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Sgambelluri LR, Jarvis JC, Kamel SJ. Multiple paternity, fertilization success, and male quality: Mating system variation in the eelgrass, Zostera marina. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11608. [PMID: 38919644 PMCID: PMC11197038 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Genetic diversity can modulate a population's response to a changing environment and plays a critical role in its ecological function. While multiple processes act to maintain genetic diversity, sexual reproduction remains the primary driving force. Eelgrass (Zostera marina) is an important habitat-forming species found in temperate coastal ecosystems across the globe. Recent increases in sea surface temperatures have resulted in shifts to a mixed-annual life-history strategy (i.e., displaying characteristics of both annual and perennial meadows) at its southern edge-of-range. Given that mating systems are intimately linked to standing levels of genetic variation, understanding the scope of sexual reproduction can illuminate the processes that shape genetic diversity. To characterize edge-of-range eelgrass mating systems, developing seeds on flowering Z. marina shoots were genotyped from three meadows in Topsail, North Carolina. In all meadows, levels of multiple mating were high, with shoots pollinated by an average of eight sires (range: 3-16). The number of fertilized seeds (i.e., reproductive success) varied significantly across sires (range: 1-25) and was positively correlated with both individual heterozygosity and self-fertilization. Outcrossing rates were high (approx. 70%) and varied across spathes. No clones were detected, and kinship among sampled flowering shoots was low, supporting observed patterns of reproductive output. Given the role that genetic diversity plays in enhancing resistance to and resilience from ecological disturbance, disentangling the links between life history, sexual reproduction, and genetic variation will aid in informing the management and conservation of this key foundation species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren R. Sgambelluri
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, Center for Marine ScienceUniversity of North Carolina WilmingtonWilmingtonNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Jessie C. Jarvis
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, Center for Marine ScienceUniversity of North Carolina WilmingtonWilmingtonNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Stephanie J. Kamel
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, Center for Marine ScienceUniversity of North Carolina WilmingtonWilmingtonNorth CarolinaUSA
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Butcher CL, Rubin BY, Anderson SL, Lewis JD. Pollen dispersal patterns differ among sites for a wind-pollinated species and an insect-pollinated species. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2020; 107:1504-1517. [PMID: 33108685 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Pollen dispersal, the main component of overall plant gene flow, generally decreases with increasing distance from the pollen source, but the pattern of this relationship may differ among sites. Although site-based differences in pollen dispersal may lead to over- or underestimation of gene flow, no studies have investigated pollen dispersal patterns among differing urban site types, despite the incongruent range of habitats in urban areas. METHODS We used paternity assignment to assess pollen dispersal patterns in a wind-pollinated species (waterhemp; Amaranthus tuberculatus) and in an insect-pollinated species (tomato; Solanum lycopersicum) in experimental arrays at four disparate sites (two roof-level sites, two ground-level sites) in the New York (New York, USA) metropolitan area. RESULTS The number of seeds or fruits, a proxy for the number of flowers pollinated, decreased with increasing distance from the pollen donors at all sites for both species. However, the mean number of Amaranthus tuberculatusseeds produced at a given distance differed two-fold among sites, while the slope of the relationship between Solanum lycopersicumfruit production and distance differed by a factor of four among sites. CONCLUSIONS Pollen dispersal patterns may differ substantially among sites, both in the amount of pollen dispersed at a given distance and in the proportional decrease in pollen dispersal with increasing distance, and these effects may act independently. Accordingly, the capacity of plant species to adapt to climate change and other selection pressures may be different from predictions based on pollen dispersal patterns at a single location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea L Butcher
- Louis Calder Center - Biological Field Station, Fordham University, 31 Whippoorwill Road, Armonk, New York, 10504, USA
- Center for Urban Ecology, Fordham University, 441 East Fordham Road, Bronx, New York, 10458, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, 441 East Fordham Road, Bronx, New York, 10458, USA
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Northwood University, 4000 Whiting Drive, Midland, Michigan, 48640, USA
| | - Berish Y Rubin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, 441 East Fordham Road, Bronx, New York, 10458, USA
| | - Sylvia L Anderson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, 441 East Fordham Road, Bronx, New York, 10458, USA
| | - James D Lewis
- Louis Calder Center - Biological Field Station, Fordham University, 31 Whippoorwill Road, Armonk, New York, 10504, USA
- Center for Urban Ecology, Fordham University, 441 East Fordham Road, Bronx, New York, 10458, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, 441 East Fordham Road, Bronx, New York, 10458, USA
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Butcher CL, Rubin BY, Anderson SL, Nandula VK, Owen MDK, Gardner RG, Lewis JD. Combining rare alleles and grouped pollen donors to assign paternity in pollen dispersal studies. APPLICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2020; 8:e11330. [PMID: 32185121 PMCID: PMC7073328 DOI: 10.1002/aps3.11330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Pollen dispersal plays a critical role in gene flow of seed plants. Most often, pollen dispersal is measured using paternity assignment. However, this approach can be time-consuming because it typically entails genotyping all pollen donors, receptors, and offspring at several molecular markers. METHODS We developed a faster, simpler protocol to track paternity, using pollen receptors and grouped pollen donors that possess rare alleles. We tested this approach using wind-pollinated Amaranthus tuberculatus and insect-pollinated Solanum lycopersicum. After screening potential markers for rare alleles, we grew both species in experimental arrays under field conditions. RESULTS All tested A. tuberculatus seeds and 97% of S. lycopersicum fruits could be assigned to the grouped pollen donors using each of two markers. From these results, we could infer paternity of untested offspring and assess pollen dispersal patterns in each array. DISCUSSION By combining rare alleles and grouped pollen donors, we could assess pollen dispersal for both species and across all arrays after genotyping a small number of pollen donors and a representative subset of offspring. While directly applicable to A. tuberculatus and S. lycopersicum, this approach could be used in other species to assess pollen dispersal under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea L. Butcher
- Louis Calder Center, Biological Field StationFordham University31 Whippoorwill RoadArmonkNew York10504USA
- Center for Urban EcologyFordham University441 East Fordham RoadBronxNew York10458USA
- Department of Biological SciencesFordham University441 East Fordham RoadBronxNew York10458USA
- Department of Mathematics and Natural SciencesNorthwood University4000 Whiting DriveMidlandMichigan48640USA
| | - Berish Y. Rubin
- Department of Biological SciencesFordham University441 East Fordham RoadBronxNew York10458USA
| | - Sylvia L. Anderson
- Department of Biological SciencesFordham University441 East Fordham RoadBronxNew York10458USA
| | - Vijay K. Nandula
- Crop Production Systems Research Unit, Agricultural Research ServiceU.S. Department of Agriculture141 Experiment Station RoadStonevilleMississippi38776USA
| | - Micheal D. K. Owen
- Department of AgronomyIowa State University716 Farm House LaneAmesIowa50011USA
| | - Randolph G. Gardner
- Department of Horticultural ScienceNorth Carolina State UniversityMountain Horticultural Crops Research and Extension Center (MHCREC)455 Research DriveMills RiverNorth Carolina28759USA
| | - J. D. Lewis
- Louis Calder Center, Biological Field StationFordham University31 Whippoorwill RoadArmonkNew York10504USA
- Center for Urban EcologyFordham University441 East Fordham RoadBronxNew York10458USA
- Department of Biological SciencesFordham University441 East Fordham RoadBronxNew York10458USA
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Macgregor CJ, Pocock MJO, Fox R, Evans DM. Effects of street lighting technologies on the success and quality of pollination in a nocturnally pollinated plant. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Callum J. Macgregor
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford Wallingford Oxfordshire OX10 8BB UK
- Butterfly Conservation Manor Yard, East Lulworth Wareham Dorset BH20 5QP UK
- School of Biological, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences University of Hull Cottingham Road Hull HU6 7RX UK
| | - Michael J. O. Pocock
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford Wallingford Oxfordshire OX10 8BB UK
| | - Richard Fox
- Butterfly Conservation Manor Yard, East Lulworth Wareham Dorset BH20 5QP UK
| | - Darren M. Evans
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
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Bawa KS, Ingty T, Revell LJ, Shivaprakash KN. Correlated evolution of flower size and seed number in flowering plants (monocotyledons). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 123:181-190. [PMID: 30165602 PMCID: PMC6344089 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Kin selection theory predicts that a parent may minimize deleterious effects of competition among seeds developing within ovaries by increasing the genetic relatedness of seeds within an ovary. Alternatively, the number of developing seeds could be reduced to one or a few. It has also been suggested that single or few seeded fruits may be correlated with small flowers, and multi-ovulate ovaries or many seeded fruits may be associated with large flowers with specialized pollination mechanisms. We examined the correlation between flower size and seed number in 69 families of monocotyledons to assess if correlations are significant and independent of phylogeny. Methods We first examined the effect of phylogenetic history on the evolution of these two traits, flower size and seed number, and then mapped correlations between them on the latest phylogenetic tree of monocotyledons. Results The results provide phylogenetically robust evidence of strong correlated evolution between flower size and seed number and show that correlated evolution of traits is not constrained by phylogenetic history of taxa. Moreover, the two character combinations, small flowers and a single or few seeds per fruit, and large flowers and many seeded fruits, have persisted in monocotyledons longer than other trait combinations. Conclusions The analyses support the suggestion that most angiosperms may fall into two categories, one with large flowers and many seeded fruits and the other with small flowers and single or few seeded fruits, and kin selection within ovaries may explain the observed patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamaljit S Bawa
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA, USA
- Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, Bangalore, India
| | - Tenzing Ingty
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Liam J Revell
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA, USA
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - K N Shivaprakash
- Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, Bangalore, India
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Mazer SJ, Hendrickson BT, Chellew JP, Kim LJ, Liu JW, Shu J, Sharma MV. Divergence in pollen performance between Clarkia sister species with contrasting mating systems supports predictions of sexual selection. Evolution 2018; 72:453-472. [PMID: 29359333 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Animal taxa that differ in the intensity of sperm competition often differ in sperm production or swimming speed, arguably due to sexual selection on postcopulatory male traits affecting siring success. In plants, closely related self- and cross-pollinated taxa similarly differ in the opportunity for sexual selection among male gametophytes after pollination, so traits such as the proportion of pollen on the stigma that rapidly enters the style and mean pollen tube growth rate (PTGR) are predicted to diverge between them. To date, no studies have tested this prediction in multiple plant populations under uniform conditions. We tested for differences in pollen performance in greenhouse-raised populations of two Clarkia sister species: the predominantly outcrossing C. unguiculata and the facultatively self-pollinating C. exilis. Within populations of each taxon, groups of individuals were reciprocally pollinated (n = 1153 pollinations) and their styles examined four hours later. We tested for the effects of species, population, pollen type (self vs. outcross), the number of competing pollen grains, and temperature on pollen performance. Clarkia unguiculata exhibited higher mean PTGR than C. exilis; pollen type had no effect on performance in either taxon. The difference between these species in PTGR is consistent with predictions of sexual selection theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan J Mazer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106
| | - Brandon T Hendrickson
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106
| | - Joseph P Chellew
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106
| | - Lynn J Kim
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106
| | - Jasen W Liu
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106
| | - Jasper Shu
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106
| | - Manju V Sharma
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106
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Antonova EV, Korchagina OS. Microsatellite loci variability in the ural population of Silene latifolia (caryophyllaceae). BIOL BULL+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359017050028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Huang Q, Burd M, Fan Z. Resource Allocation and Seed Size Selection in Perennial Plants under Pollen Limitation. Am Nat 2017; 190:430-441. [DOI: 10.1086/692543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Rhodes MK, Fant JB, Skogen KA. Pollinator identity and spatial isolation influence multiple paternity in an annual plant. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:4296-4308. [PMID: 28334485 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence and extent of multiple paternity is an important component of variation in plant mating dynamics. However, links between pollinator activity and multiple paternity are generally lacking, especially for plant species that attract functionally diverse floral visitors. In this study, we separated the influence of two functionally distinct floral visitors (hawkmoths and solitary bees) and characterized their impacts on multiple paternity in a self-incompatible, annual forb, Oenothera harringtonii (Onagraceae). We also situated pollinator-mediated effects in a spatial context by linking variation in multiple paternity to variation in plant spatial isolation. We documented pronounced differences in the number of paternal sires as function of pollinator identity: on average, the primary pollinator (hawkmoths) facilitated mating with nearly twice as many pollen donors relative to the secondary pollinator (solitary bees). This effect was consistent for both isolated and nonisolated individuals, but spatial isolation imposed pronounced reductions on multiple paternity regardless of pollinator identity. Considering that pollinator abundance and pollen dispersal distance did not vary significantly with pollinator identity, we attribute variation in realized mating dynamics primarily to differences in pollinator morphology and behaviour as opposed to pollinator abundance or mating incompatibility arising from underlying spatial genetic structure. Our findings demonstrate that functionally distinct pollinators can have strongly divergent effects on polyandry in plants and further suggest that both pollinator identity and spatial heterogeneity have important roles in plant mating dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew K Rhodes
- Division of Plant Science and Conservation, Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Rd, Glencoe, IL, 60022, USA.,Program in Plant Biology and Conservation, Northwestern University, 2205 Tech Drive, O.T. Hogan Hall, Room 2-144, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Jeremie B Fant
- Division of Plant Science and Conservation, Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Rd, Glencoe, IL, 60022, USA
| | - Krissa A Skogen
- Division of Plant Science and Conservation, Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Rd, Glencoe, IL, 60022, USA
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10
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Schrieber K, Wolf S, Wypior C, Höhlig D, Hensen I, Lachmuth S. Adaptive and non-adaptive evolution of trait means and genetic trait correlations for herbivory resistance and performance in an invasive plant. OIKOS 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.03781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karin Schrieber
- Inst. of Biology; Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther Univ. Halle-Wittenberg; Halle (Saale) Germany
- Faculty of Biology, Dept. of Chemical Ecology; Univ. Bielefeld; Bielefeld Germany
| | - Sabrina Wolf
- Inst. of Biology; Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther Univ. Halle-Wittenberg; Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Catherina Wypior
- Inst. of Biology; Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther Univ. Halle-Wittenberg; Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Diana Höhlig
- Inst. of Biology; Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther Univ. Halle-Wittenberg; Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Isabell Hensen
- Inst. of Biology; Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther Univ. Halle-Wittenberg; Halle (Saale) Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Susanne Lachmuth
- Inst. of Biology; Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther Univ. Halle-Wittenberg; Halle (Saale) Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
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Krueger-Hadfield SA, Hoban SM. The importance of effective sampling for exploring the population dynamics of haploid-diploid seaweeds. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2016; 52:1-9. [PMID: 26987084 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The mating system partitions genetic diversity within and among populations and the links between life history traits and mating systems have been extensively studied in diploid organisms. As such most evolutionary theory is focused on species for which sexual reproduction occurs between diploid male and diploid female individuals. However, there are many multicellular organisms with biphasic life cycles in which the haploid stage is prolonged and undergoes substantial somatic development. In particular, biphasic life cycles are found across green, brown and red macroalgae. Yet, few studies have addressed the population structure and genetic diversity in both the haploid and diploid stages in these life cycles. We have developed some broad guidelines with which to develop population genetic studies of haploid-diploid macroalgae and to quantify the relationship between power and sampling strategy. We address three common goals for studying macroalgal population dynamics, including haploid-diploid ratios, genetic structure and paternity analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy A Krueger-Hadfield
- Grice Marine Laboratory, College of Charleston, 205 Fort Johnson Rd, Charleston, South Carolina, 29412, USA
| | - Sean M Hoban
- National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
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Montanari S, Brewer L, Lamberts R, Velasco R, Malnoy M, Perchepied L, Guérif P, Durel CE, Bus VGM, Gardiner SE, Chagné D. Genome mapping of postzygotic hybrid necrosis in an interspecific pear population. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2016; 3:15064. [PMID: 26770810 PMCID: PMC4702180 DOI: 10.1038/hortres.2015.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Deleterious epistatic interactions in plant inter- and intraspecific hybrids can cause a phenomenon known as hybrid necrosis, characterized by a typical seedling phenotype whose main distinguishing features are dwarfism, tissue necrosis and in some cases lethality. Identification of the chromosome regions associated with this type of incompatibility is important not only to increase our understanding of the evolutionary diversification that led to speciation but also for breeding purposes. Development of molecular markers linked to the lethal genes will allow breeders to avoid incompatible inbred combinations that could affect the expression of important agronomic tratis co-segregating with these genes. Although hybrid necrosis has been reported in several plant taxa, including Rosaceae species, this phenomenon has not been described previously in pear. In the interspecific pear population resulting from a cross between PEAR3 (Pyrus bretschneideri × Pyrus communis) and 'Moonglow' (P. communis), we observed two types of hybrid necrosis, expressed at different stages of plant development. Using a combination of previously mapped and newly developed genetic markers, we identified three chromosome regions associated with these two types of lethality, which were genetically independent. One type resulted from a negative epistatic interaction between a locus on linkage group 5 (LG5) of PEAR3 and a locus on LG1 of 'Moonglow', while the second type was due to a gene that maps to LG2 of PEAR3 and which either acts alone or more probably interacts with another gene of unknown location inherited from 'Moonglow'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Montanari
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige (TN), Italy
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Palmerston North Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - UMR1345, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), SFR 4207 Quasav, 42 rue Georges Morel, F-49071 Beaucouzé, France
| | - Lester Brewer
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Motueka Research Centre, Motueka, New Zealand
| | - Robert Lamberts
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Motueka Research Centre, Motueka, New Zealand
| | - Riccardo Velasco
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige (TN), Italy
| | - Mickael Malnoy
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige (TN), Italy
| | - Laure Perchepied
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - UMR1345, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), SFR 4207 Quasav, 42 rue Georges Morel, F-49071 Beaucouzé, France
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - UMR1345, Université d’Angers, F-49045 Angers, France
| | - Philippe Guérif
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - UMR1345, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), SFR 4207 Quasav, 42 rue Georges Morel, F-49071 Beaucouzé, France
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - UMR1345, Université d’Angers, F-49045 Angers, France
| | - Charles-Eric Durel
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - UMR1345, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), SFR 4207 Quasav, 42 rue Georges Morel, F-49071 Beaucouzé, France
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - UMR1345, Université d’Angers, F-49045 Angers, France
| | - Vincent G M Bus
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Hawke’s Bay Research Centre, Havelock North, New Zealand
| | - Susan E Gardiner
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Palmerston North Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - David Chagné
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Palmerston North Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Pélabon C, Albertsen E, Falahati-Anbaran M, Wright J, Armbruster W. Does multiple paternity affect seed mass in angiosperms? An experimental test in Dalechampia scandens. J Evol Biol 2015; 28:1719-33. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Pélabon
- Department of Biology; Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
| | - E. Albertsen
- Department of Biology; Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
| | - M. Falahati-Anbaran
- School of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms; University of Tehran; Tehran Iran
- Department of Biology; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
| | - J. Wright
- Department of Biology; Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
| | - W.S. Armbruster
- Department of Biology; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
- School of Biological Sciences; King Henry Building; University of Portsmouth; Portsmouth UK
- Institute of Arctic Biology; University of Alaska; Fairbanks AK USA
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Whitehead MR, Linde CC, Peakall R. Pollination by sexual deception promotes outcrossing and mate diversity in self-compatible clonal orchids. J Evol Biol 2015; 28:1526-41. [PMID: 26079670 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The majority of flowering plants rely on animals as pollen vectors. Thus, plant mating systems and pollen dispersal are strongly influenced by pollinator behaviour. In Australian sexually deceptive orchids pollinated by male thynnine wasps, outcrossing and extensive pollen flow is predicted due to floral deception, which minimizes multiple flower visitations within patches, and the movement of pollinators under mate-search rather than foraging behaviours. This hypothesis was tested using microsatellite markers to reconstruct and infer paternity in two clonal, self-compatible orchids. Offspring from naturally pollinated Chiloglottis valida and C. aff. jeanesii were acquired through symbiotic culture of seeds collected over three seasons. In both species, outcrossing was extensive (tm = 0.924-1.00) despite clone sizes up to 11 m wide. The median pollen flow distance based on paternity for both taxa combined was 14.5 m (n = 18, range 0-69 m), being larger than typically found by paternity analyses in other herbaceous plants. Unexpectedly for orchids, some capsules were sired by more than one father, with an average of 1.35 pollen donors per fruit. This is the first genetic confirmation of polyandry in orchid capsules. Further, we report a possible link between multiple paternity and increased seed fitness. Together, these results demonstrate that deceptive pollination by mate-searching wasps enhances offspring fitness by promoting both outcrossing and within-fruit paternal diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Whitehead
- Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - C C Linde
- Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - R Peakall
- Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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15
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Hasegawa Y, Suyama Y, Seiwa K. Variation in pollen-donor composition among pollinators in an entomophilous tree species, Castanea crenata, revealed by single-pollen genotyping. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120393. [PMID: 25793619 PMCID: PMC4368697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In plants, reproductive success is largely determined by the composition of pollen (i.e., self-pollen and outcross-pollen from near and distant pollen-donors) transported as a result of pollinator foraging behavior (e.g., pollen carryover). However, little evidence is available on how and to what extent the pollen carryover affects the pollen-donor composition and on which insect taxa are effective outcross-pollen transporters under field conditions. In this study, we explored roles of foraging behavior of insect pollinators on pollen-donor composition and subsequent reproductive success in a woody plant. METHODS We performed paternity analyses based on microsatellite genotyping of individual pollen grains found on diurnal pollinators (i.e., bumblebee, small bee, fly, small beetle, and honeybee) visiting Castanea crenata trees. RESULTS The outcross-pollen rate was highest in bumblebees (66%), followed by small bees (35%), flies (31%), and small beetles (18%). The effective number of pollen donors, representing pollen carryover, was greater in bumblebees (9.71) than in flies (3.40), small bees (3.32), and small beetles (3.06). The high percentages of pollen from outside the plot on bumblebees (65.4%) and flies (71.2%) compared to small bees (35.3%) and small beetles (13.5%) demonstrated their longer pollen dispersal distances. CONCLUSIONS All of the diurnal insects carried outcross-pollen grains for long distances via pollen carryover. This fact suggests that a wide range of insect taxa are potential outcross-pollen transporters for the self-incompatible C. crenata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Hasegawa
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Osaki, Miyagi, Japan
- Institute of Wood Technology, Akita Prefectural University, Noshiro, Akita, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Yoshihisa Suyama
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Osaki, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kenji Seiwa
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Osaki, Miyagi, Japan
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16
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Determinants of genetic structure in a nonequilibrium metapopulation of the plant Silene latifolia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104575. [PMID: 25198341 PMCID: PMC4157773 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Population genetic differentiation will be influenced by the demographic history of populations, opportunities for migration among neighboring demes and founder effects associated with repeated extinction and recolonization. In natural populations, these factors are expected to interact with each other and their magnitudes will vary depending on the spatial distribution and age structure of local demes. Although each of these effects has been individually identified as important in structuring genetic variance, their relative magnitude is seldom estimated in nature. We conducted a population genetic analysis in a metapopulation of the angiosperm, Silene latifolia, from which we had more than 20 years of data on the spatial distribution, demographic history, and extinction and colonization of demes. We used hierarchical Bayesian methods to disentangle which features of the populations contributed to among population variation in allele frequencies, including the magnitude and direction of their effects. We show that population age, long-term size and degree of connectivity all combine to affect the distribution of genetic variance; small, recently-founded, isolated populations contributed most to increase FST in the metapopulation. However, the effects of population size and population age are best understood as being modulated through the effects of connectivity to other extant populations, i.e. FST diminishes as populations age, but at a rate that depends how isolated the population is. These spatial and temporal correlates of population structure give insight into how migration, founder effect and within-deme genetic drift have combined to enhance and restrict genetic divergence in a natural metapopulation.
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Mitchell RJ, Wilson WG, Holmquist KG, Karron JD. Influence of pollen transport dynamics on sire profiles and multiple paternity in flowering plants. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76312. [PMID: 24098473 PMCID: PMC3789738 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In many flowering plants individual fruits contain a mixture of half- and full- siblings, reflecting pollination by several fathers. To better understand the mechanisms generating multiple paternity within fruits we present a theoretical framework linking pollen carryover with patterns of pollinator movement. This 'sire profile' model predicts that species with more extensive pollen carryover will have a greater number of mates. It also predicts that flowers on large displays, which are often probed consecutively during a single pollinator visitation sequence, will have a lower effective number of mates. We compared these predictions with observed values for bumble bee-pollinated Mimulus ringens, which has restricted carryover, and hummingbird-pollinated Ipomopsis aggregata, which has extensive carryover. The model correctly predicted that the effective number of mates is much higher in the species with more extensive carryover. This work extends our knowledge of plant mating systems by highlighting mechanisms influencing the genetic composition of sibships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall J. Mitchell
- Department of Biology, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - William G. Wilson
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Karsten G. Holmquist
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Karron
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
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18
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Hove AA, Mazer SJ. Pollen Performance in Clarkia Taxa with Contrasting Mating Systems: Implications for Male Gametophytic Evolution in Selfers and Outcrossers. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2013; 2:248-78. [PMID: 27137375 PMCID: PMC4844357 DOI: 10.3390/plants2020248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
We tested three predictions regarding the joint evolution of pollen performance and mating system. First, due to the potential for intense intrasexual competition in outcrossing populations, we predicted that outcrossers would produce faster-growing pollen than their selfing relatives. Second, if elevated competition promotes stronger selection on traits that improve pollen performance, then, among-plant variation in pollen performance would be lower in outcrossers than in selfers. Third, given successive generations of adaptation to the same maternal genotype in selfers, we predicted that, in selfing populations (but not in outcrossing ones), pollen would perform better following self- than cross-pollinations. We tested these predictions in field populations of two pairs of Clarkia (Onagraceae) sister taxa. Consistent with our predictions, one outcrosser (C. unguiculata) exhibited faster pollen germination and less variation in pollen tube growth rate (PTGR) among pollen donors than its selfing sister species, C. exilis. Contrary to our predictions, the selfing C. xantiana ssp. parviflora exhibited faster PTGR than the outcrossing ssp. xantiana, and these taxa showed similar levels of variation in this trait. Pollen performance following self- vs. cross-pollinations did not differ within either selfing or outcrossing taxa. While these findings suggest that mating system and pollen performance may jointly evolve in Clarkia, other factors clearly contribute to pollen performance in natural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa A Hove
- Biology Department, Warren Wilson College, P.O. Box 9000, Asheville, NC 28815, USA.
| | - Susan J Mazer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
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19
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Vandepitte K, De Meyer T, Jacquemyn H, Roldán-Ruiz I, Honnay O. The impact of extensive clonal growth on fine-scale mating patterns: a full paternity analysis of a lily-of-the-valley population (Convallaria majalis). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2013; 111:623-8. [PMID: 23439847 PMCID: PMC3605957 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The combination of clonality and a mating system promoting outcrossing is considered advantageous because outcrossing avoids the fitness costs of selfing within clones (geitonogamy) while clonality assures local persistence and increases floral display. The spatial spread of genetically identical plants (ramets) may, however, also decrease paternal diversity (the number of sires fertilizing a given dam) and fertility, particularly towards the centre of large clumped clones. This study aimed to quantify the impact of extensive clonal growth on fine-scale paternity patterns in a population of the allogamous Convallaria majalis. METHODS A full analysis of paternity was performed by genotyping all flowering individuals and all viable seeds produced during a single season using AFLP. Mating patterns were examined and the spatial position of ramets was related to the extent of multiple paternity, fruiting success and seed production. KEY RESULTS The overall outcrossing rate was high (91 %) and pollen flow into the population was considerable (27 %). Despite extensive clonal growth, multiple paternity was relatively common (the fraction of siblings sharing the same father was 0·53 within ramets). The diversity of offspring collected from reproductive ramets surrounded by genetically identical inflorescences was as high as among offspring collected from ramets surrounded by distinct genets. There was no significant relationship between the similarity of the pollen load received by two ramets and the distance between them. Neither the distance of ramets with respect to distinct genets nor the distance to the genet centre significantly affected fruiting success or seed production. CONCLUSIONS Random mating and considerable pollen inflow most probably implied that pollen dispersal distances were sufficiently high to mitigate local mate scarcity despite extensive clonal spread. The data provide no evidence for the intrusion of clonal growth on fine-scale plant mating patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Vandepitte
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Biology Department, University of Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Tim De Meyer
- Laboratory for Bioinformatics and Computational Genomics, Mathematical Modelling, Statistics & Bioinformatics Department, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent. Belgium
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Biology Department, University of Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Isabel Roldán-Ruiz
- Plant Sciences Unit – Growth and Development, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research ILVO, Caritasstraat 21, B-9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Olivier Honnay
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Biology Department, University of Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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20
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Pannell JR, Labouche AM. The incidence and selection of multiple mating in plants. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 368:20120051. [PMID: 23339242 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mating with more than one pollen donor, or polyandry, is common in land plants. In flowering plants, polyandry occurs when the pollen from different potential sires is distributed among the fruits of a single individual, or when pollen from more than one donor is deposited on the same stigma. Because polyandry typically leads to multiple paternity among or within fruits, it can be indirectly inferred on the basis of paternity analysis using molecular markers. A review of the literature indicates that polyandry is probably ubiquitous in plants except those that habitually self-fertilize, or that disperse their pollen in pollen packages, such as polyads or pollinia. Multiple mating may increase plants' female component by alleviating pollen limitation or by promoting competition among pollen grains from different potential sires. Accordingly, a number of traits have evolved that should promote polyandry at the flower level from the female's point of view, e.g. the prolongation of stigma receptivity or increases in stigma size. However, many floral traits, such as attractiveness, the physical manipulation of pollinators and pollen-dispensing mechanisms that lead to polyandrous pollination, have probably evolved in response to selection to promote male siring success in general, so that polyandry might often best be seen as a by-product of selection to enhance outcross siring success. In this sense, polyandry in plants is similar to geitonogamy (selfing caused by pollen transfer among flowers of the same plant), because both polyandry and geitonogamy probably result from selection to promote outcross siring success, although geitonogamy is almost always deleterious while polyandry in plants will seldom be so.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Pannell
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.
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21
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López-Vinyallonga S, López-Pujol J, Martinell MC, Massó S, Blanché C. Genetic diversity in <i>Silene sennenii</i> Pau (Caryophyllaceae) assayed through DNA-based techniques. COLLECTANEA BOTANICA 2013. [DOI: 10.3989/collectbot.2012.v31.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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22
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Soper DM, Delph LF, Lively CM. Multiple paternity in the freshwater snail, Potamopyrgus antipodarum. Ecol Evol 2012; 2:3179-85. [PMID: 23301182 PMCID: PMC3539010 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mating multiply may incur costs, such as exposure to predators and to sexually transmitted diseases. Nevertheless, it may be favored, in spite of these costs, as a way to increase the genetic diversity of offspring through fertilization by multiple males. Here, we tested for multiple paternity in a freshwater snail (Potamopyrgus antipodarum), which is host to several species of sterilizing trematode worms. Using microsatellites markers, we found multiple paternity in two different snail populations, with as many as seven males fertilizing a single female. In addition, high evenness of sire fertilization was found within individual broods. Multiple paternity can occur for a variety of reasons; however, given that these populations experience high risk of infection by a sterilizing trematode, one potential explanation may be that multiple paternity and high evenness of sire fertilizations increase the chances of the production of parasite-resistant offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna M Soper
- Department of Biology, Indiana University 1001 E. Third St., Bloomington, Indiana, 47405
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23
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Keller SR, Gilbert KJ, Fields PD, Taylor DR. Bayesian inference of a complex invasion history revealed by nuclear and chloroplast genetic diversity in the colonizing plant, Silene latifolia. Mol Ecol 2012; 21:4721-34. [PMID: 22943057 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2012.05751.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Species invading new ranges are subject to a series of demographic events that can strongly shape genetic diversity. Describing this demographic history is important for understanding where invasive species come from and how they spread, and is critical to testing hypotheses of postinvasion adaptation. Here, we analyse nuclear and chloroplast genetic diversity to study the invasion history of the widespread colonizing weed, Silene latifolia (Caryophyllaceae). Bayesian clustering and PCA revealed strong population structure in the native range of Europe, and although genotypes from multiple native sources were present in the introduced range of North America, the spatial distribution of genetic variance was dramatically reorganized. Using approximate Bayesian computation (ABC), we compared support for different invasion scenarios, including the number and size of independent introduction events and the amount of admixture occurring between sources of introduced genotypes. Our results supported independent introductions into eastern and western North America, with the latter forming a bridgehead for a secondary invasion into the Great Lakes region of central North America. Despite small estimated founder population sizes, the duration of the demographic bottleneck after the initial introduction appeared extremely short-lived. This pattern of repeated colonization and rapid expansion has effectively eroded the strong population structure and cytonuclear associations present in Europe, but has retained overall high genetic diversity since invasion. Our results highlight the flexibility of the ABC approach for constructing a narrative of the demographic history of species invasions and provide baseline for future studies of evolutionary changes in introduced S. latifolia populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Keller
- Appalachian Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, 301 Braddock Road, Frostburg, MD 21532, USA.
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24
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Medrano M, Requerey R, Karron JD, Herrera CM. Herkogamy and mate diversity in the wild daffodil Narcissus longispathus: beyond the selfing-outcrossing paradigm in the evolution of mixed mating. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2012; 14:801-810. [PMID: 22443123 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2012.00569.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Spatial separation of male and female reproductive structures (herkogamy) is a widespread floral trait that has traditionally been viewed as an adaptation that reduces the likelihood of self-pollination. Here we propose that increased herkogamy may also influence another important aspect of plant mating: the diversity of pollen donors siring seeds within fruits. We test this hypothesis in Narcissus longispathus, a wild daffodil species with extensive variation in anther-stigma separation. To study the morphological basis of variation in herkogamy, floral measurements were undertaken in 16 populations of N. longispathus. We then quantified multilocus outcrossing rates and the correlation of outcrossed paternity in three of these populations sampled over several years. Mating system estimates were calculated for each population and year, and also separately for groups of plants that differed markedly in herkogamy within each population and year. In N. longispathus herkogamy was much more variable than other floral traits, and was more closely related to style length than to anther position. Averaged across populations and years, plants with high herkogamy had similar outcrossing rates (0.683) to plants with intermediate (0.648) or low herkogamy (0.590). However, a significant linear trend was found for correlation of outcrossed paternity, which increased monotonically from high herkogamy (0.221), through intermediate herkogamy (0.303) to low herkogamy (0.463) plants. The diversity of pollen donors siring seeds of high herkogamy Narcissus flowers was thus consistently greater than the diversity of pollen donors siring seeds of low herkogamy flowers. Results of this study contribute to the emerging consensus that floral traits can simultaneously influence several aspects of plant mating system in complex ways, thus extending the traditional focus centred exclusively on patterns and relative importance of self- and cross-fertilisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Medrano
- Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Isla de La Cartuja, Sevilla, Spain Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - R Requerey
- Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Isla de La Cartuja, Sevilla, Spain Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - J D Karron
- Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Isla de La Cartuja, Sevilla, Spain Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - C M Herrera
- Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Isla de La Cartuja, Sevilla, Spain Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Karron JD, Ivey CT, Mitchell RJ, Whitehead MR, Peakall R, Case AL. New perspectives on the evolution of plant mating systems. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2012; 109:493-503. [PMID: 22210849 PMCID: PMC3278297 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcr319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The remarkable diversity of mating patterns and sexual systems in flowering plants has fascinated evolutionary biologists for more than a century. Enduring questions about this topic include why sexual polymorphisms have evolved independently in over 100 plant families, and why proportions of self- and cross-fertilization often vary dramatically within and among populations. Important new insights concerning the evolutionary dynamics of plant mating systems have built upon a strong foundation of theoretical models and innovative field and laboratory experiments. However, as the pace of advancement in this field has accelerated, it has become increasingly difficult for researchers to follow developments outside their primary area of research expertise. SCOPE In this Viewpoint paper we highlight three important themes that span and integrate different subdisciplines: the changes in morphology, phenology, and physiology that accompany the transition to selfing; the evolutionary consequences of pollen pool diversity in flowering plants; and the evolutionary dynamics of sexual polymorphisms. We also highlight recent developments in molecular techniques that will facilitate more efficient and cost-effective study of mating patterns in large natural populations, research on the dynamics of pollen transport, and investigations on the genetic basis of sexual polymorphisms. This Viewpoint also serves as the introduction to a Special Issue on the Evolution of Plant Mating Systems. The 15 papers in this special issue provide inspiring examples of recent discoveries, and glimpses of exciting developments yet to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Karron
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA.
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26
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Sloan DB, Keller SR, Berardi AE, Sanderson BJ, Karpovich JF, Taylor DR. De novo transcriptome assembly and polymorphism detection in the flowering plant Silene vulgaris (Caryophyllaceae). Mol Ecol Resour 2011; 12:333-43. [PMID: 21999839 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2011.03079.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Members of the angiosperm genus Silene are widely used in studies of ecology and evolution, but available genomic and population genetic resources within Silene remain limited. Deep transcriptome (i.e. expressed sequence tag or EST) sequencing has proven to be a rapid and cost-effective means to characterize gene content and identify polymorphic markers in non-model organisms. In this study, we report the results of 454 GS-FLX Titanium sequencing of a polyA-selected and normalized cDNA library from Silene vulgaris. The library was generated from a single pool of transcripts, combining RNA from leaf, root and floral tissue from three genetically divergent European subpopulations of S. vulgaris. A single full-plate 454 run produced 959,520 reads totalling 363.6 Mb of sequence data with an average read length of 379.0 bp after quality trimming and removal of custom library adaptors. We assembled 832,251 (86.7%) of these reads into 40,964 contigs, which have a total length of 25.4 Mb and can be organized into 18,178 graph-based clusters or 'isogroups'. Assembled sequences were annotated based on homology to genes in multiple public databases. Analysis of sequence variants identified 13,432 putative single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 1320 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) that are candidates for microsatellite analysis. Estimates of nucleotide diversity from 1577 contigs were used to generate genome-wide distributions that revealed several outliers with high diversity. All of these resources are publicly available through NCBI and/or our website (http://silenegenomics.biology.virginia.edu) and should provide valuable genomic and population genetic tools for the Silene research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Sloan
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA.
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MAGALHAES ISABELS, GLEISER GABRIELA, LABOUCHE ANNEMARIE, BERNASCONI GIORGINA. Comparative population genetic structure in a plant-pollinator/seed predator system. Mol Ecol 2011; 20:4618-30. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2011.05296.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lankinen Å, Madjidian JA. Enhancing pollen competition by delaying stigma receptivity: pollen deposition schedules affect siring ability, paternal diversity, and seed production in Collinsia heterophylla (Plantaginaceae). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2011; 98:1191-200. [PMID: 21730339 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1000510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Even though pollen deposition schedules may have profound effects on the evolutionary outcome of pollen competition, few studies have investigated such effects in relation to pistil traits such as delayed stigma receptivity that enhance pollen competition. In Collinsia heterophylla, a largely outcrossing species with delayed stigma receptivity, we performed a series of controlled crosses involving several donors to understand how timing of pollen deposition influences siring ability, paternal diversity, and offspring fitness. METHODS Pollen was applied to fully receptive stigmas either as mixtures or consecutively with or without a time lag to mimic cases with early or delayed stigma receptivity. We used a genetic marker to assess offspring paternity. KEY RESULTS As expected, siring ability was affected by application order in crosses without a time lag, providing a first-donor advantage for pollen arriving on unreceptive stigmas. However, because pollen donor identity influenced siring ability, delaying stigma receptivity may still favor pollen of high competitive ability. In crosses on fully receptive pistils with a time lag of 24 h, a surprisingly high proportion of seeds (12-47%) were sired by pollen applied last. A novel finding was that pollen applied only once (as a mixture), mimicking delayed stigma receptivity, led to higher paternal diversity within progeny families, which was associated with increased seed production. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest fitness advantages of enhancing pollen competition by delaying stigma receptivity in C. heterophylla, particularly in relation to increased paternal diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åsa Lankinen
- Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Lund University, Ecology Building, 223 62 Lund, Sweden.
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Austerlitz F, Gleiser G, Teixeira S, Bernasconi G. The effects of inbreeding, genetic dissimilarity and phenotype on male reproductive success in a dioecious plant. Proc Biol Sci 2011; 279:91-100. [PMID: 21561968 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2011.0652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pollen fate can strongly affect the genetic structure of populations with restricted gene flow and significant inbreeding risk. We established an experimental population of inbred and outbred Silene latifolia plants to evaluate the effects of (i) inbreeding depression, (ii) phenotypic variation and (iii) relatedness between mates on male fitness under natural pollination. Paternity analysis revealed that outbred males sired significantly more offspring than inbred males. Independently of the effects of inbreeding, male fitness depended on several male traits, including a sexually dimorphic (flower number) and a gametophytic trait (in vitro pollen germination rate). In addition, full-sib matings were less frequent than randomly expected. Thus, inbreeding, phenotype and genetic dissimilarity simultaneously affect male fitness in this animal-pollinated plant. While inbreeding depression might threaten population persistence, the deficiency of effective matings between sibs and the higher fitness of outbred males will reduce its occurrence and counter genetic erosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Austerlitz
- Laboratoire Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, UMR CNRS 8079, Université, Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
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Barluenga M, Austerlitz F, Elzinga JA, Teixeira S, Goudet J, Bernasconi G. Fine-scale spatial genetic structure and gene dispersal in Silene latifolia. Heredity (Edinb) 2010; 106:13-24. [PMID: 20389310 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2010.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are sessile organisms, often characterized by limited dispersal. Seeds and pollen are the critical stages for gene flow. Here we investigate spatial genetic structure, gene dispersal and the relative contribution of pollen vs seed in the movement of genes in a stable metapopulation of the white campion Silene latifolia within its native range. This short-lived perennial plant is dioecious, has gravity-dispersed seeds and moth-mediated pollination. Direct measures of pollen dispersal suggested that large populations receive more pollen than small isolated populations and that most gene flow occurs within tens of meters. However, these studies were performed in the newly colonized range (North America) where the specialist pollinator is absent. In the native range (Europe), gene dispersal could fall on a different spatial scale. We genotyped 258 individuals from large and small (15) subpopulations along a 60 km, elongated metapopulation in Europe using six highly variable microsatellite markers, two X-linked and four autosomal. We found substantial genetic differentiation among subpopulations (global F(ST)=0.11) and a general pattern of isolation by distance over the whole sampled area. Spatial autocorrelation revealed high relatedness among neighboring individuals over hundreds of meters. Estimates of gene dispersal revealed gene flow at the scale of tens of meters (5-30 m), similar to the newly colonized range. Contrary to expectations, estimates of dispersal based on X and autosomal markers showed very similar ranges, suggesting similar levels of pollen and seed dispersal. This may be explained by stochastic events of extensive seed dispersal in this area and limited pollen dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Barluenga
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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JONES ADAMG, SMALL CLAYTONM, PACZOLT KIMBERLYA, RATTERMAN NICHOLASL. A practical guide to methods of parentage analysis. Mol Ecol Resour 2009; 10:6-30. [PMID: 21564987 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2009.02778.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- ADAM G. JONES
- Department of Biology, 3258 TAMU, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - CLAYTON M. SMALL
- Department of Biology, 3258 TAMU, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - KIMBERLY A. PACZOLT
- Department of Biology, 3258 TAMU, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - NICHOLAS L. RATTERMAN
- Department of Biology, 3258 TAMU, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Labouche AM, Bernasconi G. Male moths provide pollination benefits in theSilene latifolia-Hadena bicrurisnursery pollination system. Funct Ecol 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2009.01658.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Burkhardt A, Internicola A, Bernasconi G. Effects of pollination timing on seed paternity and seed mass in Silene latifolia (Caryophyllaceae). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2009; 104:767-73. [PMID: 19567418 PMCID: PMC2729624 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcp154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Competition among genetically different pollen donors within one recipient flower may play an important role in plant populations, increasing offspring genetic diversity and vigour. However, under field conditions stochastic pollen arrival times may result in disproportionate fertilization success of the first-arriving pollen, even to the detriment of the recipient plant's and offspring fitness. It is therefore critical to evaluate the relative importance of arrival times of pollen from different donors in determining siring success. METHODS Hand pollinations and genetic markers were used to investigate experimentally the effect of pollination timing on seed paternity, seed mass and stigmatic wilting in the the dioecious plant Silene latifolia. In this species, high prevalence of multiply-sired fruits in natural populations suggests that competition among different donors may often take place (at fertilization or during seed development); however, the role of variation due to pollen arrival times is not known. KEY RESULTS First-arriving pollen sired significantly more seeds than later-arriving pollen. This advantage was expressed already before the first pollen tubes could reach the ovary. Simultaneously with pollen tube growth, the stigmatic papillae wilted visibly. Individual seeds were heavier in fruits where one donor sired most seeds than in fruits where both donors had more even paternity shares. CONCLUSIONS In field populations of S. latifolia, fruits are often multiply-sired. Because later-arriving pollen had decreased chances of fertilizing the ovules, this implies that open-pollinated flowers often benefit from pollen carry-over or pollinator visits within short time intervals, which may contribute to increase offspring genetic diversity and fitness.
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Szövényi P, Ricca M, Shaw AJ. Multiple paternity and sporophytic inbreeding depression in a dioicous moss species. Heredity (Edinb) 2009; 103:394-403. [PMID: 19623211 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2009.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple paternity (polyandry) frequently occurs in flowering plants and animals and is assumed to have an important function in the evolution of reproductive traits. Polyandry in bryophytes may occur among multiple sporophytes of a female gametophyte; however, its occurrence and extent is unknown. In this study we investigate the occurrence and extent of multiple paternity, spatial genetic structure, and sporophytic inbreeding depression in natural populations of a dioicous bryophyte species, Sphagnum lescurii, using microsatellite markers. Multiple paternity is prevalent among sporophytes of a female gametophyte and male genotypes exhibit significant skew in paternity. Despite significant spatial genetic structure in the population, suggesting frequent inbreeding, the number of inbred and outbred sporophytes was balanced, resulting in an average fixation coefficient and population level selfing rate of zero. In line with the prediction of sporophytic inbreeding depression sporophyte size was significantly correlated with the level of heterozygosity. Furthermore, female gametophytes preferentially supported sporophytes with higher heterozygosity. These results indicate that polyandry provides the opportunity for postfertilization selection in bryophytes having short fertilization distances and spatially structured populations facilitating inbreeding. Preferential maternal support of the more heterozygous sporophytes suggests active inbreeding avoidance that may have significant implications for mating system evolution in bryophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Szövényi
- Department of Biology, Duke University, 139 Biological Sciences Bldg., Box 90338, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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Moccia MD, Oger-Desfeux C, Marais GA, Widmer A. A White Campion (Silene latifolia) floral expressed sequence tag (EST) library: annotation, EST-SSR characterization, transferability, and utility for comparative mapping. BMC Genomics 2009; 10:243. [PMID: 19467153 PMCID: PMC2689282 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2008] [Accepted: 05/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Expressed sequence tag (EST) databases represent a valuable resource for the identification of genes in organisms with uncharacterized genomes and for development of molecular markers. One class of markers derived from EST sequences are simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, also known as EST-SSRs. These are useful in plant genetic and evolutionary studies because they are located in transcribed genes and a putative function can often be inferred from homology searches. Another important feature of EST-SSR markers is their expected high level of transferability to related species that makes them very promising for comparative mapping. In the present study we constructed a normalized EST library from floral tissue of Silene latifolia with the aim to identify expressed genes and to develop polymorphic molecular markers. Results We obtained a total of 3662 high quality sequences from a normalized Silene cDNA library. These represent 3105 unigenes, with 73% of unigenes matching genes in other species. We found 255 sequences containing one or more SSR motifs. More than 60% of these SSRs were trinucleotides. A total of 30 microsatellite loci were identified from 106 ESTs having sufficient flanking sequences for primer design. The inheritance of these loci was tested via segregation analyses and their usefulness for linkage mapping was assessed in an interspecific cross. Tests for crossamplification of the EST-SSR loci in other Silene species established their applicability to related species. Conclusion The newly characterized genes and gene-derived markers from our Silene EST library represent a valuable genetic resource for future studies on Silene latifolia and related species. The polymorphism and transferability of EST-SSR markers facilitate comparative linkage mapping and analyses of genetic diversity in the genus Silene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Domenica Moccia
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Integrative Biology (IBZ), Universitaetstr, 16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Bernasconi G, Antonovics J, Biere A, Charlesworth D, Delph LF, Filatov D, Giraud T, Hood ME, Marais GAB, McCauley D, Pannell JR, Shykoff JA, Vyskot B, Wolfe LM, Widmer A. Silene as a model system in ecology and evolution. Heredity (Edinb) 2009; 103:5-14. [PMID: 19367316 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2009.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Silene, studied by Darwin, Mendel and other early scientists, is re-emerging as a system for studying interrelated questions in ecology, evolution and developmental biology. These questions include sex chromosome evolution, epigenetic control of sex expression, genomic conflict and speciation. Its well-studied interactions with the pathogen Microbotryum has made Silene a model for the evolution and dynamics of disease in natural systems, and its interactions with herbivores have increased our understanding of multi-trophic ecological processes and the evolution of invasiveness. Molecular tools are now providing new approaches to many of these classical yet unresolved problems, and new progress is being made through combining phylogenetic, genomic and molecular evolutionary studies with ecological and phenotypic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bernasconi
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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Miyake K, Olson MS. Experimental evidence for frequency dependent self-fertilization in the gynodioecious plant, Silene vulgaris. Evolution 2009; 63:1644-52. [PMID: 19187245 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00646.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
After over a half century of empirical and theoretical research regarding the evolution and maintenance of gynodioecy in plants, unexplored factors influencing the relative fitnesses of females and hermaphrodites remain. Theoretical studies suggest that hermaphrodite self-fertilization (selfing) rate influences the maintenance of gynodioecy and we hypothesized that population sex ratio may influence hermaphrodite selfing rate. An experimental test for frequency-dependent self-fertilization was conducted using replicated populations constructed with different sex ratios of the gynodioecious plant Silene vulgaris. We found that hermaphrodite selfing increased with decreased hermaphrodite frequency, whereas evidence for increased inbreeding depression was equivocal. We argue that incorporation of context dependent inbreeding into future models of the evolution of gynodioecy is likely to yield novel insights into sex ratio evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Miyake
- Institute of Arctic Biology and Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775, USA
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Sefc KM, Koblmüller S. Assessing Parent Numbers from Offspring Genotypes: The Importance of Marker Polymorphism. J Hered 2008; 100:197-205. [DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esn095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Teixeira S, Foerster K, Bernasconi G. Evidence for inbreeding depression and post-pollination selection against inbreeding in the dioecious plant Silene latifolia. Heredity (Edinb) 2008; 102:101-12. [PMID: 18698334 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2008.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In many species, inbred individuals have reduced fitness. In plants with limited pollen and seed dispersal, post-pollination selection may reduce biparental inbreeding, but knowledge on the prevalence and importance of pollen competition or post-pollination selection after non-self pollination is scarce. We tested whether post-pollination selection favours less related pollen donors and reduces inbreeding in the dioecious plant Silene latifolia. We crossed 20 plants with pollen from a sibling and an unrelated male, and with a mix of both. We found significant inbreeding depression on vegetative growth, age at first flowering and total fitness (22% in males and 14% in females). In mixed pollinations, the unrelated male sired on average 57% of the offspring. The greater the paternity share of the unrelated sire, the larger the difference in relatedness of the two males to the female. The effect of genetic similarity on paternity is consistent with predictions for post-pollination selection, although paternity, at least in some crosses, may be affected by additional factors. Our data show that in plant systems with inbreeding depression, such as S. latifolia, pollen or embryo selection after multiple-donor pollination may indeed reduce inbreeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Teixeira
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Teixeira S, Burkhardt A, Bernasconi G. Genetic variation among females affects paternity in a dioecious plant. OIKOS 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2008.16450.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Teixeira S, Bernasconi G. Effects of inbred/outbred crosses on progeny sex ratio in Silene latifolia (Caryophyllaceae). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2008; 178:448-456. [PMID: 18248584 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02366.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Sex ratio polymorphism has been extensively studied in Silene latifolia, but it is neither known whether inbreeding (which is likely to occur under field conditions) affects it, nor which of the proposed mechanisms (Y degeneration, X-linked drive) is more important. Both mechanisms predict reduced pollen performance. In this study, females were crossed with pollen from related and unrelated males in single-donor and two-donor crosses, and the sex ratio of offspring (n = 866, 60 crosses), sons'in vitro pollen germination and sex ratios in parental families were scored. Flowers receiving only unrelated pollen produced a significant excess of sons. Sex ratios were not significantly correlated between generations. Sons'in vitro pollen germination was significantly negatively correlated with the 'sex-ratio phenotype' of maternal grandfathers, but not of fathers. This generation leap may be consistent with X-linked determinants because Y-linked determinants alone cannot explain it (grandfathers, fathers and sons share the same Y chromosome). Further work is required, but inbreeding and limited dispersal may lead to local accumulation of biasing factors, a process potentially countered by conditional shifts to produce more sons in pure outbred crosses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Teixeira
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giorgina Bernasconi
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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