1
|
Földi C, Merényi Z, Balázs B, Csernetics Á, Miklovics N, Wu H, Hegedüs B, Virágh M, Hou Z, Liu XB, Galgóczy L, Nagy LG. Snowball: a novel gene family required for developmental patterning of fruiting bodies of mushroom-forming fungi (Agaricomycetes). mSystems 2024; 9:e0120823. [PMID: 38334416 PMCID: PMC10949477 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.01208-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The morphogenesis of sexual fruiting bodies of fungi is a complex process determined by a genetically encoded program. Fruiting bodies reached the highest complexity levels in the Agaricomycetes; yet, the underlying genetics is currently poorly known. In this work, we functionally characterized a highly conserved gene termed snb1, whose expression level increases rapidly during fruiting body initiation. According to phylogenetic analyses, orthologs of snb1 are present in almost all agaricomycetes and may represent a novel conserved gene family that plays a substantial role in fruiting body development. We disrupted snb1 using CRISPR/Cas9 in the agaricomycete model organism Coprinopsis cinerea. snb1 deletion mutants formed unique, snowball-shaped, rudimentary fruiting bodies that could not differentiate caps, stipes, and lamellae. We took advantage of this phenotype to study fruiting body differentiation using RNA-Seq analyses. This revealed differentially regulated genes and gene families that, based on wild-type RNA-Seq data, were upregulated early during development and showed tissue-specific expression, suggesting a potential role in differentiation. Taken together, the novel gene family of snb1 and the differentially expressed genes in the snb1 mutants provide valuable insights into the complex mechanisms underlying developmental patterning in the Agaricomycetes. IMPORTANCE Fruiting bodies of mushroom-forming fungi (Agaricomycetes) are complex multicellular structures, with a spatially and temporally integrated developmental program that is, however, currently poorly known. In this study, we present a novel, conserved gene family, Snowball (snb), termed after the unique, differentiation-less fruiting body morphology of snb1 knockout strains in the model mushroom Coprinopsis cinerea. snb is a gene of unknown function that is highly conserved among agaricomycetes and encodes a protein of unknown function. A comparative transcriptomic analysis of the early developmental stages of differentiated wild-type and non-differentiated mutant fruiting bodies revealed conserved differentially expressed genes which may be related to tissue differentiation and developmental patterning fruiting body development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Csenge Földi
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, HUN-REN Biological Research Center, Szeged, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Merényi
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, HUN-REN Biological Research Center, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Bálint Balázs
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, HUN-REN Biological Research Center, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Árpád Csernetics
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, HUN-REN Biological Research Center, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Nikolett Miklovics
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, HUN-REN Biological Research Center, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Hongli Wu
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, HUN-REN Biological Research Center, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Botond Hegedüs
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, HUN-REN Biological Research Center, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Máté Virágh
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, HUN-REN Biological Research Center, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zhihao Hou
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, HUN-REN Biological Research Center, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Xiao-Bin Liu
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, HUN-REN Biological Research Center, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Galgóczy
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, HUN-REN Biological Research Center, Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László G. Nagy
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, HUN-REN Biological Research Center, Szeged, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Clavé C, Dheur S, Ament-Velásquez SL, Granger-Farbos A, Saupe SJ. het-B allorecognition in Podospora anserina is determined by pseudo-allelic interaction of genes encoding a HET and lectin fold domain protein and a PII-like protein. PLoS Genet 2024; 20:e1011114. [PMID: 38346076 PMCID: PMC10890737 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Filamentous fungi display allorecognition genes that trigger regulated cell death (RCD) when strains of unlike genotype fuse. Podospora anserina is one of several model species for the study of this allorecognition process termed heterokaryon or vegetative incompatibility. Incompatibility restricts transmission of mycoviruses between isolates. In P. anserina, genetic analyses have identified nine incompatibility loci, termed het loci. Here we set out to clone the genes controlling het-B incompatibility. het-B displays two incompatible alleles, het-B1 and het-B2. We find that the het-B locus encompasses two adjacent genes, Bh and Bp that exist as highly divergent allelic variants (Bh1/Bh2 and Bp1/Bp2) in the incompatible haplotypes. Bh encodes a protein with an N-terminal HET domain, a cell death inducing domain bearing homology to Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domains and a C-terminal domain with a predicted lectin fold. The Bp product is homologous to PII-like proteins, a family of small trimeric proteins acting as sensors of adenine nucleotides in bacteria. We show that although the het-B system appears genetically allelic, incompatibility is in fact determined by the non-allelic Bh1/Bp2 interaction while the reciprocal Bh2/Bp1 interaction plays no role in incompatibility. The highly divergent C-terminal lectin fold domain of BH determines recognition specificity. Population studies and genome analyses indicate that het-B is under balancing selection with trans-species polymorphism, highlighting the evolutionary significance of the two incompatible haplotypes. In addition to emphasizing anew the central role of TIR-like HET domains in fungal RCD, this study identifies novel players in fungal allorecognition and completes the characterization of the entire het gene set in that species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Clavé
- IBGC, UMR 5095, CNRS-Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sonia Dheur
- IBGC, UMR 5095, CNRS-Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | | | | | - Sven J. Saupe
- IBGC, UMR 5095, CNRS-Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Konozy EHE, Osman MEM, Dirar AI. A Comprehensive Review on Euphorbiaceae lectins: Structural and Biological Perspectives. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2023; 88:1956-1969. [PMID: 38105212 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923110238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Euphorbiaceae, also known as the spurge family, is a large group of flowering plants. Despite being tropical natives, they are now widespread. Due to its medicinal and commercial importance, this family of plants attracted a lot of attention in the scientific community. The distinctive characteristic of the family is production of milky latex, which is a rich source of several lectins, the proteins that bind carbohydrates. Although their function is unclear, they are believed to defend plants against damaging phytopathogenic microorganisms, insects, and predatory animals. Additionally, they serve as crucial metabolic regulators under a variety of stressors. Detection, separation, purification, and characterization of lectins from the Euphorbiaceae family - mostly from the latex of plants - began over 40 years ago. This effort produced over 35 original research papers that were published. However, no systematic review that compiles these published data has been presented yet. This review summarizes and describes several procedures and protocols employed for extraction and purification of lectins belonging to this family. Physicochemical properties and biological activities of the lectins, along with their medicinal and pharmacological properties, have also been analyzed. Additionally, using examples of ricin and ricin agglutinin, we have structurally analyzed characteristics of the lectin known as Ribosome Inactivating Protein Type II (RIP-Type II) that belongs to this family. We anticipate that this review article will offer a useful compendium of information on this important family of lectins, show the scientists involved in lectin research the gaps in our knowledge, and offer insights for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emadeldin Hassan E Konozy
- Department of Biotechnology, Africa City of Technology (ACT), Khartoum, Sudan.
- Pharmaceutical Research and Development Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Karary University, Omdurman, Khartoum State, Sudan
| | | | - Amina I Dirar
- Medicinal, Aromatic Plants, and Traditional Medicine Research Institute (MAPTRI), National Center for Research, Khartoum, Sudan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nagy L, Vonk P, Künzler M, Földi C, Virágh M, Ohm R, Hennicke F, Bálint B, Csernetics Á, Hegedüs B, Hou Z, Liu X, Nan S, Pareek M, Sahu N, Szathmári B, Varga T, Wu H, Yang X, Merényi Z. Lessons on fruiting body morphogenesis from genomes and transcriptomes of Agaricomycetes. Stud Mycol 2023; 104:1-85. [PMID: 37351542 PMCID: PMC10282164 DOI: 10.3114/sim.2022.104.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Fruiting bodies (sporocarps, sporophores or basidiomata) of mushroom-forming fungi (Agaricomycetes) are among the most complex structures produced by fungi. Unlike vegetative hyphae, fruiting bodies grow determinately and follow a genetically encoded developmental program that orchestrates their growth, tissue differentiation and sexual sporulation. In spite of more than a century of research, our understanding of the molecular details of fruiting body morphogenesis is still limited and a general synthesis on the genetics of this complex process is lacking. In this paper, we aim at a comprehensive identification of conserved genes related to fruiting body morphogenesis and distil novel functional hypotheses for functionally poorly characterised ones. As a result of this analysis, we report 921 conserved developmentally expressed gene families, only a few dozens of which have previously been reported to be involved in fruiting body development. Based on literature data, conserved expression patterns and functional annotations, we provide hypotheses on the potential role of these gene families in fruiting body development, yielding the most complete description of molecular processes in fruiting body morphogenesis to date. We discuss genes related to the initiation of fruiting, differentiation, growth, cell surface and cell wall, defence, transcriptional regulation as well as signal transduction. Based on these data we derive a general model of fruiting body development, which includes an early, proliferative phase that is mostly concerned with laying out the mushroom body plan (via cell division and differentiation), and a second phase of growth via cell expansion as well as meiotic events and sporulation. Altogether, our discussions cover 1 480 genes of Coprinopsis cinerea, and their orthologs in Agaricus bisporus, Cyclocybe aegerita, Armillaria ostoyae, Auriculariopsis ampla, Laccaria bicolor, Lentinula edodes, Lentinus tigrinus, Mycena kentingensis, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Schizophyllum commune, providing functional hypotheses for ~10 % of genes in the genomes of these species. Although experimental evidence for the role of these genes will need to be established in the future, our data provide a roadmap for guiding functional analyses of fruiting related genes in the Agaricomycetes. We anticipate that the gene compendium presented here, combined with developments in functional genomics approaches will contribute to uncovering the genetic bases of one of the most spectacular multicellular developmental processes in fungi. Citation: Nagy LG, Vonk PJ, Künzler M, Földi C, Virágh M, Ohm RA, Hennicke F, Bálint B, Csernetics Á, Hegedüs B, Hou Z, Liu XB, Nan S, M. Pareek M, Sahu N, Szathmári B, Varga T, Wu W, Yang X, Merényi Z (2023). Lessons on fruiting body morphogenesis from genomes and transcriptomes of Agaricomycetes. Studies in Mycology 104: 1-85. doi: 10.3114/sim.2022.104.01.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L.G. Nagy
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - P.J. Vonk
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - M. Künzler
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland;
| | - C. Földi
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - M. Virágh
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - R.A. Ohm
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - F. Hennicke
- Project Group Genetics and Genomics of Fungi, Chair Evolution of Plants and Fungi, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780, Bochum, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany;
| | - B. Bálint
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - Á. Csernetics
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - B. Hegedüs
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - Z. Hou
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - X.B. Liu
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - S. Nan
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Hubei Province, PR China
| | - M. Pareek
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - N. Sahu
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - B. Szathmári
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - T. Varga
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - H. Wu
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - X. Yang
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Z. Merényi
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu J, Li H, Luo X, Ma L, Li C, Qu S. A lectin gene is involved in the defense of Pleurotus ostreatus against the mite predator Tyrophagus putrescentiae. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1191500. [PMID: 37180275 PMCID: PMC10174108 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1191500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The storage mite, Tyrophagus putrescentiae, found worldwide in many habitats, is an important pest of edible mushrooms. Excessive chemical spraying for pest control has been linked to environmental pollution, health risks, insecticide resistance development, and food safety. Host resistance can be sustainable and cost-effective and provide effective and economical pest control. Previous studies have reported that the oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus has evolved effective defense mechanisms against T. putrescentiae attack, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here we report that a lectin gene from P. ostreatus mycelia, Polec2, induced fungal resistance to mite grazing. Polec2 belongs to a galectin-like lectin classification, encoding a protein with β-sandwith-fold domain. Overexpression of Polec2 in P. ostreatus led to activation of the reactive oxygen species (ROS)/mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) signaling pathway, salicylic acid (SA), and jasmonate (JA) biosynthesis. The activation resulted in bursts of antioxidant activities of catalases (CAT), peroxidases (POD), superoxide dismutases (SOD), and increased production of SA, JA, jasmonic acid-isoleucine (JA-Ile) and jasmonic acid methyl ester (MeJA), accompanied by reduced T. putrescentiae feeding and suppressed its population. We also provide an overview of the phylogenetic distribution of lectins across 22 fungal genomes. Our findings shed light on the molecular mechanisms of P. ostreatus' defense against the mite predator and will be useful in investigating the molecular basis of fungi-fungivory interactions and gene mining for pest-resistance genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Huiping Li
- Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Luo
- Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Ma
- Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Cuixin Li
- School of Life Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- *Correspondence: Cuixin Li,
| | - Shaoxuan Qu
- School of Life Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Shaoxuan Qu,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yan M, Chen Y, Li M, Wu J, Fang Z, Wang J, Liu J. Coprinopsis cinerea Galectin CGL1 Induces Apoptosis and Inhibits Tumor Growth in Colorectal Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010235. [PMID: 36613681 PMCID: PMC9820451 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mushroom galectins are promising anticancer agents for their low IC50 values against cancer cells in vitro. In this study, two Coprinopsis cinerea galectins, CGL1 and CGL2, were heterologously expressed, and their biochemistry properties and anticancer effects were evaluated. The purified galectins were thermostable at neutral pH conditions. They both existed as tetramers and shared a high affinity towards lactose. CGL1 and CGL2 strongly inhibited the cell viability of many cancer cell lines, including three colorectal cancer cells, in a dose-dependent manner by inducing mitochondria-mediated caspase-dependent apoptosis. Furthermore, CGL1 exhibited higher apoptosis-inducing ability and cytotoxicity than CGL2. In vivo cell viability experiments based on two xenograft mouse models showed that CGL1 had a more substantial inhibitory effect than CGL2 on HCT116 tumor growth (p < 0.0001), whereas only CGL1 inhibited DLD1 tumor growth (p < 0.01). This is the first study to evaluate the anti-colorectal cancer effect of mushroom lectins in vivo, and our results showed that CGL1 is a potent agent for colorectal cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengli Yan
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei 230601, China
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Yaxuan Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei 230601, China
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Mengke Li
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei 230601, China
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Jiamin Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Zemin Fang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei 230601, China
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Junjun Wang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Juanjuan Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei 230601, China
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei 230601, China
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (J.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Activation of mycelial defense mechanisms in the oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus induced by Tyrophagus putrescentiae. Food Res Int 2022; 160:111708. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
8
|
Abstract
The fungus Rhizopus microsporus harbors a bacterial endosymbiont (Mycetohabitans rhizoxinica) for the production of the antimitotic toxin rhizoxin. Although rhizoxin is the causative agent of rice seedling blight, the toxinogenic bacterial-fungal alliance is, not restricted to the plant disease. It has been detected in numerous environmental isolates from geographically distinct sites covering all five continents, thus raising questions regarding the ecological role of rhizoxin beyond rice seedling blight. Here, we show that rhizoxin serves the fungal host in fending off protozoan and metazoan predators. Fluorescence microscopy and coculture experiments with the fungivorous amoeba Protostelium aurantium revealed that ingestion of R. microsporus spores is toxic to P. aurantium. This amoebicidal effect is caused by the dominant bacterial rhizoxin congener rhizoxin S2, which is also lethal toward the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. By combining stereomicroscopy, automated image analysis, and quantification of nematode movement, we show that the fungivorous nematode Aphelenchus avenae actively feeds on R. microsporus that is lacking endosymbionts, whereas worms coincubated with symbiotic R. microsporus are significantly less lively. This study uncovers an unexpected ecological role of rhizoxin as shield against micropredators. This finding suggests that predators may function as an evolutionary driving force to maintain toxin-producing endosymbionts in nonpathogenic fungi.
Collapse
|
9
|
Plett JM, Sabotič J, Vogt E, Snijders F, Kohler A, Nielsen UN, Künzler M, Martin F, Veneault-Fourrey C. Mycorrhiza-induced mycocypins of Laccaria bicolor are potent protease inhibitors with nematotoxic and collembola antifeedant activity. Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:4607-4622. [PMID: 35818672 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fungivory of mycorrhizal hyphae has a significant impact on fungal fitness and, by extension, on nutrient transfer between fungi and host plants in natural ecosystems. Mycorrhizal fungi have therefore evolved an arsenal of chemical compounds that are hypothesized to protect the hyphal tissues from being eaten, such as the protease inhibitors mycocypins. The genome of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor has an unusually high number of mycocypin-encoding genes. We have characterized the evolution of this class of proteins, identified those induced by symbiosis with a host plant and characterized the biochemical properties of two upregulated L. bicolor mycocypins. More than half of L. bicolor mycocypin-encoding genes are differentially expressed during symbiosis or fruiting body formation. We show that two L. bicolor mycocypins that are strongly induced during symbiosis are cysteine protease inhibitors and exhibit similar but distinct localization in fungal tissues at different developmental stages and during interaction with a host plant. Moreover, we show that these L. bicolor mycocypins have toxic and feeding deterrent effect on nematodes and collembolans, respectively. Therefore, L. bicolor mycocypins may be part of a mechanism by which this species deters grazing by different members of the soil food web.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Plett
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Centre INRAE Grand Est-Nancy, Champenoux, France.,Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jerica Sabotič
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Eva Vogt
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Fridtjof Snijders
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Annegret Kohler
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Centre INRAE Grand Est-Nancy, Champenoux, France
| | - Uffe N Nielsen
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Markus Künzler
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Francis Martin
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Centre INRAE Grand Est-Nancy, Champenoux, France
| | - Claire Veneault-Fourrey
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Centre INRAE Grand Est-Nancy, Champenoux, France
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Radiation of mushroom-forming fungi correlates with novel modes of protecting sexual fruiting bodies. Fungal Biol 2022; 126:556-565. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
11
|
Trochine A, Bellora N, Nizovoy P, Duran R, Greif G, de García V, Batthyany C, Robello C, Libkind D. Genomic and proteomic analysis of Tausonia pullulans reveals a key role for a GH15 glucoamylase in starch hydrolysis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:4655-4667. [PMID: 35713658 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12025-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Basidiomycetous yeasts remain an almost unexplored source of enzymes with great potential in several industries. Tausonia pullulans (Tremellomycetes) is a psychrotolerant yeast with several extracellular enzymatic activities reported, although the responsible genes are not known. We performed the genomic sequencing, assembly and annotation of T. pullulans strain CRUB 1754 (Perito Moreno glacier, Argentina), a gene survey of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), and analyzed its secretome by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) after growth in glucose (GLU) or starch (STA) as main carbon sources. T. pullulans has 7210 predicted genes, 3.6% being CAZymes. When compared to other Tremellomycetes, it contains a high number of CAZy domains, and in particular higher quantities of glucoamylases (GH15), pectinolytic enzymes (GH28) and lignocellulose decay enzymes (GH7). When the secretome of T. pullulans was analyzed experimentally after growth in starch or glucose, 98 proteins were identified. The 60% of total spectral counts belonged to GHs, oxidoreductases and to other CAZymes. A 65 kDa glucoamylase of family GH15 (TpGA1) showed the highest fold change (tenfold increase in starch). This enzyme contains a conserved active site and showed extensive N-glycosylation. This study increases the knowledge on the extracellular hydrolytic enzymes of basidiomycetous yeasts and, in particular, establishes T. pullulans as a potential source of carbohydrate-active enzymes. KEY POINTS: • Tausonia pullulans genome harbors a high number of genes coding for CAZymes. • Among CAZy domains/families, the glycoside hydrolases are the most abundant. • Secretome analysis in glucose or starch as main C sources identified 98 proteins. • A 65 kDa GH15 glucoamylase showed the highest fold increase upon culture in starch.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Trochine
- Centro de Referencia en Levaduras Y Tecnología Cervecera (CRELTEC), Instituto Andino Patagónico de Tecnologías Biológicas Y Geoambientales (IPATEC), CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Quintral 1250, (CP8400) San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina.
| | - Nicolás Bellora
- Instituto de Tecnologías Nucleares Para La Salud (INTECNUS), RP82, (CP8400) San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Paula Nizovoy
- Centro de Referencia en Levaduras Y Tecnología Cervecera (CRELTEC), Instituto Andino Patagónico de Tecnologías Biológicas Y Geoambientales (IPATEC), CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Quintral 1250, (CP8400) San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Rosario Duran
- Institut Pasteur de Montevideo (IPMont), Mataojo 2020, (CP11400), Montevideo, Uruguay
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avenida Italia 3318, (CP 11600), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gonzalo Greif
- Institut Pasteur de Montevideo (IPMont), Mataojo 2020, (CP11400), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Virginia de García
- Instituto de Investigación Y Desarrollo en Ingeniería de Procesos, Biotecnología y Energías Alternativas (PROBIEN), Buenos Aires 1400, (CP8300), Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Carlos Batthyany
- Institut Pasteur de Montevideo (IPMont), Mataojo 2020, (CP11400), Montevideo, Uruguay
- Facultad de Medicina (UDELAR), Av. Gral. Flores 2125, (CP1180), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Carlos Robello
- Institut Pasteur de Montevideo (IPMont), Mataojo 2020, (CP11400), Montevideo, Uruguay
- Facultad de Medicina (UDELAR), Av. Gral. Flores 2125, (CP1180), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Diego Libkind
- Centro de Referencia en Levaduras Y Tecnología Cervecera (CRELTEC), Instituto Andino Patagónico de Tecnologías Biológicas Y Geoambientales (IPATEC), CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Quintral 1250, (CP8400) San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bleuler-Martinez S, Varrot A, Olieric V, Schubert M, Vogt E, Fetz C, Wohlschlager T, Plaza DF, Wälti M, Duport Y, Capitani G, Aebi M, Künzler M. Structure-function relationship of a novel fucoside-binding fruiting body lectin from Coprinopsis cinerea exhibiting nematotoxic activity. Glycobiology 2022; 32:600-615. [PMID: 35323921 PMCID: PMC9191617 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwac020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lectins are non-immunoglobulin-type proteins that bind to specific carbohydrate epitopes and play important roles in intra- and inter-organismic interactions. Here, we describe a novel fucose-specific lectin, termed CML1, which we identified from fruiting body extracts of Coprinopsis cinerea. For further characterization, the coding sequence for CML1 was cloned and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli. Feeding of CML1-producing bacteria inhibited larval development of the bacterivorous nematode Caenorhabditis tropicalis, but not of C. elegans. The crystal structure of the recombinant protein in its apo-form and in complex with H type I or Lewis A blood group antigens was determined by X-ray crystallography. The protein folds as a sandwich of 2 antiparallel β-sheets and forms hexamers resulting from a trimer of dimers. The hexameric arrangement was confirmed by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). One carbohydrate-binding site per protomer was found at the dimer interface with both protomers contributing to ligand binding, resulting in a hexavalent lectin. In terms of lectin activity of recombinant CML1, substitution of the carbohydrate-interacting residues His54, Asn55, Trp94, and Arg114 by Ala abolished carbohydrate-binding and nematotoxicity. Although no similarities to any characterized lectin were found, sequence alignments identified many non-characterized agaricomycete proteins. These results suggest that CML1 is the founding member of a novel family of fucoside-binding lectins involved in the defense of agaricomycete fruiting bodies against predation by fungivorous nematodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Bleuler-Martinez
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Vincent Olieric
- Swiss Light Source (SLS), Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Mario Schubert
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Eva Vogt
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Céline Fetz
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Therese Wohlschlager
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - David Fernando Plaza
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 64, Solna, Sweden
| | - Martin Wälti
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Yannick Duport
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Guido Capitani
- Swiss Light Source (SLS), Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Markus Aebi
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Künzler
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Renko M, Zupan T, Plaza DF, Schmieder SS, Perišić Nanut M, Kos J, Turk D, Künzler M, Sabotič J. Cocaprins, β-Trefoil Fold Inhibitors of Cysteine and Aspartic Proteases from Coprinopsis cinerea. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:4916. [PMID: 35563308 PMCID: PMC9104457 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We introduce a new family of fungal protease inhibitors with β-trefoil fold from the mushroom Coprinopsis cinerea, named cocaprins, which inhibit both cysteine and aspartic proteases. Two cocaprin-encoding genes are differentially expressed in fungal tissues. One is highly transcribed in vegetative mycelium and the other in the stipes of mature fruiting bodies. Cocaprins are small proteins (15 kDa) with acidic isoelectric points that form dimers. The three-dimensional structure of cocaprin 1 showed similarity to fungal β-trefoil lectins. Cocaprins inhibit plant C1 family cysteine proteases with Ki in the micromolar range, but do not inhibit the C13 family protease legumain, which distinguishes them from mycocypins. Cocaprins also inhibit the aspartic protease pepsin with Ki in the low micromolar range. Mutagenesis revealed that the β2-β3 loop is involved in the inhibition of cysteine proteases and that the inhibitory reactive sites for aspartic and cysteine proteases are located at different positions on the protein. Their biological function is thought to be the regulation of endogenous proteolytic activities or in defense against fungal antagonists. Cocaprins are the first characterized aspartic protease inhibitors with β-trefoil fold from fungi, and demonstrate the incredible plasticity of loop functionalization in fungal proteins with β-trefoil fold.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miha Renko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.R.); (D.T.)
| | - Tanja Zupan
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.Z.); (M.P.N.); (J.K.)
| | - David F. Plaza
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland; (D.F.P.); (S.S.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Stefanie S. Schmieder
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland; (D.F.P.); (S.S.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Milica Perišić Nanut
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.Z.); (M.P.N.); (J.K.)
| | - Janko Kos
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.Z.); (M.P.N.); (J.K.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dušan Turk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.R.); (D.T.)
| | - Markus Künzler
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland; (D.F.P.); (S.S.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Jerica Sabotič
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.Z.); (M.P.N.); (J.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Guillaume-Gentil O, Gäbelein CG, Schmieder S, Martinez V, Zambelli T, Künzler M, Vorholt JA. Injection into and extraction from single fungal cells. Commun Biol 2022; 5:180. [PMID: 35233064 PMCID: PMC8888671 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03127-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The direct delivery of molecules and the sampling of endogenous compounds into and from living cells provide powerful means to modulate and study cellular functions. Intracellular injection and extraction remain challenging for fungal cells that possess a cell wall. The most common methods for intracellular delivery into fungi rely on the initial degradation of the cell wall to generate protoplasts, a step that represents a major bottleneck in terms of time, efficiency, standardization, and cell viability. Here, we show that fluidic force microscopy enables the injection of solutions and cytoplasmic fluid extraction into and out of individual fungal cells, including unicellular model yeasts and multicellular filamentous fungi. The approach is strain- and cargo-independent and opens new opportunities for manipulating and analyzing fungi. We also perturb individual hyphal compartments within intact mycelial networks to study the cellular response at the single cell level. Guillaume-Gentil et al. describe a method that employs a modified AFM tip for selectively sampling from and injecting into individual fungal cells of differing morphology. The authors describe extensive modifications on their system previously used for mammalian cells to overcome many of the challenges associated with working on single fungal cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stefanie Schmieder
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.,Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Vincent Martinez
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tomaso Zambelli
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Künzler
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Julia A Vorholt
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Si J, Dong X, Zhang G, Lu H, Tang K, Zhang L, Kong X, Sheng K, Wang J, Zha X, Wang Y. The fucose-specific lectin gene AOL_s00054g276 affects trap formation and nematocidal activity of the nematophagous fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2022; 369:6526307. [PMID: 35142828 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnac013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nematode-trapping fungi are natural enemies of nematodes in nature. Arthrobotrys oligospora, a typical nematode-trapping fungus with a clear genetic background, can capture and infect nematodes by forming adhesive three-dimensional networks. Lectins, a class of glycoproteins containing glycosyl-specific recognition domains, play an important role in biological recognition. However, the fucose-specific lectins have rarely been studied regarding the process of preying on nematodes. In this study, we characterized the biological role of the fucose-specific lectin encoding gene AOL_s00054g276 (g276) in A. oligospora. The gene g276 was first deleted based on homologous recombination, then the phenotype and nematocidal activity of the Δg276 mutant was evaluated. The results showed that the deletion of gene g276 delayed trap formation and weakened its nematocidal activity; however, mycelial growth, conidia production, conidial germination rates, and adaption to environmental stresses were not affected. Our results suggest that the fucose-specific lectin encoding gene g276 might be associated with the morphogenesis of this fungus, and its deletion resulted in a significantly low density of three-dimensional traps (P < 0.05) and a significantly low nematode-tapping efficiency (P < 0.001). These findings provide a basis for further elucidating the mechanism of A. oligospora preying on nematodes and lay a foundation for the development and utilization of fungal-derived lectins for nematode control in future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Si
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Xinyuan Dong
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Guanghui Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Hengqian Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Kaijing Tang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaowei Kong
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Kangliang Sheng
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Jingmin Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Xiangdong Zha
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Yongzhong Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China.,Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Atriztán-Hernández K, Herrera-Estrella A. Drosophila attack inhibits hyphal regeneration and defense mechanisms activation for the fungus Trichoderma atroviride. THE ISME JOURNAL 2022; 16:149-158. [PMID: 34282283 PMCID: PMC8692604 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-021-01068-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The capability to respond to wounding is a process shared by organisms of different kingdoms that can result in the regeneration of whole-body parts or lost structures or organs. Filamentous fungi constitute a rich food source that ensures survival and reproduction of their predators and are therefore continuously exposed to mechanical damage. Nevertheless, our understanding of how fungi respond to wounding and predators is scarce. Fungi like plants and animals respond to injury recognizing Damage- and Microbe-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs/MAMPs) that activate Ca2+ and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase dependent signaling for the activation of defense mechanisms. During herbivory, plants, in addition to activating pathways related to injury, activate specific responses to combat their predators. Using a transcriptional approach, we studied the capacity of the filamentous fungus Trichoderma atroviride to activate specific responses to injury and attack by different arthropods. Attack by Drosophila melanogaster inhibited the transcriptional activation of genes required for hyphal regeneration, and the fungal innate immune and chemical defense responses. We also provide mechanistic insight of this inhibition involving components of the D. melanogaster salivary glands that repress the expression of a set of genes and block hyphal regeneration.
Collapse
|
17
|
Bacterial endosymbionts protect beneficial soil fungus from nematode attack. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2110669118. [PMID: 34504005 PMCID: PMC8449335 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2110669118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil is a complex and competitive environment, forcing its inhabitants to develop strategies against competitors, predators, and pathogens. Identifying and understanding the molecular mechanisms has translational value for medicine, ecology, and agriculture. In this study, we show that a member of important soil-dwelling fungi (Mortierella) forms a tight alliance with toxin-producing bacteria (Mycoavidus) that live within the fungal hyphae and protect their host from nematode attack. This discovery is relevant since Mortierella species correlate with healthy soils and are used as plant growth–promoting fungi in agriculture. Unraveling an ecological role for fungal endosymbionts in Mortierella, our results contribute to the understanding of a mainspring in fungal–endobacterial symbioses and open the possibility for the development of new biocontrol agents. Fungi of the genus Mortierella occur ubiquitously in soils where they play pivotal roles in carbon cycling, xenobiont degradation, and promoting plant growth. These important fungi are, however, threatened by micropredators such as fungivorous nematodes, and yet little is known about their protective tactics. We report that Mortierella verticillata NRRL 6337 harbors a bacterial endosymbiont that efficiently shields its host from nematode attacks with anthelmintic metabolites. Microscopic investigation and 16S ribosomal DNA analysis revealed that a previously overlooked bacterial symbiont belonging to the genus Mycoavidus dwells in M. verticillata hyphae. Metabolic profiling of the wild-type fungus and a symbiont-free strain obtained by antibiotic treatment as well as genome analyses revealed that highly cytotoxic macrolactones (CJ-12,950 and CJ-13,357, syn. necroxime C and D), initially thought to be metabolites of the soil-inhabiting fungus, are actually biosynthesized by the endosymbiont. According to comparative genomics, the symbiont belongs to a new species (Candidatus Mycoavidus necroximicus) with 12% of its 2.2 Mb genome dedicated to natural product biosynthesis, including the modular polyketide-nonribosomal peptide synthetase for necroxime assembly. Using Caenorhabditis elegans and the fungivorous nematode Aphelenchus avenae as test strains, we show that necroximes exert highly potent anthelmintic activities. Effective host protection was demonstrated in cocultures of nematodes with symbiotic and chemically complemented aposymbiotic fungal strains. Image analysis and mathematical quantification of nematode movement enabled evaluation of the potency. Our work describes a relevant role for endofungal bacteria in protecting fungi against mycophagous nematodes.
Collapse
|
18
|
Moradi A, Austerlitz T, Dahlin P, Robert CA, Maurer C, Steinauer K, van Doan C, Himmighofen PA, Wieczorek K, Künzler M, Mauch F. Marasmius oreades agglutinin enhances resistance of Arabidopsis against plant-parasitic nematodes and a herbivorous insect. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:402. [PMID: 34470613 PMCID: PMC8408931 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03186-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant-parasitic nematodes and herbivorous insects have a significant negative impact on global crop production. A successful approach to protect crops from these pests is the in planta expression of nematotoxic or entomotoxic proteins such as crystal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) or plant lectins. However, the efficacy of this approach is threatened by emergence of resistance in nematode and insect populations to these proteins. To solve this problem, novel nematotoxic and entomotoxic proteins are needed. During the last two decades, several cytoplasmic lectins from mushrooms with nematicidal and insecticidal activity have been characterized. In this study, we tested the potential of Marasmius oreades agglutinin (MOA) to furnish Arabidopsis plants with resistance towards three economically important crop pests: the two plant-parasitic nematodes Heterodera schachtii and Meloidogyne incognita and the herbivorous diamondback moth Plutella xylostella. RESULTS The expression of MOA does not affect plant growth under axenic conditions which is an essential parameter in the engineering of genetically modified crops. The transgenic Arabidopsis lines showed nearly complete resistance to H. schachtii, in that the number of female and male nematodes per cm root was reduced by 86-91 % and 43-93 % compared to WT, respectively. M. incognita proved to be less susceptible to the MOA protein in that 18-25 % and 26-35 % less galls and nematode egg masses, respectively, were observed in the transgenic lines. Larvae of the herbivorous P. xylostella foraging on MOA-expression lines showed a lower relative mass gain (22-38 %) and survival rate (15-24 %) than those feeding on WT plants. CONCLUSIONS The results of our in planta experiments reveal a robust nematicidal and insecticidal activity of the fungal lectin MOA against important agricultural pests which may be exploited for crop protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aboubakr Moradi
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Tina Austerlitz
- Institute of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul Dahlin
- Agroscope, Research Division, Plant Protection, Phytopathology and Zoology in Fruit and Vegetable Production, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Christelle Am Robert
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Oeschger Center for Climate Change Research, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Corina Maurer
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Katja Steinauer
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Cong van Doan
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Krzysztof Wieczorek
- Institute of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Künzler
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Felix Mauch
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Tayyrov A, Wei C, Fetz C, Goryachkin A, Schächle P, Nyström L, Künzler M. Cytoplasmic Lipases-A Novel Class of Fungal Defense Proteins Against Nematodes. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2021; 2:696972. [PMID: 37744157 PMCID: PMC10512399 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2021.696972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Fungi are an attractive food source for predators such as fungivorous nematodes. Several fungal defense proteins and their protective mechanisms against nematodes have been described. Many of these proteins are lectins which are stored in the cytoplasm of the fungal cells and bind to specific glycan epitopes in the digestive tract of the nematode upon ingestion. Here, we studied two novel nematotoxic proteins with lipase domains from the model mushroom Coprinopsis cinerea. These cytoplasmically localized proteins were found to be induced in the vegetative mycelium of C. cinerea upon challenge with fungivorous nematode Aphelenchus avenae. The proteins showed nematotoxicity when heterologously expressed in E. coli and fed to several bacterivorous nematodes. Site-specific mutagenesis of predicted catalytic residues eliminated the in-vitro lipase activity of the proteins and significantly reduced their nematotoxicity, indicating the importance of the lipase activity for the nematotoxicity of these proteins. Our results suggest that cytoplasmic lipases constitute a novel class of fungal defense proteins against predatory nematodes. These findings improve our understanding of fungal defense mechanisms against predators and may find applications in the control of parasitic nematodes in agriculture and medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annageldi Tayyrov
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chunyue Wei
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Céline Fetz
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Aleksandr Goryachkin
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Schächle
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Laura Nyström
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Künzler
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Moradi A, El-Shetehy M, Gamir J, Austerlitz T, Dahlin P, Wieczorek K, Künzler M, Mauch F. Expression of a Fungal Lectin in Arabidopsis Enhances Plant Growth and Resistance Toward Microbial Pathogens and a Plant-Parasitic Nematode. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:657451. [PMID: 33897746 PMCID: PMC8063123 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.657451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Coprinopsis cinerea lectin 2 (CCL2) is a fucoside-binding lectin from the basidiomycete C. cinerea that is toxic to the bacterivorous nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as well as animal-parasitic and fungivorous nematodes. We expressed CCL2 in Arabidopsis to assess its protective potential toward plant-parasitic nematodes. Our results demonstrate that expression of CCL2 enhances host resistance against the cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii. Surprisingly, CCL2-expressing plants were also more resistant to fungal pathogens including Botrytis cinerea, and the phytopathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae. In addition, CCL2 expression positively affected plant growth indicating that CCL2 has the potential to improve two important agricultural parameters namely biomass production and general disease resistance. The mechanism of the CCL2-mediated enhancement of plant disease resistance depended on fucoside-binding by CCL2 as transgenic plants expressing a mutant version of CCL2 (Y92A), compromised in fucoside-binding, exhibited wild type (WT) disease susceptibility. The protective effect of CCL2 did not seem to be direct as the lectin showed no growth-inhibition toward B. cinerea in in vitro assays. We detected, however, a significantly enhanced transcriptional induction of plant defense genes in CCL2- but not CCL2-Y92A-expressing lines in response to infection with B. cinerea compared to WT plants. This study demonstrates a potential of fungal defense lectins in plant protection beyond their use as toxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aboubakr Moradi
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Mohamed El-Shetehy
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Jordi Gamir
- Department Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural (ESTCE), Universitat Jaume I, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Tina Austerlitz
- Division of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul Dahlin
- Agroscope, Research Division, Plant Protection, Phytopathology and Zoology in Fruit and Vegetable Production, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Krzysztof Wieczorek
- Division of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Künzler
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Felix Mauch
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Liu M, Cheng X, Wang J, Tian D, Tang K, Xu T, Zhang M, Wang Y, Wang M. Structural insights into the fungi-nematodes interaction mediated by fucose-specific lectin AofleA from Arthrobotrys oligospora. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:783-793. [PMID: 32698064 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Fungal lectin can bind specific carbohydrate structures of the host and work in recognition and adhesion or as a toxic factor. AofleA, as a fucose-specific lectin from widely studied nematode predatory fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora, possibly plays a key role in the event of capturing nematodes, but the mechanism remains unknown. Here we report the crystal structure of AofleA, which exists as a homodimer with each subunit folds as a six-bladed β-propeller. Our structural and biological results revealed that three of the six putative binding sites of AofleA had fucose-binding abilities. In addition, we found that AofleA could bind to the pharynx and intestine of the nematode in a fucose-binding-dependent manner. Our results facilitate the understanding of the mechanism that fucose-specific lectin mediates fungi-nematodes interaction, and provide structural information for the development of potential applications of AofleA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China; Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaowen Cheng
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China; Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Junchao Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China; Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Dongrui Tian
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Kaijing Tang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Ting Xu
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, Anhui, China
| | - Min Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Yongzhong Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Mingzhu Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China; Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kim S. Ricin B-like lectin orthologues from two mushrooms, Hericium erinaceus and Stereum hirsutum, enable recognition of highly fucosylated N-glycans. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 147:560-568. [PMID: 31931062 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The mushroom Hericium erinaceus contains isolectins, including the ricin B-like lectin HEL1 and the core 1 O-glycan-binding lectin HEL2. Recombinant HEL2 reportedly binds O-linked glycans, but recombinant HEL1 (rHEL1) has not been characterized. HEL1 and Stereum hirsutum lectin (SHL1) orthologues, which contain the typical (QxW)3 ricin-B like motif, were evaluated. Interestingly, under non-denaturing conditions, recombinant SHL1 (rSHL1) existed as a trimer and exhibited agglutination activity, whereas rHEL1 existed as a monomer with no agglutination activity. The hemagglutination activity of rSHL1 was inhibited by N-linked glycoprotein transferrin. A glycan-array analysis revealed that the two recombinant lectins had different binding intensities toward fucosylated N-glycans harboring fucose-α(1,2) galactose or fucose-α(1,4) N-acetylglucosamine. Isothermal calorimetry showed that compared with rHEL1, rSHL1 interacted more strongly with transferrin, a fucosylated glycoprotein, than with other fucosylated disaccharide glycoconjugates. Finally, rSHL1 and rHEL1 were comparable in their ability to detect highly fucosylated N-glycans within glycoproteins on the surface of SW1116 human colorectal carcinoma cells. Therefore, these ricin B-like lectins might enable detection of highly fucosylated glycoepitopes on cancer cells for diagnostic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seonghun Kim
- Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 181 Ipsin-gil, Jeongeup 56212, Republic of Korea; Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
CNL- Clitocybe nebularis Lectin-The Fungal GalNAcβ1-4GlcNAc-Binding Lectin. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24234204. [PMID: 31756927 PMCID: PMC6930499 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Clitocybe nebularis lectin (CNL) is present in fruiting bodies of clouded agaric along with several similar isolectins that are all small and stable proteins. It is a beta-trefoil type lectin forming homodimers that are essential for its functionality. It binds specifically N,N′-diacetyllactosediamine (GalNAcβ1-4GlcNAc, LacDiNac) and human blood group A determinant-containing glycan epitopes. Its most probable function is to defend fruiting bodies against predators and parasites. In addition, an endogenous regulatory function is possible for CNL, as indicated by its interaction with fungal protease inhibitors sharing the beta-trefoil fold. CNL is toxic to insects, nematodes and amoebae, as well as to leukemic T-cell lines. Bivalent carbohydrate binding is essential for the toxicity of CNL, against both invertebrates and cancer-derived cell lines. In addition, CNL exhibits potent immunostimulation of human dendritic cells, resulting in a strong T helper cell type 1 response. Based on its unique characteristics, CNL is a promising candidate for applications in human and veterinary medicine as well as in agriculture, for plant protection.
Collapse
|
24
|
Heterologous Production and Functional Characterization of Ageritin, a Novel Type of Ribotoxin Highly Expressed during Fruiting of the Edible Mushroom Agrocybe aegerita. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.01549-19. [PMID: 31444206 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01549-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi produce various defense proteins against antagonists, including ribotoxins. These toxins cleave a single phosphodiester bond within the universally conserved sarcin-ricin loop of ribosomes and inhibit protein biosynthesis. Here, we report on the structure and function of ageritin, a previously reported ribotoxin from the edible mushroom Agrocybe aegerita The amino acid sequence of ageritin was derived from cDNA isolated from the dikaryon A. aegerita AAE-3 and lacks, according to in silico prediction, a signal peptide for classical secretion, predicting a cytoplasmic localization of the protein. The calculated molecular weight of the protein is slightly higher than the one reported for native ageritin. The A. aegerita ageritin-encoding gene, AaeAGT1, is highly induced during fruiting, and toxicity assays with AaeAGT1 heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli showed a strong toxicity against Aedes aegypti larvae yet not against nematodes. The activity of recombinant A. aegerita ageritin toward rabbit ribosomes was confirmed in vitro Mutagenesis studies revealed a correlation between in vivo and in vitro activities, indicating that entomotoxicity is mediated by ribonucleolytic cleavage. The strong larvicidal activity of ageritin makes this protein a promising candidate for novel biopesticide development.IMPORTANCE Our results suggest a pronounced organismal specificity of a protein toxin with a very conserved intracellular molecular target. The molecular details of the toxin-target interaction will provide important insight into the mechanism of action of protein toxins and the ribosome. This insight might be exploited to develop novel bioinsecticides.
Collapse
|
25
|
West CM, Kim HW. Nucleocytoplasmic O-glycosylation in protists. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2019; 56:204-212. [PMID: 31128470 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2019.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
O-Glycosylation is an increasingly recognized modification of intracellular proteins in all kingdoms of life, and its occurrence in protists has been investigated to understand its evolution and its roles in the virulence of unicellular pathogens. We focus here on two kinds of glycoregulation found in unicellular eukaryotes: one is a simple O-fucose modification of dozens if not hundreds of Ser/Thr-rich proteins, and the other a complex pentasaccharide devoted to a single protein associated with oxygen sensing and the assembly of polyubiquitin chains. These modifications are not required for life but contingently modulate biological processes in the social amoeba Dictyostelium and the human pathogen Toxoplasma gondii, and likely occur in diverse unicellular protists. O-Glycosylation that is co-localized in the cytoplasm allows for glycoregulation over the entire life of the protein, contrary to the secretory pathway where glycosylation usually occurs before its delivery to its site of function. Here, we interpret cellular roles of nucleocytoplasmic glycans in terms of current evidence for their effects on the conformation and dynamics of protist proteins, to serve as a guide for future studies to examine their broader significance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M West
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA; Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA; Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA.
| | - Hyun W Kim
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Radosa S, Ferling I, Sprague JL, Westermann M, Hillmann F. The different morphologies of yeast and filamentous fungi trigger distinct killing and feeding mechanisms in a fungivorous amoeba. Environ Microbiol 2019; 21:1809-1820. [PMID: 30868709 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Size and diverse morphologies pose a primary challenge for phagocytes such as innate immune cells and predatory amoebae when encountering fungal prey. Although filamentous fungi can escape phagocytic killing by pure physical constraints, unicellular spores and yeasts can mask molecular surface patterns or arrest phagocytic processing. Here, we show that the fungivorous amoeba Protostelium aurantium was able to adjust its killing and feeding mechanisms to these different cell shapes. Yeast-like fungi from the major fungal groups of basidiomycetes and ascomycetes were readily internalized by phagocytosis, except for the human pathogen Candida albicans whose mannoprotein coat was essential to escape recognition by the amoeba. Dormant spores of the filamentous fungus Aspergillus fumigatus also remained unrecognized, but swelling and the onset of germination induced internalization and intracellular killing by the amoeba. Mature hyphae of A. fumigatus were mostly attacked from the hyphal tip and killed by an actin-mediated invasion of fungal filaments. Our results demonstrate that predatory pressure imposed by amoebae in natural environments selects for distinct survival strategies in yeast and filamentous fungi but commonly targets the fungal cell wall as a crucial molecular pattern associated to prey and pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Radosa
- Junior Research Group Evolution of Microbial Interactions, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany.,Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Iuliia Ferling
- Junior Research Group Evolution of Microbial Interactions, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany.,Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Jakob L Sprague
- Junior Research Group Evolution of Microbial Interactions, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany.,Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Falk Hillmann
- Junior Research Group Evolution of Microbial Interactions, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Tayyrov A, Stanley CE, Azevedo S, Künzler M. Combining microfluidics and RNA-sequencing to assess the inducible defensome of a mushroom against nematodes. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:243. [PMID: 30909884 PMCID: PMC6434838 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5607-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fungi are an attractive source of nutrients for predators. As part of their defense, some fungi are able to induce the production of anti-predator protein toxins in response to predation. A previous study on the interaction of the model mushroom Coprinopsis cinerea by the fungivorous nematode Aphelenchus avenae on agar plates has shown that the this fungal defense response is most pronounced in the part of the mycelium that is in direct contact with the nematode. Hence, we hypothesized that, for a comprehensive characterization of this defense response, an experimental setup that maximizes the zone of direct interaction between the fungal mycelium and the nematode, was needed. RESULTS In this study, we conducted a transcriptome analysis of C. cinerea vegetative mycelium upon challenge with A. avenae using a tailor-made microfluidic device. The device was designed such that the interaction between the fungus and the nematode was confined to a specific area and that the mycelium could be retrieved from this area for analysis. We took samples from the confrontation area after different time periods and extracted and sequenced the poly(A)+ RNA thereof. The identification of 1229 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) shows that this setup profoundly improved sensitivity over co-cultivation on agar plates where only 37 DEGs had been identified. The product of one of the most highly upregulated genes shows structural homology to bacterial pore-forming toxins, and revealed strong toxicity to various bacterivorous nematodes. In addition, bacteria associated with the fungivorous nematode A. avenae were profiled with 16S rRNA deep sequencing. Similar to the bacterivorous and plant-feeding nematodes, Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes were the most dominant phyla in A. avenae. CONCLUSIONS The use of a novel experimental setup for the investigation of the defense response of a fungal mycelium to predation by fungivorous nematodes resulted in the identification of a comprehensive set of DEGs and the discovery of a novel type of fungal defense protein against nematodes. The bacteria found to be associated with the fungivorous nematode are a possible explanation for the induction of some antibacterial defense proteins upon nematode challenge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annageldi Tayyrov
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Claire E. Stanley
- Agroecology and Environment Research Division, Agroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, CH-8046 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Azevedo
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Künzler
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Bhagat YS, Bhat RS, Kolekar RM, Patil AC, Lingaraju S, Patil RV, Udikeri SS. Remusatia vivipara lectin and Sclerotium rolfsii lectin interfere with the development and gall formation activity of Meloidogyne incognita in transgenic tomato. Transgenic Res 2019; 28:299-315. [PMID: 30868351 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-019-00121-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Root knot nematodes are serious threats to growth and yield of solaneous crops including tomato. In this study, a binary vector carrying Remusatia vivipara (rvl1) and Sclerotium rolfsii (srl1) lectin genes were introduced independently into Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Pusa Ruby via Agrobacterium tumefaciens for resistance against root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita. In total, one hundred and one rvl1 and srl1-transformed plants exhibiting kanamycin resistance were confirmed to carry transgenes as detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with 4.59% transformation efficiency. Genetic analysis of T1 progeny confirmed Mendelian segregation of the introduced genes. Three events each of rvl1 and srl1 transgenic tomato were randomly selected for further confirmation by Southern and TAIL-PCR analyses. All three events of srl1 transgenics showed single copy transgene, whereas two rvl1 transgenic events showed single copy of transgene, while remaining event showed two copies of transgenes. Site of integration obtained for rvl1 and srl1 transgenic events by TAIL-PCR revealed that all the three events of rvl1 and srl1 transgenics differed for their site of integration and insertion sites did not contain any predicted gene. Moreover, expression of the rvl1 and srl1 transgenes was detected by haemagglutination assay in all three events of rvl1 and srl1, but not in non-transgenic tomato plant. Homozygous progenies of these events were grown and inoculated with M. incognita. Development and reproduction of M. incognita was severely affected in transgenic tomato plants expressing RVL1 and SRL1 exhibiting the high levels of resistance compared to non-transgenic plants. Therefore, these transgenic lines demonstrate a promising potential for variety development of tomato lines with enhanced resistance against M. incognita.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh S Bhagat
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Dharwad, 580005, India.
| | - Ramesh S Bhat
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Dharwad, 580005, India
| | - Rohini M Kolekar
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Dharwad, 580005, India
| | - Ashlesha C Patil
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, Bengaluru, 560065, India
| | - S Lingaraju
- Insititute of Organic Farming, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Dharwad, 580005, India
| | - R V Patil
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Bijapur, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, 586103, India
| | - S S Udikeri
- Agriculture Research Station, Dharwad Farm, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Dharwad, 580005, India
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Paschinger K, Yan S, Wilson IBH. N-glycomic Complexity in Anatomical Simplicity: Caenorhabditis elegans as a Non-model Nematode? Front Mol Biosci 2019; 6:9. [PMID: 30915340 PMCID: PMC6422873 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2019.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Caenorhabditis elegans is a genetically well-studied model nematode or "worm"; however, its N-glycomic complexity is actually baffling and still not completely unraveled. Some features of its N-glycans are, to date, unique and include bisecting galactose and up to five fucose residues associated with the asparagine-linked Man2-3GlcNAc2 core; the substitutions include galactosylation of fucose, fucosylation of galactose and methylation of mannose or fucose residues as well as phosphorylcholine on antennal (non-reducing) N-acetylglucosamine. Only some of these modifications are shared with various other nematodes, while others have yet to be detected in any other species. Thus, C. elegans can be used as a model for some aspects of N-glycan function, but its glycome is far from identical to those of other organisms and is actually far from simple. Possibly the challenges of its native environment, which differ from those of parasitic or necromenic species, led to an anatomically simple worm possessing a complex glycome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shi Yan
- Institut für Parasitologie, Veterinärmedizinische Universität, Wien, Austria
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
The 'Amoeboid Predator-Fungal Animal Virulence' Hypothesis. J Fungi (Basel) 2019; 5:jof5010010. [PMID: 30669554 PMCID: PMC6463022 DOI: 10.3390/jof5010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The observation that some aspects of amoeba-fungal interactions resemble animal phagocytic cell-fungal interactions, together with the finding that amoeba passage can enhance the virulence of some pathogenic fungi, has stimulated interest in the amoeba as a model system for the study of fungal virulence. Amoeba provide a relatively easy and cheap model system where multiple variables can be controlled for the study of fungi-protozoal (amoeba) interactions. Consequently, there have been significant efforts to study fungal⁻amoeba interactions in the laboratory, which have already provided new insights into the origin of fungal virulence as well as suggested new avenues for experimentation. In this essay we review the available literature, which highlights the varied nature of amoeba-fungal interactions and suggests some unsolved questions that are potential areas for future investigation. Overall, results from multiple independent groups support the 'amoeboid predator⁻fungal animal virulence hypothesis', which posits that fungal cell predation by amoeba can select for traits that also function during animal infection to promote their survival and thus contribute to virulence.
Collapse
|
31
|
Trichoderma atroviride from Predator to Prey: Role of the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Tmk3 in Fungal Chemical Defense against Fungivory by Drosophila melanogaster Larvae. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.01825-18. [PMID: 30389761 PMCID: PMC6328759 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01825-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi, like other organisms, have natural predators, including fungivorous nematodes and arthropods that use them as an important food source. Thus, they require mechanisms to detect and respond to injury. Trichoderma atroviride responds to mycelial injury by rapidly regenerating its hyphae and developing asexual reproduction structures. Whether this injury response is associated with attack by fungivorous insects is unknown. Therefore, determining the possible conservation of a defense mechanism to predation in T. atroviride and plants and elucidating the mechanisms involved in the establishment of this response is of major interest. Here, we describe the chemical response of T. atroviride to mechanical injury and fungivory and the role of a MAPK pathway in the regulation of this response. The response to injury represents an important strategy for animals and plants to survive mechanical damage and predation. Plants respond to injury by activating a defense response that includes the production of an important variety of compounds that help them withstand predator attack and recover from mechanical injury (MI). Similarly, the filamentous fungus Trichoderma atroviride responds to MI by strongly modifying its transcriptional profile and producing asexual reproduction structures (conidia). Here, we analyzed whether the response to MI in T. atroviride is related to a possible predator defense mechanism from a metabolic perspective. We found that the production of specific groups of secondary metabolites increases in response to MI but is reduced after fungivory by Drosophila melanogaster larvae. We further show that fungivory results in repression of the expression of genes putatively involved in the regulation of secondary metabolite production in T. atroviride. Activation of secondary metabolite production appears to depend on the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) Tmk3. Interestingly, D. melanogaster larvae preferred to feed on a tmk3 gene replacement mutant rather than on the wild-type strain. Consumption of the mutant strain, however, resulted in increased larval mortality. IMPORTANCE Fungi, like other organisms, have natural predators, including fungivorous nematodes and arthropods that use them as an important food source. Thus, they require mechanisms to detect and respond to injury. Trichoderma atroviride responds to mycelial injury by rapidly regenerating its hyphae and developing asexual reproduction structures. Whether this injury response is associated with attack by fungivorous insects is unknown. Therefore, determining the possible conservation of a defense mechanism to predation in T. atroviride and plants and elucidating the mechanisms involved in the establishment of this response is of major interest. Here, we describe the chemical response of T. atroviride to mechanical injury and fungivory and the role of a MAPK pathway in the regulation of this response.
Collapse
|
32
|
Schmieder SS, Stanley CE, Rzepiela A, van Swaay D, Sabotič J, Nørrelykke SF, deMello AJ, Aebi M, Künzler M. Bidirectional Propagation of Signals and Nutrients in Fungal Networks via Specialized Hyphae. Curr Biol 2019; 29:217-228.e4. [PMID: 30612903 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Intercellular distribution of nutrients and coordination of responses to internal and external cues via endogenous signaling molecules are hallmarks of multicellular organisms. Vegetative mycelia of multicellular fungi are syncytial networks of interconnected hyphae resulting from hyphal tip growth, branching, and fusion. Such mycelia can reach considerable dimensions and, thus, different parts can be exposed to quite different environmental conditions. Our knowledge about the mechanisms by which fungal mycelia can adjust nutrient gradients or coordinate their defense response to fungivores is scarce, in part due to limitations in technologies currently available for examining different parts of a mycelium over longer time periods at the microscopic level. Here, we combined a tailor-made microfluidic platform with time-lapse fluorescence microscopy to visualize the dynamic response of the vegetative mycelium of a basidiomycete to two different stimuli. The microfluidic platform allows simultaneous monitoring at both the colony and single-hypha level. We followed the dynamics of the distribution of a locally administered nutrient analog and the defense response to spatially confined predation by a fungivorous nematode. Although both responses of the mycelium were constrained locally, we observed long-distance propagation for both the nutrient analog and defense response in a subset of hyphae. This propagation along hyphae occurred in both acropetal and basipetal directions and, intriguingly, the direction was found to alternate every 3 hr in an individual hypha. These results suggest that multicellular fungi have, as of yet, undescribed mechanisms to coordinate the distribution of nutrients and their behavioral response upon attack by fungivores.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie S Schmieder
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Claire E Stanley
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andrzej Rzepiela
- Scientific Center for Optical and Electron Microscopy, ETH Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dirk van Swaay
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jerica Sabotič
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Simon F Nørrelykke
- Scientific Center for Optical and Electron Microscopy, ETH Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andrew J deMello
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Aebi
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Künzler
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Toxicity of Potential Fungal Defense Proteins towards the Fungivorous Nematodes Aphelenchus avenae and Bursaphelenchus okinawaensis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.02051-18. [PMID: 30242007 PMCID: PMC6238071 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02051-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Our results support the hypothesis that cytoplasmic proteins abundant in fungal fruiting bodies are involved in fungal resistance against predation. The toxicity of these proteins toward stylet-feeding nematodes, which are also capable of feeding on plants, and the abundance of these proteins in edible mushrooms, may open possible avenues for biological crop protection against parasitic nematodes, e.g., by expression of these proteins in crops. Resistance of fungi to predation is thought to be mediated by toxic metabolites and proteins. Many of these fungal defense effectors are highly abundant in the fruiting body and not produced in the vegetative mycelium. The defense function of fruiting body-specific proteins, however, including cytoplasmically localized lectins and antinutritional proteins such as biotin-binding proteins, is mainly based on toxicity assays using bacteria as a heterologous expression system, with bacterivorous/omnivorous model organisms as predators. Here, we present an ecologically more relevant experimental setup to assess the toxicity of potential fungal defense proteins towards the fungivorous, stylet-feeding nematodes Aphelenchus avenae and Bursaphelenchus okinawaensis. As a heterologous expression host, we exploited the filamentous fungus Ashbya gossypii. Using this new system, we assessed the toxicity of six previously characterized, cytoplasmically localized, potential defense proteins from fruiting bodies of different fungal phyla against the two fungivorous nematodes. We found that all of the tested proteins were toxic against both nematodes, albeit to various degrees. The toxicity of these proteins against both fungivorous and bacterivorous nematodes suggests that their targets have been conserved between the different feeding groups of nematodes and that bacterivorous nematodes are valid model organisms to assess the nematotoxicity of potential fungal defense proteins. IMPORTANCE Our results support the hypothesis that cytoplasmic proteins abundant in fungal fruiting bodies are involved in fungal resistance against predation. The toxicity of these proteins toward stylet-feeding nematodes, which are also capable of feeding on plants, and the abundance of these proteins in edible mushrooms, may open possible avenues for biological crop protection against parasitic nematodes, e.g., by expression of these proteins in crops.
Collapse
|
34
|
Kombrink A, Tayyrov A, Essig A, Stöckli M, Micheller S, Hintze J, van Heuvel Y, Dürig N, Lin CW, Kallio PT, Aebi M, Künzler M. Induction of antibacterial proteins and peptides in the coprophilous mushroom Coprinopsis cinerea in response to bacteria. ISME JOURNAL 2018; 13:588-602. [PMID: 30301946 PMCID: PMC6461984 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-018-0293-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria are the main nutritional competitors of saprophytic fungi during colonization of their ecological niches. This competition involves the mutual secretion of antimicrobials that kill or inhibit the growth of the competitor. Over the last years it has been demonstrated that fungi respond to the presence of bacteria with changes of their transcriptome, but the significance of these changes with respect to competition for nutrients is not clear as functional proof of the antibacterial activity of the induced gene products is often lacking. Here, we report the genome-wide transcriptional response of the coprophilous mushroom Coprinopsis cinerea to the bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. The genes induced upon co-cultivation with each bacterium were highly overlapping, suggesting that the fungus uses a similar arsenal of effectors against Gram-positive and -negative bacteria. Intriguingly, the induced genes appeare to encode predominantly secreted peptides and proteins with predicted antibacterial activities, which was validated by comparative proteomics of the C. cinerea secretome. Induced members of two putative antibacterial peptide and protein families in C. cinerea, the cysteine-stabilized αβ-defensins (Csαβ-defensins) and the GH24-type lysozymes, were purified, and their antibacterial activity was confirmed. These results provide compelling evidence that fungi are able to recognize the presence of bacteria and respond with the expression of an arsenal of secreted antibacterial peptides and proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Kombrink
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Annageldi Tayyrov
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Essig
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Martina Stöckli
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland.,rqmicro AG, Brandstrasse 24, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Micheller
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - John Hintze
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yasemin van Heuvel
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Natalia Dürig
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Chia-Wei Lin
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Pauli T Kallio
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Aebi
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Künzler
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
|
36
|
Riquelme M, Aguirre J, Bartnicki-García S, Braus GH, Feldbrügge M, Fleig U, Hansberg W, Herrera-Estrella A, Kämper J, Kück U, Mouriño-Pérez RR, Takeshita N, Fischer R. Fungal Morphogenesis, from the Polarized Growth of Hyphae to Complex Reproduction and Infection Structures. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2018; 82:e00068-17. [PMID: 29643171 PMCID: PMC5968459 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00068-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Filamentous fungi constitute a large group of eukaryotic microorganisms that grow by forming simple tube-like hyphae that are capable of differentiating into more-complex morphological structures and distinct cell types. Hyphae form filamentous networks by extending at their tips while branching in subapical regions. Rapid tip elongation requires massive membrane insertion and extension of the rigid chitin-containing cell wall. This process is sustained by a continuous flow of secretory vesicles that depends on the coordinated action of the microtubule and actin cytoskeletons and the corresponding motors and associated proteins. Vesicles transport cell wall-synthesizing enzymes and accumulate in a special structure, the Spitzenkörper, before traveling further and fusing with the tip membrane. The place of vesicle fusion and growth direction are enabled and defined by the position of the Spitzenkörper, the so-called cell end markers, and other proteins involved in the exocytic process. Also important for tip extension is membrane recycling by endocytosis via early endosomes, which function as multipurpose transport vehicles for mRNA, septins, ribosomes, and peroxisomes. Cell integrity, hyphal branching, and morphogenesis are all processes that are largely dependent on vesicle and cytoskeleton dynamics. When hyphae differentiate structures for asexual or sexual reproduction or to mediate interspecies interactions, the hyphal basic cellular machinery may be reprogrammed through the synthesis of new proteins and/or the modification of protein activity. Although some transcriptional networks involved in such reprogramming of hyphae are well studied in several model filamentous fungi, clear connections between these networks and known determinants of hyphal morphogenesis are yet to be established.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meritxell Riquelme
- Department of Microbiology, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Jesús Aguirre
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Salomon Bartnicki-García
- Department of Microbiology, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Gerhard H Braus
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Michael Feldbrügge
- Institute for Microbiology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ursula Fleig
- Institute for Functional Genomics of Microorganisms, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Hansberg
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Herrera-Estrella
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Irapuato, Mexico
| | - Jörg Kämper
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology-South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kück
- Ruhr University Bochum, Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Molekulare Botanik, Bochum, Germany
| | - Rosa R Mouriño-Pérez
- Department of Microbiology, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Norio Takeshita
- University of Tsukuba, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Reinhard Fischer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology-South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Regulin A, Kempken F. Fungal genotype determines survival of Drosophila melanogaster when competing with Aspergillus nidulans. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190543. [PMID: 29293643 PMCID: PMC5749846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi produce an astonishing variety of secondary metabolites, some of which belong to the most toxic compounds in the living world. Several fungal metabolites have anti-insecticidal properties which may yield advantages to the fungus in competition with insects for exploitation of environmental resources. Using the Drosophila melanogaster/Aspergillus nidulans ecological model system to assess secondary metabolite mutant genotypes, we find a major role for the veA allele in insect/fungal confrontations that exceeds the influence of other factors such as LaeA. VeA along with LaeA is a member of a transcriptional complex governing secondary metabolism in A. nidulans. However, historically a mutant veA allele, veA1 reduced in secondary metabolite output, has been used in many studies of this model organism. To test the significance of this allele in our system, Aspergillus nidulans veA wild type, veA1, ΔveA and ΔlaeA were evaluated in confrontation assays to analyze egg laying activity, and the survival rate of larvae. The veA1 genetic background led to a significant increase of larval survival. Adult flies were observed almost exclusively on veA1, ΔveA or ΔlaeA genetic backgrounds, suggesting a role for the velvet complex in insect/fungal interactions. This effect was most profound using the veA1 mutant. Hence, larval survival in confrontations is highly affected by the fungal genotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annika Regulin
- Botanisches Institut und Botanischer Garten, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel, Germany
| | - Frank Kempken
- Botanisches Institut und Botanischer Garten, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Yu Y, Hube B, Kämper J, Meyer V, Krappmann S. When green and red mycology meet: Impressions from an interdisciplinary forum on virulence mechanisms of phyto- and human-pathogenic fungi. Virulence 2017; 8:1435-1444. [PMID: 28723316 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2017.1356502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections pose a constant threat to plants and humans, but detailed knowledge about pathogenesis, immunity, or virulence is rather scarce. Due to the fact that a certain overlap in the armoury of infection exists between plant- and human-pathogenic fungi, an interdisciplinary forum was held in October 2016 at the Institute for Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene in Erlangen under the organisational umbrella from two special interest groups of German microbial societies. Scientific exchange and intense discussion of this timely topic was fostered by bringing together renowned experts in their respective fields to present their thoughts and recent findings in the course of a plenary lecture and six themed sessions, accompanied by oral and poster contributions of young researchers. By targeting the topic of fungal virulence mechanisms from various angles and in the context of plant and human hosts, some common grounds and exciting perspectives could be deduced during this vibrant scientific event.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yidong Yu
- a Institute for Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg , Erlangen , Bavaria , Germany
| | - Bernhard Hube
- b Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms , Hans Knöll Institute , Jena , Thuringia , Germany
| | - Jörg Kämper
- c Department of Genetics , Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Karlsruhe , Baden-Wuerttemberg , Germany
| | - Vera Meyer
- d Institute of Biotechnology , Department of Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Technische Universität Berlin , Berlin , Germany
| | - Sven Krappmann
- a Institute for Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg , Erlangen , Bavaria , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Ito T, Yoshida Y, Shiota Y, Ito Y, Yamamoto T, Takashiba S. Effects of Lectins on initial attachment of cariogenic Streptococcus mutans. Glycoconj J 2017; 35:41-51. [PMID: 28887741 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-017-9795-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Oral bacteria initiate biofilm formation by attaching to tooth surfaces via an interaction of a lectin-like bacterial protein with carbohydrate chains on the pellicle. This study aimed to find naturally derived lectins that inhibit the initial attachment of a cariogenic bacterial species, Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), to carbohydrate chains in saliva in vitro. Seventy kinds of lectins were screened for candidate motifs that inhibit the attachment of S. mutans ATCC 25175 to a saliva-coated culture plate. The inhibitory effect of the lectins on attachment of the S. mutans to the plates was quantified by crystal violet staining, and the biofilm was observed under a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis was performed to examine the binding of S. mutans to carbohydrate chains and the binding of candidate lectins to carbohydrate chains, respectively. Moreover, binding assay between the biotinylated-lectins and the saliva components was conducted to measure the lectin binding. Lectins recognizing a salivary carbohydrate chain, Galβ1-3GalNAc, inhibited the binding of S. mutans to the plate. In particular, Agaricus bisporus agglutinin (ABA) markedly inhibited the binding. This inhibition was confirmed by SEM observation. SPR analysis indicated that S. mutans strongly binds to Galβ1-3GalNAc, and ABA binds to Galβ1-3GalNAc. Finally, the biotinylated Galβ1-3GalNAc-binding lectins including ABA demonstrated marked binding to the saliva components. These results suggest that ABA lectin inhibited the attachment of S. mutans to Galβ1-3GalNAc in saliva and ABA can be useful as a potent inhibitor for initial attachment of oral bacteria and biofilm formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ito
- Department of Pathophysiology - Periodontal Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan.,Center for Innovative Clinical Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yoshida
- Department of Biomaterials, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan.,Department of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Kita 13 Nishi 7, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, 060-8586, Japan
| | - Yasuyoshi Shiota
- Department of Pathophysiology - Periodontal Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan.,Division of Dentistry, Shikoku Cancer Center, 160 Kou, Minamiumemoto-machi, Matsuyama City, Ehime Prefecture, 791-0280, Japan
| | - Yuki Ito
- Department of Pathophysiology - Periodontal Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yamamoto
- Department of Pathophysiology - Periodontal Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
| | - Shogo Takashiba
- Department of Pathophysiology - Periodontal Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Typhonium giganteum Lectin Exerts A Pro-Inflammatory Effect on RAW 264.7 via ROS and The NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9090275. [PMID: 28880234 PMCID: PMC5618208 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9090275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Typhonii rhizoma, a widely used herb in traditional Chinese medicine, has acute irritating toxicity related to Typhonium giganteum lectin (TGL). TGL exhibits acute inflammatory effects, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. This paper is designed to assess the pro-inflammatory response of TGL on RAW 264.7 cells. RAW 264.7 treated with 6.25, 12.5, 25, and 50 µg/mL TGL showed elevated levels of inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β) and of p-IκB and p-p65, all dose-dependent, indicating that TGL had a substantial inflammatory effect and mobilized the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway. All four TGL treatments also induced the up-regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cytosolic free Ca2+ and down-regulation of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). The production of cytokines and p-IκB, p-p65 were reduced by N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an ROS scavenger, which somewhat abrogated ROS production. The results showed the TGL-activated inflammatory signaling pathway NF-κB to be associated with the overproduction of ROS. Moreover, 50 μg/mL treatment with TGL led to cell apoptosis after 1 h and increased necrosis over time. These results provided potential molecular mechanisms for the observed inflammatory response to TGL including up-regulation of ROS and cytosolic free Ca2+, down-regulation of MMP, the mobilization of the NF-κB pathway, and the subsequent overproduction of pro-inflammatory factors resulting in apoptosis. Long-term stimulation with TGL resulted in strong toxic effects related to inflammation that induced necrosis in macrophages.
Collapse
|
41
|
Cordara G, Manna D, Krengel U. Family of Papain-Like Fungal Chimerolectins with Distinct Ca2+-Dependent Activation Mechanism. Biochemistry 2017; 56:4689-4700. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Cordara
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Dipankar Manna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ute Krengel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Nikitina VE, Loshchinina EA, Vetchinkina EP. Lectins from Mycelia of Basidiomycetes. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1334. [PMID: 28640205 PMCID: PMC5535827 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lectins are proteins of a nonimmunoglobulin nature that are capable of specific recognition of and reversible binding to the carbohydrate moieties of complex carbohydrates, without altering the covalent structure of any of the recognized glycosyl ligands. They have a broad range of biological activities important for the functioning of the cell and the whole organism and, owing to the high specificity of reversible binding to carbohydrates, are valuable tools used widely in biology and medicine. Lectins can be produced by many living organisms, including basidiomycetes. Whereas lectins from the fruit bodies of basidiomycetes have been studied sufficiently well, mycelial lectins remain relatively unexplored. Here, we review and comparatively analyze what is currently known about lectins isolated from the vegetative mycelium of macrobasidiomycetes, including their localization, properties, and carbohydrate specificities. Particular attention is given to the physiological role of mycelial lectins in fungal growth and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina E Nikitina
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 13 Prospekt Entuziastov, Saratov 410049, Russia.
| | - Ekaterina A Loshchinina
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 13 Prospekt Entuziastov, Saratov 410049, Russia.
| | - Elena P Vetchinkina
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 13 Prospekt Entuziastov, Saratov 410049, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Making Use of Genomic Information to Explore the Biotechnological Potential of Medicinal Mushrooms. MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS OF THE WORLD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5978-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
44
|
Schlegel M, Münsterkötter M, Güldener U, Bruggmann R, Duò A, Hainaut M, Henrissat B, Sieber CMK, Hoffmeister D, Grünig CR. Globally distributed root endophyte Phialocephala subalpina links pathogenic and saprophytic lifestyles. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:1015. [PMID: 27938347 PMCID: PMC5148876 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3369-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whereas an increasing number of pathogenic and mutualistic ascomycetous species were sequenced in the past decade, species showing a seemingly neutral association such as root endophytes received less attention. In the present study, the genome of Phialocephala subalpina, the most frequent species of the Phialocephala fortinii s.l. - Acephala applanata species complex, was sequenced for insight in the genome structure and gene inventory of these wide-spread root endophytes. RESULTS The genome of P. subalpina was sequenced using Roche/454 GS FLX technology and a whole genome shotgun strategy. The assembly resulted in 205 scaffolds and a genome size of 69.7 Mb. The expanded genome size in P. subalpina was not due to the proliferation of transposable elements or other repeats, as is the case with other ascomycetous genomes. Instead, P. subalpina revealed an expanded gene inventory that includes 20,173 gene models. Comparative genome analysis of P. subalpina with 13 ascomycetes shows that P. subalpina uses a versatile gene inventory including genes specific for pathogens and saprophytes. Moreover, the gene inventory for carbohydrate active enzymes (CAZymes) was expanded including genes involved in degradation of biopolymers, such as pectin, hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin. CONCLUSIONS The analysis of a globally distributed root endophyte allowed detailed insights in the gene inventory and genome organization of a yet largely neglected group of organisms. We showed that the ubiquitous root endophyte P. subalpina has a broad gene inventory that links pathogenic and saprophytic lifestyles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Schlegel
- Institute of Integrative Biology (IBZ), Forest Pathology and Dendrology, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Münsterkötter
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Güldener
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Department of Genome-oriented Bioinformatics, Technische Universität München, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Rémy Bruggmann
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Berne, Baltzerstrasse 6, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Angelo Duò
- Institute of Integrative Biology (IBZ), Forest Pathology and Dendrology, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Matthieu Hainaut
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), UMR 7257 CNRS, Université Aix-Marseille, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), UMR 7257 CNRS, Université Aix-Marseille, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Christian M K Sieber
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,DOE Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Dirk Hoffmeister
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Pharmazeutische Mikrobiologie, Winzerlaer Strasse 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Christoph R Grünig
- Institute of Integrative Biology (IBZ), Forest Pathology and Dendrology, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland. .,Microsynth AG, Schützenstrasse 15, 9436, Balgach, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Kumar A, Sýkorová P, Demo G, Dobeš P, Hyršl P, Wimmerová M. A Novel Fucose-binding Lectin from Photorhabdus luminescens (PLL) with an Unusual Heptabladed β-Propeller Tetrameric Structure. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:25032-25049. [PMID: 27758853 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.693473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Photorhabdus luminescens is known for its symbiosis with the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and its pathogenicity toward insect larvae. A hypothetical protein from P. luminescens was identified, purified from the native source, and characterized as an l-fucose-binding lectin, named P. luminescens lectin (PLL). Glycan array and biochemical characterization data revealed PLL to be specific toward l-fucose and the disaccharide glycan 3,6-O-Me2-Glcβ1-4(2,3-O-Me2)Rhaα-O-(p-C6H4)-OCH2CH2NH2 PLL was discovered to be a homotetramer with an intersubunit disulfide bridge. The crystal structures of native and recombinant PLL revealed a seven-bladed β-propeller fold creating seven putative fucose-binding sites per monomer. The crystal structure of the recombinant PLL·l-fucose complex confirmed that at least three sites were fucose-binding. Moreover, the crystal structures indicated that some of the other sites are masked either by the tetrameric nature of the lectin or by incorporation of the C terminus of the lectin into one of these sites. PLL exhibited an ability to bind to insect hemocytes and the cuticular surface of a nematode, H. bacteriophora.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atul Kumar
- From the Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC)
| | - Petra Sýkorová
- From the Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC).,the Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science
| | - Gabriel Demo
- From the Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC).,the National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, and
| | - Pavel Dobeš
- the Department of Animal Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Hyršl
- the Department of Animal Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Wimmerová
- From the Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), .,the Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science.,the National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, and
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Takeuchi T, Arata Y, Kasai KI. Galactoseβ1-4fucose: A unique disaccharide unit found inN-glycans of invertebrates including nematodes. Proteomics 2016; 16:3137-3147. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201600001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yoichiro Arata
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Josai University; Saitama Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Kasai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Teikyo University; Tokyo Japan
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Isopod grazing induces down-regulation of Aspergillus nidulans anti-fungivore defence marker genes. FUNGAL ECOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
48
|
Cordara G, van Eerde A, Grahn EM, Winter HC, Goldstein IJ, Krengel U. An Unusual Member of the Papain Superfamily: Mapping the Catalytic Cleft of the Marasmius oreades agglutinin (MOA) with a Caspase Inhibitor. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149407. [PMID: 26901797 PMCID: PMC4764322 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Papain-like cysteine proteases (PLCPs) constitute the largest group of thiol-based protein degrading enzymes and are characterized by a highly conserved fold. They are found in bacteria, viruses, plants and animals and involved in a number of physiological and pathological processes, parasitic infections and host defense, making them interesting targets for drug design. The Marasmius oreades agglutinin (MOA) is a blood group B-specific fungal chimerolectin with calcium-dependent proteolytic activity. The proteolytic domain of MOA presents a unique structural arrangement, yet mimicking the main structural elements in known PLCPs. Here we present the X-ray crystal structure of MOA in complex with Z-VAD-fmk, an irreversible caspase inhibitor known to cross-react with PLCPs. The structural data allow modeling of the substrate binding geometry and mapping of the fundamental enzyme-substrate interactions. The new information consolidates MOA as a new, yet strongly atypical member of the papain superfamily. The reported complex is the first published structure of a PLCP in complex with the well characterized caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-fmk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Cordara
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Elin M. Grahn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Harry C. Winter
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Irwin J. Goldstein
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Ute Krengel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Ismaya WT, Yunita, Damayanti S, Wijaya C, Tjandrawinata RR, Retnoningrum DS, Rachmawati H. In Silico Study to Develop a Lectin-Like Protein from Mushroom Agaricus bisporus for Pharmaceutical Application. Sci Pharm 2016; 84:203-17. [PMID: 27110510 PMCID: PMC4839548 DOI: 10.3797/scipharm.isp.2015.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A lectin-like protein of unknown function designated as LSMT was recently discovered in the edible mushroom Agaricus bisporus. The protein shares high structural similarity to HA-33 from Clostridium botulinum (HA33) and Ricin-B-like lectin from the mushroom Clitocybe nebularis (CNL), which have been developed as drug carrier and anti-cancer, respectively. These homologous proteins display the ability to penetrate the intestinal epithelial cell monolayer, and are beneficial for oral administration. As the characteristics of LSMT are unknown, a structural study in silico was performed to assess its potential pharmaceutical application. The study suggested potential binding to target ligands such as HA-33 and CNL although the nature, specificity, capacity, mode, and strength may differ. Further molecular docking experiments suggest that interactions between the LSMT and tested ligands may take place. This finding indicates the possible use of the LSMT protein, initiating new research on its use for pharmaceutical purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wangsa Tirta Ismaya
- Dexa Laboratories of Biomolecular Sciences, Industri Selatan V, Blok PP No. 7, Kawasan Industri, Jababeka II, Cikarang 17550, Indonesia
| | - Yunita
- Research group of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesa 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Sophi Damayanti
- Research group of Pharmacochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesa 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Caroline Wijaya
- Dexa Laboratories of Biomolecular Sciences, Industri Selatan V, Blok PP No. 7, Kawasan Industri, Jababeka II, Cikarang 17550, Indonesia
| | - Raymond R Tjandrawinata
- Dexa Laboratories of Biomolecular Sciences, Industri Selatan V, Blok PP No. 7, Kawasan Industri, Jababeka II, Cikarang 17550, Indonesia
| | - Debbie Sofie Retnoningrum
- Research group of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesa 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Heni Rachmawati
- Research group of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesa 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Stanley CE, Grossmann G, i Solvas XC, deMello AJ. Soil-on-a-Chip: microfluidic platforms for environmental organismal studies. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:228-41. [PMID: 26645910 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc01285f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Soil is the habitat of countless organisms and encompasses an enormous variety of dynamic environmental conditions. While it is evident that a thorough understanding of how organisms interact with the soil environment may have substantial ecological and economical impact, current laboratory-based methods depend on reductionist approaches that are incapable of simulating natural diversity. The application of Lab-on-a-Chip or microfluidic technologies to organismal studies is an emerging field, where the unique benefits afforded by system miniaturisation offer new opportunities for the experimentalist. Indeed, precise spatiotemporal control over the microenvironments of soil organisms in combination with high-resolution imaging has the potential to provide an unprecedented view of biological events at the single-organism or single-cell level, which in turn opens up new avenues for environmental and organismal studies. Herein we review some of the most recent and interesting developments in microfluidic technologies for the study of soil organisms and their interactions with the environment. We discuss how so-called "Soil-on-a-Chip" technology has already contributed significantly to the study of bacteria, nematodes, fungi and plants, as well as inter-organismal interactions, by advancing experimental access and environmental control. Most crucially, we highlight where distinct advantages over traditional approaches exist and where novel biological insights will ensue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Stanley
- Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Guido Grossmann
- Cell Networks-Cluster of Excellence and Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Andrew J deMello
- Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|