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Ascunce MS, Toloza AC, González-Oliver A, Reed DL. Nuclear genetic diversity of head lice sheds light on human dispersal around the world. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293409. [PMID: 37939041 PMCID: PMC10631634 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The human louse, Pediculus humanus, is an obligate blood-sucking ectoparasite that has coevolved with humans for millennia. Given the intimate relationship between this parasite and the human host, the study of human lice has the potential to shed light on aspects of human evolution that are difficult to interpret using other biological evidence. In this study, we analyzed the genetic variation in 274 human lice from 25 geographic sites around the world by using nuclear microsatellite loci and female-inherited mitochondrial DNA sequences. Nuclear genetic diversity analysis revealed the presence of two distinct genetic clusters I and II, which are subdivided into subclusters: Ia-Ib and IIa-IIb, respectively. Among these samples, we observed the presence of the two most common louse mitochondrial haplogroups: A and B that were found in both nuclear Clusters I and II. Evidence of nuclear admixture was uncommon (12%) and was predominate in the New World potentially mirroring the history of colonization in the Americas. These findings were supported by novel DIYABC simulations that were built using both host and parasite data to define parameters and models suggesting that admixture between cI and cII was very recent. This pattern could also be the result of a reproductive barrier between these two nuclear genetic clusters. In addition to providing new evolutionary knowledge about this human parasite, our study could guide the development of new analyses in other host-parasite systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina S. Ascunce
- Department of Plant Pathology, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- USDA-ARS Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Ariel C. Toloza
- Centro de Investigaciones de Plagas e Insecticidas (CONICET-UNIDEF), Villa Martelli, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Angélica González-Oliver
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - David L. Reed
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
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2
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Sinclair BJ. An annotated checklist of the Diptera of the Galápagos Archipelago (Ecuador). Zootaxa 2023; 5283:1-102. [PMID: 37518751 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5283.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
The Diptera fauna of the Galápagos Archipelago is updated and an annotated checklist is presented. Currently 50 families, 207 genera, and a minimum of 324 species are recorded from the islands. Approximately 107 species are considered to have arrived on the Galápagos Islands through human introductions, an estimated 101 species are considered endemic, 42 species have naturally colonized the islands from mainland Americas, 21 species are either introduced or arrived naturally and 53 species remain unidentified. The following new combination is proposed: Chrysanthrax primitivus (Walker) is moved to Hemipenthes Loew as H. primitivus (Walker) comb. nov. All references to the Galápagos taxonomic literature are included, known island species distributions listed and general remarks on the biology of many species are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley J Sinclair
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency; K.W. Neatby Bldg.; C.E.F.; 960 Carling Ave.; Ottawa; ON; Canada K1A 0C6; Canadian National Collection of Insects; Arachnids and Nematodes; Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada; K.W. Neatby Bldg.; C.E.F.; 960 Carling Ave.; Ottawa; ON; Canada K1A 0C6.
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3
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Detailed morphological structure and phylogenetic relationships of Degeeriella punctifer (Phthiraptera: Philopteridae), a parasite of the bearded vulture Gypaetus barbatus (Accipitriformes: Accipitridae). Sci Rep 2023; 13:512. [PMID: 36627350 PMCID: PMC9832001 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27774-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Habitat loss is one of the main threats to species survival and, in the case of parasites, it is their hosts that provide their habitat. Therefore, extinction even at local scale of host taxa also implies the extinction of their parasites in a process known as co-extinction. This is the case of the bearded vulture (Gypaetus barbatus), which almost became extinct at the beginning of the twentieth century. After several attempts, this species was successfully reintroduced into the Alps at the end of the twentieth century. We collected 25 lice specimens from an electrocuted bearded vulture from Susa (Italian Alps) that were morphologically identified as Degeeriella punctifer. Six individuals were studied by scanning electron microscopy, with particular emphasis on their cephalic sensorial structures, while four further specimens were characterized at molecular level by amplifying partial regions of the 12SrRNA, COX1 and elongation factor 1 alpha (EF-1) genes. From a morphological perspective, the number, type and arrangement of the sensillae on the two distal antennal segments is quite similar to that of other species of the family Philopteridae (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera). The mandibles and tarsal claws allow lice to cling firmly to their host's feathers. Phylogenetic analyses help unravel the paraphyletic nature of the genus Degeeriella and demonstrate the clear differentiation between lice parasitizing Accipitriformes and Falconiformes, as well as the close relationship between D. punctifer, D. fulva, D. nisus and Capraiella sp. that, along with other genera, parasitize rollers (Aves: Coraciiformes).
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4
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Ebbs ET, Loker ES, Bu L, Locke SA, Tkach VV, Devkota R, Flores VR, Pinto HA, Brant SV. Phylogenomics and Diversification of the Schistosomatidae Based on Targeted Sequence Capture of Ultra-Conserved Elements. Pathogens 2022; 11:769. [PMID: 35890014 PMCID: PMC9321907 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11070769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomatidae Stiles and Hassall 1898 is a medically significant family of digenetic trematodes (Trematoda: Digenea), members of which infect mammals or birds as definitive hosts and aquatic or amphibious gastropods as intermediate hosts. Currently, there are 17 named genera, for many of which evolutionary interrelationships remain unresolved. The lack of a resolved phylogeny has encumbered our understanding of schistosomatid evolution, specifically patterns of host-use and the role of host-switching in diversification. Here, we used targeted sequence capture of ultra-conserved elements (UCEs) from representatives of 13 of the 17 named genera and 11 undescribed lineages that are presumed to represent either novel genera or species to generate a phylogenomic dataset for the estimation of schistosomatid interrelationships. This study represents the largest phylogenetic effort within the Schistosomatidae in both the number of loci and breadth of taxon sampling. We present a near-comprehensive family-level phylogeny providing resolution to several clades of long-standing uncertainty within Schistosomatidae, including resolution for the placement of the North American mammalian schistosomes, implying a second separate capture of mammalian hosts. Additionally, we present evidence for the placement of Macrobilharzia at the base of the Schistosoma + Bivitellobilharzia radiation. Patterns of definitive and intermediate host use and a strong role for intermediate host-switching are discussed relative to schistosomatid diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika T. Ebbs
- Department of Biology, Purchase College, The State University of New York, Purchase, NY 10577, USA
| | - Eric S. Loker
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, Museum of Southwestern Biology Parasite Division, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; (E.S.L.); (L.B.); (S.V.B.)
| | - Lijing Bu
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, Museum of Southwestern Biology Parasite Division, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; (E.S.L.); (L.B.); (S.V.B.)
| | - Sean A. Locke
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez, Box 9000, Mayagüez 00681-9000, Puerto Rico;
| | - Vasyl V. Tkach
- Grand Forks Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA;
| | - Ramesh Devkota
- Vance Granville Community College, Henderson, NC 27536, USA;
| | - Veronica R. Flores
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, INIBIOMA (CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue), Quintral 1250, San Carlos de Bariloche 8400, Argentina;
| | - Hudson A. Pinto
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Science, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil;
| | - Sara V. Brant
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, Museum of Southwestern Biology Parasite Division, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; (E.S.L.); (L.B.); (S.V.B.)
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5
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Gagne RB, Crooks KR, Craft ME, Chiu ES, Fountain-Jones NM, Malmberg JL, Carver S, Funk WC, VandeWoude S. Parasites as conservation tools. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2022; 36:e13719. [PMID: 33586245 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Parasite success typically depends on a close relationship with one or more hosts; therefore, attributes of parasitic infection have the potential to provide indirect details of host natural history and are biologically relevant to animal conservation. Characterization of parasite infections has been useful in delineating host populations and has served as a proxy for assessment of environmental quality. In other cases, the utility of parasites is just being explored, for example, as indicators of host connectivity. Innovative studies of parasite biology can provide information to manage major conservation threats by using parasite assemblage, prevalence, or genetic data to provide insights into the host. Overexploitation, habitat loss and fragmentation, invasive species, and climate change are major threats to animal conservation, and all of these can be informed by parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roderick B Gagne
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Kevin R Crooks
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Meggan E Craft
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Elliott S Chiu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Jennifer L Malmberg
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Wyoming State Veterinary Laboratory, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
| | - Scott Carver
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - W Chris Funk
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Sue VandeWoude
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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6
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Solórzano-García B, Vázquez-Domínguez E, Pérez-Ponce de León G, Piñero D. Co-structure analysis and genetic associations reveal insights into pinworms (Trypanoxyuris) and primates (Alouatta palliata) microevolutionary dynamics. BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:190. [PMID: 34670486 PMCID: PMC8527708 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01924-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In parasitism arm race processes and red queen dynamics between host and parasites reciprocally mold many aspects of their genetics and evolution. We performed a parallel assessment of population genetics and demography of two species of pinworms with different degrees of host specificity (Trypanoxyuris multilabiatus, species-specific; and T. minutus, genus-specific) and their host, the mantled howler monkey (Alouatta palliata), based on mitochondrial DNA sequences and microsatellite loci (these only for the host). Given that pinworms and primates have a close co-evolutionary history, covariation in several genetic aspects of their populations is expected. RESULTS Mitochondrial DNA revealed two genetic clusters (West and East) in both pinworm species and howler monkeys, although population structure and genetic differentiation were stronger in the host, while genetic diversity was higher in pinworms than howler populations. Co-divergence tests showed no congruence between host and parasite phylogenies; nonetheless, a significant correlation was found between both pinworms and A. palliata genetic pairwise distances suggesting that the parasites' gene flow is mediated by the host dispersal. Moreover, the parasite most infective and the host most susceptible haplotypes were also the most frequent, whereas the less divergent haplotypes tended to be either more infective (for pinworms) or more susceptible (for howlers). Finally, a positive correlation was found between pairwise p-distance of host haplotypes and that of their associated pinworm haplotypes. CONCLUSION The genetic configuration of pinworm populations appears to be molded by their own demography and life history traits in conjunction with the biology and evolutionary history of their hosts, including host genetic variation, social interactions, dispersal and biogeography. Similarity in patterns of genetic structure, differentiation and diversity is higher between howler monkeys and T. multilabiatus in comparison with T. minutus, highlighting the role of host-specificity in coevolving processes. Trypanoxyuris minutus exhibits genetic specificity towards the most frequent host haplotype as well as geographic specificity. Results suggest signals of potential local adaptation in pinworms and further support the notion of correlated evolution between pinworms and their primate hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Solórzano-García
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
- Departamento de Sistemas y Procesos Naturales, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores - Merida, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Ella Vázquez-Domínguez
- Departamento de Ecología de la Biodiversidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Gerardo Pérez-Ponce de León
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
- Departamento de Sistemas y Procesos Naturales, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores - Merida, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Daniel Piñero
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
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7
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Colosimo G, Jackson AC, Benton A, Varela-Stokes A, Iverson J, Knapp CR, Welch M. Correlated population genetic structure in a three-tiered host-parasite system. The potential for coevolution and adaptive divergence. J Hered 2021; 112:590-601. [PMID: 34612500 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esab058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Three subspecies of Northern Bahamian Rock Iguanas, Cyclura cychlura, are currently recognized: C. c. cychlura, restricted to Andros Island, and C. c. figginsi and C. c. inornata, native to the Exuma Island chain. Populations on Andros are genetically distinct from Exuma Island populations, yet genetic divergence among populations in the Exumas is inconsistent with the two currently recognized subspecies from those islands. The potential consequences of this discrepancy might include the recognition of a single subspecies throughout the Exumas rather than two. That inference also ignores evidence that populations of C. cychlura are potentially adaptively divergent. We compared patterns of population relatedness in a three-tiered host-parasite system: C. cychlura iguanas, their ticks (genus Amblyomma, preferentially parasitizing these reptiles), and Rickettsia spp. endosymbionts (within tick ectoparasites). Our results indicate that while C. c. cychlura on Andros is consistently supported as a separate clade, patterns of relatedness among populations of C. c. figginsi and C. c. inornata within the Exuma Island chain are more complex. The distribution of the hosts, different tick species, and Rickettsia spp., supports the evolutionary independence of C. c. inornata. Further, these patterns are also consistent with two independent evolutionarily significant units within C. c. figginsi. Our findings suggest coevolutionary relationships between the reptile hosts, their ectoparasites, and rickettsial organisms, suggesting local adaptation. This work also speaks to the limitations of using neutral molecular markers from a single focal taxon as the sole currency for recognizing evolutionary novelty in populations of endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliano Colosimo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA.,San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, Escondido, California, USA
| | - Anna C Jackson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Amanda Benton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Andrea Varela-Stokes
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - John Iverson
- Department of Biology, Earlham College, Richmond, Indiana, USA
| | - Charles R Knapp
- Daniel P. Haerter Center for Conservation and Research, John G. Shedd Aquarium, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Mark Welch
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
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8
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Holding ML, Sovic MG, Colston TJ, Gibbs HL. The scales of coevolution: comparative phylogeography and genetic demography of a locally adapted venomous predator and its prey. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blaa192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Coevolutionary theory predicts that differences in the genetic demography of interacting species can influence patterns of local adaptation by affecting the potential of local populations to respond to selection. We conducted a comparative phylogeographical study of venomous rattlesnakes and their venom-resistant ground squirrel prey across California, and assessed how effective population size (Ne) estimates correspond with a previously documented pattern of rattlesnake local adaptation. Using RAD sequencing markers, we detected lineage relationships among both the rattlesnakes (Crotalus oreganus ssp.) and ground squirrels (Otospermophilus sp.) that are incongruent with previous phylogenetic hypotheses. Both rattlesnakes and squirrels share a deep divergence at the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta. At this broad phylogeographical scale, we found that the locally adapted rattlesnakes had higher Ne than squirrels. At the population scale, snakes also had larger Ne accompanied by larger values of several metrics of population genetic diversity. However, the specific magnitude of local adaptation of venom activity to ground squirrel venom resistance was not significantly correlated with local differences in Ne or other diversity statistics between predator and prey populations, suggesting that other factors in the geographic mosaic of coevolution contribute to the specific local-scale outcomes of this interaction. These results suggest an evolutionary mechanism that may explain some (but clearly not all) of rattlesnake local adaptation in this coevolutionary interaction – larger population sizes raise the adaptive potential of rattlesnakes compared to ground squirrels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Holding
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Michael G Sovic
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Timothy J Colston
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - H Lisle Gibbs
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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9
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Martinů J, Štefka J, Poosakkannu A, Hypša V. "Parasite turnover zone" at secondary contact: A new pattern in host-parasite population genetics. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:4653-4664. [PMID: 32985035 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We describe here a new pattern of population genetic structure in a host-parasite system that can arise after secondary contact of previously isolated populations. Due to different generation times, and therefore different tempos of molecular evolution, the host and parasite populations reach different degrees of genetic differentiation during their separation (e.g., in refugia). Consequently, upon secondary contact, the host populations are able to re-establish a single panmictic population across the area of contact, while the parasite populations stop their dispersal at the secondary contact zone and create a narrow hybrid zone. From the host's perspective, the parasite's hybrid zone functions on a microevolutionary scale as a "parasite turnover zone": while the hosts are passing from area A to area B, their parasites turn genetically from the area A genotypes to the area B genotypes. We demonstrate this novel pattern with a model composed of Apodemus mice and Polyplax lice by comparing maternally inherited markers (complete mitochondrial genomes, and complete genomes of the vertically transmitted symbiont Legionella polyplacis) with single nucleotide polymorphisms derived from louse genomic data. We discuss the circumstances that may lead to this pattern and possible reasons why it has been overlooked in studies of host-parasite population genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Martinů
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre CAS, v.v.i., České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Štefka
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre CAS, v.v.i., České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Anbu Poosakkannu
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Hypša
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Sweet AD, Wilson RE, Sonsthagen SA, Johnson KP. Lousy grouse: Comparing evolutionary patterns in Alaska galliform lice to understand host evolution and host-parasite interactions. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:8379-8393. [PMID: 32788987 PMCID: PMC7417246 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding both sides of host-parasite relationships can provide more complete insights into host and parasite biology in natural systems. For example, phylogenetic and population genetic comparisons between a group of hosts and their closely associated parasites can reveal patterns of host dispersal, interspecies interactions, and population structure that might not be evident from host data alone. These comparisons are also useful for understanding factors that drive host-parasite coevolutionary patterns (e.g., codivergence or host switching) over different periods of time. However, few studies have compared the evolutionary histories between multiple groups of parasites from the same group of hosts at a regional geographic scale. Here, we used genomic data to compare phylogenomic and population genomic patterns of Alaska ptarmigan and grouse species (Aves: Tetraoninae) and two genera of their associated feather lice: Lagopoecus and Goniodes. We used whole-genome sequencing to obtain hundreds of genes and thousands of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for the lice and double-digest restriction-associated DNA sequences to obtain SNPs from Alaska populations of two species of ptarmigan. We found that both genera of lice have some codivergence with their galliform hosts, but these relationships are primarily characterized by host switching and phylogenetic incongruence. Population structure was also uncorrelated between the hosts and lice. These patterns suggest that grouse, and ptarmigan in particular, share habitats and have likely had historical and ongoing dispersal within Alaska. However, the two genera of lice also have sufficient dissimilarities in the relationships with their hosts to suggest there are other factors, such as differences in louse dispersal ability, that shape the evolutionary patterns with their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D. Sweet
- Department of EntomologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
| | | | | | - Kevin P. Johnson
- Illinois Natural History SurveyPrairie Research InstituteUniversity of IllinoisChampaignILUSA
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11
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Common J, Walker-Sünderhauf D, van Houte S, Westra ER. Diversity in CRISPR-based immunity protects susceptible genotypes by restricting phage spread and evolution. J Evol Biol 2020; 33:1097-1108. [PMID: 32383796 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Diversity in host resistance often associates with reduced pathogen spread. This may result from ecological and evolutionary processes, likely with feedback between them. Theory and experiments on bacteria-phage interactions have shown that genetic diversity of the bacterial adaptive immune system can limit phage evolution to overcome resistance. Using the CRISPR-Cas bacterial immune system and lytic phage, we engineered a host-pathogen system where each bacterial host genotype could be infected by only one phage genotype. With this model system, we explored how CRISPR diversity impacts the spread of phage when they can overcome a resistance allele, how immune diversity affects the evolution of the phage to increase its host range and if there was feedback between these processes. We show that increasing CRISPR diversity benefits susceptible bacteria via a dilution effect, which limits the spread of the phage. We suggest that this ecological effect impacts the evolution of novel phage genotypes, which then feeds back into phage population dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Common
- ESI and CEC, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - David Walker-Sünderhauf
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, ESI, University of Exeter Medical School, Penryn, UK
| | | | - Edze R Westra
- ESI and CEC, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
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12
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Grandón-Ojeda A, Cortés P, Moreno L, Kinsella JM, Cicchino A, Barrientos C, González-Acuña D. Gastrointestinal and external parasites of the Variable hawk Geranoaetus polyosoma (Accipitriformes: Accipitridae) in Chile. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 28:376-382. [PMID: 31390433 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612019045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Information about parasites associated with diurnal raptors from Chile is scarce. Between 2006 and 2017, a total of 15 specimens of the Variable hawk, Geranoaetus polyosoma (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) were collected, 14 of them from different localities in the Biobío region and one specimen from the Valparaíso region. An external examination of the plumage was made to collect ectoparasites, and necropsies were performed, focusing primarily on the gastrointestinal tract. Chewing lice (Phthiraptera) were found on five (33.3%) of the birds corresponding to three species: 97 specimens of Degeeriella fulva (Giebel, 1874), six specimens of Colpocephalum turbinatum Denny, 1842 and nine belonging to an unidentified species of the genus Craspedorrhynchus Kéler, 1938. Endoparasites found in three (20%) of the birds included round worms (Nematoda) of the genus Procyrnea Chabaud, 1958, and spiny-headed worms (Acanthocephala) of the genus Centrorhynchus Lühe, 1911. The species Colpocephalum turbinatum and the genera: Craspedorrhynchus sp., Procyrnea sp. and Centrorhynchus sp. are new records for the Variable hawk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Grandón-Ojeda
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades y Parásitos de Fauna silvestre, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Chile
| | - Patricio Cortés
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades y Parásitos de Fauna silvestre, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Chile
| | - Lucila Moreno
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | | | | | - Carlos Barrientos
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Santo Tomás, Concepción, Chile
| | - Daniel González-Acuña
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades y Parásitos de Fauna silvestre, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Chile
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13
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Sweet AD, Johnson KP. The role of parasite dispersal in shaping a host–parasite system at multiple evolutionary scales. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:5104-5119. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D. Sweet
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Champaign Illinois
| | - Kevin P. Johnson
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Champaign Illinois
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14
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Bulgarella M, Quenu M, Shepherd LD, Morgan-Richards M. The ectoparasites of hybrid ducks in New Zealand (Mallard x Grey Duck). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2018; 7:335-342. [PMID: 30258780 PMCID: PMC6154467 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We studied the population genetics of one population sample of hybrid Mallard x Grey Ducks and their lice in New Zealand. We aimed to document the relationship between ectoparasite load and host phenotype, and test for an association between the mtDNA diversity of the lice and their hosts, which is predicted based on maternal care. We found three feather lice species previously described for these hosts: Anaticola crassicornis (wing louse), Anatoecus dentatus (head louse), and Trinoton querquedulae (body louse). No new or rare lice species were uncovered. Most ducks in our sample were more Mallard-like than Grey Duck-like hybrids for the five colour and plumage traits examined. We confirm that based solely on phenotypic characters it is difficult to distinguish between Mallards, hybrids and Grey Ducks. We detected no association between the number of lice and host phenotype for two of the three louse species (while controlling for bird size). However, the Grey Duck-like hybrids had fewer head lice (A. dentatus) than their Mallard-like counterparts. Only three of the 40 hosts had mtDNA haplotypes that characterise Grey Ducks. We present the first genetic data of Anaticola crassicornis, Anatoecus dentatus and Trinoton querquedulae from New Zealand waterfowl. We found that the lice mtDNA had greater sequence diversity than the homologous gene for the ducks. A mitochondrial phylogeny for A. crassicornis collected from hosts worldwide has been previously published, and we added our novel data to infer evolutionary relationships among worldwide populations of this louse. None of the three lice species showed a close association of parasite and host mtDNA lineage despite lack of paternal care in these duck species. We studied population genetics of hybrid Mallard x Grey Ducks and their lice in New Zealand. We found three feather lice species previously described for these hosts. Most ducks were more Mallard-like than Grey Duck-like hybrids for the traits examined. Only three of the forty hosts had mtDNA haplotypes that characterise Grey Ducks. We present the first genetic data for the three lice species from New Zealand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Bulgarella
- Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, PO Box 467, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand
| | - Mathieu Quenu
- Ecology, College of Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Lara D Shepherd
- Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, PO Box 467, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand
| | - Mary Morgan-Richards
- Ecology, College of Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
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15
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Coprolites reveal ecological interactions lost with the extinction of New Zealand birds. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:1546-1551. [PMID: 29440415 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1712337115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past 50,000 y, biotic extinctions and declines have left a legacy of vacant niches and broken ecological interactions across global terrestrial ecosystems. Reconstructing the natural, unmodified ecosystems that preceded these events relies on high-resolution analyses of paleoecological deposits. Coprolites are a source of uniquely detailed information about trophic interactions and the behaviors, gut parasite communities, and microbiotas of prehistoric animal species. Such insights are critical for understanding the legacy effects of extinctions on ecosystems, and can help guide contemporary conservation and ecosystem restoration efforts. Here we use high-throughput sequencing (HTS) of ancient eukaryotic DNA from coprolites to reconstruct aspects of the biology and ecology of four species of extinct moa and the critically endangered kakapo parrot from New Zealand (NZ). Importantly, we provide evidence that moa and prehistoric kakapo consumed ectomycorrhizal fungi, suggesting these birds played a role in dispersing fungi that are key to NZ's natural forest ecosystems. We also provide the first DNA-based evidence that moa frequently supplemented their broad diets with ferns and mosses. Finally, we also find parasite taxa that provide insight into moa behavior, and present data supporting the hypothesis of coextinction between moa and several parasite species. Our study demonstrates that HTS sequencing of coprolites provides a powerful tool for resolving key aspects of ancient ecosystems and may rapidly provide information not obtainable by conventional paleoecological techniques, such as fossil analyses.
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16
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High diversity and low genetic structure of feather mites associated with a phenotypically variable bird host. Parasitology 2018; 145:1243-1250. [PMID: 29338798 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182017002360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Obligate symbionts may be genetically structured among host individuals and among phenotypically distinct host populations. Such processes may in turn determine within-host genetic diversity of symbionts, which is relevant for understanding symbiont population dynamics. We analysed the population genetic structure of two species of feather mites (Proctophyllodes sylviae and Trouessartia bifurcata) in migratory and resident blackcaps Sylvia atricapilla that winter sympatrically. Resident and migratory hosts may provide mites with habitats of different qualities, what might promote specialization of mite populations. We found high genetic diversity of within-host populations for both mite species, but no sign of genetic structure of mites between migratory and resident hosts. Our results suggest that, although dispersal mechanisms between hosts during the non-breeding season are unclear, mite populations are not limited by transmission bottlenecks that would reduce genetic diversity among individuals that share a host. Additionally, there is no evidence that host phenotypic divergence (associated with the evolution of migration and residency) has promoted the evolution of host-specialist mite populations. Unrestricted dispersal among host types may allow symbiotic organisms to avoid inbreeding and to persist in the face of habitat heterogeneity in phenotypically diverse host populations.
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17
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Šarić I, Klobučar G, Podnar M, Štambuk A, Maguire I. Molecular phylogeny of branchiobdellidans (Annelida : Clitellata) and their host–epibiont association with Austropotamobius freshwater crayfish. INVERTEBR SYST 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/is17028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Branchiobdellidans are ectosymbiotic annelids primarily associated with freshwater crayfish. Previous studies of branchiobdellidans in Croatia have been focussed mainly on the distribution and diversity of the genus Branchiobdella Odier, 1823. The objective of the present research was to infer the phylogenetic relationships of branchiobdellidan species living on crayfish from the genus Austropotamobius Skorikow, 1907 from Croatia and surrounding countries, using mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I sequences as a molecular marker. Furthermore, the potential coevolution of branchiobdellidans and their crayfish hosts was examined by comparing the results of the phylogenetic analyses of Branchiobdella and Austropotamobius. The analyses included branchiobdellidans collected from 74 populations of Au. torrentium (Schrank, 1803) and Au. pallipes (Lereboullet, 1858), and established the presence of five branchiobdellidan species: Branchiobdella astaci Odier, 1823, B. hexadonta Grüber, 1883, B. italica Canegallo, 1928, B. parasita (Braun, 1805) and B. pentadonta Whitman, 1882. The results of the phylogenetic analyses were congruent with the results of morphological identification, revealing high diversity of the branchiobdellidan fauna in Croatia. High observed intraspecific p-distance values, in some cases exceeding interspecific distances, imply the existence of cryptic taxa. Furthermore, observed congruent phylogenetic patterns within Austropotamobius and within studied branchiobdellidans indicate similar evolutionary histories, implying their coevolution.
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18
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Abstract
Colonization comprises the physical arrival of a species in a new area, but also its successful establishment within the local community. Oceanic islands, like the Hawaiian and the Galapagos archipelagos, represent excellent systems to study the mechanisms of colonization because of their historical isolation. In this chapter, we first review some of the major mechanisms by which parasites and vectors could arrive to an oceanic island, both naturally or due to human activities, and the factors that may influence their successful establishment in the insular host community. We then explore examples of natural and anthropogenic colonization of the Galapagos Islands by parasites and vectors, focusing on one or more case studies that best represent the diversity of colonization mechanisms that has shaped parasite distribution in the archipelago. Finally, we discuss future directions for research on parasite and vector colonization in Galapagos Islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia G. Parker
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri – St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri USA
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19
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Sweet AD, Boyd BM, Allen JM, Villa SM, Valim MP, Rivera-Parra JL, Wilson RE, Johnson KP. Integrating phylogenomic and population genomic patterns in avian lice provides a more complete picture of parasite evolution. Evolution 2017; 72:95-112. [PMID: 29094340 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Parasite diversity accounts for most of the biodiversity on earth, and is shaped by many processes (e.g., cospeciation, host switching). To identify the effects of the processes that shape parasite diversity, it is ideal to incorporate both deep (phylogenetic) and shallow (population) perspectives. To this end, we developed a novel workflow to obtain phylogenetic and population genetic data from whole genome sequences of body lice parasitizing New World ground-doves. Phylogenies from these data showed consistent, highly resolved species-level relationships for the lice. By comparing the louse and ground-dove phylogenies, we found that over long-term evolutionary scales their phylogenies were largely congruent. Many louse lineages (both species and populations) also demonstrated high host-specificity, suggesting ground-dove divergence is a primary driver of their parasites' diversity. However, the few louse taxa that are generalists are structured according to biogeography at the population level. This suggests dispersal among sympatric hosts has some effect on body louse diversity, but over deeper time scales the parasites eventually sort according to host species. Overall, our results demonstrate that multiple factors explain the patterns of diversity in this group of parasites, and that the effects of these factors can vary over different evolutionary scales. The integrative approach we employed was crucial for uncovering these patterns, and should be broadly applicable to other studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Sweet
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61820.,Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61820
| | - Bret M Boyd
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61820.,Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Julie M Allen
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61820.,Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - Scott M Villa
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - Michel P Valim
- Biotério da Universidade Iguaçu, Av. Abílio Augusto Távora, 2134, RJ 26275, Brazil
| | - Jose L Rivera-Parra
- Departamento de Petroleos, Facultad de Geologia y Petroleos, Escuela Politecnica Nacional, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Robert E Wilson
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775
| | - Kevin P Johnson
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61820
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20
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Comparative phylogeography of a vulnerable bat and its ectoparasite reveals dispersal of a non-mobile parasite among distinct evolutionarily significant units of the host. CONSERV GENET 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-017-1024-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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21
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Trewick SA, Pilkington S, Shepherd LD, Gibb GC, Morgan-Richards M. Closing the gap: Avian lineage splits at a young, narrow seaway imply a protracted history of mixed population response. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:5752-5772. [PMID: 28805283 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionary significance of spatial habitat gaps has been well recognized since Alfred Russel Wallace compared the faunas of Bali and Lombok. Gaps between islands influence population structuring of some species, and flightless birds are expected to show strong partitioning even where habitat gaps are narrow. We examined the population structure of the most numerous living flightless land bird in New Zealand, Weka (Gallirallus australis). We surveyed Weka and their feather lice in native and introduced populations using genetic data gathered from DNA sequences of mitochondrial genes and nuclear β-fibrinogen and five microsatellite loci. We found low genetic diversity among extant Weka population samples. Two genetic clusters were evident in the mtDNA from Weka and their lice, but partitioning at nuclear loci was less abrupt. Many formerly recognized subspecies/species were not supported; instead, we infer one subspecies for each of the two main New Zealand islands. Although currently range restricted, North Island Weka have higher mtDNA diversity than the more wide-ranging southern Weka. Mismatch and neutrality statistics indicate North Island Weka experienced rapid and recent population reduction, while South Island Weka display the signature of recent expansion. Similar haplotype data from a widespread flying relative of Weka and other New Zealand birds revealed instances of North Island-South Island partitioning associated with a narrow habitat gap (Cook Strait). However, contrasting patterns indicate priority effects and other ecological factors have a strong influence on spatial exchange at this scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve A Trewick
- Ecology Group, Institute of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Stephen Pilkington
- Ecology Group, Institute of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Lara D Shepherd
- Te Papa Tongarewa Museum of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Gillian C Gibb
- Ecology Group, Institute of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Mary Morgan-Richards
- Ecology Group, Institute of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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22
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Kalogianni E, Kmentová N, Harris E, Zimmerman B, Giakoumi S, Chatzinikolaou Y, Vanhove MPM. Occurrence and effect of trematode metacercariae in two endangered killifishes from Greece. Parasitol Res 2017; 116:3007-3018. [PMID: 28905265 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5610-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We report digeneans (Diplostomidae, Crassiphialinae) in the endangered freshwater fishes Valencia letourneuxi and Valencia robertae, endemics of Western Greece. Digenean metacercariae occurred in two forms in the abdominal cavity, excysted and encysted, the latter attached to the gonads, liver and alimentary tract. Parasites were, using morphological and molecular techniques, identified as two representatives of Crassiphialinae, specifically part of the Posthodiplostomum-Ornithodiplostomum clade. The spatial, seasonal, and age class variation in parasite prevalence was examined. Autumn parasite prevalence varied between the six populations sampled (18.2 to 100%). Seasonal prevalence at the two sites sampled quadannually peaked in autumn and reached its lowest value in spring; prevalence increased with size to 100% in young adult fish. We did not find a correlation between prevalence and host sex. Overall parasites' weight averaged 0.64% of the host's, while parasite weight increased with host weight. A comparison of relative condition and hepatosomatic and gonadosomatic indices of infected and metacercariae-free specimens showed that infection did not have a significant effect on host body condition and reproduction. Regarding the parasite's life cycle, planorbid gastropods are proposed as potential first intermediate hosts in view of the host's diet and occurrence data of molluscs in the ecosystem. This is the first record of a diplostomid digenean in valenciid fishes and of representatives of the Posthodiplostomum-Ornithodiplostomum clade in a native Greek freshwater fish. Our findings are discussed in conjunction to fish conservation interventions, since parasites may contribute to the decline of endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Kalogianni
- Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Inland Waters, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, 46.7 km Athinon - Souniou Av., P.O. Box 712, 190 13, Anavyssos, Greece
| | - Nikol Kmentová
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eileen Harris
- Division of Parasites and Vectors, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Brian Zimmerman
- Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Sofia Giakoumi
- Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Inland Waters, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, 46.7 km Athinon - Souniou Av., P.O. Box 712, 190 13, Anavyssos, Greece
| | - Yorgos Chatzinikolaou
- Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Inland Waters, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, 46.7 km Athinon - Souniou Av., P.O. Box 712, 190 13, Anavyssos, Greece
| | - Maarten P M Vanhove
- Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Inland Waters, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, 46.7 km Athinon - Souniou Av., P.O. Box 712, 190 13, Anavyssos, Greece. .,Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic. .,Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Leuven, Ch. Deberiotstraat 32, 3000, Leuven, Belgium. .,Capacities for Biodiversity and Sustainable Development, Operational Directorate Natural Environment, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Vautierstraat 29, 1000, Brussels, Belgium. .,Centre for Environmental Sciences, Research Group Zoology: Biodiversity and Toxicology, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Gebouw D, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
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23
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Haché S, Bayne EM, Villard M, Proctor H, Davis CS, Stralberg D, Janes JK, Hallworth MT, Foster KR, Chidambara‐vasi E, Grossi AA, Gorrell JC, Krikun R. Phylogeography of a migratory songbird across its Canadian breeding range: Implications for conservation units. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:6078-6088. [PMID: 28861214 PMCID: PMC5574796 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to describe and evaluate potential drivers of genetic structure in Canadian breeding populations of the Ovenbird, Seiurus aurocapilla. We performed genetic analyses on feather samples of individuals from six study sites using nuclear microsatellites. We also assessed species identity and population genetic structure of quill mites (Acariformes, Syringophilidae). For male Ovenbirds breeding in three study sites, we collected light-level geolocator data to document migratory paths and identify the wintering grounds. We also generated paleohindcast projections from bioclimatic models of Ovenbird distribution to identify potential refugia during the last glacial maximum (LGM, 21,000 years before present) as a factor explaining population genetic structure. Birds breeding in the Cypress Hills (Alberta/Saskatchewan) may be considered a distinct genetic unit, but there was no evidence for genetic differentiation among any other populations. We found relatively strong migratory connectivity in both western and eastern populations, but some evidence of mixing among populations on the wintering grounds. There was also little genetic variation among syringophilid mites from the different Ovenbird populations. These results are consistent with paleohindcast distribution predictions derived from two different global climate models indicating a continuous single LGM refugium, with the possibility of two refugia. Our results suggest that Ovenbird populations breeding in boreal and hemiboreal regions are panmictic, whereas the population breeding in Cypress Hills should be considered a distinct management unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Haché
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
- Environment and Climate Change CanadaYellowknifeNTCanada
| | - Erin M. Bayne
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - Marc‐André Villard
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
- Département de biologie, chimie et géographieUniversité du Québec à RimouskiRimouskiQCCanada
| | - Heather Proctor
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - Corey S. Davis
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - Diana Stralberg
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
- Department of Renewable ResourcesUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - Jasmine K. Janes
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - Michael T. Hallworth
- Migratory Bird CenterSmithsonian Conservation Biology InstituteNational Zoological ParkWashingtonDCUSA
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24
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Sweet AD, Chesser RT, Johnson KP. Comparative cophylogenetics of Australian phabine pigeons and doves (Aves: Columbidae) and their feather lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera). Int J Parasitol 2017; 47:347-356. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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25
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Larose C, Schwander T. Nematode endoparasites do not codiversify with their stick insect hosts. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:5446-58. [PMID: 27551395 PMCID: PMC4984516 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Host-parasite coevolution stems from reciprocal selection on host resistance and parasite infectivity, and can generate some of the strongest selective pressures known in nature. It is widely seen as a major driver of diversification, the most extreme case being parallel speciation in hosts and their associated parasites. Here, we report on endoparasitic nematodes, most likely members of the mermithid family, infecting different Timema stick insect species throughout California. The nematodes develop in the hemolymph of their insect host and kill it upon emergence, completely impeding host reproduction. Given the direct exposure of the endoparasites to the host's immune system in the hemolymph, and the consequences of infection on host fitness, we predicted that divergence among hosts may drive parallel divergence in the endoparasites. Our phylogenetic analyses suggested the presence of two differentiated endoparasite lineages. However, independently of whether the two lineages were considered separately or jointly, we found a complete lack of codivergence between the endoparasitic nematodes and their hosts in spite of extensive genetic variation among hosts and among parasites. Instead, there was strong isolation by distance among the endoparasitic nematodes, indicating that geography plays a more important role than host-related adaptations in driving parasite diversification in this system. The accumulating evidence for lack of codiversification between parasites and their hosts at macroevolutionary scales contrasts with the overwhelming evidence for coevolution within populations, and calls for studies linking micro- versus macroevolutionary dynamics in host-parasite interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Larose
- Department of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Tanja Schwander
- Department of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
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26
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Martínez-Aquino A. Phylogenetic framework for coevolutionary studies: a compass for exploring jungles of tangled trees. Curr Zool 2016; 62:393-403. [PMID: 29491928 PMCID: PMC5804275 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zow018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Phylogenetics is used to detect past evolutionary events, from how species originated to how their ecological interactions with other species arose, which can mirror cophylogenetic patterns. Cophylogenetic reconstructions uncover past ecological relationships between taxa through inferred coevolutionary events on trees, for example, codivergence, duplication, host-switching, and loss. These events can be detected by cophylogenetic analyses based on nodes and the length and branching pattern of the phylogenetic trees of symbiotic associations, for example, host-parasite. In the past 2 decades, algorithms have been developed for cophylogetenic analyses and implemented in different software, for example, statistical congruence index and event-based methods. Based on the combination of these approaches, it is possible to integrate temporal information into cophylogenetical inference, such as estimates of lineage divergence times between 2 taxa, for example, hosts and parasites. Additionally, the advances in phylogenetic biogeography applying methods based on parametric process models and combined Bayesian approaches, can be useful for interpreting coevolutionary histories in a scenario of biogeographical area connectivity through time. This article briefly reviews the basics of parasitology and provides an overview of software packages in cophylogenetic methods. Thus, the objective here is to present a phylogenetic framework for coevolutionary studies, with special emphasis on groups of parasitic organisms. Researchers wishing to undertake phylogeny-based coevolutionary studies can use this review as a "compass" when "walking" through jungles of tangled phylogenetic trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Martínez-Aquino
- División Zoología Invertebrados, Museo de La Plata, FCNyM, UNLP, Paseo del Bosque s/n, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
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27
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Papadopoulou A, Knowles LL. Toward a paradigm shift in comparative phylogeography driven by trait-based hypotheses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:8018-24. [PMID: 27432974 PMCID: PMC4961141 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1601069113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
For three decades, comparative phylogeography has conceptually and methodologically relied on the concordance criterion for providing insights into the historical/biogeographic processes driving population genetic structure and divergence. Here we discuss how this emphasis, and the corresponding lack of methods for extracting information about biotic/intrinsic contributions to patterns of genetic variation, may bias our general understanding of the factors driving genetic structure. Specifically, this emphasis has promoted a tendency to attribute discordant phylogeographic patterns to the idiosyncracies of history, as well as an adherence to generic null expectations of concordance with reduced predictive power. We advocate that it is time for a paradigm shift in comparative phylogeography, especially given the limited utility of the concordance criterion as genomic data provide ever-increasing levels of resolution. Instead of adhering to the concordance-discordance dichotomy, comparative phylogeography needs to emphasize the contribution of taxon-specific traits that will determine whether concordance is a meaningful criterion for evaluating hypotheses or may predict discordant phylogeographic structure. Through reference to some case studies we illustrate how refined hypotheses based on taxon-specific traits can provide improved predictive frameworks to forecast species responses to climatic change or biogeographic barriers while gaining unique insights about the taxa themselves and their interactions with their environment. We outline a potential avenue toward a synthetic comparative phylogeographic paradigm that includes addressing some important conceptual and methodological challenges related to study design and application of model-based approaches for evaluating support of trait-based hypotheses under the proposed paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Papadopoulou
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; Department of Integrative Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - L Lacey Knowles
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109;
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Yule KM, Koop JAH, Alexandre NM, Johnston LR, Whiteman NK. Population structure of a vector-borne plant parasite. Mol Ecol 2016; 25:3332-43. [PMID: 27154249 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Parasites are among the most diverse groups of life on Earth, yet complex natural histories often preclude studies of their speciation processes. The biology of parasitic plants facilitates in situ collection of data on both genetic structure and the mechanisms responsible for that structure. Here, we studied the role of mating, dispersal and establishment in host race formation of a parasitic plant. We investigated the population genetics of a vector-borne desert mistletoe (Phoradendron californicum) across two legume host tree species (Senegalia greggii and Prosopis velutina) in the Sonoran desert using microsatellites. Consistent with host race formation, we found strong host-associated genetic structure in sympatry, little genetic variation due to geographic site and weak isolation by distance. We hypothesize that genetic differentiation results from differences in the timing of mistletoe flowering by host species, as we found initial flowering date of individual mistletoes correlated with genetic ancestry. Hybrids with intermediate ancestry were detected genetically. Individuals likely resulting from recent, successful establishment events following dispersal between the host species were detected at frequencies similar to hybrids between host races. Therefore, barriers to gene flow between the host races may have been stronger at mating than at dispersal. We also found higher inbreeding and within-host individual relatedness values for mistletoes on the more rare and isolated host species (S. greggii). Our study spanned spatial scales to address how interactions with both vectors and hosts influence parasitic plant structure with implications for parasite virulence evolution and speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey M Yule
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, 1041 E Lowell St, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Jennifer A H Koop
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, 1041 E Lowell St, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Nicolas M Alexandre
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, 1041 E Lowell St, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Lauren R Johnston
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, 1041 E Lowell St, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Noah K Whiteman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, 1041 E Lowell St, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.,Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 3040 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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Hernández-Arciga U, Herrera M. LG, Morales-Malacara JB. Tracking host use by bat ectoparasites with stable isotope analysis. CAN J ZOOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2015-0246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We used C and N stable isotopes of nectarivorous bats and their ectoparasites to determine the extent to which parasites depend on the host individual for food. The difference in stable isotope values between parasites and host tissues (Δ13C and Δ15N) was used as a proxy of host use. First, we tested the hypothesis that movement among individual Mexican long-tongued bats (Choeronycteris mexicana Tschudi, 1844) is more likely to occur in winged flies than in mites as indicated by higher host–parasite isotopic Euclidian distance (ED). Second, we tested the hypothesis that ectoparasite species in two coexisting bat species representing the C3 (Geoffroy’s tailless bat, Anoura geoffroyi Gray, 1838) and the CAM (lesser long-nosed bat, Leptonycteris yerbabuenae Martínez and Villa-R., 1940) food chains were monoxenous as indicated by their isotopic values. We also examined Δ13C and Δ15N of individual parasites in relation to 13C and 15N reference enrichment factors as an indication of host switching. In general, flies in C. mexicana had higher ED and wider ranges of individual Δ13C and Δ15N than mites, suggesting that host switching occurred to a larger extent. Most ectoparasites species collected in both coexisting bats were monoxenous, but one fly species appears to be oligoxenous. Individual Δ13C and Δ15N values varied widely in these parasite species, suggesting movements within species hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulalume Hernández-Arciga
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-153, México D.F. 04510, México
| | - L. Gerardo Herrera M.
- Estación de Biología Chamela, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 21, San Patricio, JAL, 48980, México
| | - Juan B. Morales-Malacara
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro, QRO, 76230, México
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Carstens BC, Gruenstaeudl M, Reid NM. Community trees: Identifying codiversification in the Páramo dipteran community. Evolution 2016; 70:1080-93. [PMID: 27061575 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Groups of codistributed species that responded in a concerted manner to environmental events are expected to share patterns of evolutionary diversification. However, the identification of such groups has largely been based on qualitative, post hoc analyses. We develop here two methods (posterior predictive simulation [PPS], Kuhner-Felsenstein [K-F] analysis of variance [ANOVA]) for the analysis of codistributed species that, given a group of species with a shared pattern of diversification, allow empiricists to identify those taxa that do not codiversify (i.e., "outlier" species). The identification of outlier species makes it possible to jointly estimate the evolutionary history of co-diversifying taxa. To evaluate the approaches presented here, we collected data from Páramo dipterans, identified outlier species, and estimated a "community tree" from species that are identified as having codiversified. Our results demonstrate that dipteran communities from different Páramo habitats in the same mountain range are more closely related than communities in other ranges. We also conduct simulation testing to evaluate this approach. Results suggest that our approach provides a useful addition to comparative phylogeographic methods, while identifying aspects of the analysis that require careful interpretation. In particular, both the PPS and K-F ANOVA perform acceptably when there are one or two outlier species, but less so as the number of outliers increases. This is likely a function of the corresponding degradation of the signal of community divergence; without a strong signal from a codiversifying community, there is no dominant pattern from which to detect an outlier species. For this reason, both the magnitude of K-F distance distribution and outside knowledge about the phylogeographic history of each putative member of the community should be considered when interpreting the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan C Carstens
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, 318 W 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, 43210.
| | - Michael Gruenstaeudl
- Institut für Biologie-Botanik, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstraße 6, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Noah M Reid
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, 95616
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Satler JD, Carstens BC. Phylogeographic concordance factors quantify phylogeographic congruence among co-distributed species in the Sarracenia alata pitcher plant system. Evolution 2016; 70:1105-19. [PMID: 27076412 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Comparative phylogeographic investigations have identified congruent phylogeographic breaks in co-distributed species in nearly every region of the world. The qualitative assessments of phylogeographic patterns traditionally used to identify such breaks, however, are limited because they rely on identifying monophyletic groups across species and do not account for coalescent stochasticity. Only long-standing phylogeographic breaks are likely to be obvious; many species could have had a concerted response to more recent landscape events, yet possess subtle signs of phylogeographic congruence because ancestral polymorphism has not completely sorted. Here, we introduce Phylogeographic Concordance Factors (PCFs), a novel method for quantifying phylogeographic congruence across species. We apply this method to the Sarracenia alata pitcher plant system, a carnivorous plant with a diverse array of commensal organisms. We explore whether a group of ecologically associated arthropods have co-diversified with the host pitcher plant, and identify if there is a positive correlation between ecological interaction and PCFs. Results demonstrate that multiple arthropods share congruent phylogeographic breaks with S. alata, and provide evidence that the level of ecological association can be used to predict the degree of similarity in the phylogeographic pattern. This study outlines an approach for quantifying phylogeographic congruence, a central concept in biogeographic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan D Satler
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210.
| | - Bryan C Carstens
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
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Dharmarajan G, Beasley JC, Beatty WS, Olson ZH, Fike JA, Rhodes OE. Genetic co‐structuring in host‐parasite systems: Empirical data from raccoons and raccoon ticks. Ecosphere 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Guha Dharmarajan
- Department of Forestry and Natural ResourcesPurdue University West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA
- Department of Biological SciencesIndian Institute of Science Education and Research – Kolkata Mohanpur West Bengal 741246 India
| | - James C. Beasley
- Department of Forestry and Natural ResourcesPurdue University West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA
- Savannah River Ecology LaboratoryWarnell School of Forestry and Natural ResourcesUniversity of Georgia Drawer E Aiken South Carolina 29802 USA
| | - William S. Beatty
- Department of Forestry and Natural ResourcesPurdue University West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA
- Alaska Science CenterUnited States Geological Survey Anchorage Alaska 99508 USA
| | - Zachary H. Olson
- Department of Forestry and Natural ResourcesPurdue University West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA
- University of New England Biddeford Maine 04005 USA
| | - Jennifer A. Fike
- Department of Forestry and Natural ResourcesPurdue University West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA
- Fort Collins Science Center Fort Collins Colorado 80526 USA
| | - Olin E. Rhodes
- Department of Forestry and Natural ResourcesPurdue University West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA
- Savannah River Ecology LaboratoryOdum School of EcologyUniversity of Georgia Drawer E Aiken South Carolina 29802 USA
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Galbreath KE, Hoberg EP. Host responses to cycles of climate change shape parasite diversity across North America's Intermountain West. FOLIA ZOOLOGICA 2015. [DOI: 10.25225/fozo.v64.i3.a4.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kurt E. Galbreath
- Department of Biology, Northern Michigan University, 1401 Presque Isle Ave, Marquette, MI 49855, U.S.A.
| | - Eric P. Hoberg
- United States National Parasite Collection, ARS USDA, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, BARC East 1180, Beltsville, MD 20705, U.S.A.
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Rivera-Parra JL, Levin II, Johnson KP, Parker PG. Lineage sorting in multihost parasites: Eidmanniella albescens and Fregatiella aurifasciata on seabirds from the Galapagos Islands. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:3264-71. [PMID: 26380662 PMCID: PMC4569024 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasites comprise a significant percentage of the biodiversity of the planet and are useful systems to test evolutionary and ecological hypotheses. In this study, we analyze the effect of host species identity and the immediate local species assemblage within mixed species colonies of nesting seabirds on patterns of genetic clustering within two species of multihost ectoparasitic lice. We use three genetic markers (one mitochondrial, COI, and two nuclear, EF1-α and wingless) and maximum likelihood phylogenetic trees to test whether (1) parasites show lineage sorting based on their host species; and (2) switching of lineages to the alternate host species depends on the immediate local species assemblage of individual hosts within a colony. Specifically, we examine the genetic structure of two louse species: Eidmanniella albescens, infecting both Nazca (Sula granti) and blue-footed boobies (Sula nebouxii), and Fregatiella aurifasciata, infecting both great (Fregata minor) and magnificent frigatebirds (Fregata magnificens). We found that host species identity was the only factor explaining the patterns of genetic structure in both parasites. In both cases, there is evident genetic differentiation depending on the host species. Thus, a revision of the taxonomy of these louse species is needed. One possible explanation of this pattern is extremely low louse migration rates between host species, perhaps influenced by fine-scale spatial separation of host species within mixed colonies, and low parasite infrapopulation numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Rivera-Parra
- Department of Biology and Whitney R. Harris World Ecology Center, University of Missouri - St Louis St Louis, Missouri, 63110 ; Facultad de Geología y Petróleos, Departamento de Petróleos, Escuela Politécnica Nacional del Ecuador Quito, Ecuador
| | - Iris I Levin
- Department of Biology and Whitney R. Harris World Ecology Center, University of Missouri - St Louis St Louis, Missouri, 63110
| | - Kevin P Johnson
- Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois Champaign, Illinois, 61820
| | - Patricia G Parker
- Department of Biology and Whitney R. Harris World Ecology Center, University of Missouri - St Louis St Louis, Missouri, 63110 ; Saint Louis Zoo WildCare Institute, One Government Drive Saint Louis, Missouri, 63110
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van der Mescht L, Matthee S, Matthee CA. A genetic perspective on the taxonomy and evolution of the medically important flea,Dinopsyllus ellobius(Siphonaptera: Dinopsyllinae), and the resurrection ofDinopsyllus abaris. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luther van der Mescht
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology; Stellenbosch University; Private Bag X1 Matieland 7602 South Africa
- Evolutionary Genomics Group; Department of Botany and Zoology; Stellenbosch University; Private Bag X1 Matieland 7602 South Africa
| | - Sonja Matthee
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology; Stellenbosch University; Private Bag X1 Matieland 7602 South Africa
| | - Conrad A. Matthee
- Evolutionary Genomics Group; Department of Botany and Zoology; Stellenbosch University; Private Bag X1 Matieland 7602 South Africa
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Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms driving the extraordinary diversification of parasites is a major challenge in evolutionary biology. Co-speciation, one proposed mechanism that could contribute to this diversity is hypothesized to result from allopatric co-divergence of host-parasite populations. We found that island populations of the Galápagos hawk (Buteo galapagoensis) and a parasitic feather louse species (Degeeriella regalis) exhibit patterns of co-divergence across variable temporal and spatial scales. Hawks and lice showed nearly identical population genetic structure across the Galápagos Islands. Hawk population genetic structure is explained by isolation by distance among islands. Louse population structure is best explained by hawk population structure, rather than isolation by distance per se, suggesting that lice tightly track the recent population histories of their hosts. Among hawk individuals, louse populations were also highly structured, suggesting that hosts serve as islands for parasites from an evolutionary perspective. Altogether, we found that host and parasite populations may have responded in the same manner to geographical isolation across spatial scales. Allopatric co-divergence is likely one important mechanism driving the diversification of parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A H Koop
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Karen E DeMatteo
- Department of Biology and Whitney R. Harris World Ecology Center, University of Missouri-St Louis, St Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | - Patricia G Parker
- Department of Biology and Whitney R. Harris World Ecology Center, University of Missouri-St Louis, St Louis, MO 63121, USA WildCare Institute, Saint Louis Zoo, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Noah K Whiteman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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van Schaik J, Dekeukeleire D, Kerth G. Host and parasite life history interplay to yield divergent population genetic structures in two ectoparasites living on the same bat species. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:2324-35. [PMID: 25809613 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Host-parasite interactions are ubiquitous in nature. However, how parasite population genetic structure is shaped by the interaction between host and parasite life history remains understudied. Studies comparing multiple parasites infecting a single host can be used to investigate how different parasite life history traits interplay with host behaviour and life history. In this study, we used 10 newly developed microsatellite loci to investigate the genetic structure of a parasitic bat fly (Basilia nana). Its host, the Bechstein's bat (Myotis bechsteinii), has a social system and roosting behaviour that restrict opportunities for parasite transmission. We compared fly genetic structure to that of the host and another parasite, the wing-mite, Spinturnix bechsteini. We found little spatial or temporal genetic structure in B. nana, suggesting a large, stable population with frequent genetic exchange between fly populations from different bat colonies. This contrasts sharply with the genetic structure of the wing-mite, which is highly substructured between the same bat colonies as well as temporally unstable. Our results suggest that although host and parasite life history interact to yield similar transmission patterns in both parasite species, the level of gene flow and eventual spatiotemporal genetic stability is differentially affected. This can be explained by the differences in generation time and winter survival between the flies and wing-mites. Our study thus exemplifies that the population genetic structure of parasites on a single host can vary strongly as a result of how their individual life history characteristics interact with host behaviour and life history traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- J van Schaik
- Department of Behavioural Ecology and Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Eberhard-Gwinner-Strasse, 82319, Seewiesen, Germany
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Hurry CR, Schmidt DJ, Ponniah M, Carini G, Blair D, Hughes JM. Shared phylogeographic patterns between the ectocommensal flatworm Temnosewellia albata and its host, the endangered freshwater crayfish Euastacus robertsi. PeerJ 2014; 2:e552. [PMID: 25279257 PMCID: PMC4179389 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparative phylogeography of commensal species may show congruent patterns where the species involved share a common history. Temnosewellia is a genus of flatworms, members of which live in commensal relationships with host freshwater crustaceans. By constructing phylogenetic trees based on mitochondrial COI and 28S nuclear ribosomal gene sequences, this study investigated how evolutionary history has shaped patterns of intraspecific molecular variation in two such freshwater commensals. This study concentrates on the flatworm Temnosewellia albata and its critically endangered crayfish host Euastacus robertsi, which have a narrow climatically-restricted distribution on three mountaintops. The genetic data expands upon previous studies of Euastacus that suggested several vicariance events have led to the population subdivision of Euastacus robertsi. Further, our study compared historical phylogeographic patterning of these species. Our results showed that phylogeographic patterns shared among these commensals were largely congruent, featuring a shared history of limited dispersal between the mountaintops. Several hypotheses were proposed to explain the phylogeographic points of differences between the species. This study contributes significantly to understanding evolutionary relationships of commensal freshwater taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte R Hurry
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University , Nathan, Qld , Australia
| | - Daniel J Schmidt
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University , Nathan, Qld , Australia
| | - Mark Ponniah
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University , Nathan, Qld , Australia
| | - Giovannella Carini
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University , Nathan, Qld , Australia
| | - David Blair
- School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University , Townsville, Qld , Australia
| | - Jane M Hughes
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University , Nathan, Qld , Australia
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Santiago-Alarcon D, Rodríguez-Ferraro A, Parker PG, Ricklefs RE. Different meal, same flavor: cospeciation and host switching of haemosporidian parasites in some non-passerine birds. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:286. [PMID: 24957563 PMCID: PMC4077843 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have shown that haemosporidian parasites (Haemoproteus (Parahaemoproteus) and Plasmodium) infecting passerine birds have an evolutionary history of host switching with little cospeciation, in particular at low taxonomic levels (e.g., below the family level), which is suggested as the main speciation mechanism of this group of parasites. Recent studies have characterized diverse clades of haemosporidian parasites (H. (Haemoproteus) and H. (Parahaemoproteus)) infecting non-passerine birds (e.g., Columbiformes, Pelecaniiformes). Here, we explore the cospeciation history of H. (Haemoproteus) and H. (Parahaemoproteus) parasites with their non-passerine hosts. Methods We sequenced the mtDNA cyt b gene of both haemosporidian parasites and their avian non-passerine hosts. We built Bayesian phylogenetic hypotheses and created concensus phylograms that were subsequently used to conduct cospeciation analyses. We used both a global cospeciation test, PACo, and an event-cost algorithm implemented in CoRe-PA. Results The global test suggests that H. (Haemoproteus) and H. (Parahaemoproteus) parasites have a diversification history dominated by cospeciation events particularly at the family level. Host-parasite links from the PACo analysis show that host switching events are common within families (i.e., among genera and among species within genera), and occasionally across different orders (e.g., Columbiformes to Pelecaniiformes). Event-cost analyses show that haemosporidian coevolutionary history is dominated by host switching and some codivergence, but with duplication events also present. Genetic lineages unique to raptor species (e.g., FALC11) commonly switch between Falconiformes and Strigiformes. Conclusions Our results corroborate previous findings that have detected a global cospeciation signal at the family taxonomic level, and they also support a history of frequent switching closer to the tips of the host phylogeny, which seems to be the main diversification mechanism of haemosporidians. Such dynamic host-parasite associations are relevant to the epidemiology of emerging diseases because low parasite host specificity is a prerequisite for the emergence of novel diseases. The evidence on host distributions suggests that haemosporidian parasites have the potential to rapidly develop novel host-associations. This pattern has also been recorded in fish-monogenean interactions, suggesting a general diversification mechanism for parasites when host choice is not restricted by ecological barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Santiago-Alarcon
- Instituto de Ecología A,C,, Biología y Conservación de Vertebrados, Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, C,P,, Veracruz, Xalapa 91070, Mexico.
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40
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Scordato ESC, Kardish MR. Prevalence and beta diversity in avian malaria communities: host species is a better predictor than geography. J Anim Ecol 2014; 83:1387-97. [PMID: 24810878 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Patterns of diversity and turnover in macroorganism communities can often be predicted from differences in habitat, phylogenetic relationships among species and the geographical scale of comparisons. In this study, we asked whether these factors also predict diversity and turnover in parasite communities. We studied communities of avian malaria in two sympatric, ecologically similar, congeneric host species at three different sites. We asked whether parasite prevalence and community structure varied with host population, host phylogeography or geographical distance. We used PCR to screen birds for infections and then used Bayesian methods to determine phylogenetic relationships among malaria strains. Metrics of both community and phylogenetic beta diversity were used to examine patterns of malaria strain turnover between host populations, and partial Mantel tests were used determine the correlation between malaria beta diversity and geographical distance. Finally, we developed microsatellite markers to describe the genetic structure of host populations and assess the relationship between host phylogeography and parasite beta diversity. We found that different genera of malaria parasites infect the two hosts at different rates. Within hosts, parasite communities in one population were phylogenetically clustered, but there was otherwise no correlation between metrics of parasite beta diversity and geographical or genetic distance between host populations. Patterns of parasite turnover among host populations are consistent with malaria transmission occurring in the winter rather than on the breeding grounds. Our results indicate greater turnover in parasite communities between different hosts than between different study sites. Differences in host species, as well as transmission location and vector ecology, seem to be more important in structuring malaria communities than the distance-decay relationships frequently found in macroorganisms. Determining the factors affecting parasite community diversity and turnover has wide-ranging implications for understanding the selective pressures shaping host ecology and ecosystem structure. This study shows that metrics of community and phylogenetic beta diversity can be useful tools for disentangling the ecological and evolutionary processes that underlie geographical variation in parasite communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S C Scordato
- Committee on Evolutionary Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Melissa R Kardish
- The College, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,Section of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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Sakka H, Henttonen H, Baraket G, Amel SH, Michaux J. Phylogeography analysis and molecular evolution patterns of the nematode parasite Heligmosomum mixtum based on mitochondrial DNA sequences. Acta Parasitol 2014. [PMID: 26204024 DOI: 10.1515/ap-2015-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA was explored to study phylogeography of the nematode parasite Heligmosomum mixtum and elucidate molecular evolution pattern of cytochrome b gene. The size of cyt b gene ranged from 511 bp to 591 bp and the average of GC contents was 28.9%. The overall transition/transversion ratio R was 5.773 indicating that the transitions are more frequent than transversion. The aligned sequences allowed identifying 54 mtDNA haplotypes among the 119 examined individuals. The genetic divergence registered among the populations of H. mixtum was low (0.3% to 1.5%). Neighbor-joining and maximum Likelihood trees evidenced a huge polytomy and unstructured phylogeographic pattern among the studied populations. The demographic analyses tend to evidence a recent and rapid expansion of H. mixtum. Our results imply a positive selection and the genetic hitchhiking effect is unlikely. Parameters performed supported scenario of sweep selection and recent expansion of H.mixtum populations. Both positive selection and demographic histories have jointly contributed to the observed patterns of nucleotide diversity and haplotypes structure. The comparison of the phylogeographical pattern of H. mixtum with the one of its most common rodent host M. glareolus, confirmed a strong incongruence between the two species. These results strongly suggest that the parasite would not be specific to M. glareolus and that it would switch easily from one rodent species to another. The mitochondrial diversity seems to be unstructured with any biogeographic repartition of the variability and that the genetic structure of H. mixtum is probably associated with weak host specificity.
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Day J, Starkey DE, Gerken JE. Prevalence of parasitism in the Grotto Sculpin (Cottus specus), a new species of cave-adapted fish from southeastern Missouri, USA. SUBTERRANEAN BIOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.12.6503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Olival KJ, Dick CW, Simmons NB, Morales JC, Melnick DJ, Dittmar K, Perkins SL, Daszak P, Desalle R. Lack of population genetic structure and host specificity in the bat fly, Cyclopodia horsfieldi, across species of Pteropus bats in Southeast Asia. Parasit Vectors 2013; 6:231. [PMID: 23924629 PMCID: PMC3750525 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Population-level studies of parasites have the potential to elucidate patterns of host movement and cross-species interactions that are not evident from host genealogy alone. Bat flies are obligate and generally host-specific blood-feeding parasites of bats. Old-World flies in the family Nycteribiidae are entirely wingless and depend on their hosts for long-distance dispersal; their population genetics has been unstudied to date. Methods We collected a total of 125 bat flies from three Pteropus species (Pteropus vampyrus, P. hypomelanus, and P. lylei) from eight localities in Malaysia, Cambodia, and Vietnam. We identified specimens morphologically and then sequenced three mitochondrial DNA gene fragments (CoI, CoII, cytB; 1744 basepairs total) from a subset of 45 bat flies. We measured genetic diversity, molecular variance, and population genetic subdivision (FST), and used phylogenetic and haplotype network analyses to quantify parasite genetic structure across host species and localities. Results All flies were identified as Cyclopodia horsfieldi with the exception of two individuals of Eucampsipoda sundaica. Low levels of population genetic structure were detected between populations of Cyclopodia horsfieldi from across a wide geographic range (~1000 km), and tests for isolation by distance were rejected. AMOVA results support a lack of geographic and host-specific population structure, with molecular variance primarily partitioned within populations. Pairwise FST values from flies collected from island populations of Pteropus hypomelanus in East and West Peninsular Malaysia supported predictions based on previous studies of host genetic structure. Conclusions The lack of population genetic structure and morphological variation observed in Cyclopodia horsfieldi is most likely due to frequent contact between flying fox species and subsequent high levels of parasite gene flow. Specifically, we suggest that Pteropus vampyrus may facilitate movement of bat flies between the three Pteropus species in the region. We demonstrate the utility of parasite genetics as an additional layer of information to measure host movement and interspecific host contact. These approaches may have wide implications for understanding zoonotic, epizootic, and enzootic disease dynamics. Bat flies may play a role as vectors of disease in bats, and their competence as vectors of bacterial and/or viral pathogens is in need of further investigation.
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Garrick RC, Nason JD, Fernández-Manjarrés JF, Dyer RJ. Ecological coassociations influence species' responses to past climatic change: an example from a Sonoran Desert bark beetle. Mol Ecol 2013; 22:3345-61. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C. Garrick
- Department of Biology; University of Mississippi; Oxford; MS; 38677; USA
| | - John D. Nason
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology; Iowa State University; Ames; IA; 50011; USA
| | - Juan F. Fernández-Manjarrés
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution; UMR CNRS 8079; Bât 360; Université Paris-Sud 11; 91405; Orsay Cedex; France
| | - Rodney J. Dyer
- Department of Biology; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond; VA; 23284; USA
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Bertheau C, Schuler H, Arthofer W, Avtzis DN, Mayer F, Krumböck S, Moodley Y, Stauffer C. Divergent evolutionary histories of two sympatric spruce bark beetle species. Mol Ecol 2013; 22:3318-32. [PMID: 23710700 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ips typographus and Pityogenes chalcographus are two sympatric Palearctic bark beetle species with wide distribution ranges. As both species are comparable in biology, life history, and habitat, including sharing the same host, Picea abies, they provide excellent models for applying a comparative approach in which to identify common historical patterns of population differentiation and the influence of species-specific ecological characteristics. We analysed patterns of genetic diversity, genetic structure and demographic history of ten I. typographus and P. chalcographus populations co-distributed across Europe using both COI and ITS2 markers. Rather than similarities, our results revealed striking differences. Ips typographus was characterised by low genetic diversity, shallow population structure and strong evidence that all extant haplogroups arose via a single Holocene population expansion event. In contrast, genetic variation and structuring were high in P. chalcographus indicating a longer and more complex evolutionary history. This was estimated to be five times older than I. typographus, beginning during the last Pleistocene glacial maximum over 100 000 years ago. Although the expansions of P. chalcographus haplogroups also date to the Holocene or just prior to its onset, we show that these occurred from at least three geographically separated glacial refugia. Overall, these results suggest that the much longer evolutionary history of P. chalcographus greatly influenced the levels of phylogeographic subdivision among lineages and may have led to the evolution of different life-history traits which in turn have affected genetic structure and resulted in an advantage over the more aggressive I. typographus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Bertheau
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Institute of Forest Entomology, Forest Pathology and Forest Protection, Boku, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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Comparative host–parasite population genetic structures: obligate fly ectoparasites on Galapagos seabirds. Parasitology 2013; 140:1061-9. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182013000437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYParasites often have shorter generation times and, in some cases, faster mutation rates than their hosts, which can lead to greater population differentiation in the parasite relative to the host. Here we present a population genetic study of two ectoparasitic flies, Olfersia spinifera and Olfersia aenescens compared with their respective bird hosts, great frigatebirds (Fregata minor) and Nazca boobies (Sula granti). Olfersia spinifera is the vector of a haemosporidian parasite, Haemoproteus iwa, which infects frigatebirds throughout their range. Interestingly, there is no genetic differentiation in the haemosporidian parasite across this range despite strong genetic differentiation between Galapagos frigatebirds and their non-Galapagos conspecifics. It is possible that the broad distribution of this one H. iwa lineage could be facilitated by movement of infected O. spinifera. Therefore, we predicted more gene flow in both fly species compared with the bird hosts. Mitochondrial DNA sequence data from three genes per species indicated that despite marked differences in the genetic structure of the bird hosts, gene flow was very high in both fly species. A likely explanation involves non-breeding movements of hosts, including movement of juveniles, and movement by adult birds whose breeding attempt has failed, although we cannot rule out the possibility that closely related host species may be involved.
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de Vienne DM, Refrégier G, López-Villavicencio M, Tellier A, Hood ME, Giraud T. Cospeciation vs host-shift speciation: methods for testing, evidence from natural associations and relation to coevolution. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 198:347-385. [PMID: 23437795 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Hosts and their symbionts are involved in intimate physiological and ecological interactions. The impact of these interactions on the evolution of each partner depends on the time-scale considered. Short-term dynamics - 'coevolution' in the narrow sense - has been reviewed elsewhere. We focus here on the long-term evolutionary dynamics of cospeciation and speciation following host shifts. Whether hosts and their symbionts speciate in parallel, by cospeciation, or through host shifts, is a key issue in host-symbiont evolution. In this review, we first outline approaches to compare divergence between pairwise associated groups of species, their advantages and pitfalls. We then consider recent insights into the long-term evolution of host-parasite and host-mutualist associations by critically reviewing the literature. We show that convincing cases of cospeciation are rare (7%) and that cophylogenetic methods overestimate the occurrence of such events. Finally, we examine the relationships between short-term coevolutionary dynamics and long-term patterns of diversification in host-symbiont associations. We review theoretical and experimental studies showing that short-term dynamics can foster parasite specialization, but that these events can occur following host shifts and do not necessarily involve cospeciation. Overall, there is now substantial evidence to suggest that coevolutionary dynamics of hosts and parasites do not favor long-term cospeciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M de Vienne
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - G Refrégier
- Université Paris-Sud, Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, UMR 8621, 91405, Orsay, France
- CNRS, UMR8621, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - M López-Villavicencio
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 57 rue Cuvier, F-75231, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - A Tellier
- Section of Population Genetics, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, D-85354, Freising, Germany
| | - M E Hood
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - T Giraud
- Université Paris-Sud, Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, UMR 8079, 91405, Orsay, France
- CNRS, UMR8079, 91405, Orsay, France
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Jones EP, Eager HM, Gabriel SI, Jóhannesdóttir F, Searle JB. Genetic tracking of mice and other bioproxies to infer human history. Trends Genet 2013; 29:298-308. [PMID: 23290437 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2012.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The long-distance movements made by humans through history are quickly erased by time but can be reconstructed by studying the genetic make-up of organisms that travelled with them. The phylogeography of the western house mouse (Mus musculus domesticus), whose current widespread distribution around the world has been caused directly by the movements of (primarily) European people, has proved particularly informative in a series of recent studies. The geographic distributions of genetic lineages in this commensal have been linked to the Iron Age movements within the Mediterranean region and Western Europe, the extensive maritime activities of the Vikings in the 9th to 11th centuries, and the colonisation of distant landmasses and islands by the Western European nations starting in the 15th century. We review here recent insights into human history based on phylogeographic studies of mice and other species that have travelled with humans, and discuss how emerging genomic methodologies will increase the precision of these inferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor P Jones
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 17-230 Białowieża, Poland
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Paz-Y-Miño-C G, Espinosa A. Galapagos III World Evolution Summit: why evolution matters. Evolution 2013; 6. [PMID: 26925190 PMCID: PMC4767162 DOI: 10.1186/1936-6434-6-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
There is no place on Earth like the Galapagos Islands and no better destination to discuss the reality of evolution. Under the theme ‘Why Does Evolution Matter’, the University San Francisco of Quito (USFQ), Ecuador, and its Galapagos Institute for the Arts and Sciences (GAIAS), organized the III World Evolution Summit in San Cristóbal Island. The 200-attendee meeting took place on 1 to 5 June 2013; it included 12 keynote speakers, 20 oral presentations by international scholars, and 31 posters by faculty, postdocs, and graduate and undergraduate students. The Summit encompassed five sessions: evolution and society, pre-cellular evolution and the RNA world, behavior and environment, genome, and microbes and diseases. USFQ and GAIAS launched officially the Lynn Margulis Center for Evolutionary Biology and showcased the Galapagos Science Center, in San Cristóbal, an impressive research facility conceptualized in partnership with the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA. USFQ and GAIAS excelled at managing the conference with exceptional vision and at highlighting the relevance of Galapagos in the history of modern evolutionary thinking; Charles Darwin’s visit to this volcanic archipelago in 1835 unfolded unprecedented scientific interest in what today is a matchless World Heritage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Paz-Y-Miño-C
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, Massachusetts 02747-2300, USA
| | - Avelina Espinosa
- Department of Biology, Roger Williams University, One Old Ferry Road, Bristol, Rhode Island 02809, USA
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Widmer I, Dal Grande F, Excoffier L, Holderegger R, Keller C, Mikryukov VS, Scheidegger C. European phylogeography of the epiphytic lichen fungusLobaria pulmonariaand its green algal symbiont. Mol Ecol 2012; 21:5827-44. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Widmer
- WSL Swiss Federal Research Institute; Zürcherstrasse 111; Birmensdorf; CH-8903; Switzerland
| | - Francesco Dal Grande
- WSL Swiss Federal Research Institute; Zürcherstrasse 111; Birmensdorf; CH-8903; Switzerland
| | | | - Rolf Holderegger
- WSL Swiss Federal Research Institute; Zürcherstrasse 111; Birmensdorf; CH-8903; Switzerland
| | - Christine Keller
- WSL Swiss Federal Research Institute; Zürcherstrasse 111; Birmensdorf; CH-8903; Switzerland
| | - Vladimir S. Mikryukov
- Laboratory of Population and Community Ecotoxicology; Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch; Russian Academy of Sciences; ul. Vos'mogo Marta 202; Ekaterinburg; 620144; Russia
| | - Christoph Scheidegger
- WSL Swiss Federal Research Institute; Zürcherstrasse 111; Birmensdorf; CH-8903; Switzerland
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