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Banahene N, Peters-Clarke TM, Biegas KJ, Shishkova E, Hart EM, McKitterick AC, Kambitsis NH, Johnson UG, Bernhardt TG, Coon JJ, Swarts BM. Chemical Proteomics Strategies for Analyzing Protein Lipidation Reveal the Bacterial O-Mycoloylome. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:12138-12154. [PMID: 38635392 PMCID: PMC11066868 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Protein lipidation dynamically controls protein localization and function within cellular membranes. A unique form of protein O-fatty acylation in Corynebacterium, termed protein O-mycoloylation, involves the attachment of mycolic acids─unusually large and hydrophobic fatty acids─to serine residues of proteins in these organisms' outer mycomembrane. However, as with other forms of protein lipidation, the scope and functional consequences of protein O-mycoloylation are challenging to investigate due to the inherent difficulties of enriching and analyzing lipidated peptides. To facilitate the analysis of protein lipidation and enable the comprehensive profiling and site mapping of protein O-mycoloylation, we developed a chemical proteomics strategy integrating metabolic labeling, click chemistry, cleavable linkers, and a novel liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method employing LC separation and complementary fragmentation methods tailored to the analysis of lipophilic, MS-labile O-acylated peptides. Using these tools in the model organism Corynebacterium glutamicum, we identified approximately 30 candidate O-mycoloylated proteins, including porins, mycoloyltransferases, secreted hydrolases, and other proteins with cell envelope-related functions─consistent with a role for O-mycoloylation in targeting proteins to the mycomembrane. Site mapping revealed that many of the proteins contained multiple spatially proximal modification sites, which occurred predominantly at serine residues surrounded by conformationally flexible peptide motifs. Overall, this study (i) discloses the putative protein O-mycoloylome for the first time, (ii) yields new insights into the undercharacterized proteome of the mycomembrane, which is a hallmark of important pathogens (e.g., Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis), and (iii) provides generally applicable chemical strategies for the proteomic analysis of protein lipidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Banahene
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan
University, Mount
Pleasant, Michigan 48859, United States
- Biochemistry,
Cell, and Molecular Biology Graduate Programs, Central Michigan University, Mount
Pleasant, Michigan 48859, United States
| | - Trenton M. Peters-Clarke
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53562, United States
- Department
of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of
Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53562, United States
- National
Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53562, United States
| | - Kyle J. Biegas
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan
University, Mount
Pleasant, Michigan 48859, United States
- Biochemistry,
Cell, and Molecular Biology Graduate Programs, Central Michigan University, Mount
Pleasant, Michigan 48859, United States
| | - Evgenia Shishkova
- Department
of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of
Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53562, United States
- National
Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53562, United States
| | - Elizabeth M. Hart
- Department
of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 United States
- Howard
Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy
Chase, Maryland 20815, United States
| | - Amelia C. McKitterick
- Department
of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 United States
- Howard
Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy
Chase, Maryland 20815, United States
| | - Nikolas H. Kambitsis
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan
University, Mount
Pleasant, Michigan 48859, United States
| | - Ulysses G. Johnson
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan
University, Mount
Pleasant, Michigan 48859, United States
- Biochemistry,
Cell, and Molecular Biology Graduate Programs, Central Michigan University, Mount
Pleasant, Michigan 48859, United States
| | - Thomas G. Bernhardt
- Department
of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 United States
- Howard
Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy
Chase, Maryland 20815, United States
| | - Joshua J. Coon
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53562, United States
- Department
of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of
Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53562, United States
- National
Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53562, United States
- Morgridge
Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin 53562, United States
| | - Benjamin M. Swarts
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan
University, Mount
Pleasant, Michigan 48859, United States
- Biochemistry,
Cell, and Molecular Biology Graduate Programs, Central Michigan University, Mount
Pleasant, Michigan 48859, United States
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Hirasawa T, Shimoyamada Y, Tachikawa Y, Satoh Y, Kawano Y, Dairi T, Ohtsu I. Ergothioneine production by Corynebacterium glutamicum harboring heterologous biosynthesis pathways. J Biosci Bioeng 2023; 135:25-33. [PMID: 36334975 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this study, Corynebacterium glutamicum was engineered to produce ergothioneine, an amino acid derivative with high antioxidant activity. The ergothioneine biosynthesis genes, egtABCDE, from Mycolicibacterium smegmatis were introduced into wild-type and l-cysteine-producing strains of C. glutamicum to evaluate their ergothioneine production. In the l-cysteine-producing strain, ergothioneine production reached approximately 40 mg L-1 after 2 weeks, and the amount was higher than that in the wild-type strain. As C. glutamicum possesses an ortholog of M. smegmatis egtA, which encodes an enzyme responsible for γ-glutamyl-l-cysteine synthesis, the effect of introducing egtBCDE genes on ergothioneine production in the l-cysteine-producing strain was evaluated, revealing that a further increase to more than 70 mg L-1 was achieved. As EgtBs from Methylobacterium bacteria are reported to use l-cysteine as a sulfur donor in ergothioneine biosynthesis, egtB from Methylobacterium was expressed with M. smegmatis egtDE in the l-cysteine-producing strain. As a result, ergothioneine production was further improved to approximately 100 mg L-1. These results indicate that utilization of the l-cysteine-producing strain and introduction of heterologous biosynthesis pathways from M. smegmatis and Methylobacterium bacteria are effective for improved ergothioneine production by C. glutamicum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hirasawa
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan.
| | - Yuki Shimoyamada
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
| | - Yukio Tachikawa
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Satoh
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13 & W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kawano
- Gradutate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Tohru Dairi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13 & W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Iwao Ohtsu
- Gradutate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
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Lee SM, Jeong KJ. Advances in Synthetic Biology Tools and Engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum as a Platform Host for Recombinant Protein Production. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-022-0219-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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de Sousa-d'Auria C, Constantinesco F, Bayan N, Constant P, Tropis M, Daffé M, Graille M, Houssin C. Cg1246, a new player in mycolic acid biosynthesis in Corynebacterium glutamicum. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2022; 168. [PMID: 35394419 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mycolic acids are key components of the complex cell envelope of Corynebacteriales. These fatty acids, conjugated to trehalose or to arabinogalactan form the backbone of the mycomembrane. While mycolic acids are essential to the survival of some species, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, their absence is not lethal for Corynebacterium glutamicum, which has been extensively used as a model to depict their biosynthesis. Mycolic acids are first synthesized on the cytoplasmic side of the inner membrane and transferred onto trehalose to give trehalose monomycolate (TMM). TMM is subsequently transported to the periplasm by dedicated transporters and used by mycoloyltransferase enzymes to synthesize all the other mycolate-containing compounds. Using a random transposition mutagenesis, we recently identified a new uncharacterized protein (Cg1246) involved in mycolic acid metabolism. Cg1246 belongs to the DUF402 protein family that contains some previously characterized nucleoside phosphatases. In this study, we performed a functional and structural characterization of Cg1246. We showed that absence of the protein led to a significant reduction in the pool of TMM in C. glutamicum, resulting in a decrease in all other mycolate-containing compounds. We found that, in vitro, Cg1246 has phosphatase activity on organic pyrophosphate substrates but is most likely not a nucleoside phosphatase. Using a computational approach, we identified important residues for phosphatase activity and constructed the corresponding variants in C. glutamicum. Surprisingly complementation with these non-functional proteins fully restored the defect in TMM of the Δcg1246 mutant strain, suggesting that in vivo, the phosphatase activity is not involved in mycolic acid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia de Sousa-d'Auria
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Florence Constantinesco
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Nicolas Bayan
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Patricia Constant
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Maryelle Tropis
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Mamadou Daffé
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Marc Graille
- Laboratoire de Biologie Structurale de la Cellule (BIOC), CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, IP Paris, F-91128 Palaiseau Cedex, Paris, France
| | - Christine Houssin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Genome-wide identification of novel genes involved in Corynebacteriales cell envelope biogenesis using Corynebacterium glutamicum as a model. PLoS One 2021; 15:e0240497. [PMID: 33383576 PMCID: PMC7775120 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Corynebacteriales are Actinobacteria that possess an atypical didermic cell envelope. One of the principal features of this cell envelope is the presence of a large complex made up of peptidoglycan, arabinogalactan and mycolic acids. This covalent complex constitutes the backbone of the cell wall and supports an outer membrane, called mycomembrane in reference to the mycolic acids that are its major component. The biosynthesis of the cell envelope of Corynebacteriales has been extensively studied, in particular because it is crucial for the survival of important pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is therefore a key target for anti-tuberculosis drugs. In this study, we explore the biogenesis of the cell envelope of Corynebacterium glutamicum, a non-pathogenic Corynebacteriales, which can tolerate dramatic modifications of its cell envelope as important as the loss of its mycomembrane. For this purpose, we used a genetic approach based on genome-wide transposon mutagenesis. We developed a highly effective immunological test based on the use of anti-cell wall antibodies that allowed us to rapidly identify bacteria exhibiting an altered cell envelope. A very large number (10,073) of insertional mutants were screened by means of this test, and 80 were finally selected, representing 55 different loci. Bioinformatics analyses of these loci showed that approximately 60% corresponded to genes already characterized, 63% of which are known to be directly involved in cell wall processes, and more specifically in the biosynthesis of the mycoloyl-arabinogalactan-peptidoglycan complex. We identified 22 new loci potentially involved in cell envelope biogenesis, 76% of which encode putative cell envelope proteins. A mutant of particular interest was further characterized and revealed a new player in mycolic acid metabolism. Because a large proportion of the genes identified by our study is conserved in Corynebacteriales, the library described here provides a new resource of genes whose characterization could lead to a better understanding of the biosynthesis of the envelope components of these bacteria.
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Dietrich C, Li de la Sierra-Gallay I, Masi M, Girard E, Dautin N, Constantinesco-Becker F, Tropis M, Daffé M, van Tilbeurgh H, Bayan N. The C-terminal domain of Corynebacterium glutamicum mycoloyltransferase A is composed of five repeated motifs involved in cell wall binding and stability. Mol Microbiol 2020; 114:1-16. [PMID: 32073722 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The genomes of Corynebacteriales contain several genes encoding mycoloyltransferases (Myt) that are specific cell envelope enzymes essential for the biogenesis of the outer membrane. MytA is a major mycoloyltransferase of Corynebacterium glutamicum, displaying an N-terminal domain with esterase activity and a C-terminal extension containing a conserved repeated Leu-Gly-Phe-Pro (LGFP) sequence motif of unknown function. This motif is highly conserved in Corynebacteriales and found associated with cell wall hydrolases and with proteins of unknown function. In this study, we determined the crystal structure of MytA and found that its C-terminal domain is composed of five LGFP motifs and forms a long stalk perpendicular to the N-terminal catalytic α/β-hydrolase domain. The LGFP motifs are composed of a 4-stranded β-fold and occupy alternating orientations along the axis of the stalk. Multiple acetate binding pockets were identified in the stalk, which could correspond to putative ligand-binding sites. By using various MytA mutants and complementary in vitro and in vivo approaches, we provide evidence that the C-terminal LGFP domain interacts with the cell wall peptidoglycan-arabinogalactan polymer. We also show that the C-terminal LGFP domain is not required for the activity of MytA but rather contributes to the overall integrity of the cell envelope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Dietrich
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Ines Li de la Sierra-Gallay
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Muriel Masi
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Eric Girard
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, Grenoble, France
| | - Nathalie Dautin
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Maryelle Tropis
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, CNRS UMR 5089, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Mamadou Daffé
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, CNRS UMR 5089, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Herman van Tilbeurgh
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Nicolas Bayan
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Growth-coupled evolution of phosphoketolase to improve l-glutamate production by Corynebacterium glutamicum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:8413-8425. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10043-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Dubey V, Mishra A, Ghosh A, Mandal B. Probiotic
Pediococcus pentosaceus
GS
4 shields brush border membrane and alleviates liver toxicity imposed by chronic cadmium exposure in Swiss albino mice. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 126:1233-1244. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.14195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Dubey
- Department of Integrative Biology, School of BioSciences and Technology VIT Vellore Tamil Nadu India
| | - A.K. Mishra
- Department of Integrative Biology, School of BioSciences and Technology VIT Vellore Tamil Nadu India
| | - A.R. Ghosh
- Department of Integrative Biology, School of BioSciences and Technology VIT Vellore Tamil Nadu India
| | - B.K. Mandal
- Trace Elements Speciation Research Laboratory, Environmental and Analytical Chemistry Division, School of Advanced Sciences VIT Vellore Tamil Nadu India
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Sequential assembly of the septal cell envelope prior to V snapping in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Nat Chem Biol 2019; 15:221-231. [PMID: 30664686 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-018-0206-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Members of the Corynebacterineae, including Corynebacterium and Mycobacterium, have an atypical cell envelope characterized by an additional mycomembrane outside of the peptidoglycan layer. How this multilayered cell envelope is assembled remains unclear. Here, we tracked the assembly dynamics of different envelope layers in Corynebacterium glutamicum and Mycobacterium smegmatis by using metabolic labeling and found that the septal cell envelope is assembled sequentially in both species. Additionally, we demonstrate that in C. glutamicum, the peripheral peptidoglycan layer at the septal junction remains contiguous throughout septation, forming a diffusion barrier for the fluid mycomembrane. This diffusion barrier is resolved through perforations in the peripheral peptidoglycan, thus leading to the confluency of the mycomembrane before daughter cell separation (V snapping). Furthermore, the same junctional peptidoglycan also serves as a mechanical link holding the daughter cells together and undergoes mechanical fracture during V snapping. Finally, we show that normal V snapping in C. glutamicum depends on complete assembly of the septal cell envelope.
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Abstract
Actinobacteria is a group of diverse bacteria. Most species in this class of bacteria are filamentous aerobes found in soil, including the genus Streptomyces perhaps best known for their fascinating capabilities of producing antibiotics. These bacteria typically have a Gram-positive cell envelope, comprised of a plasma membrane and a thick peptidoglycan layer. However, there is a notable exception of the Corynebacteriales order, which has evolved a unique type of outer membrane likely as a consequence of convergent evolution. In this chapter, we will focus on the unique cell envelope of this order. This cell envelope features the peptidoglycan layer that is covalently modified by an additional layer of arabinogalactan . Furthermore, the arabinogalactan layer provides the platform for the covalent attachment of mycolic acids , some of the longest natural fatty acids that can contain ~100 carbon atoms per molecule. Mycolic acids are thought to be the main component of the outer membrane, which is composed of many additional lipids including trehalose dimycolate, also known as the cord factor. Importantly, a subset of bacteria in the Corynebacteriales order are pathogens of human and domestic animals, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The surface coat of these pathogens are the first point of contact with the host immune system, and we now know a number of host receptors specific to molecular patterns exposed on the pathogen's surface, highlighting the importance of understanding how the cell envelope of Actinobacteria is structured and constructed. This chapter describes the main structural and biosynthetic features of major components found in the actinobacterial cell envelopes and highlights the key differences between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn C Rahlwes
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, 639 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Ian L Sparks
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, 639 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Yasu S Morita
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, 639 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
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Jia H, Li H, Zhang L, Xu D. Development of a Novel Gene Expression System for Secretory Production of Heterologous Proteins via the General Secretory (Sec) Pathway in Corynebacterium Glutamicum. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 16:e1746. [PMID: 30555839 PMCID: PMC6217267 DOI: 10.21859/ijb.1746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Background Corynebacterium glutamicum (C. glutamicum) is a potential host for the secretory production of the heterologous proteins. However, to this date few secretion-type gene expression systems in C. glutamicum have been developed, which limit applications of C. glutamicum in a secretory production of the heterologous proteins. Objectives In this study, a novel and efficient general secretory (Sec) pathway-dependent type gene expression system for the production of heterologous proteins was developed in C. glutamicum. Materials and Methods The synthesized cloning/expression cassette C was assembled into the basic E. coli-C. glutamicum shuttle vector pAU2, generating the Sec-dependent type gene expression vector pAU5. Subsequently, the applicability of the C. glutamicum/pAU5 system was tested using the α-amylase AmyE from Bacillus subtilis as a reporter protein. Results The vector pAU5 was successfully constructed. The SDS-PAGE experiment showed the AmyE protein band could be observed in the original culture supernatant of the 14067/pAU5-amyE. The Western blotting experiment showed that the AmyE polypeptide could be detected in the culture supernatant of the 14067/pAU5-amyE, not in the cell lysate of 14067/pAU5-amyE. The α-amylase specific activity of the culture supernatant of 14067/pAU5-amyE was 103.24±7.14 U.mg-1 protein, while no α-amylase activity was detected in the cell homogenate supernatant of 14067/pAU5-amyE. These results demonstrate that the recombinant AmyE was efficiently expressed and completely secreted into the extracellular environmentin an active form in C. glutamicum/pAU5 system. Conclusions A novel efficient Sec-dependent type gene expression vector pAU5 was constructed in the C. glutamicum. The vector pAU5 employs the strong promoter tac-M for controlling a constitutive transcription of the target gene, the consensus ribosome binding site (RBS) sequence of C. glutamicum to ensure protein translation, and the efficient Sec-type cgR_2070 signal sequence to mediate protein secretion in the C. glutamicum. The C. glutamicum/pAU5 system is an efficient expression system for the secretory production of the heterologous proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Jia
- College of Life Sciences, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Hedan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Lirong Zhang
- Biological Control Centre of Plant Diseases and Pests of Hebei, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Daqing Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China
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Nonaka T, Tsurui N, Mannen T, Kikuchi Y, Shiraki K. Non-chromatographic purification of Teriparatide with a pH-responsive CspB tag. Protein Expr Purif 2018; 155:66-71. [PMID: 30485791 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cell surface protein B (CspB) from Corynebacterium glutamicum is used as a pH-responsive peptide tag to enable a simple solid-liquid separation method for isolating a CspB fusion protein. Here we demonstrate the first application of a CspB tag for the purification of Teriparatide, which is a biologic drug that is prescribed for osteoporosis. The Teriparatide was constructed as CspB50TEV-Teriparatide, comprising 50 amino acid residues of CspB, the cleavage site of TEV protease, and Teriparatide. CspB50TEV-Teriparatide was expressed in a culture supernatant by C. glutamicum secretion system at 3.0 g/L (equivalent to approximately 1.2 g/L Teriparatide). The CspB50TEV-Teriparatide was precipitated by reducing the pH of the culture supernatant, and the precipitate was then dissolved in a neutral buffer. A TEV protease treatment was applied to cleave the Teriparatide from the CspB50TEV-Teriparatide. Then, the remaining digested CspB50TEV, undigested CspB50TEV-Teriparatide, and TEV protease were precipitated in an acidic pH, whereas the soluble Teriparatide remained in the supernatant. The process had a yield of 96.5% and resulted in Teriparatide with a purity of 98.0% and productivity of 1.1 g/L of C. glutamicum culture. Thus, tag-free Teriparatide was successfully purified from the CspB fusion protein using only pH changes, centrifugation, and protease digestion without the need for chromatography. This versatile purification protocol is expected to be applicable to various proteins from laboratory to industrial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Nonaka
- Research Institute for Bioscience Product & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc, 1-1, Suzuki-Cho, Kawasaki, 210-8681, Japan; Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan.
| | - Noriko Tsurui
- Research Institute for Bioscience Product & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc, 1-1, Suzuki-Cho, Kawasaki, 210-8681, Japan
| | - Teruhisa Mannen
- Research Institute for Bioscience Product & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc, 1-1, Suzuki-Cho, Kawasaki, 210-8681, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Kikuchi
- Research Institute for Bioscience Product & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc, 1-1, Suzuki-Cho, Kawasaki, 210-8681, Japan
| | - Kentaro Shiraki
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan.
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Lee MJ, Kim P. Recombinant Protein Expression System in Corynebacterium glutamicum and Its Application. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2523. [PMID: 30416490 PMCID: PMC6213972 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Corynebacterium glutamicum, a soil-derived gram-positive actinobacterium, has been widely used for the production of biochemical molecules such as amino acids (i.e., L-glutamate and L-lysine), nucleic acids, alcohols, and organic acids. The metabolism of the bacterium has been engineered to increase the production of the target biochemical molecule, which requires a cytosolic enzyme expression. As recent demand for new proteinaceous biologics (such as antibodies, growth factors, and hormones) increase, C. glutamicum is attracting industrial interest as a recombinant protein expression host for therapeutic protein production due to the advantages such as low protease activity without endotoxin activity. In this review, we have summarized the recent studies on the heterologous expression of the recombinant protein in C. glutamicum for metabolic engineering, expansion of substrate availability, and recombinant protein secretion. We have also outlined the advances in genetic components such as promoters, surface anchoring systems, and secretory signal sequences in C. glutamicum for effective recombinant protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pil Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholirc University of Korea, Bucheon, South Korea
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Nonaka T, Tsurui N, Mannen T, Kikuchi Y, Shiraki K. A new pH-responsive peptide tag for protein purification. Protein Expr Purif 2018; 146:91-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Wang Y, Liu Y, Liu J, Guo Y, Fan L, Ni X, Zheng X, Wang M, Zheng P, Sun J, Ma Y. MACBETH: Multiplex automated Corynebacterium glutamicum base editing method. Metab Eng 2018; 47:200-210. [PMID: 29580925 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9 or Cpf1-introduced double strand break dramatically decreases bacterial cell survival rate, which hampers multiplex genome editing in bacteria. In addition, the requirement of a foreign DNA template for each target locus is labor demanding and may encounter more GMO related regulatory hurdle in industrial applications. Herein, we developed a multiplex automated Corynebacterium glutamicum base editing method (MACBETH) using CRISPR/Cas9 and activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), without foreign DNA templates, achieving single-, double-, and triple-locus editing with efficiencies up to 100%, 87.2% and 23.3%, respectively. In addition, MACBETH was applied to generate a combinatorial gene inactivation library for improving glutamate production, and pyk&ldhA double inactivation strain was found to improve glutamate production by 3-fold. Finally, MACBETH was automated with an integrated robotic system, which would enable us to generate thousands of rationally engineered strains per month for metabolic engineering of C. glutamicum. As a proof of concept demonstration, the automation platform was used to construct an arrayed genome-scale gene inactivation library of 94 transcription factors with 100% success rate. Therefore, MACBETH would be a powerful tool for multiplex and automated bacterial genome editing in future studies and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China; Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Ye Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China; Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Jiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China; Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Yanmei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China; Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Liwen Fan
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China; Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China; School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xiaomeng Ni
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China; Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Xiaomei Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China; Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China; Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China.
| | - Ping Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China; Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China; School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Jibin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China; Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China.
| | - Yanhe Ma
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China; Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
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Oki S, Nonaka T, Shiraki K. Specific solubilization of impurities in culture media: Arg solution improves purification of pH-responsive tag CspB50 with Teriparatide. Protein Expr Purif 2018; 146:85-90. [PMID: 29425938 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Protein purification using non-chromatographic methods is a simple technique that avoids costly resin. Recently, a cell surface protein B (CspB) tag has been developed for a pH-responsive tag for protein purification by solid-liquid separation. Proteins fused with the CspB tag show reversible insolubilization at acidic pH that can be used in solid-liquid separation for protein purification. However, brown-color impurities from co-precipitation hamper further analysis of the target proteins. In this study, we investigated the effect of additives on the co-precipitation of CspB-tagged Teriparatide (CspB50TEV-Teriparatide) expressed in Corynebacterium glutamicum and associated impurities. Arginine (Arg) at 1.0 M was found to be the most effective additive for removing impurities, particularly carotenoids and nucleic acids. Furthermore, all impurities detected in the fluorescence and absorbance spectra were successfully removed by the repetition of precipitation-redissolution in the Arg solution. The precipitation yield of the CspB50TEV-Teriparatide did not change with the addition of Arg and the repetition of the precipitation-redissolution process. Collectively, our findings indicate that the specific desorption of π-electron rich compounds by Arg may be useful in conjunction with the pH-responsive CspB tag for solid-liquid protein purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Oki
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nonaka
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan; Research Institute for Bioscience Product & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc, 1-1, Suzuki-Cho, Kawasaki 210-8681, Japan
| | - Kentaro Shiraki
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan.
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Liu J, Wang Y, Lu Y, Zheng P, Sun J, Ma Y. Development of a CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing toolbox for Corynebacterium glutamicum. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:205. [PMID: 29145843 PMCID: PMC5693361 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0815-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Corynebacterium glutamicum is an important industrial workhorse and advanced genetic engineering tools are urgently demanded. Recently, the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and their CRISPR-associated proteins (Cas) have revolutionized the field of genome engineering. The CRISPR/Cas9 system that utilizes NGG as protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) and has good targeting specificity can be developed into a powerful tool for efficient and precise genome editing of C. glutamicum. Results Herein, we developed a versatile CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing toolbox for C. glutamicum. Cas9 and gRNA expression cassettes were reconstituted to combat Cas9 toxicity and facilitate effective termination of gRNA transcription. Co-transformation of Cas9 and gRNA expression plasmids was exploited to overcome high-frequency mutation of cas9, allowing not only highly efficient gene deletion and insertion with plasmid-borne editing templates (efficiencies up to 60.0 and 62.5%, respectively) but also simple and time-saving operation. Furthermore, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated ssDNA recombineering was developed to precisely introduce small modifications and single-nucleotide changes into the genome of C. glutamicum with efficiencies over 80.0%. Notably, double-locus editing was also achieved in C. glutamicum. This toolbox works well in several C. glutamicum strains including the widely-used strains ATCC 13032 and ATCC 13869. Conclusions In this study, we developed a CRISPR/Cas9 toolbox that could facilitate markerless gene deletion, gene insertion, precise base editing, and double-locus editing in C. glutamicum. The CRISPR/Cas9 toolbox holds promise for accelerating the engineering of C. glutamicum and advancing its application in the production of biochemicals and biofuels. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12934-017-0815-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China.,Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China.,Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujiao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China.,Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China. .,Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jibin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China. .,Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yanhe Ma
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China
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19
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Effects of EGTA on cell surface structures of Corynebacterium glutamicum. Arch Microbiol 2017; 200:281-289. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-017-1445-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Podder MS, Majumder CB. Bioaccumulation of As(III)/As(V) ions by living cells of Corynebacterium glutamicum MTCC 2745. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2016.1238485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. S. Podder
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Roorkee, India
| | - C. B. Majumder
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Roorkee, India
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21
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Grzegorzewicz AE, de Sousa-d'Auria C, McNeil MR, Huc-Claustre E, Jones V, Petit C, Angala SK, Zemanová J, Wang Q, Belardinelli JM, Gao Q, Ishizaki Y, Mikušová K, Brennan PJ, Ronning DR, Chami M, Houssin C, Jackson M. Assembling of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Cell Wall Core. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:18867-79. [PMID: 27417139 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.739227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The unique cell wall of mycobacteria is essential to their viability and the target of many clinically used anti-tuberculosis drugs and inhibitors under development. Despite intensive efforts to identify the ligase(s) responsible for the covalent attachment of the two major heteropolysaccharides of the mycobacterial cell wall, arabinogalactan (AG) and peptidoglycan (PG), the enzyme or enzymes responsible have remained elusive. We here report on the identification of the two enzymes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, CpsA1 (Rv3267) and CpsA2 (Rv3484), responsible for this function. CpsA1 and CpsA2 belong to the widespread LytR-Cps2A-Psr (LCP) family of enzymes that has been shown to catalyze a variety of glycopolymer transfer reactions in Gram-positive bacteria, including the attachment of wall teichoic acids to PG. Although individual cpsA1 and cpsA2 knock-outs of M. tuberculosis were readily obtained, the combined inactivation of both genes appears to be lethal. In the closely related microorganism Corynebacterium glutamicum, the ortholog of cpsA1 is the only gene involved in this function, and its conditional knockdown leads to dramatic changes in the cell wall composition and morphology of the bacteria due to extensive shedding of cell wall material in the culture medium as a result of defective attachment of AG to PG. This work marks an important step in our understanding of the biogenesis of the unique cell envelope of mycobacteria and opens new opportunities for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Grzegorzewicz
- From the Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682
| | - Célia de Sousa-d'Auria
- the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), CNRS, Université Paris Sud, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Michael R McNeil
- From the Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682
| | - Emilie Huc-Claustre
- From the Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682
| | - Victoria Jones
- From the Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682
| | - Cécile Petit
- the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606-3390
| | - Shiva Kumar Angala
- From the Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682
| | - Júlia Zemanová
- the Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina CH-1, 84215 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Qinglan Wang
- From the Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682, the Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE & MOH, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Juan Manuel Belardinelli
- From the Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682
| | - Qian Gao
- the Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE & MOH, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yoshimasa Ishizaki
- From the Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682, the Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 3-14-23, Japan, and
| | - Katarína Mikušová
- the Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina CH-1, 84215 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Patrick J Brennan
- From the Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682
| | - Donald R Ronning
- the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606-3390
| | - Mohamed Chami
- the C-CINA Center for Imaging and NanoAnalytics, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christine Houssin
- the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), CNRS, Université Paris Sud, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France,
| | - Mary Jackson
- From the Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682,
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Podder MS, Majumder CB. Application of granular activated carbon/MnFe₂O₄ composite immobilized on C. glutamicum MTCC 2745 to remove As(III) and As(V): Kinetic, mechanistic and thermodynamic studies. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2016; 153:298-314. [PMID: 26322840 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of the present study was to investigate the efficiency of Corynebacterium glutamicum MTCC 2745 immobilized on granular activated carbon/MnFe2O4 (GAC/MnFe2O4) composite to treat high concentration of arsenic bearing wastewater. Non-linear regression analysis was done for determining the best-fit kinetic model on the basis of three correlation coefficients and three error functions and also for predicting the parameters involved in kinetic models. The results showed that Fractal-like mixed 1,2 order model for As(III) and Brouser-Weron-Sototlongo as well as Fractal-like pseudo second order models for As(V) were proficient to provide realistic description of biosorption/bioaccumulation kinetic. Applicability of mechanistic models in the current study exhibited that the rate governing step in biosorption/bioaccumulation of both As(III) and As(V) was film diffusion rather than intraparticle diffusion. The evaluated thermodynamic parameters ΔG(0), ΔH(0) and ΔS(0) revealed that biosorption/bioaccumulation of both As(III) and As(V) was feasible, spontaneous and exothermic under studied conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Podder
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India.
| | - C B Majumder
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India.
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Matsuda Y, Itaya H, Kitahara Y, Theresia NM, Kutukova EA, Yomantas YAV, Date M, Kikuchi Y, Wachi M. Double mutation of cell wall proteins CspB and PBP1a increases secretion of the antibody Fab fragment from Corynebacterium glutamicum. Microb Cell Fact 2014; 13:56. [PMID: 24731213 PMCID: PMC4021378 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-13-56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Among other advantages, recombinant antibody-binding fragments (Fabs) hold great clinical and commercial potential, owing to their efficient tissue penetration compared to that of full-length IgGs. Although production of recombinant Fab using microbial expression systems has been reported, yields of active Fab have not been satisfactory. We recently developed the Corynebacterium glutamicum protein expression system (CORYNEX®) and demonstrated improved yield and purity for some applications, although the system has not been applied to Fab production. Results The Fab fragment of human anti-HER2 was successfully secreted by the CORYNEX® system using the conventional C. glutamicum strain YDK010, but the productivity was very low. To improve the secretion efficiency, we investigated the effects of deleting cell wall-related genes. Fab secretion was increased 5.2 times by deletion of pbp1a, encoding one of the penicillin-binding proteins (PBP1a), mediating cell wall peptidoglycan (PG) synthesis. However, this Δpbp1a mutation did not improve Fab secretion in the wild-type ATCC13869 strain. Because YDK010 carries a mutation in the cspB gene encoding a surface (S)-layer protein, we evaluated the effect of ΔcspB mutation on Fab secretion from ATCC13869. The Δpbp1a mutation showed a positive effect on Fab secretion only in combination with the ΔcspB mutation. The ΔcspBΔpbp1a double mutant showed much greater sensitivity to lysozyme than either single mutant or the wild-type strain, suggesting that these mutations reduced cell wall resistance to protein secretion. Conclusion There are at least two crucial permeability barriers to Fab secretion in the cell surface structure of C. glutamicum, the PG layer, and the S-layer. The ΔcspBΔpbp1a double mutant allows efficient Fab production using the CORYNEX® system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Masaaki Wachi
- Department of Bioengineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan.
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Identification of a mycoloyl transferase selectively involved in O-acylation of polypeptides in Corynebacteriales. J Bacteriol 2013; 195:4121-8. [PMID: 23852866 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00285-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously described the posttranslational modification of pore-forming small proteins of Corynebacterium by mycolic acid, a very-long-chain α-alkyl and β-hydroxy fatty acid. Using a combination of chemical analyses and mass spectrometry, we identified the mycoloyl transferase (Myt) that catalyzes the transfer of the fatty acid residue to yield O-acylated polypeptides. Inactivation of corynomycoloyl transferase C (cg0413 [Corynebacterium glutamicum mytC {CgmytC}]), one of the six Cgmyt genes of C. glutamicum, specifically abolished the O-modification of the pore-forming proteins PorA and PorH, which is critical for their biological activity. Expectedly, complementation of the cg0413 mutant with either the wild-type gene or its orthologues from Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Rhodococcus, but not Nocardia, fully restored the O-acylation of the porins. Consistently, the three-dimensional structure of CgMytC showed the presence of a unique loop that is absent from enzymes that transfer mycoloyl residues onto both trehalose and the cell wall arabinogalactan. These data suggest the implication of this structure in the enzyme specificity for protein instead of carbohydrate.
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Vertès AA. Protein Secretion Systems of Corynebacterium glutamicum. CORYNEBACTERIUM GLUTAMICUM 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-29857-8_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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The Biotechnological Potential of Corynebacterium glutamicum, from Umami to Chemurgy. CORYNEBACTERIUM GLUTAMICUM 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-29857-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Biochemical disclosure of the mycolate outer membrane of Corynebacterium glutamicum. J Bacteriol 2011; 194:587-97. [PMID: 22123248 DOI: 10.1128/jb.06138-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Corynebacterineae is a specific suborder of Gram-positive bacteria that includes Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Corynebacterium glutamicum. The cell wall of these bacteria is composed of a heteropolymer of peptidoglycan (PG) linked to arabinogalactan (AG), which in turn is covalently associated with an atypical outer membrane, here called mycomembrane (M). The latter structure has been visualized by cryo-electron microscopy of vitreous sections, but its biochemical composition is still poorly defined, thereby hampering the elucidation of its physiological function. In this report, we show for the first time that the mycomembrane-linked heteropolymer of PG and AG (M-AG-PG) of C. glutamicum can be physically separated from the inner membrane on a flotation density gradient. Analysis of purified M-AG-PG showed that the lipids that composed the mycomembrane consisted almost exclusively of mycolic acid derivatives, with only a tiny amount, if any, of phospholipids and lipomannans, which were found with the characteristic lipoarabinomannans in the plasma membrane. Proteins associated with or inserted in the mycomembrane were extracted from M-AG-PG with lauryl-dimethylamine-oxide (LDAO), loaded on an SDS-PAGE gel, and analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry or by Western blotting. Sixty-eight different proteins were identified, 19 of which were also found in mycomembrane fragments released by the terminal-arabinosyl-transferase-defective ΔAftB strain. Almost all of them are predicted to contain a signal sequence and to adopt the characteristic β-barrel structure of Gram-negative outer membrane proteins. These presumed mycomembrane proteins include the already-known pore-forming proteins (PorA and PorB), 5 mycoloyltransferases (cMytA, cMytB, cMytC, cMytD, and cMytF), several lipoproteins, and unknown proteins typified by a putative C-terminal hydrophobic anchor.
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High yield secretion of heterologous proteins in Corynebacterium glutamicum using its own Tat-type signal sequence. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 91:677-87. [PMID: 21523478 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3281-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Efficient protein secretion, the basis of large-scale production of many compounds central to the biotechnology industry, is achieved by signal peptide and propeptide optimization in addition to optimizing host factors affecting heterologous protein production. Here, we fused green fluorescent protein (GFP) to the recently identified Tat-type secretory signal peptide of CgR0949 to demonstrate a high-yield protein secretion system of Corynebacterium glutamicum. The resultant secretion vector facilitated effective secretion of active-form GFP (20 mg l(-1)) into C. glutamicum culture medium. The expression of GFP was enhanced 2.9-fold using the Shine-Dalgarno sequence of triosephosphate isomerase in the secretion vector. Moreover, GFP drastically accumulated in the culture supernatant upon addition of calcium chloride even though Ca(2+) addition did neither enhanced the transcription of gfp nor resulted in the accumulation of cytosolic GFP. Active-form GFP concentration reached 1.8 g l(-1) after 48-h incubation in a jar fermentor. Likewise, α-amylase accumulation in C. glutamicum cultures was also enhanced by Ca(2+) addition, suggesting that Ca(2+) may affect general protein secretion in C. glutamicum.
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Tsuchidate T, Tateno T, Okai N, Tanaka T, Ogino C, Kondo A. Glutamate production from β-glucan using endoglucanase-secreting Corynebacterium glutamicum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 90:895-901. [PMID: 21305281 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3116-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate glutamate production from β-glucan using endoglucanase (EG)-expressing Corynebacterium glutamicum. The signal sequence torA derived from Escherichia coli K12, which belongs to the Tat pathway, was suitable for secreting EG of Clostridium thermocellum using C. glutamicum as a host. Using the torA signal sequence, endoglucanase from Clostridium cellulovorans 743B was successfully expressed, and the secreted EG produced 123 mg of reducing sugar from 5 g of β-glucan at 30 °C for 72 h, which is the optimal condition for C. glutamicum growth. Subsequently, glutamate fermentation from β-glucan was carried out with the addition of Aspergillus aculeatus β-glucosidase produced by recombinant Aspergillus oryzae. Using EG-secreting C. glutamicum, 178 mg/l of glutamate was produced from 15 g of β-glucan. This is the first report of glutamate fermentation from β-glucan using endoglucanase-secreting C. glutamicum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeyuki Tsuchidate
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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The Structure of Bacterial S-Layer Proteins. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2011; 103:73-130. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415906-8.00004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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A deficiency in arabinogalactan biosynthesis affects Corynebacterium glutamicum mycolate outer membrane stability. J Bacteriol 2010; 192:2691-700. [PMID: 20363942 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00009-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Corynebacterineae is a specific suborder of Gram-positive bacteria that includes Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Corynebacterium glutamicum. The ultrastructure of the cell envelope is very atypical. It is composed of a heteropolymer of peptidoglycan and arabinogalactan (AG) covalently associated to an outer membrane. Five arabinosyltransferases are involved in the biosynthesis of AG in C. glutamicum. AftB catalyzes the transfer of Araf (arabinofuranosyl) onto the arabinan domain of the arabinogalactan to form terminal beta(1 --> 2)-linked Araf residues. Here we show that Delta aftB cells lack half of the arabinogalactan mycoloylation sites but are still able to assemble an outer membrane. In addition, we show that a Delta aftB mutant grown on a rich medium has a perturbed cell envelope and sheds a significant amount of membrane fragments in the external culture medium. These fragments contain mono- and dimycolate of trehalose and PorA/H, the major porin of C. glutamicum, but lack conventional phospholipids that typify the plasma membrane, suggesting that they are derived from the atypical mycolate outer membrane of the cell envelope. This is the first report of outer membrane destabilization in the Corynebacterineae, and it suggests that a strong interaction between the mycolate outer membrane and the underlying polymer is essential for cell envelope integrity. The presence of outer membrane-derived fragments (OMFs) in the external medium of the Delta aftB mutant is also a very promising tool for outer membrane characterization. Indeed, fingerprint analysis of major OMF-associated proteins has already led to the identification of 3 associated mycoloyltransferases and an unknown protein with a C-terminal hydrophobic anchoring domain reminiscent of that found for the S-layer protein PS2 of C. glutamicum.
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The regulator RamA influences cmytA transcription and cell morphology of Corynebacterium ammoniagenes. Curr Microbiol 2010; 61:92-100. [PMID: 20107993 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-010-9580-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
RamA plays a regulatory role for acetate utilization and S-layer biosynthesis in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Looking for any additional role, the function of RamA was analyzed in Corynebacterium ammoniagenes, which is closely related to C. glutamicum. In this study, we showed that the DeltaramA mutant constructed by a markerless knockout strategy possessed increased cell surface hydrophobicity, leading to the formation of aggregated cell masses in liquid media. In addition, the mutant exhibited an elongated cell shape as observed by SEM, suggesting that cell wall-associated proteins might be influenced. Furthermore, cell surface proteome analysis revealed that the expression of cmytA gene encoding corynomycoloyl transferase required for cell wall biosynthesis was down-regulated in the mutant, supporting the regulatory role of RamA in cell wall assembly. These studies support a novel regulatory role of RamA in inducing the expression of proteins required for cell wall assembly.
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Identification of a stress-induced factor of Corynebacterineae that is involved in the regulation of the outer membrane lipid composition. J Bacteriol 2009; 191:7323-32. [PMID: 19801408 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01042-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Corynebacterineae are gram-positive bacteria that possess a true outer membrane composed of mycolic acids and other lipids. Little is known concerning the modulation of mycolic acid composition and content in response to changes in the bacterial environment, especially temperature variations. To address this question, we investigated the function of the Rv3802c gene, a gene conserved in Corynebacterineae and located within a gene cluster involved in mycolic acid biosynthesis. We showed that the Rv3802 ortholog is essential in Mycobacterium smegmatis, while its Corynebacterium glutamicum ortholog, NCgl2775, is not. We provided evidence that the NCgl2775 gene is transcriptionally induced under heat stress conditions, and while the corresponding protein has no detectable activity under normal growth conditions, the increase in its expression triggers an increase in mycolic acid biosynthesis concomitant with a decrease in phospholipid content. We demonstrated that these lipid modifications are part of a larger outer membrane remodeling that occurs in response to exposure to a moderately elevated temperature (42 degrees C). In addition to showing an increase in the ratio of saturated corynomycolates to unsaturated corynomycolates, our results strongly suggested that the balance between mycolic acids and phospholipids is modified inside the outer membrane following a heat challenge. Furthermore, we showed that these lipid modifications help the bacteria to protect against heat damage. The NCgl2775 protein and its orthologs thus appear to be a protein family that plays a role in the regulation of the outer membrane lipid composition of Corynebacterineae under stress conditions. We therefore propose to name this protein family the envelope lipids regulation factor (ElrF) family.
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Fränzel B, Fischer F, Trötschel C, Poetsch A, Wolters D. The two-phase partitioning system--a powerful technique to purify integral membrane proteins of Corynebacterium glutamicum for quantitative shotgun analysis. Proteomics 2009; 9:2263-72. [PMID: 19322788 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We established a single consecutive strategy which assigned the most comprehensive number of integral membrane proteins from Gram-positive bacteria to date. For this purpose, we adapted a biphasic partitioning system for the biotechnologically intensively used Corynebacterium glutamicum and proved for the first time that such a system is well suited for quantitative comparison. 297 integral membrane proteins were identified by our integrated approach, which depletes stringently cytosolic proteins. In combination with our previously developed SIMPLE strategy, our data comprise 61% (374 integral membrane proteins) of the entire membrane proteome, which aims towards an almost comprehensive coverage. Wild type and a production strain of C. glutamicum were compared by (15)N metabolic labelling and quantitation was obtained by spectral counting and peak areas. Both quantification strategies display a consistent trend in up or downregulation of proteins. Nevertheless, spectral counting often provides results indicating a much stronger regulation compared to ProRata values. Either spectral counting seems to exaggerate protein regulation or ProRata tends to attenuate the information about the regulation level. We highlight some of the biologically relevant candidates, which prove that our approach helps to give a deeper quantitative insight towards the understanding of transport and other membrane associated processes, important for strain development of C. glutamicum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Fränzel
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Watanabe K, Tsuchida Y, Okibe N, Teramoto H, Suzuki N, Inui M, Yukawa H. Scanning the Corynebacterium glutamicum R genome for high-efficiency secretion signal sequences. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2009; 155:741-750. [PMID: 19246745 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.024075-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Systematic screening of secretion proteins using an approach based on the completely sequenced genome of Corynebacterium glutamicum R revealed 405 candidate signal peptides, 108 of which were able to heterologously secrete an active-form alpha-amylase derived from Geobacillus stearothermophilus. These comprised 90 general secretory (Sec)-type, 10 twin-arginine translocator (Tat)-type and eight Sec-type with presumptive lipobox peptides. Only Sec- and Tat-type signals directed high-efficiency secretion. In two assays, 11 of these signals resulted in 50- to 150-fold increased amounts of secreted alpha-amylase compared with the well-known corynebacterial secretory protein PS2. While the presence of an AXA motif at the cleavage sites was readily apparent, it was the presence of a glutamine residue adjacent to the cleavage site that may affect secretion efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiro Watanabe
- Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology Group, Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth (RITE), 9-2, Kizugawadai, Kizugawa, Kyoto 619-0292, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Tsuchida
- Honda R&D Co., Ltd, 1-4-1 Chuo Wako, Saitama 351-0193, Japan.,Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology Group, Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth (RITE), 9-2, Kizugawadai, Kizugawa, Kyoto 619-0292, Japan
| | - Naoko Okibe
- Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology Group, Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth (RITE), 9-2, Kizugawadai, Kizugawa, Kyoto 619-0292, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Teramoto
- Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology Group, Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth (RITE), 9-2, Kizugawadai, Kizugawa, Kyoto 619-0292, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Suzuki
- Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology Group, Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth (RITE), 9-2, Kizugawadai, Kizugawa, Kyoto 619-0292, Japan
| | - Masayuki Inui
- Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology Group, Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth (RITE), 9-2, Kizugawadai, Kizugawa, Kyoto 619-0292, Japan
| | - Hideaki Yukawa
- Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology Group, Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth (RITE), 9-2, Kizugawadai, Kizugawa, Kyoto 619-0292, Japan
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Suzuki N, Watanabe K, Okibe N, Tsuchida Y, Inui M, Yukawa H. Identification of new secreted proteins and secretion of heterologous amylase by C. glutamicum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 82:491-500. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1786-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2008] [Revised: 11/04/2008] [Accepted: 11/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Meniche X, de Sousa-d'Auria C, Van-der-Rest B, Bhamidi S, Huc E, Huang H, De Paepe D, Tropis M, McNeil M, Daffé M, Houssin C. Partial redundancy in the synthesis of the D-arabinose incorporated in the cell wall arabinan of Corynebacterineae. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2008; 154:2315-2326. [PMID: 18667564 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2008/016378-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The major cell wall carbohydrate of Corynebacterineae is arabinogalactan (AG), a branched polysaccharide that is essential for the physiology of these bacteria. Decaprenylphosphoryl-D-arabinose (DPA), the lipid donor of D-arabinofuranosyl residues of AG, is synthesized through a series of unique biosynthetic steps, the last one being the epimerization of decaprenylphosphoryl-beta-D-ribose (DPR) into DPA, which is believed to proceed via a sequential oxidation-reduction mechanism. Two proteins from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Rv3790 and Rv3791) have been shown to catalyse this epimerization in an in vitro system. The present study addressed the exact function of these proteins through the inactivation of the corresponding orthologues in Corynebacterium glutamicum (NCgl0187 and NCgl0186, respectively) and the analysis of their in vivo effects on AG biosynthesis. We showed that NCgl0187 is essential, whereas NCgl0186 is not. Deletion of NCgl0186 led to a mutant possessing an AG that contained half the arabinose and rhamnose, and less corynomycolates linked to AG but more trehalose mycolates, compared with the parental strain. A candidate gene that may encode a protein functionally similar to NCgl0186 was identified in both C. glutamicum (NCgl1429) and M. tuberculosis (Rv2073c). While the deletion of NCgl1429 had no effect on AG biosynthesis of the mutant, the gene could complement the mycolate defect of the AG of the NCgl0186 mutant, strongly supporting the concept that the two proteins play a similar function in vivo. Consistent with this, the NCgl1429 gene appeared to be essential in the NCgl0186-inactivated mutant. A detailed bioinformatics analysis showed that NCgl1429, NCgl0186, Rv3791 and Rv2073c could constitute, with 52 other proteins belonging to the actinomycetales, a group of closely related short-chain reductases/dehydrogenases (SDRs) with atypical motifs. We propose that the epimerization of DPR to DPA involves three enzymes that catalyse two distinct steps, each being essential for the viability of the bacterial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Meniche
- Université Toulouse III (Université Paul Sabatier) et Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (UMR 5089), Département "Mécanismes Moléculaires des Infections Mycobactériennes", 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse cedex 04, France
| | - Célia de Sousa-d'Auria
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-91405 Orsay, France
- Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, Université Paris-Sud, F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - Bénoit Van-der-Rest
- Université Toulouse III (Université Paul Sabatier) et Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (UMR 5089), Département "Mécanismes Moléculaires des Infections Mycobactériennes", 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse cedex 04, France
| | - Suresh Bhamidi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1682, USA
| | - Emilie Huc
- Université Toulouse III (Université Paul Sabatier) et Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (UMR 5089), Département "Mécanismes Moléculaires des Infections Mycobactériennes", 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse cedex 04, France
| | - Hairong Huang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1682, USA
| | - Diane De Paepe
- Université Toulouse III (Université Paul Sabatier) et Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (UMR 5089), Département "Mécanismes Moléculaires des Infections Mycobactériennes", 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse cedex 04, France
| | - Marielle Tropis
- Université Toulouse III (Université Paul Sabatier) et Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (UMR 5089), Département "Mécanismes Moléculaires des Infections Mycobactériennes", 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse cedex 04, France
| | - Mike McNeil
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1682, USA
| | - Mamadou Daffé
- Université Toulouse III (Université Paul Sabatier) et Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (UMR 5089), Département "Mécanismes Moléculaires des Infections Mycobactériennes", 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse cedex 04, France
| | - Christine Houssin
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-91405 Orsay, France
- Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, Université Paris-Sud, F-91405 Orsay, France
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Letek M, Fiuza M, Ordóñez E, Villadangos AF, Ramos A, Mateos LM, Gil JA. Cell growth and cell division in the rod-shaped actinomycete Corynebacterium glutamicum. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2008; 94:99-109. [PMID: 18283557 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-008-9224-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2007] [Accepted: 01/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial cell growth and cell division are highly complicated and diversified biological processes. In most rod-shaped bacteria, actin-like MreB homologues produce helicoidal structures along the cell that support elongation of the lateral cell wall. An exception to this rule is peptidoglycan synthesis in the rod-shaped actinomycete Corynebacterium glutamicum, which is MreB-independent. Instead, during cell elongation this bacterium synthesizes new cell-wall material at the cell poles whereas the lateral wall remains inert. Thus, the strategy employed by C. glutamicum to acquire a rod-shaped morphology is completely different from that of Escherichia coli or Bacillus subtilis. Cell division in C. glutamicum also differs profoundly by the apparent absence in its genome of homologues of spatial or temporal regulators of cell division, and its cell division apparatus seems to be simpler than those of other bacteria. Here we review recent advances in our knowledge of the C. glutamicum cell cycle in order to further understand this very different model of rod-shape acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Letek
- Departamento de Biología Molecular. Area de Microbiología. Facultad de Biología, Universidad de León, Leon 24071, Spain
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Production of Chryseobacterium proteolyticum protein-glutaminase using the twin-arginine translocation pathway in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 78:67-74. [PMID: 18064454 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-007-1283-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2007] [Revised: 11/07/2007] [Accepted: 11/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The protein glutaminase (PG) secreted by the Gram-negative bacterium Chryseobacterium proteolyticum can deamidate glutaminyl residues in several substrate proteins, including insoluble wheat glutens. This enzyme therefore has potential application in the food industry. We assessed the possibility to produce PG containing a pro-domain in Corynebacterium glutamicum which we have successfully used for production of several kinds of proteins at industrial-scale. When it was targeted to the general protein secretion pathway (Sec) via its own signal sequence, the protein glutaminase was not secreted in this strain. In contrast, we showed that pro-PG could be efficiently produced using the recently discovered twin-arginine translocation (Tat) pathway when the typical Sec-dependent signal peptide was replaced by a Tat-dependent signal sequence from various bacteria. The accumulation of pro-PG in C. glutamicum ATCC13869 reached 183 mg/l, and the pro-PG was converted to an active form as the native one by SAM-P45, a subtilisin-like serine protease derived from Streptomyces albogriseolus. The successful secretion of PG via this approach confirms that the Tat pathway of C. glutamicum is an efficient alternative for the industrial-scale production of proteins that are not efficiently secreted by other systems.
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Schiffler B, Barth E, Daffé M, Benz R. Corynebacterium diphtheriae: identification and characterization of a channel-forming protein in the cell wall. J Bacteriol 2007; 189:7709-19. [PMID: 17720794 PMCID: PMC2168714 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00864-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2007] [Accepted: 08/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell wall fraction of the gram-positive, nontoxic Corynebacterium diphtheriae strain C8r(-) Tox- (=ATCC 11913) contained a channel-forming protein, as judged from reconstitution experiments with artificial lipid bilayer experiments. The channel-forming protein was present in detergent-treated cell walls and in extracts of whole cells obtained using organic solvents. The protein had an apparent molecular mass of about 66 kDa as determined on Tricine-containing sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gels and consisted of subunits having a molecular mass of about 5 kDa. Single-channel experiments with the purified protein suggested that the protein formed channels with a single-channel conductance of 2.25 nS in 1 M KCl. Further single-channel analysis suggested that the cell wall channel is wide and water filled because it has only slight selectivity for cations over anions and its conductance followed the mobility sequence of cations and anions in the aqueous phase. Antibodies raised against PorA, the subunit of the cell wall channel of Corynebacterium glutamicum, detected both monomers and oligomers of the isolated protein, suggesting that there are highly conserved epitopes in the cell wall channels of C. diphtheriae and PorA. Localization of the protein on the cell surface was confirmed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The prospective homology of PorA with the cell wall channel of C. diphtheriae was used to identify the cell wall channel gene, cdporA, in the known genome of C. diphtheriae. The gene and its flanking regions were cloned and sequenced. CdporA is a protein that is 43 amino acids long and does not have a leader sequence. cdporA was expressed in a C. glutamicum strain that lacked the major outer membrane channels PorA and PorH. Organic solvent extracts of the transformed cells formed in lipid bilayer membranes the same channels as the purified CdporA protein of C. diphtheriae formed, suggesting that the expressed protein is able to complement the PorA and PorH deficiency of the C. glutamicum strain. The study is the first report of a cell wall channel in a pathogenic Corynebacterium strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Schiffler
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, Biozentrum der Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
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42
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Tateno T, Fukuda H, Kondo A. Direct production of L-lysine from raw corn starch by Corynebacterium glutamicum secreting Streptococcus bovis alpha-amylase using cspB promoter and signal sequence. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 77:533-41. [PMID: 17891388 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-007-1191-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2007] [Revised: 09/03/2007] [Accepted: 09/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Corynebacterium glutamicum is an important microorganism in the industrial production of amino acids. We engineered a strain of C. glutamicum that secretes alpha-amylase from Streptococcus bovis 148 (AmyA) for the efficient utilization of raw starch. Among the promoters and signal sequences tested, those of cspB from C. glutamicum possessed the highest expression level. The fusion gene was introduced into the homoserine dehydrogenase gene locus on the chromosome by homologous recombination. L-Lysine fermentation was conducted using C. glutamicum secreting AmyA in the growth medium containing 50 g/l of raw corn starch as the sole carbon source at various temperatures in the range 30 to 40 degrees C. Efficient L-lysine production and raw starch degradation were achieved at 34 and 37 degrees C, respectively. The alpha-amylase activity using raw corn starch was more than 2.5 times higher than that using glucose as the sole carbon source during L-lysine fermentation. AmyA expression under the control of cspB promoter was assumed to be induced when raw starch was used as the sole carbon source. These results indicate that efficient simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of raw corn starch to L-lysine were achieved by C. glutamicum secreting AmyA using the cspB promoter and signal sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Tateno
- Department of Molecular Science and Material Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
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Meissner D, Vollstedt A, van Dijl JM, Freudl R. Comparative analysis of twin-arginine (Tat)-dependent protein secretion of a heterologous model protein (GFP) in three different Gram-positive bacteria. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 76:633-42. [PMID: 17453196 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-007-0934-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2007] [Revised: 03/06/2007] [Accepted: 03/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to the general protein secretion (Sec) system, the twin-arginine translocation (Tat) export pathway allows the translocation of proteins across the bacterial plasma membrane in a fully folded conformation. Due to this feature, the Tat pathway provides an attractive alternative to the secretory production of heterologous proteins via the Sec system. In this study, the potential for Tat-dependent heterologous protein secretion was compared in the three Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus carnosus, Bacillus subtilis, and Corynebacterium glutamicum using green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a model protein. In all three microorganisms, fusion of a Tat signal peptide to GFP resulted in its Tat-dependent translocation across the corresponding cytoplasmic membranes. However, striking differences with respect to the final localization and folding status of the exported GFP were observed. In S. carnosus, GFP was trapped entirely in the cell wall and not released into the supernatant. In B. subtilis, GFP was secreted into the supernatant, however, in an inactive form. In contrast, C. glutamicum effectively secreted active GFP. Our results clearly demonstrate that a comparative evaluation of different Gram-positive host microorganisms is a crucial step on the way to an efficient Tat-mediated secretory production process for a desired heterologous target protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Meissner
- Institut für Biotechnologie 1, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
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Chinen A, Kozlov YI, Hara Y, Izui H, Yasueda H. Innovative metabolic pathway design for efficient l-glutamate production by suppressing CO2 emission. J Biosci Bioeng 2007; 103:262-9. [PMID: 17434430 DOI: 10.1263/jbb.103.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2006] [Accepted: 12/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the pathway of L-glutamic acid (L-Glu) biosynthesis in Corynebacterium glutamicum, 1 mol of L-Glu is synthesized from 1 mol of glucose at a cost of 1 mol of carbon dioxide (CO(2)), with a maximum theoretical yield of 81.7% by weight. We have designed an innovative pathway for efficient L-Glu production employing phosphoketolase (PKT) to bypass the CO(2)-releasing pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction, thereby increasing the maximum theoretical yield of L-Glu from glucose to up to 98.0% by weight (120% mol/mol L-Glu produced/glucose consumed). The xfp gene encoding PKT was cloned from Bifidobacterium animalis and overexpressed under the strong cspB promoter in C. glutamicum. A functional enzyme was detected in an L-Glu-producing strain of C. glutamicum (odhA). When cells of this producer strain with the xfp gene and those without the xfp gene were cultivated in a controlled fermentation system, the L-Glu production yield of the strain expressing the xfp gene was much higher than that of the original strain, coupled with the suppression of CO(2) emission. Consequently, we could successfully enhance L-glutamate production by installing the PKT pathway of B. animalis into C. glutamicuml-Glu metabolism, and this novel metabolic design will be able to increase L-Glu production yield beyond the maximum theoretical yield obtained from the conventional metabolic pathway of biosynthesis from glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akito Chinen
- Fermentation and Biotechnology Laboratories, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-8681, Japan
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Hansmeier N, Albersmeier A, Tauch A, Damberg T, Ros R, Anselmetti D, Pühler A, Kalinowski J. The surface (S)-layer gene cspB of Corynebacterium glutamicum is transcriptionally activated by a LuxR-type regulator and located on a 6 kb genomic island absent from the type strain ATCC 13032. Microbiology (Reading) 2006; 152:923-935. [PMID: 16549657 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.28673-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The surface (S)-layer gene region of the Gram-positive bacterium Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 14067 was identified on fosmid clones, sequenced and compared with the genome sequence of C. glutamicum ATCC 13032, whose cell surface is devoid of an ordered S-layer lattice. A 5·97 kb DNA region that is absent from the C. glutamicum ATCC 13032 chromosome was identified. This region includes cspB, the structural gene encoding the S-layer protomer PS2, and six additional coding sequences. PCR experiments demonstrated that the respective DNA region is conserved in different C. glutamicum wild-type strains capable of S-layer formation. The DNA region is flanked by a 7 bp direct repeat, suggesting that illegitimate recombination might be responsible for gene loss in C. glutamicum ATCC 13032. Transfer of the cloned cspB gene restored the PS2− phenotype of C. glutamicum ATCC 13032, as confirmed by visualization of the PS2 proteins by SDS-PAGE and imaging of ordered hexagonal S-layer lattices on living C. glutamicum cells by atomic force microscopy. Furthermore, the promoter of the cspB gene was mapped by 5′ rapid amplification of cDNA ends PCR and the corresponding DNA fragment was used in DNA affinity purification assays. A 30 kDa protein specifically binding to the promoter region of the cspB gene was purified. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and peptide mass fingerprinting of the purified protein led to the identification of the putative transcriptional regulator Cg2831, belonging to the LuxR regulatory protein family. Disruption of the cg2831 gene in C. glutamicum resulted in an almost complete loss of PS2 synthesis. These results suggested that Cg2831 is a transcriptional activator of cspB gene expression in C. glutamicum.
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MESH Headings
- Bacterial Proteins/biosynthesis
- Bacterial Proteins/genetics
- Corynebacterium glutamicum/genetics
- Corynebacterium glutamicum/metabolism
- DNA, Bacterial/chemistry
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/isolation & purification
- DNA-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
- Gene Library
- Genomic Islands
- Mass Spectrometry
- Microscopy, Atomic Force
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Open Reading Frames
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Proteome/analysis
- Recombination, Genetic
- Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid
- Repressor Proteins/genetics
- Repressor Proteins/isolation & purification
- Repressor Proteins/physiology
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology
- Synteny
- Terminal Repeat Sequences
- Trans-Activators/genetics
- Trans-Activators/isolation & purification
- Trans-Activators/physiology
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Hansmeier
- Institut für Genomforschung, Centrum für Biotechnologie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
- Lehrstuhl für Genetik, Fakultät für Biologie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Andreas Albersmeier
- Institut für Genomforschung, Centrum für Biotechnologie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
- Lehrstuhl für Genetik, Fakultät für Biologie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Andreas Tauch
- Institut für Genomforschung, Centrum für Biotechnologie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Thomas Damberg
- Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle Biophysik und Angewandte Nanowissenschaften, Fakultät für Physik, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Robert Ros
- Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle Biophysik und Angewandte Nanowissenschaften, Fakultät für Physik, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Dario Anselmetti
- Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle Biophysik und Angewandte Nanowissenschaften, Fakultät für Physik, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Alfred Pühler
- Lehrstuhl für Genetik, Fakultät für Biologie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jörn Kalinowski
- Institut für Genomforschung, Centrum für Biotechnologie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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Gonçalves RP, Scheuring S. Manipulating and imaging individual membrane proteins by AFM. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.2350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Hansmeier N, Bartels FW, Ros R, Anselmetti D, Tauch A, Pühler A, Kalinowski J. Classification of hyper-variable Corynebacterium glutamicum surface-layer proteins by sequence analyses and atomic force microscopy. J Biotechnol 2005; 112:177-93. [PMID: 15288952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2004.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2003] [Revised: 02/19/2004] [Accepted: 03/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The structural S-layer proteins of 28 different Corynebacterium glutamicum isolates have been analyzed systematically. Treatment of whole C. glutamicum cells with detergents resulted in the isolation of S-layer proteins with different apparent molecular masses, ranging in size from 55 to 66 kDa. The S-layer genes analyzed were characterized by coding regions ranging from 1,473 to 1,533 nucleotides coding for S-layer proteins with a size of 490-510 amino acids. Using PCR techniques, the corresponding S-layer genes of the 28 C. glutamicum isolates were all cloned and sequenced. The deduced amino acid sequences of the S-layer proteins showed identities between 69 and 98% and could be grouped into five phylogenetic classes. Furthermore, sequence analyses indicated that the S-layer proteins of the analyzed C. glutamicum isolates exhibit a mosaic structure of highly conserved and highly variable regions. Several conserved regions were assumed to play a key role in the formation of the C. glutamicum S-layers. Especially the N-terminal signal peptides and the C-terminal anchor sequences of the S-layer proteins showed a nearly perfect amino acid sequence conservation. Analyses by atomic force microscopy revealed a committed hexagonal structure. Morphological diversity of the C. glutamicum S-layers was observed in a class-specific unit cell dimension (ranging from 15.2 to 17.4 nm), which correlates with the sequence similarity-based classification. It could be demonstrated that differences in the primary structure of the S-layer proteins were reflected by the S-layer morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Hansmeier
- Lehrstuhl für Genetik, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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Portevin D, de Sousa-D'Auria C, Montrozier H, Houssin C, Stella A, Lanéelle MA, Bardou F, Guilhot C, Daffé M. The acyl-AMP ligase FadD32 and AccD4-containing acyl-CoA carboxylase are required for the synthesis of mycolic acids and essential for mycobacterial growth: identification of the carboxylation product and determination of the acyl-CoA carboxylase components. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:8862-74. [PMID: 15632194 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m408578200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycolic acids are major and specific long-chain fatty acids of the cell envelope of several important human pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. leprae, and Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Their biosynthesis is essential for mycobacterial growth and represents an attractive target for developing new antituberculous drugs. We have previously shown that the pks13 gene encodes condensase, the enzyme that performs the final condensation step of mycolic acid biosynthesis and is flanked by two genes, fadD32 and accD4. To determine the functions of the gene products we generated two mutants of C. glutamicum with an insertion/deletion within either fadD32 or accD4. The two mutant strains were deficient in mycolic acid production and exhibited the colony morphology that typifies the mycolate-less mutants of corynebacteria. Application of multiple analytical approaches to the analysis of the mutants demonstrated the accumulation of a tetradecylmalonic acid in the DeltafadD32::km mutant and its absence from the DeltaaccD4::km strain. The parental corynebacterial phenotype was restored upon the transfer of the wild-type fadD32 and accD4 genes in the mutants. These data demonstrated that both FadD32 and AccD4-containing acyl-CoA carboxylase are required for the production of mycolic acids. They also prove that the proteins catalyze, respectively, the activation of one fatty acid substrate and the carboxylation of the other substrate, solving the long-debated question of the mechanism involved in the condensation reaction. We used comparative genomics and applied a combination of molecular biology and proteomic technologies to the analysis of proteins that co-immunoprecipitated with AccD4. This resulted in the identification of AccA3 and AccD5 as subunits of the acyl-CoA carboxylase. Finally, we used conditionally replicative plasmids to show that both the fadD32 and accD4 genes are essential for the survival of M. smegmatis. Thus, in addition to Pks13, FadD32 and AccD4 are promising targets for the development of new antimicrobial drugs against pathogenic species of mycobacteria and related microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Portevin
- Département Mécanismes Moléculaires des Infections Mycobactériennes, Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, CNRS and Université Paul Sabatier (Unité Mixte de Recherche 5089), 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex, France
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Date M, Yokoyama KI, Umezawa Y, Matsui H, Kikuchi Y. High level expression of Streptomyces mobaraensis transglutaminase in Corynebacterium glutamicum using a chimeric pro-region from Streptomyces cinnamoneus transglutaminase. J Biotechnol 2004; 110:219-26. [PMID: 15163512 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2004.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2003] [Revised: 01/16/2004] [Accepted: 02/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We previously observed secretion of native-type Streptomyces mobaraensis transglutaminase (MTGase) in Corynebacterium glutamicum by co-expressing the subtilisin-like protease SAM-P45 from S. albogriseolus which processes the pro-region. In the present study, we have used a chimeric pro-region consisting of S. mobaraensis and Streptomyces cinnamoneus transglutaminases for the production of MTGase in C. glutamicum. As a result, secretion of MTGase using the chimeric pro-region is increased compared to that using the native pro-region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayo Date
- Institute of Life Sciences, Ajinomoto Co. Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-8681, Japan
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50
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Dover LG, Cerdeño-Tárraga AM, Pallen MJ, Parkhill J, Besra GS. Comparative cell wall core biosynthesis in the mycolated pathogens, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Corynebacterium diphtheriae. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2004; 28:225-50. [PMID: 15109786 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsre.2003.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2003] [Revised: 09/23/2003] [Accepted: 10/04/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent determination of the complete genome sequence of Corynebacterium diphtheriae, the aetiological agent of diphtheria, has allowed a detailed comparison of its physiology with that of its closest sequenced pathogenic relative Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Of major importance to the pathogenicity and resilience of the latter is its particularly complex cell envelope. The corynebacteria share many of the features of this extraordinary structure although to a lesser level of complexity. The cell envelope of M. tuberculosis has provided the molecular targets for several of the major anti-tubercular drugs. Given a backdrop of emerging multi-drug resistant strains of the organism (MDR-TB) and its continuing global threat to human health, the search for novel anti-tubercular agents is of paramount importance. The unique structure of this cell wall and the importance of its integrity to the viability of the organism suggest that the search for novel drug targets within the array of enzymes responsible for its construction may prove fruitful. Although the application of modern bioinformatics techniques to the 'mining' of the M. tuberculosis genome has already increased our knowledge of the biosynthesis and assembly of the mycobacterial cell wall, several issues remain uncertain. Further analysis by comparison with its relatives may bring clarity and aid the early identification of novel cellular targets for new anti-tuberculosis drugs. In order to facilitate this aim, this review intends to illustrate the broad similarities and highlight the structural differences between the two bacterial envelopes and discuss the genetics of their biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn G Dover
- School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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