1
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Johnson JA, Athrey G, Anderson CM, Bell DA, Dixon A, Kumazawa Y, Maechtle T, Meeks GW, Mindell D, Nakajima K, Novak B, Talbot S, White C, Zhan X. Whole-genome survey reveals extensive variation in genetic diversity and inbreeding levels among peregrine falcon subspecies. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10347. [PMID: 37484928 PMCID: PMC10361364 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In efforts to prevent extinction, resource managers are often tasked with increasing genetic diversity in a population of concern to prevent inbreeding depression or improve adaptive potential in a changing environment. The assumption that all small populations require measures to increase their genetic diversity may be unwarranted, and limited resources for conservation may be better utilized elsewhere. We test this assumption in a case study focused on the peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus), a cosmopolitan circumpolar species with 19 named subspecies. We used whole-genome resequencing to generate over two million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from multiple individuals of all peregrine falcon subspecies. Our analyses revealed extensive variation among subspecies, with many island-restricted and nonmigratory populations possessing lower overall genomic diversity, elevated inbreeding coefficients (F ROH)-among the highest reported, and extensive runs of homozygosity (ROH) compared to mainland and migratory populations. Similarly, the majority of subspecies that are either nonmigratory or restricted to islands show a much longer history of low effective population size (N e). While mutational load analyses indicated an increased proportion of homozygous-derived deleterious variants (i.e., drift load) among nonmigrant and island populations compared to those that are migrant or reside on the mainland, no significant differences in the proportion of heterozygous deleterious variants (i.e., inbreeding load) was observed. Our results provide evidence that high levels of inbreeding may not be an existential threat for some populations or taxa. Additional factors such as the timing and severity of population declines are important to consider in management decisions about extinction potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff A. Johnson
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of North TexasDentonTexasUSA
- Wolf Creek Operating FoundationWolfWyomingUSA
| | - Giridhar Athrey
- Department of Poultry Science & Faculty of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
| | | | - Douglas A. Bell
- East Bay Regional Park DistrictOaklandCaliforniaUSA
- California Academy of SciencesSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Andrew Dixon
- The Mohamed Bin Zayed Raptor Conservation FundAbu DhabiUnited Arab Emirates
- International Wildlife ConsultantsCarmarthenUK
| | - Yoshinori Kumazawa
- Research Center for Biological DiversityNagoya City UniversityNagoyaJapan
| | | | - Garrett W. Meeks
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of North TexasDentonTexasUSA
| | - David Mindell
- Museum of Vertebrate ZoologyUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Keiya Nakajima
- Research Center for Biological DiversityNagoya City UniversityNagoyaJapan
- The Japan Falconiformes CenterOwariasahiJapan
| | - Ben Novak
- Revive & RestoreSausalitoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Sandra Talbot
- Far Northwestern Institute of Art and ScienceAnchorageAlaskaUSA
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2
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Belokon MM, Belokon YS, Nechaeva AV, Sylvestrov NA, Sarychev EI, Beme IR. Genetic Identification and Relationship Analysis of Captive Breeding Falcons. RUSS J GENET+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795422060023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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3
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Setzke C, Wong C, Russello MA. Genotyping-in-Thousands by sequencing of archival fish scales reveals maintenance of genetic variation following a severe demographic contraction in kokanee salmon. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22798. [PMID: 34815428 PMCID: PMC8611073 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01958-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Historical DNA analysis of archival samples has added new dimensions to population genetic studies, enabling spatiotemporal approaches for reconstructing population history and informing conservation management. Here we tested the efficacy of Genotyping-in-Thousands by sequencing (GT-seq) for collecting targeted single nucleotide polymorphism genotypic data from archival scale samples, and applied this approach to a study of kokanee salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in Kluane National Park and Reserve (KNPR; Yukon, Canada) that underwent a severe 12-year population decline followed by a rapid rebound. We genotyped archival scales sampled pre-crash and contemporary fin clips collected post-crash, revealing high coverage (> 90% average genotyping across all individuals) and low genotyping error (< 0.01% within-libraries, 0.60% among-libraries) despite the relatively poor quality of recovered DNA. We observed slight decreases in expected heterozygosity, allelic diversity, and effective population size post-crash, but none were significant, suggesting genetic diversity was retained despite the severe demographic contraction. Genotypic data also revealed the genetic distinctiveness of a now extirpated population just outside of KNPR, revealing biodiversity loss at the northern edge of the species distribution. More broadly, we demonstrated GT-seq as a valuable tool for collecting genome-wide data from archival samples to address basic questions in ecology and evolution, and inform applied research in wildlife conservation and fisheries management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Setzke
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, 3247 University Way, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Carmen Wong
- Parks Canada Yukon Field Unit, Suite 205 - 300 Main St, Whitehorse, YT, Y1A 2B5, Canada
| | - Michael A Russello
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, 3247 University Way, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada.
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4
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Massively parallel sequencing and capillary electrophoresis of a novel panel of falcon STRs: Concordance with minisatellite DNA profiles from historical wildlife crime. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2021; 54:102550. [PMID: 34174583 PMCID: PMC8430417 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2021.102550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Birds of prey have suffered persecution for centuries through trapping, shooting, poisoning and theft from the wild to meet the demand from egg collectors and falconers; they were also amongst the earliest beneficiaries of DNA testing in wildlife forensics. Here we report the identification and characterisation of 14 novel tetramer, pentamer and hexamer short tandem repeat (STR) markers which can be typed either by capillary electrophoresis or massively parallel sequencing (MPS) and apply them to historical casework samples involving 49 peregrine falcons, 30 of which were claimed to be the captively bred offspring of nine pairs. The birds were initially tested in 1994 with a multilocus DNA fingerprinting probe, a sex test and eight single-locus minisatellite probes (SLPs) demonstrating that 23 birds were unrelated to the claimed parents. The multilocus and SLP approaches were highly discriminating but extremely time consuming and required microgram quantities of high molecular weight DNA and the use of radioisotopes. The STR markers displayed between 2 and 21 alleles per locus (mean = 7.6), lengths between 140 and 360 bp, and heterozygosities from 0.4 to 0.93. They produced wholly concordant conclusions with similar discrimination power but in a fraction of the time using a hundred-fold less DNA and with standard forensic equipment. Furthermore, eleven of these STRs were amplified in a single reaction and typed using MPS on the Illumina MiSeq platform revealing eight additional alleles (three with variant repeat structures and five solely due to flanking SNPs) across four loci. This approach gave a random match probability of < 1E-9, and a parental pair false inclusion probability of < 1E-5, with a further ten-fold reduction in the amount of DNA required (~3 ng) and the potential to analyse mixed samples. These STRs will be of value in monitoring wild populations of these key indicator species as well as for testing captive breeding claims and establishing a database of captive raptors. They have the potential to resolve complex cases involving trace, mixed and degraded samples from raptor persecution casework representing a significant advance over the previously applied methods.
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5
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Puchała KO, Nowak-Życzyńska Z, Sielicki S, Olech W. Assessment of the Genetic Potential of the Peregrine Falcon ( Falco peregrinus peregrinus) Population Used in the Reintroduction Program in Poland. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12050666. [PMID: 33946707 PMCID: PMC8145731 DOI: 10.3390/genes12050666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsatellite DNA analysis is a powerful tool for assessing population genetics. The main aim of this study was to assess the genetic potential of the peregrine falcon population covered by the restitution program. We characterized individuals from breeders that set their birds for release into the wild and birds that have been reintroduced in previous years. This was done using a well-known microsatellite panel designed for the peregrine falcon containing 10 markers. We calculated the genetic distance between individuals and populations using the UPGMA (unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean) method and then performed a Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) and constructed phylogenetic trees, to visualize the results. In addition, we used the Bayesian clustering method, assuming 1-15 hypothetical populations, to find the model that best fit the data. Units were segregated into groups regardless of the country of origin, and the number of alleles and observed heterozygosity were different in different breeding groups. The wild and captive populations were grouped independent of the original population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol O. Puchała
- Department of Animal Genetics and Conservation, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warszawa, Poland; (Z.N.-Ż.); (W.O.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Zuzanna Nowak-Życzyńska
- Department of Animal Genetics and Conservation, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warszawa, Poland; (Z.N.-Ż.); (W.O.)
| | | | - Wanda Olech
- Department of Animal Genetics and Conservation, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warszawa, Poland; (Z.N.-Ż.); (W.O.)
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6
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Gu Z, Pan S, Lin Z, Hu L, Dai X, Chang J, Xue Y, Su H, Long J, Sun M, Ganusevich S, Sokolov V, Sokolov A, Pokrovsky I, Ji F, Bruford MW, Dixon A, Zhan X. Climate-driven flyway changes and memory-based long-distance migration. Nature 2021; 591:259-264. [PMID: 33658718 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03265-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Millions of migratory birds occupy seasonally favourable breeding grounds in the Arctic1, but we know little about the formation, maintenance and future of the migration routes of Arctic birds and the genetic determinants of migratory distance. Here we established a continental-scale migration system that used satellite tracking to follow 56 peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) from 6 populations that breed in the Eurasian Arctic, and resequenced 35 genomes from 4 of these populations. The breeding populations used five migration routes across Eurasia, which were probably formed by longitudinal and latitudinal shifts in their breeding grounds during the transition from the Last Glacial Maximum to the Holocene epoch. Contemporary environmental divergence between the routes appears to maintain their distinctiveness. We found that the gene ADCY8 is associated with population-level differences in migratory distance. We investigated the regulatory mechanism of this gene, and found that long-term memory was the most likely selective agent for divergence in ADCY8 among the peregrine populations. Global warming is predicted to influence migration strategies and diminish the breeding ranges of peregrine populations of the Eurasian Arctic. Harnessing ecological interactions and evolutionary processes to study climate-driven changes in migration can facilitate the conservation of migratory birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongru Gu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Cardiff University-Institute of Zoology Joint Laboratory for Biocomplexity Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shengkai Pan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Cardiff University-Institute of Zoology Joint Laboratory for Biocomplexity Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenzhen Lin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Cardiff University-Institute of Zoology Joint Laboratory for Biocomplexity Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Cardiff University-Institute of Zoology Joint Laboratory for Biocomplexity Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyang Dai
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jiang Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanchao Xue
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Han Su
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Cardiff University-Institute of Zoology Joint Laboratory for Biocomplexity Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Long
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Cardiff University-Institute of Zoology Joint Laboratory for Biocomplexity Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mengru Sun
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Vasiliy Sokolov
- Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Division Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Aleksandr Sokolov
- Arctic Research Station of the Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Division Russian Academy of Sciences, Labytnangi, Russia
| | - Ivan Pokrovsky
- Arctic Research Station of the Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Division Russian Academy of Sciences, Labytnangi, Russia.,Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Radolfzell, Germany.,Laboratory of Ornithology, Institute of Biological Problems of the North FEB RAS, Magadan, Russia
| | - Fen Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Michael W Bruford
- Cardiff University-Institute of Zoology Joint Laboratory for Biocomplexity Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Biosciences and Sustainable Places Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Andrew Dixon
- Cardiff University-Institute of Zoology Joint Laboratory for Biocomplexity Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Emirates Falconers' Club, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.,Reneco International Wildlife Consultants, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.,International Wildlife Consultants, Carmarthen, UK
| | - Xiangjiang Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,Cardiff University-Institute of Zoology Joint Laboratory for Biocomplexity Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.
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7
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Conservation genetics of regionally extinct peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) and unassisted recovery without genetic bottleneck in southern England. CONSERV GENET 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-020-01324-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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8
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Kimble SJA, Dorr BS, Hanson‐Dorr KC, Rhodes OE, Devault TL. Migratory Flyways May Affect Population Structure in Double‐Crested Cormorants. J Wildl Manage 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.21848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven J. A. Kimble
- Department of Biological Sciences Towson University 8000 York Road Baltimore MD 21252 USA
| | - Brian S. Dorr
- USDA/APHIS/WS National Wildlife Research Center P.O. Box 6099 Mississippi State MS 39762 USA
| | - Katie C. Hanson‐Dorr
- USDA/APHIS/WS National Wildlife Research Center P.O. Box 6099 Mississippi State MS 39762 USA
| | - Olin E. Rhodes
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory P.O. Drawer E Aiken SC 29802 USA
| | - Travis L. Devault
- USDA/APHIS/WS National Wildlife Research Center 6100 Columbus Avenue Sandusky OH 44870 USA
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9
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Franke A, Falk K, Hawkshaw K, Ambrose S, Anderson DL, Bente PJ, Booms T, Burnham KK, Ekenstedt J, Fufachev I, Ganusevich S, Johansen K, Johnson JA, Kharitonov S, Koskimies P, Kulikova O, Lindberg P, Lindström BO, Mattox WG, McIntyre CL, Mechnikova S, Mossop D, Møller S, Nielsen ÓK, Ollila T, Østlyngen A, Pokrovsky I, Poole K, Restani M, Robinson BW, Rosenfield R, Sokolov A, Sokolov V, Swem T, Vorkamp K. Status and trends of circumpolar peregrine falcon and gyrfalcon populations. AMBIO 2020; 49:762-783. [PMID: 31858488 PMCID: PMC6989710 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-019-01300-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) and the gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus) are top avian predators of Arctic ecosystems. Although existing monitoring efforts are well established for both species, collaboration of activities among Arctic scientists actively involved in research of large falcons in the Nearctic and Palearctic has been poorly coordinated. Here we provide the first overview of Arctic falcon monitoring sites, present trends for long-term occupancy and productivity, and summarize information describing abundance, distribution, phenology, and health of the two species. We summarize data for 24 falcon monitoring sites across the Arctic, and identify gaps in coverage for eastern Russia, the Arctic Archipelago of Canada, and East Greenland. Our results indicate that peregrine falcon and gyrfalcon populations are generally stable, and assuming that these patterns hold beyond the temporal and spatial extents of the monitoring sites, it is reasonable to suggest that breeding populations at broader scales are similarly stable. We have highlighted several challenges that preclude direct comparisons of Focal Ecosystem Components (FEC) attributes among monitoring sites, and we acknowledge that methodological problems cannot be corrected retrospectively, but could be accounted for in future monitoring. Despite these drawbacks, ample opportunity exists to establish a coordinated monitoring program for Arctic-nesting raptor species that supports CBMP goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair Franke
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW 405, Biological Sciences Bldg., Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9 Canada
- Arctic Raptor Project, P.O. Box 626, Rankin Inlet, NT X0C 0G0 Canada
| | | | - Kevin Hawkshaw
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ivan Fufachev
- Arctic Research Station of Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Zelenaya Gorka Str., 21, Labytnangi, Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District Russia 629400
| | - Sergey Ganusevich
- Center for Rescue of Wild Animals (Independent Non-profit Organization), Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Jeff A. Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #310559, Denton, TX 76203 USA
| | | | | | - Olga Kulikova
- Institute of Biological Problems of the North, 18 Portovaya Street, Magadan, Russia 685000
| | - Peter Lindberg
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | | | - William G. Mattox
- Conservation Research Foundation, 702 S. Spelman Ln, Meridian, ID USA
| | | | - Svetlana Mechnikova
- I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Trubetskaya 8, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Søren Møller
- Roskilde University, P.O. Box 260, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | - Tuomo Ollila
- Metsähallitus, Parks and Wildlife Finland, Rovaniemi, Finland
| | | | - Ivan Pokrovsky
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Am Obstberg 1, 78315 Radolfzell, Germany
- Laboratory of Ornithology, Institute of Biological Problems of the North FEB RAS, 18 Portovaya Str., Magadan, Russia 685000
- Arctic Research Station, Institute of Plant & Animal Ecology, UD RAS, 21 Zelyonaya Gorka, Labytnangi, Russia 629400
| | - Kim Poole
- Aurora Wildlife Research, Nelson, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Aleksandr Sokolov
- Arctic Research Station of Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Zelenaya Gorka Str., 21, Labytnangi, Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District Russia 629400
| | - Vasiliy Sokolov
- Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Ted Swem
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Alaska, USA
| | - Katrin Vorkamp
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
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10
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Wilcox JJS, Boissinot S, Idaghdour Y. Falcon genomics in the context of conservation, speciation, and human culture. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:14523-14537. [PMID: 31938538 PMCID: PMC6953694 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we review the diversity, evolutionary history, and genomics of falcons in the context of their conservation and interactions with humans, and provide a perspective on how new genomic approaches may be applied to expand our knowledge of these topics. For millennia, humans and falcons (genus Falco) have developed unique relationships through falconry, religious rituals, conservation efforts, and human lifestyle transitions. From an evolutionary perspective, falcons remain an enigma. Having experienced several recent radiations, they have reached an unparalleled and almost global distribution, with an intrageneric species richness that is roughly an order of magnitude higher than typical within their family (Falconidae) and across other birds (Phylum: Aves). This diversity has evolved in the context of unusual genomic architecture that includes unique chromosomal rearrangements, relatively low chromosome counts, extremely low microdeletion rates, and high levels of nuclear mitochondrial DNA segments (NUMTs). These genomic peculiarities combine with high levels of ecological and organismal diversity and a legacy of human interactions to make falcons obvious candidates for evolutionary studies, providing unique research opportunities in common topics, including chromosomal evolution, the mechanics of speciation, local adaptation, domestication, and urban adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin J. S. Wilcox
- Center for Genomics & Systems BiologyNew York University Abu DhabiAbu DhabiUnited Arab Emirates
| | - Stéphane Boissinot
- Center for Genomics & Systems BiologyNew York University Abu DhabiAbu DhabiUnited Arab Emirates
- Program in BiologyNew York University Abu DhabiAbu DhabiUnited Arab Emirates
| | - Youssef Idaghdour
- Center for Genomics & Systems BiologyNew York University Abu DhabiAbu DhabiUnited Arab Emirates
- Program in BiologyNew York University Abu DhabiAbu DhabiUnited Arab Emirates
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11
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12
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Nisar N, Cheema KJ, Powell G, Bennett M, Chaudhary SU, Qadri R, Yang Y, Azam M, Rossiter JT. Reduced metabolites of nitroaromatics are distributed in the environment via the food chain. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 355:170-179. [PMID: 29800911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Increased industrial processes have introduced emerging toxic pollutants into the environment. Phytoremediation is considered to be a very useful, economical and ecofriendly way of controlling these pollutants, however, certain pollutants can potentially travel through the food chain and accumulate at hazardous levels. Four isomers of dinitrotoluenes (DNT) were investigated and observed their potential toxicity towards A. thaliana. Two different aphid species (generalist and specialist) were allowed to feed on plants treated with DNTs and toxicity to aphids determined. Reduced metabolites of DNT (in both plant and aphids) were recovered and quantified through GC-MS analyses. 2,6-DNT was observed to be the toxic of the DNTs tested. Complete metabolism of DNTs to their reduced products was never achieved for higher concentrations. Regioselectivity was observed in the case of 2,4-DNT, with 4A2NT as the dominant isomer. Feeding aphids showed a similar toxicity pattern for DNT isomers as host plants. Metabolites were recovered from the body of aphids, demonstrating the potential transport of metabolites through the food chain. Plants show varied toxicity responses towards the DNT isomers. Aphids fed on A. thaliana plants treated with DNTs were shown to have ANTs present, which reflects the propagation of DNT metabolites through the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Numrah Nisar
- Imperial College London, UK; Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan(1).
| | | | - Glen Powell
- Imperial College London, UK; NIAB EMR, East Malling, UK.
| | | | | | - Rashad Qadri
- Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan; Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Oil Crops Biology/Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science, Wenchang, Hainan, China.
| | - Yaodong Yang
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Oil Crops Biology/Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science, Wenchang, Hainan, China
| | - Muhammad Azam
- Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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13
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Doyle JM, Bell DA, Bloom PH, Emmons G, Fesnock A, Katzner TE, LaPré L, Leonard K, SanMiguel P, Westerman R, Andrew DeWoody J. New insights into the phylogenetics and population structure of the prairie falcon (Falco mexicanus). BMC Genomics 2018; 19:233. [PMID: 29618317 PMCID: PMC5885362 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4615-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Management requires a robust understanding of between- and within-species genetic variability, however such data are still lacking in many species. For example, although multiple population genetics studies of the peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) have been conducted, no similar studies have been done of the closely-related prairie falcon (F. mexicanus) and it is unclear how much genetic variation and population structure exists across the species’ range. Furthermore, the phylogenetic relationship of F. mexicanus relative to other falcon species is contested. We utilized a genomics approach (i.e., genome sequencing and assembly followed by single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping) to rapidly address these gaps in knowledge. Results We sequenced the genome of a single female prairie falcon and generated a 1.17 Gb (gigabases) draft genome assembly. We generated maximum likelihood phylogenetic trees using complete mitochondrial genomes as well as nuclear protein-coding genes. This process provided evidence that F. mexicanus is an outgroup to the clade that includes the peregrine falcon and members of the subgenus Hierofalco. We annotated > 16,000 genes and almost 600,000 high-quality single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the nuclear genome, providing the raw material for a SNP assay design featuring > 140 gene-associated markers and a molecular-sexing marker. We subsequently genotyped ~ 100 individuals from California (including the San Francisco East Bay Area, Pinnacles National Park and the Mojave Desert) and Idaho (Snake River Birds of Prey National Conservation Area). We tested for population structure and found evidence that individuals sampled in California and Idaho represent a single panmictic population. Conclusions Our study illustrates how genomic resources can rapidly shed light on genetic variability in understudied species and resolve phylogenetic relationships. Furthermore, we found evidence of a single, randomly mating population of prairie falcons across our sampling locations. Prairie falcons are highly mobile and relatively rare long-distance dispersal events may promote gene flow throughout the range. As such, California’s prairie falcons might be managed as a single population, indicating that management actions undertaken to benefit the species at the local level have the potential to influence the species as a whole. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-4615-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M Doyle
- Department of Biological Sciences, Towson University, 8000 York Rd, Baltimore, MD, 21212, USA. .,Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, 715 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Douglas A Bell
- East Bay Regional Park District, 2950 Peralta Oaks Court, Oakland, CA, 94605, USA.,Department of Ornithology and Mammalogy, California Academy of Sciences, 55 Concourse Drive, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, CA, 94118, USA
| | - Peter H Bloom
- Bloom Research Inc., 1820 S. Dunsmuir, Los Angeles, CA, 90019, USA
| | - Gavin Emmons
- National Park Service, Pinnacles National Park, 5000 Highway 146, Paicines, CA, 95043, USA
| | - Amy Fesnock
- California State Office, Bureau of Land Management, 2800 Cottage Way, Suite W-1928, Sacramento, CA, 95825, USA
| | - Todd E Katzner
- U.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, 970 Lusk Street, Boise, ID, 83706, USA
| | - Larry LaPré
- Bureau of Land Management, California Desert District, 22835 Calle San Juan De Los Lagos, Moreno Valley, CA, 92553, USA
| | - Kolbe Leonard
- Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Towson University, 8000 York Rd, Baltimore, MD, 21212, USA
| | - Phillip SanMiguel
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Rick Westerman
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - J Andrew DeWoody
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, 715 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 915 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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Talbot SL, Sage GK, Sonsthagen SA, Gravley MC, Swem T, Williams JC, Longmire JL, Ambrose S, Flamme MJ, Lewis SB, Phillips L, Anderson C, White CM. Intraspecific evolutionary relationships among peregrine falcons in western North American high latitudes. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188185. [PMID: 29149202 PMCID: PMC5693296 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Subspecies relationships within the peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) have been long debated because of the polytypic nature of melanin-based plumage characteristics used in subspecies designations and potential differentiation of local subpopulations due to philopatry. In North America, understanding the evolutionary relationships among subspecies may have been further complicated by the introduction of captive bred peregrines originating from non-native stock, as part of recovery efforts associated with mid 20th century population declines resulting from organochloride pollution. Alaska hosts all three nominal subspecies of North American peregrine falcons–F. p. tundrius, anatum, and pealei–for which distributions in Alaska are broadly associated with nesting locales within Arctic, boreal, and south coastal maritime habitats, respectively. Unlike elsewhere, populations of peregrine falcon in Alaska were not augmented by captive-bred birds during the late 20th century recovery efforts. Population genetic differentiation analyses of peregrine populations in Alaska, based on sequence data from the mitochondrial DNA control region and fragment data from microsatellite loci, failed to uncover genetic distinction between populations of peregrines occupying Arctic and boreal Alaskan locales. However, the maritime subspecies, pealei, was genetically differentiated from Arctic and boreal populations, and substructured into eastern and western populations. Levels of interpopulational gene flow between anatum and tundrius were generally higher than between pealei and either anatum or tundrius. Estimates based on both marker types revealed gene flow between augmented Canadian populations and unaugmented Alaskan populations. While we make no attempt at formal taxonomic revision, our data suggest that peregrine falcons occupying habitats in Alaska and the North Pacific coast of North America belong to two distinct regional groupings–a coastal grouping (pealei) and a boreal/Arctic grouping (currently anatum and tundrius)–each comprised of discrete populations that are variously intra-regionally connected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra L. Talbot
- U.S. Geological Survey Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, Alaska, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - George K. Sage
- U.S. Geological Survey Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, Alaska, United States of America
| | - Sarah A. Sonsthagen
- U.S. Geological Survey Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, Alaska, United States of America
| | - Meg C. Gravley
- U.S. Geological Survey Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, Alaska, United States of America
| | - Ted Swem
- Fairbanks Fish and Wildlife Field Office, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey C. Williams
- Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Homer, Alaska, United States of America
| | - Jonathan L. Longmire
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Skip Ambrose
- Fairbanks Fish and Wildlife Field Office, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States of America
| | - Melanie J. Flamme
- Yukon-Charley River National Preserve and Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve, National Park Service, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States of America
| | - Stephen B. Lewis
- Migratory Bird Management, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Juneau, Alaska, United States of America
| | - Laura Phillips
- Alaska Regional Office, National Park Service, Anchorage, Alaska, United States of America
| | | | - Clayton M. White
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences and Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
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Monti F, Duriez O, Arnal V, Dominici JM, Sforzi A, Fusani L, Grémillet D, Montgelard C. Being cosmopolitan: evolutionary history and phylogeography of a specialized raptor, the Osprey Pandion haliaetus. BMC Evol Biol 2015; 15:255. [PMID: 26577665 PMCID: PMC4650845 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-015-0535-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) is one of only six bird species with an almost world-wide distribution. We aimed at clarifying its phylogeographic structure and elucidating its taxonomic status (as it is currently separated into four subspecies). We tested six biogeographical scenarios to explain how the species' distribution and differentiation took place in the past and how such a specialized raptor was able to colonize most of the globe. RESULTS Using two mitochondrial genes (cyt b and ND2), the Osprey appeared structured into four genetic groups representing quasi non-overlapping geographical regions. The group Indo-Australasia corresponds to the cristatus ssp, as well as the group Europe-Africa to the haliaetus ssp. In the Americas, we found a single lineage for both carolinensis and ridgwayi ssp, whereas in north-east Asia (Siberia and Japan), we discovered a fourth new lineage. The four lineages are well differentiated, contrasting with the low genetic variability observed within each clade. Historical demographic reconstructions suggested that three of the four lineages experienced stable trends or slight demographic increases. Molecular dating estimates the initial split between lineages at about 1.16 Ma ago, in the Early Pleistocene. CONCLUSIONS Our biogeographical inference suggests a pattern of colonization from the American continent towards the Old World. Populations of the Palearctic would represent the last outcomes of this colonization. At a global scale the Osprey complex may be composed of four different Evolutionary Significant Units, which should be treated as specific management units. Our study brought essential genetic clarifications, which have implications for conservation strategies in identifying distinct lineages across which birds should not be artificially moved through exchange/reintroduction schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Monti
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier cedex 5, France. .,Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, via Borsari 46, I-44121, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Olivier Duriez
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier cedex 5, France.
| | - Véronique Arnal
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier cedex 5, France.
| | - Jean-Marie Dominici
- Réserve Naturelle Scandola, Parc Naturel Règional de Corse, 20245, Galeria, France.
| | - Andrea Sforzi
- Maremma Natural History Museum, Strada Corsini 5, 58100, Grosseto, Italy.
| | - Leonida Fusani
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, via Borsari 46, I-44121, Ferrara, Italy. .,Department of Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, & Konrad Lorenz Institute for Ethology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
| | - David Grémillet
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier cedex 5, France. .,Percy FitzPatrick Institute, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa.
| | - Claudine Montgelard
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier cedex 5, France. .,Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa.
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Laskowski R, Radwan J, Kuduk K, Mendrok M, Kramarz P. Population growth rate and genetic variability of small and large populations of Red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) following multigenerational exposure to copper. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2015; 24:1162-1170. [PMID: 25920509 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-015-1463-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We reared large (1000 individuals) and small (20 individuals) populations of Tribolium castaneum on diet contaminated with copper in order to determine if the size of a population affects its ability to adapt to adverse environmental conditions. After 10 generations, we used microsatellite markers to estimate and subsequently compare the genetic variability of the copper-treated populations with that of the control populations, which were reared on uncontaminated medium. Additionally, we conducted a full cross-factorial experiment which evaluated the effects of 10 generations of "pre-exposure" to copper on a population's fitness in control and copper-contaminated environments. In order to distinguish results potentially arising from genetic adaptation from those due to non-genetic effects associated to parental exposure to copper, we subjected also F11 generation, originating from parents not exposed to copper, to the same cross-factorial experiment. The effects of long-term exposure to copper depended on population size: the growth rates of small populations that were pre-exposed to copper were inhibited compared to those of small populations reared in uncontaminated environments. Large Cu-exposed populations had a higher growth rate in the F10 generation compared to the control groups, while the growth rate of the F11 generation was unaffected by copper exposure history. The only factor that had a significant effect on genetic variability was population size, but this was to be expected given the large difference in the number of individuals between large and small populations. Neither copper contamination nor its interaction with population size affected the number of microsatellite alleles retained in the F10 generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryszard Laskowski
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
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17
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Maebe K, Meeus I, Ganne M, De Meulemeester T, Biesmeijer K, Smagghe G. Microsatellite Analysis of Museum Specimens Reveals Historical Differences in Genetic Diversity between Declining and More Stable Bombus Species. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127870. [PMID: 26061732 PMCID: PMC4464549 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide most pollinators, e.g. bumblebees, are undergoing global declines. Loss of genetic diversity can play an essential role in these observed declines. In this paper, we investigated the level of genetic diversity of seven declining Bombus species and four more stable species with the use of microsatellite loci. Hereto we genotyped a unique collection of museum specimens. Specimens were collected between 1918 and 1926, in 6 provinces of the Netherlands which allowed us to make interspecific comparisons of genetic diversity. For the stable species B. pascuorum, we also selected populations from two additional time periods: 1949-1955 and 1975-1990. The genetic diversity and population structure in B. pascuorum remained constant over the three time periods. However, populations of declining bumblebee species showed a significantly lower genetic diversity than co-occurring stable species before their major declines. This historical difference indicates that the repeatedly observed reduced genetic diversity in recent populations of declining bumblebee species is not caused solely by the decline itself. The historically low genetic diversity in the declined species may be due to the fact that these species were already rare, making them more vulnerable to the major drivers of bumblebee decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Maebe
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ivan Meeus
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maarten Ganne
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Koos Biesmeijer
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, Ghent, Belgium
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Ancient and contemporary DNA reveal a pre-human decline but no population bottleneck associated with recent human persecution in the kea (Nestor notabilis). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118522. [PMID: 25719752 PMCID: PMC4342260 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of population bottlenecks is an important factor to consider when assessing species survival. Population declines can considerably limit the evolutionary potential of species and make them more susceptible to stochastic events. New Zealand has a well documented history of decline of endemic avifauna related to human colonization. Here, we investigate the genetic effects of a recent population decline in the endangered kea (Nestor notabilis). Kea have undergone a long-lasting persecution between the late 1800s to 1970s where an estimated 150,000 kea were culled under a governmental bounty scheme. Kea now number 1,000–5,000 individuals in the wild and it is likely that the recent population decline may have reduced the genetic diversity of the species. Comparison of contemporary (n = 410), historical (n = 15) and fossil samples (n = 4) showed a loss of mitochondrial diversity since the end of the last glaciation (Otiran Glacial) but no loss of overall genetic diversity associated with the cull. Microsatellite data indicated a recent bottleneck for only one population and a range-wide decline in Ne dating back some 300 – 6,000 years ago, a period predating European arrival in NZ. These results suggest that despite a recent human persecution, kea might have experienced a large population decline before stabilizing in numbers prior to human settlement of New Zealand in response to Holocene changes in habitat distribution. Our study therefore highlights the need to understand the respective effects of climate change and human activities on endangered species dynamics when proposing conservation guidelines.
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19
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Fuchs J, Johnson JA, Mindell DP. Rapid diversification of falcons (Aves: Falconidae) due to expansion of open habitats in the Late Miocene. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2015; 82 Pt A:166-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2014.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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20
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Lounsberry ZT, Almeida JB, Lanctot RB, Liebezeit JR, Sandercock BK, Strum KM, Zack S, Wisely SM. Museum collections reveal that Buff-breasted Sandpipers (Calidris subruficollis) maintained mtDNA variability despite large population declines during the past 135 years. CONSERV GENET 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-014-0611-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Hoban SM, Gaggiotti OE, Bertorelle G. The number of markers and samples needed for detecting bottlenecks under realistic scenarios, with and without recovery: a simulation-based study. Mol Ecol 2014; 22:3444-50. [PMID: 23967455 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Detecting bottlenecks is a common task in molecular ecology. While several bottleneck detection method sexist, evaluations of their power have focused only on severe bottlenecks (e.g. to Ne ~10). As a component of a recent review, Peery et al. (2012) analysed the power of two approaches, the M-ratio and heterozygote excess tests, to detect moderate bottlenecks (e.g. to Ne ~100),which is realistic for many conservation situations. In this Comment, we address three important points relevant to but not considered in Peery et al. Under moderate bottleneck scenarios, we test the (i) relative advantage of sampling more markers vs. more individuals, (ii) potential power to detect the bottleneck when utilizing dozens of microsatellites (a realistic possibility for contemporary studies) and (iii) reduction in power when post bottle neck recovery has occurred. For the realistic situations examined,we show that (i) doubling the number of loci shows equal or better power than tripling the number of individuals,(ii) increasing the number of markers (up to 100) results in continued additive gains in power, and (iii)recovery after a moderate amount of time or gradual change in size reduces power, by up to one-half. Our results provide a practical supplement to Peery et al. and encourage the continued use of bottleneck detection methods in the genomic age, but also emphasize that the power under different sampling schemes should be estimated,using simulation modelling, as a routine component of molecular ecology studies.
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22
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Lee PLM, Prys-Jones RP. Extracting DNA from museum bird eggs, and whole genome amplification of archive DNA. Mol Ecol Resour 2013; 8:551-60. [PMID: 21585832 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.02042.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We present a comprehensive protocol for extracting DNA from egg membranes and other internal debris recovered from the interior of blown museum bird eggs. A variety of commercially available DNA extraction methods were found to be applicable. DNA sequencing of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products for a 176-bp fragment of mitochondrial DNA was successful for most egg samples (> 78%) even though the amount of DNA extracted (mean = 14.71 ± 4.55 ng/µL) was significantly less than that obtained for bird skin samples (mean = 67.88 ± 4.77 ng/µL). For PCR and sequencing of snipe (Gallinago) DNA, we provide eight new primers for the 'DNA barcode' region of COI mtDNA. In various combinations, the primers target a range of PCR products sized from 72 bp to the full 'barcode' of 751 bp. Not all possible combinations were tested with archive snipe DNA, but we found a significantly better success rate of PCR amplification for a shorter 176-bp target compared with a larger 288-bp fragment (67% vs. 39%). Finally, we explored the feasibility of whole genome amplification (WGA) for extending the use of archive DNA in PCR and sequencing applications. Of two WGA approaches, a PCR-based method was found to be able to amplify whole genomic DNA from archive skins and eggs from museum bird collections. After WGA, significantly more archive egg samples produced visible PCR products on agarose (56.9% before WGA vs. 79.0% after WGA). However, overall sequencing success did not improve significantly (78.8% compared with 83.0%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L M Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Environmental Sustainability, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK, Bird Group, Department of Zoology, The Natural History Museum, Tring HP23 6AP, Herts, UK
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23
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Woolaver LG, Nichols RK, Morton ES, Stutchbury BJM. Population genetics and relatedness in a critically endangered island raptor, Ridgway’s Hawk Buteo ridgwayi. CONSERV GENET 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-013-0444-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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24
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Wilson AS, Marra PP, Fleischer RC. Temporal patterns of genetic diversity in Kirtland's warblers (Dendroica kirtlandii), the rarest songbird in North America. BMC Ecol 2012; 12:8. [PMID: 22726952 PMCID: PMC3430571 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6785-12-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kirtland's warblers are the rarest songbird species in North America, rarity due in part to a reliance on early successional Jack Pine forests. Habitat loss due to fire suppression led to population declines to fewer than 200 males during the 1970s. Subsequent conservation management has allowed the species to recover to over 1700 males by 2010. In this study, we directly examine the impact that low population sizes have had on genetic variation in Kirtland's warblers. We compare the molecular variation of samples collected in Oscoda County, Michigan across three time periods: 1903-1912, 1929-1955 and 2008-2009. RESULTS In a hierarchical rarified sample of 20 genes and one time period, allelic richness was highest in 1903-1912 sample (A(R) = 5.96), followed by the 1929-1955 sample (A(R) = 5.74), and was lowest in the 2008-2009 sample (A(R) = 5.54). Heterozygosity measures were not different between the 1929-1955 and 2008-2009 samples, but were lower in the 1903-1912 sample. Under some models, a genetic bottleneck signature was present in the 1929-1955 and 2008-2009 samples but not in the 1903-1912 sample. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that these temporal genetic patterns are the result of the declining Kirtland's warbler population compressing into available habitat and a consequence of existing at low numbers for several decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy S Wilson
- Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, 3001 Connecticut Ave N.W, Washington, DC, 20008, USA
- Center for Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, 3001 Connecticut Ave N.W, Washington, DC, 20008, USA
| | - Peter P Marra
- Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, 3001 Connecticut Ave N.W, Washington, DC, 20008, USA
| | - Robert C Fleischer
- Center for Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, 3001 Connecticut Ave N.W, Washington, DC, 20008, USA
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GANGOSO L, ALCAIDE M, GRANDE JM, MUÑOZ J, TALBOT SL, SONSTHAGEN SA, SAGE GK, FIGUEROLA J. Colonizing the world in spite of reduced MHC variation. J Evol Biol 2012; 25:1438-47. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2012.02529.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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26
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Hartnup K, Huynen L, Te Kanawa R, Shepherd LD, Millar CD, Lambert DM. Ancient DNA recovers the origins of Māori feather cloaks. Mol Biol Evol 2011; 28:2741-50. [PMID: 21558445 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msr107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Feather cloaks ("kakahu"), particularly those adorned with kiwi feathers, are treasured items or "taonga" to the Māori people of "Aotearoa"/New Zealand. They are considered iconic expression of Māori culture. Despite their status, much of our knowledge of the materials used to construct cloaks, the provenance of cloaks, and the origins of cloak making itself, has been lost. We used ancient DNA methods to recover mitochondrial DNA sequences from 849 feather samples taken from 109 cloaks. We show that almost all (>99%) of the cloaks were constructed using feathers from North Island brown kiwi. Molecular sexing of nuclear DNA recovered from 92 feather cloak samples also revealed that the sex ratio of birds deviated from a ratio of 1:1 observed in reference populations. Additionally, we constructed a database of 185 mitochondrial control region DNA sequences of kiwi feathers comprising samples collected from 26 North Island locations together with data available from the literature. Genetic subdivision (G(ST)), nucleotide subdivision (N(ST)) and Spatial Analysis of Molecular Variants (SAMOVA) analyses revealed high levels of genetic structuring in North Island brown kiwi. Together with sequence data from previously studied ancient and modern kiwi samples, we were able to determine the geographic provenance of 847 cloak feathers from 108 cloaks. A surprising proportion (15%) of cloaks were found to contain feathers from different geographic locations, providing evidence of kiwi trading among Māori tribes or organized hunting trips into other tribal areas. Our data also suggest that the east of the North Island of New Zealand was the most prolific of all kiwi cloak making areas, with over 50% of all cloaks analyzed originating from this region. Similar molecular approaches have the potential to discover a wealth of lost information from artifacts of endemic cultures worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hartnup
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
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Coristine LE, Kerr JT. Habitat loss, climate change, and emerging conservation challenges in Canada1This review is part of the virtual symposium “Flagship Species – Flagship Problems” that deals with ecology, biodiversity and management issues, and climate impacts on species at risk and of Canadian importance, including the polar bear (Ursus maritimus), Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), Piping Plover (Charadrius melodus), and caribou (Rangifer tarandus). CAN J ZOOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1139/z11-023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In Canada, habitat loss has pushed many more species to the brink of extinction than expected in a region with extensive wilderness. However, species richness gradients depend strongly on climate, so species are concentrated in southern regions, where agricultural and urban land uses are both intensive and extensive. Agricultural pesticide use is associated with increasing rates of species endangerment in the south, but long-range transport of persistent organic pollutants is an emerging issue in remote northern regions. Because their distributions reflect climate so strongly, climate change threatens species throughout Canada. Evidence indicates that species’ distributions, phenologies, and interactions with pests and diseases are changing more rapidly in response to climate change than global mean values. Nevertheless, climate change is expected to impose dispersal requirements that surpass species’ maximum rates. Habitat losses may interact with climate change to impair species’ dispersal still further, creating the potential for widespread disruption of biological systems in the most diverse areas of Canada. New research is urgently needed to address questions, and the ethics, around species translocation, ecosystem engineering to anticipate future environmental conditions, and strategies to facilitate the persistence of rare species in landscapes dominated by human activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E. Coristine
- Canadian Facility for Ecoinformatics Research, Department of Biology, Ottawa–Carleton Institute of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Jeremy T. Kerr
- Canadian Facility for Ecoinformatics Research, Department of Biology, Ottawa–Carleton Institute of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
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Johnson JA, Talbot SL, Sage GK, Burnham KK, Brown JW, Maechtle TL, Seegar WS, Yates MA, Anderson B, Mindell DP. The use of genetics for the management of a recovering population: temporal assessment of migratory peregrine falcons in North America. PLoS One 2010; 5:e14042. [PMID: 21124969 PMCID: PMC2987794 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our ability to monitor populations or species that were once threatened or endangered and in the process of recovery is enhanced by using genetic methods to assess overall population stability and size over time. This can be accomplished most directly by obtaining genetic measures from temporally-spaced samples that reflect the overall stability of the population as given by changes in genetic diversity levels (allelic richness and heterozygosity), degree of population differentiation (F(ST) and D(EST)), and effective population size (N(e)). The primary goal of any recovery effort is to produce a long-term self-sustaining population, and these genetic measures provide a metric by which we can gauge our progress and help make important management decisions. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The peregrine falcon in North America (Falco peregrinus tundrius and anatum) was delisted in 1994 and 1999, respectively, and its abundance will be monitored by the species Recovery Team every three years until 2015. Although the United States Fish and Wildlife Service makes a distinction between tundrius and anatum subspecies, our genetic results based on eleven microsatellite loci suggest limited differentiation that can be attributed to an isolation by distance relationship and warrant no delineation of these two subspecies in its northern latitudinal distribution from Alaska through Canada into Greenland. Using temporal samples collected at Padre Island, Texas during migration (seven temporal time periods between 1985-2007), no significant differences in genetic diversity or significant population differentiation in allele frequencies between time periods were observed and were indistinguishable from those obtained from tundrius/anatum breeding locations throughout their northern distribution. Estimates of harmonic mean N(e) were variable and imprecise, but always greater than 500 when employing multiple temporal genetic methods. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These results, including those from simulations to assess the power of each method to estimate N(e), suggest a stable or growing population, which is consistent with ongoing field-based monitoring surveys. Therefore, historic and continuing efforts to prevent the extinction of the peregrine falcon in North America appear successful with no indication of recent decline, at least from the northern latitude range-wide perspective. The results also further highlight the importance of archiving samples and their use for continual assessment of population recovery and long-term viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff A Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Applied Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA.
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Historic DNA reveals contemporary population structure results from anthropogenic effects, not pre-fragmentation patterns. CONSERV GENET 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-010-0158-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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HOBAN SEANM, BORKOWSKI DANIELS, BROSI SUNSHINEL, McCLEARY TIMS, THOMPSON LAURAM, McLACHLAN JASONS, PEREIRA MARIEA, SCHLARBAUM SCOTTE, ROMERO-SEVERSON JEANNE. Range-wide distribution of genetic diversity in the North American tree Juglans cinerea: a product of range shifts, not ecological marginality or recent population decline. Mol Ecol 2010; 19:4876-91. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2010.04834.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Nowak C, Vogt C, Pfenninger M, Schwenk K, Oehlmann J, Streit B, Oetken M. Rapid genetic erosion in pollutant-exposed experimental chironomid populations. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2009; 157:881-6. [PMID: 19081658 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2008.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2008] [Revised: 11/04/2008] [Accepted: 11/05/2008] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have evaluated how effectively environmental contamination may reduce genetic diversity of a population. Here, we chose a laboratory approach in order to test if tributyltin (TBT) exposure at environmentally relevant concentrations leads to reduced genetic variation in the midge Chironomus riparius. Two TBT-exposed and two unexposed experimental populations were reared simultaneously in the laboratory for 12 generations. We recorded several life-history traits in each generation and monitored genetic variation over time using five variable microsatellite markers. TBT-exposed strains showed increased larval mortality (treatments: 43.8%; controls: 27.8%), slightly reduced reproductive output, and delayed larval development. Reduction of genetic variation was strongest and only significant in the TBT-exposed strains (treatments: -45.9%, controls: -24.4% of initial heterozygosity) after 12 generations. Our findings document that chemical pollution may lead to a rapid decrease in genetic diversity, which has important implications for conservation strategies and ecological management in polluted environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Nowak
- Abteilung Okologie und Evolution, Institut für Okologie, Evolution und Diversität, J. W. Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Siesmayerstrasse 70, 60054 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Johnson JA, Tingay RE, Culver M, Hailer F, Clarke ML, Mindell DP. Long-term survival despite low genetic diversity in the critically endangered Madagascar fish-eagle. Mol Ecol 2009; 18:54-63. [PMID: 19140964 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2008.04012.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The critically endangered Madagascar fish-eagle (Haliaeetus vociferoides) is considered to be one of the rarest birds of prey globally and at significant risk of extinction. In the most recent census, only 222 adult individuals were recorded with an estimated total breeding population of no more than 100-120 pairs. Here, levels of Madagascar fish-eagle population genetic diversity based on 47 microsatellite loci were compared with its sister species, the African fish-eagle (Haliaeetus vocifer), and 16 of these loci were also characterized in the white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) and the bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus). Overall, extremely low genetic diversity was observed in the Madagascar fish-eagle compared to other surveyed Haliaeetus species. Determining whether this low diversity is the result of a recent bottleneck or a more historic event has important implications for their conservation. Using a Bayesian coalescent-based method, we show that Madagascar fish-eagles have maintained a small effective population size for hundreds to thousands of years and that its low level of neutral genetic diversity is not the result of a recent bottleneck. Therefore, efforts made to prevent Madagascar fish-eagle extinction should place high priority on maintenance of habitat requirements and reducing direct and indirect human persecution. Given the current rate of deforestation in Madagascar, we further recommend that the population be expanded to occupy a larger geographical distribution. This will help the population persist when exposed to stochastic factors (e.g. climate and disease) that may threaten a species consisting of only 200 adult individuals while inhabiting a rapidly changing landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff A Johnson
- The Peregrine Fund, 5668 West Flying Hawk Lane, Boise, ID 83709, USA.
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Alcaide M, Serrano D, Negro JJ, Tella JL, Laaksonen T, Müller C, Gal A, Korpimäki E. Population fragmentation leads to isolation by distance but not genetic impoverishment in the philopatric Lesser Kestrel: a comparison with the widespread and sympatric Eurasian Kestrel. Heredity (Edinb) 2008; 102:190-8. [PMID: 18854856 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2008.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Population fragmentation is a widespread phenomenon usually associated with human activity. As a result of habitat transformation, the philopatric and steppe-specialist Lesser Kestrel Falco naumanni underwent a severe population decline during the last century that increased population fragmentation throughout its breeding range. In contrast, the ubiquitous Eurasian Kestrel Falco tinnunculus did not suffer such adverse effects, its breeding range still remaining rather continuous. Using microsatellites, we tested the effects of population fragmentation on large-scale spatial patterns of genetic differentiation and diversity by comparing these two sympatric and phylogenetically related species. Our results suggest that habitat fragmentation has increased genetic differentiation between Lesser Kestrel populations, following an isolation-by-distance pattern, while the population of Eurasian Kestrels is panmictic. Contrary to expectations, we did not detect significant evidence of reduced genetic variation or increased inbreeding in Lesser Kestrels. Although this study reports genetic differentiation in a species that has potential for long-distance dispersal but philopatry-limited gene flow, large enough effective population sizes and migration may have been sufficient to mitigate genetic depauperation. A serious reduction of genetic diversity in Lesser Kestrels would, therefore, only be expected after severe population bottlenecks following extreme geographic isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alcaide
- Departamentos de Ecología Evolutiva y Biología de la Conservación, Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC, Sevilla, Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Zink
- Bell Museum of Natural History, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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Back to the future: museum specimens in population genetics. Trends Ecol Evol 2007; 22:634-42. [PMID: 17988758 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2007.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2007] [Revised: 08/01/2007] [Accepted: 08/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Museums and other natural history collections (NHC) worldwide house millions of specimens. With the advent of molecular genetic approaches these collections have become the source of many fascinating population studies in conservation genetics that contrast historical with present-day genetic diversity. Recent developments in molecular genetics and genomics and the associated statistical tools have opened up the further possibility of studying evolutionary change directly. As we discuss here, we believe that NHC specimens provide a largely underutilized resource for such investigations. However, because DNA extracted from NHC samples is degraded, analyses of such samples are technically demanding and many potential pitfalls exist. Thus, we propose a set of guidelines that outline the steps necessary to begin genetic investigations using specimens from NHC.
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Johnson JA, Burnham KK, Burnham WA, Mindell DP. Genetic structure among continental and island populations of gyrfalcons. Mol Ecol 2007; 16:3145-60. [PMID: 17651193 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03373.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the possible influence that past glacial events have had on the phylogeography and population structure of avian predators in the Arctic and sub-Arctic. In this study, we use microsatellite and mitochondrial control region DNA variation to investigate the population genetic structure of gyrfalcons (Falco rusticolus) throughout a large portion of their circumpolar distribution. In most locations sampled, the mtDNA data revealed little geographic structure; however, five out of eight mtDNA haplotypes were unique to a particular geographic area (Greenland, Iceland, or Alaska) and the Iceland population differed from others based on haplotype frequency differences (F(ST)). With the microsatellite results, significant population structure (F(ST), principal components analysis, and cluster analysis) was observed identifying Greenland and Iceland as separate populations, while Norway, Alaska and Canada were identified as a single population consistent with contemporary gene flow across Russia. Within Greenland, differing levels of gene flow between western and eastern sampling locations was indicated with apparent asymmetric dispersal in western Greenland from north to south. This dispersal bias is in agreement with the distribution of plumage colour variants with white gyrfalcons in much higher proportion in northern Greenland. Lastly, because the mtDNA control region sequence differed by only one to four nucleotides from a common haplotype among all gyrfalcons, we infer that the observed microsatellite population genetic structure has developed since the last glacial maximum. This conclusion is further supported by our finding that a closely related species, the saker falcon (Falco cherrug), has greater genetic heterogeneity, including mtDNA haplotypes differing by 1-16 nucleotide substitutions from a common gyrfalcon haplotype. This is consistent with gyrfalcons having expanded rapidly from a single glacial-age refugium to their current circumpolar distribution. Additional sampling of gyrfalcons from Fennoscandia and Russia throughout Siberia is necessary to test putative gene flow between Norway and Alaska and Canada as suggested by this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff A Johnson
- The Peregrine Fund, 5668 West Flying Hawk Lane, Boise, ID 83709, USA.
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Significant genetic admixture after reintroduction of peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) in Southern Scandinavia. CONSERV GENET 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-007-9373-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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