced the DRB1 locus because its level of differentiation was not different from that of microsatellites in an FST outlier analysis. We then compared specific MHC alleles to plague survivorship in 60 C. gunnisoni that had been experimentally infected with Y. pestis. We found that survival was greater in individuals that carried at least one copy of the most common allele (DRB1*01) compared to those that did not (60% vs. 20%). Although the sample sizes of these two groups were unbalanced, this result suggests the possibility that this MHC class II locus, or a nearby linked gene, could play a role in plague survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kacy R Cobble
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics Northern Arizona University PO Box 4073 Flagstaff Arizona 86011 USA
| | - Katy J Califf
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics Northern Arizona University PO Box 4073 Flagstaff Arizona 86011 USA
| | - Nathan E Stone
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics Northern Arizona University PO Box 4073 Flagstaff Arizona 86011 USA
| | - Megan M Shuey
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics Northern Arizona University PO Box 4073 Flagstaff Arizona 86011 USA
| | - Dawn N Birdsell
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics Northern Arizona University PO Box 4073 Flagstaff Arizona 86011 USA
| | - Rebecca E Colman
- Translational Genomics Research Institute North 3051 W. Shamrell Blvd #106 Flagstaff Arizona 86001 USA
| | - James M Schupp
- Translational Genomics Research Institute North 3051 W. Shamrell Blvd #106 Flagstaff Arizona 86001 USA
| | - Maliha Aziz
- Translational Genomics Research Institute North 3051 W. Shamrell Blvd #106 Flagstaff Arizona 86001 USA
| | - Roger Van Andel
- University of California Berkeley MC 7150 Berkeley California 94720 USA
| | - Tonie E Rocke
- United States Geological Survey National Wildlife Health Center 6006 Schroeder Road Madison Wisconsin 53711 USA
| | - David M Wagner
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics Northern Arizona University PO Box 4073 Flagstaff Arizona 86011 USA
| | - Joseph D Busch
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics Northern Arizona University PO Box 4073 Flagstaff Arizona 86011 USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Jarvi SI, Bianchi KR, Farias ME, Txakeeyang A, McFarland T, Belcaid M, Asano A. Characterization of class II β chain major histocompatibility complex genes in a family of Hawaiian honeycreepers: 'amakihi (Hemignathus virens). Immunogenetics 2016; 68:461-475. [PMID: 26971289 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-016-0908-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hawaiian honeycreepers (Drepanidinae) have evolved in the absence of mosquitoes for over five million years. Through human activity, mosquitoes were introduced to the Hawaiian archipelago less than 200 years ago. Mosquito-vectored diseases such as avian malaria caused by Plasmodium relictum and Avipoxviruses have greatly impacted these vulnerable species. Susceptibility to these diseases is variable among and within species. Due to their function in adaptive immunity, the role of major histocompatibility complex genes (Mhc) in disease susceptibility is under investigation. In this study, we evaluate gene organization and levels of diversity of Mhc class II β chain genes (exon 2) in a captive-reared family of Hawaii 'amakihi (Hemignathus virens). A total of 233 sequences (173 bp) were obtained by PCR+1 amplification and cloning, and 5720 sequences were generated by Roche 454 pyrosequencing. We report a total of 17 alleles originating from a minimum of 14 distinct loci. We detected three linkage groups that appear to represent three distinct haplotypes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed one variable cluster resembling classical Mhc sequences (DAB) and one highly conserved, low variability cluster resembling non-classical Mhc sequences (DBB). High net evolutionary divergence values between DAB and DBB resemble that seen between chicken BLB system and YLB system genes. High amino acid identity among non-classical alleles from 12 species of passerines (DBB) and four species of Galliformes (YLB) was found, suggesting that these non-classical passerine sequences may be related to the Galliforme YLB sequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan I Jarvi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, Hilo, HI, 96720, USA.
| | - Kiara R Bianchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, Hilo, HI, 96720, USA
| | - Margaret Em Farias
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, Hilo, HI, 96720, USA
| | - Ann Txakeeyang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, Hilo, HI, 96720, USA
| | - Thomas McFarland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, Hilo, HI, 96720, USA
| | - Mahdi Belcaid
- Pacific Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, Kane'ohe, HI, USA
| | - Ashley Asano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, Hilo, HI, 96720, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Zhang X, Lin W, Zhou R, Gui D, Yu X, Wu Y. Low Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Variation in the Endangered Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphin (Sousa chinensis): Inferences About the Role of Balancing Selection. J Hered 2016; 107:143-52. [PMID: 26787544 PMCID: PMC5994972 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esv138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been widely reported that the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is under balancing selection due to its immune function across terrestrial and aquatic mammals. The comprehensive studies at MHC and other neutral loci could give us a synthetic evaluation about the major force determining genetic diversity of species. Previously, a low level of genetic diversity has been reported among the Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin (Sousa chinensis) in the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) using both mitochondrial marker and microsatellite loci. Here, the expression and sequence polymorphism of 2 MHC class II genes (DQB and DRB) in 32 S. chinensis from PRE collected between 2003 and 2011 were investigated. High ratios of non-synonymous to synonymous substitution rates, codon-based selection analysis, and trans-species polymorphism (TSP) support the hypothesis that balancing selection acted on S. chinensis MHC sequences. However, only 2 haplotypes were detected at either DQB or DRB loci. Moreover, the lack of deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg expectation at DRB locus combined with the relatively low heterozygosity at both DQB locus and microsatellite loci suggested that balancing selection might not be sufficient, which further suggested that genetic drift associated with historical bottlenecks was not mitigated by balancing selection in terms of the loss of MHC and neutral variation in S. chinensis. The combined results highlighted the importance of maintaining the genetic diversity of the endangered S. chinensis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Wenzhi Lin
- *These authors contributed equally to the work
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Gilroy D, van Oosterhout C, Komdeur J, Richardson DS. Avian β-defensin variation in bottlenecked populations: the Seychelles warbler and other congeners. CONSERV GENET 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-016-0813-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
40
|
Gonzalez-Quevedo C, Spurgin LG, Illera JC, Richardson DS. Drift, not selection, shapes toll-like receptor variation among oceanic island populations. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:5852-63. [PMID: 26509790 PMCID: PMC4737395 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the relative role of different evolutionary forces in shaping the level and distribution of functional genetic diversity among natural populations is a key issue in evolutionary and conservation biology. To do so accurately genetic data must be analysed in conjunction with an unambiguous understanding of the historical processes that have acted upon the populations. Here, we focused on diversity at toll‐like receptor (TLR) loci, which play a key role in the vertebrate innate immune system and, therefore, are expected to be under pathogen‐mediated selection. We assessed TLR variation within and among 13 island populations (grouped into three archipelagos) of Berthelot's pipit, Anthus berthelotii, for which detailed population history has previously been ascertained. We also compared the variation observed with that found in its widespread sister species, the tawny pipit, Anthus campestris. We found strong evidence for positive selection at specific codons in TLR1LA, TLR3 and TLR4. Despite this, we found that at the allele frequency level, demographic history has played the major role in shaping patterns of TLR variation in Berthelot's pipit. Levels of diversity and differentiation within and across archipelagos at all TLR loci corresponded very closely with neutral microsatellite variation and with the severity of the bottlenecks that occurred during colonization. Our study shows that despite the importance of TLRs in combating pathogens, demography can be the main driver of immune gene variation within and across populations, resulting in patterns of functional variation that can persist over evolutionary timescales.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Gonzalez-Quevedo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.,Grupo Ecología y Evolución de Vertebrados, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Lewis G Spurgin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Juan Carlos Illera
- Research Unit of Biodiversity (UO-CSIC-PA), Oviedo University, Campus of Mieres, Research Building, 5th Floor. C/Gonzalo Gutiérrez Quirós, s/n, 33600 Mieres, Asturias, Spain
| | - David S Richardson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Yao G, Zhu Y, Wan QH, Fang SG. Major histocompatibility complex class II genetic variation in forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii) in China. Anim Genet 2015; 46:535-43. [PMID: 26370614 DOI: 10.1111/age.12336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) plays an important role in the immune system of vertebrates. We used the second exon of four MHC class II genes (DRA, DQA1, DQA2 and DRB3) to assess the overall MHC variation in forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii). We also compared the MHC variation in captive and wild populations. We observed 22 alleles at four loci (four at DRA, four at DQA1, four at DQA2 and 10 at DRB3), 15 of which were newly identified alleles. Results suggest that forest musk deer maintain relatively high MHC variation, which may result from balancing selection. Moreover, considerable diversity was observed at the DRA locus. We found a high frequency of Mobe-DRA*02, Mobe-DQA1*01 and Mobe-DQA2*05 alleles, which may be important for pathogen resistance. A Ewens-Watterson test showed that the DRB3 locus in the wild population had experienced recent balancing selection. We detected a small divergence at the DRA locus, suggesting the effect of weak positive selection on the DRA gene. Alternatively, this locus may be young and not yet adapted a wide spectrum of alleles for pathogen resistance. The significant heterozygosity deficit observed at the DQA1 and DRB3 loci in the captive population and at all four loci in the wild population may be the result of a population bottleneck. Additionally, MHC genetic diversity was higher in the wild population than in the captive, suggesting that the wild population may have the ability to respond to a wider range of pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Yao
- The Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education, and State Conservation Centre for Gene Resources of Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education, and State Conservation Centre for Gene Resources of Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qiu-Hong Wan
- The Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education, and State Conservation Centre for Gene Resources of Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Sheng-Guo Fang
- The Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education, and State Conservation Centre for Gene Resources of Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Assessment of hybridisation between the endangered Chatham Island black robin (Petroica traversi) and the Chatham Island tomtit (Petroica macrocephala chathamensis). CONSERV GENET 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-015-0778-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
43
|
Sutton JT, Robertson BC, Jamieson IG. MHC variation reflects the bottleneck histories of New Zealand passerines. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:362-73. [PMID: 25488544 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Most empirical evidence suggests that balancing selection does not counter the effects of genetic drift in shaping postbottleneck major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genetic diversity when population declines are severe or prolonged. However, few studies have been able to include data from historical specimens, or to compare populations/species with different bottleneck histories. In this study, we examined MHC class II B and microsatellite diversity in four New Zealand passerine (songbird) species that experienced moderate to very severe declines. We compared diversity from historical samples (collected c. 1884-1938) to present-day populations. Using a Bayesian framework, we found that the change in genetic diversity from historical to contemporary samples was affected by three main factors: (i) whether the data were based on MHC or microsatellite markers, (ii) species (as a surrogate for bottleneck severity) and (iii) whether the comparison between historical and contemporary samples was made using historical samples originating from the mainland, or using historical samples originating from islands. The greatest losses in genetic diversity occurred for the most severely bottlenecked species, particularly between historical mainland and contemporary samples. Additionally, where loss of diversity occurred, the change was greater for MHC genes compared to microsatellite loci.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jolene T Sutton
- Department of Zoology, Allan Wilson Centre for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, University of Otago, 340 Great King Street, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand; Department of Biology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Edmondson Hall, 2538 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, HI, 96822-2233, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Grueber CE, Knafler GJ, King TM, Senior AM, Grosser S, Robertson B, Weston KA, Brekke P, Harris CLW, Jamieson IG. Toll-like receptor diversity in 10 threatened bird species: relationship with microsatellite heterozygosity. CONSERV GENET 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-014-0685-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
45
|
Hartmann SA, Schaefer HM, Segelbacher G. Genetic depletion at adaptive but not neutral loci in an endangered bird species. Mol Ecol 2014; 23:5712-25. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie A. Hartmann
- Wildlife Ecology and Management; Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources; University of Freiburg; Tennenbacher Straße 4 79106 Freiburg Germany
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Animal Ecology; Faculty of Biology; University of Freiburg; Hauptstr. 1 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - H. Martin Schaefer
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Animal Ecology; Faculty of Biology; University of Freiburg; Hauptstr. 1 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Gernot Segelbacher
- Wildlife Ecology and Management; Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources; University of Freiburg; Tennenbacher Straße 4 79106 Freiburg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Larson WA, Seeb JE, Dann TH, Schindler DE, Seeb LW. Signals of heterogeneous selection at an MHC locus in geographically proximate ecotypes of sockeye salmon. Mol Ecol 2014; 23:5448-61. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wesley A. Larson
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences; University of Washington; 1122 NE Boat Street Box 355020 Seattle WA 98195-5020 USA
| | - James E. Seeb
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences; University of Washington; 1122 NE Boat Street Box 355020 Seattle WA 98195-5020 USA
| | - Tyler H. Dann
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences; University of Washington; 1122 NE Boat Street Box 355020 Seattle WA 98195-5020 USA
- Gene Conservation Laboratory; Alaska Department of Fish and Game; 333 Raspberry Road Anchorage AK 99518 USA
| | - Daniel E. Schindler
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences; University of Washington; 1122 NE Boat Street Box 355020 Seattle WA 98195-5020 USA
| | - Lisa W. Seeb
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences; University of Washington; 1122 NE Boat Street Box 355020 Seattle WA 98195-5020 USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Lau Q, Jaratlerdsiri W, Griffith JE, Gongora J, Higgins DP. MHC class II diversity of koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) populations across their range. Heredity (Edinb) 2014; 113:287-96. [PMID: 24690756 PMCID: PMC4181066 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2014.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) genes code for proteins that bind and present antigenic peptides and trigger the adaptive immune response. We present a broad geographical study of MHCII DA β1 (DAB) and DB β1 (DBB) variants of the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus; n=191) from 12 populations across eastern Australia, with a total of 13 DAB and 7 DBB variants found. We identified greater MHCII variation and, possibly, additional gene copies in koala populations in the north (Queensland and New South Wales) relative to the south (Victoria), confirmed by STRUCTURE analyses and genetic differentiation using analysis of molecular variance. The higher MHCII diversity in the north relative to south could potentially be attributed to (i) significant founder effect in Victorian populations linked to historical translocation of bottlenecked koala populations and (ii) increased pathogen-driven balancing selection and/or local genetic drift in the north. Low MHCII genetic diversity in koalas from the south could reduce their potential response to disease, although the three DAB variants found in the south had substantial sequence divergence between variants. This study assessing MHCII diversity in the koala with historical translocations in some populations contributes to understanding the effects of population translocations on functional genetic diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Q Lau
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - W Jaratlerdsiri
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - J E Griffith
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - J Gongora
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - D P Higgins
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Wright DJ, Spurgin LG, Collar NJ, Komdeur J, Burke T, Richardson DS. The impact of translocations on neutral and functional genetic diversity within and among populations of the Seychelles warbler. Mol Ecol 2014; 23:2165-77. [PMID: 24689851 PMCID: PMC4237152 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Translocations are an increasingly common tool in conservation. The maintenance of genetic diversity through translocation is critical for both the short- and long-term persistence of populations and species. However, the relative spatio-temporal impacts of translocations on neutral and functional genetic diversity, and how this affects genetic structure among the conserved populations overall, have received little investigation. We compared the impact of translocating different numbers of founders on both microsatellite and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I diversity over a 23-year period in the Seychelles warbler (Acrocephalus sechellensis). We found low and stable microsatellite and MHC diversity in the source population and evidence for only a limited loss of either type of diversity in the four new populations. However, we found evidence of significant, but low to moderate, genetic differentiation between populations, with those populations established with fewer founders clustering separately. Stochastic genetic capture (as opposed to subsequent drift) was the main determinant of translocated population diversity. Furthermore, a strong correlation between microsatellite and MHC differentiation suggested that neutral processes outweighed selection in shaping MHC diversity in the new populations. These data provide important insights into how to optimize the use of translocation as a conservation tool.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J Wright
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK; NERC Biomolecular Analysis Facility, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Segelbacher G, Strand TM, Quintela M, Axelsson T, Jansman HAH, Koelewijn HP, Höglund J. Analyses of historical and current populations of black grouse in Central Europe reveal strong effects of genetic drift and loss of genetic diversity. CONSERV GENET 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-014-0610-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
50
|
Winternitz JC, Wares JP, Yabsley MJ, Altizer S. Wild cyclic voles maintain high neutral and MHC diversity without strong evidence for parasite-mediated selection. Evol Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-014-9709-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|