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Rajakumar T, Hossain MA, Stopka SA, Micoogullari Y, Ang J, Agar NYR, Hanna J. Dysregulation of ceramide metabolism causes phytoceramide-dependent induction of the unfolded protein response. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:ar117. [PMID: 39024283 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e24-03-0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) detects and mitigates the harmful effects of dysregulated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) function. The UPR has been best characterized as a protein quality control response, and the sole UPR sensor in yeast, Ire1, is known to detect misfolded ER proteins. However, recent work suggests the UPR can also sense diverse defects within the ER membrane, including increased fatty acid saturation and altered phospholipid abundance. These and other lipid-related stimuli have been referred to as lipid bilayer stress and may be sensed independently through Ire1's transmembrane domain. Here, we show that the loss of Isc1, a phospholipase that catabolizes complex ceramides, causes UPR induction, even in the absence of exogenous stress. A series of chemical and genetic approaches identified a requirement for very long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA)-containing phytoceramides for UPR induction. In parallel, comprehensive lipidomics analyses identified large increases in the abundance of specific VLCFA-containing phytoceramides in the isc1Δ mutant. We failed to identify evidence of an accompanying defect in protein quality control or ER-associated protein degradation. These results extend our understanding of lipid bilayer stress in the UPR and provide a foundation for mechanistic investigation of this fascinating intersection between ceramide metabolism, membrane homeostasis, and the UPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamayanthi Rajakumar
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Md Amin Hossain
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Sylwia A Stopka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Yagmur Micoogullari
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Jessie Ang
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Nathalie Y R Agar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - John Hanna
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
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2
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Schlarmann P, Hanaoka K, Ikeda A, Muñiz M, Funato K. Ceramide sorting into non-vesicular transport is independent of acyl chain length in budding yeast. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 715:149980. [PMID: 38678780 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The transport of ceramide from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi is a key step in the synthesis of complex sphingolipids, the main building blocks of the plasma membrane. In yeast, ceramide is transported to the Golgi either through ATP-dependent COPII vesicles of the secretory pathway or by ATP-independent non-vesicular transport that involves tethering proteins at ER-Golgi membrane contact sites. Studies in both mammalian and yeast cells reported that vesicular transport mainly carries ceramide containing very long chain fatty acids, while the main mammalian non-vesicular ceramide transport protein CERT only transports ceramides containing short chain fatty acids. However, if non-vesicular ceramide transport in yeast similarly favors short chain ceramides remained unanswered. Here we employed a yeast GhLag1 strain in which the endogenous ceramide synthase is replaced by the cotton-derived GhLag1 gene, resulting in the production of short chain C18 rather than C26 ceramides. We show that block of vesicular transport through ATP-depletion or the use of temperature-sensitive sec mutants caused a reduction in inositolphosphorylceramide (IPC) synthesis to similar extent in WT and GhLag1 backgrounds. Since the remaining IPC synthesis is a readout for non-vesicular ceramide transport, our results indicate that non-vesicular ceramide transport is neither blocked nor facilitated when only short chain ceramides are present. Therefore, we propose that the sorting of ceramide into non-vesicular transport is independent of acyl chain length in budding yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Schlarmann
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazuki Hanaoka
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Atsuko Ikeda
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Manuel Muñiz
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain; Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Kouichi Funato
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan.
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3
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Sasaki S, Schlarmann P, Hanaoka K, Nishii H, Moriya H, Muñiz M, Funato K. Protein sorting upon exit from the endoplasmic reticulum dominates Golgi biogenesis in budding yeast. FEBS Lett 2024; 598:548-555. [PMID: 38395606 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Cells sense and control the number and quality of their organelles, but the underlying mechanisms of this regulation are not understood. Our recent research in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has shown that long acyl chain ceramides in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane and the lipid moiety of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor determine the sorting of GPI-anchored proteins in the ER. Here, we show that a mutant strain, which produces shorter ceramides than the wild-type strain, displays a different count of Golgi cisternae. Moreover, deletions of proteins that remodel the lipid portion of GPI anchors resulted in an abnormal number of Golgi cisternae. Thus, our study reveals that protein sorting in the ER plays a critical role in maintaining Golgi biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saku Sasaki
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Philipp Schlarmann
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazuki Hanaoka
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hinako Nishii
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hisao Moriya
- Faculty of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Japan
| | - Manuel Muñiz
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - Kouichi Funato
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
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4
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Kono Y, Ishibashi Y, Fukuda S, Higuchi T, Tani M. Simultaneous structural replacement of the sphingoid long-chain base and sterol in budding yeast. FEBS J 2023; 290:5605-5627. [PMID: 37690108 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The basic structures of membrane lipids that compose biomembranes differ among species; i.e., in mammals, the primary structure of long-chain base (LCB), the common backbone of ceramides and complex sphingolipids, is sphingosine, whereas, in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, it is phytosphingosine, and S. cerevisiae does not have sphingosine. In addition, the sterol, which is coordinately involved in various functions with complex sphingolipids, is cholesterol in mammals, while in yeast it is ergosterol. Previously, it was found that yeast cells are viable when the structure of LCBs is replaced by sphingosine by supplying an exogenous LCB to cells lacking LCB biosynthesis. Here, we characterized yeast cells having sphingosine instead of phytosphingosine (sphingosine cells). Sphingosine cells exhibited a strong growth defect when biosynthesis of ceramides or complex sphingolipids was inhibited, indicating that, in the sphingosine cells, exogenously added sphingosine is required to be further metabolized. The sphingosine cells exhibited hypersensitivity to various environmental stresses and had abnormal plasma membrane and cell wall properties. Furthermore, we also established a method for simultaneous replacement of both LCB and sterol structures with those of mammals (sphingosine/cholesterol cells). The multiple stress hypersensitivity and abnormal plasma membrane and cell wall properties observed in sphingosine cells were also observed in sphingosine/cholesterol cells, suggesting that simultaneous replacement of both LCB and sterol structures with those of mammals cannot prevent these abnormal phenotypes. This is the first study to our knowledge showing that S. cerevisiae can grow even if LCB and sterol structures are simultaneously replaced with mammalian types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushi Kono
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yohei Ishibashi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shizuka Fukuda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Higuchi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Motohiro Tani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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5
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Fukuda S, Kono Y, Ishibashi Y, Tabuchi M, Tani M. Impaired biosynthesis of ergosterol confers resistance to complex sphingolipid biosynthesis inhibitor aureobasidin A in a PDR16-dependent manner. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11179. [PMID: 37429938 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38237-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Complex sphingolipids and sterols are coordinately involved in various cellular functions, e.g. the formation of lipid microdomains. Here we found that budding yeast exhibits resistance to an antifungal drug, aureobasidin A (AbA), an inhibitor of Aur1 catalyzing the synthesis of inositolphosphorylceramide, under impaired biosynthesis of ergosterol, which includes deletion of ERG6, ERG2, or ERG5 involved in the final stages of the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway or miconazole; however, these defects of ergosterol biosynthesis did not confer resistance against repression of expression of AUR1 by a tetracycline-regulatable promoter. The deletion of ERG6, which confers strong resistance to AbA, results in suppression of a reduction in complex sphingolipids and accumulation of ceramides on AbA treatment, indicating that the deletion reduces the effectiveness of AbA against in vivo Aur1 activity. Previously, we reported that a similar effect to AbA sensitivity was observed when PDR16 or PDR17 was overexpressed. It was found that the effect of the impaired biosynthesis of ergosterol on the AbA sensitivity is completely abolished on deletion of PDR16. In addition, an increase in the expression level of Pdr16 was observed on the deletion of ERG6. These results suggested that abnormal ergosterol biosynthesis confers resistance to AbA in a PDR16-dependent manner, implying a novel functional relationship between complex sphingolipids and ergosterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizuka Fukuda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, 744, Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yushi Kono
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, 744, Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yohei Ishibashi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 744, Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Tabuchi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kagawa, 761-0795, Japan
| | - Motohiro Tani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, 744, Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
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6
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Hwang J, Peterson BG, Knupp J, Baldridge RD. The ERAD system is restricted by elevated ceramides. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd8579. [PMID: 36638172 PMCID: PMC9839339 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add8579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are removed through a process known as ER-associated degradation (ERAD). ERAD occurs through an integral membrane protein quality control system that recognizes substrates, retrotranslocates the substrates across the membrane, and ubiquitinates and extracts the substrates from the membrane for degradation at the cytosolic proteasome. While ERAD systems are known to regulate lipid biosynthetic enzymes, the regulation of ERAD systems by the lipid composition of cellular membranes remains unexplored. Here, we report that the ER membrane composition influences ERAD function by incapacitating substrate extraction. Unbiased lipidomic profiling revealed that elevation of specific very-long-chain ceramides leads to a marked increase in the level of ubiquitinated substrates in the ER membrane and concomitantly reduces extracted substrates in the cytoplasm. This work reveals a previously unrecognized mechanism in which ER membrane lipid remodeling changes the activity of ERAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Hwang
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 W Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Brian G. Peterson
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 W Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jeffrey Knupp
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ryan D. Baldridge
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 W Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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7
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Shahi G, Kumar M, Khandelwal NK, Banerjee A, Sarkar P, Kumari S, Esquivel BD, Chauhan N, Chattopadhyay A, White TC, Gaur NA, Singh A, Prasad R. Inositol Phosphoryl Transferase, Ipt1, Is a Critical Determinant of Azole Resistance and Virulence Phenotypes in Candida glabrata. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8070651. [PMID: 35887407 PMCID: PMC9322651 DOI: 10.3390/jof8070651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we have specifically blocked a key step of sphingolipid (SL) biosynthesis in Candida glabrata by disruption of the orthologs of ScIpt1 and ScSkn1. Based on their close homology with S. cerevisiae counterparts, the proteins are predicted to catalyze the addition of a phosphorylinositol group onto mannosyl inositolphosphoryl ceramide (MIPC) to form mannosyl diinositolphosphoryl ceramide (M(IP)2C), which accounts for the majority of complex SL structures in S. cerevisiae membranes. High throughput lipidome analysis confirmed the accumulation of MIPC structures in ΔCgipt1 and ΔCgskn1 cells, albeit to lesser extent in the latter. Noticeably, ΔCgipt1 cells showed an increased susceptibility to azoles; however, ΔCgskn1 cells showed no significant changes in the drug susceptibility profiles. Interestingly, the azole susceptible phenotype of ΔCgipt1 cells seems to be independent of the ergosterol content. ΔCgipt1 cells displayed altered lipid homeostasis, increased membrane fluidity as well as high diffusion of radiolabeled fluconazole (3H-FLC), which could together influence the azole susceptibility of C. glabrata. Furthermore, in vivo experiments also confirmed compromised virulence of the ΔCgipt1 strain. Contrarily, specific functions of CgSkn1 remain unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Shahi
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology and Integrative Science and Health, Amity University Gurgaon, Gurgaon 122412, India; (G.S.); (M.K.); (A.B.)
| | - Mohit Kumar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology and Integrative Science and Health, Amity University Gurgaon, Gurgaon 122412, India; (G.S.); (M.K.); (A.B.)
- Yeast Biofuel Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India; (S.K.); (N.A.G.)
| | | | - Atanu Banerjee
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology and Integrative Science and Health, Amity University Gurgaon, Gurgaon 122412, India; (G.S.); (M.K.); (A.B.)
| | - Parijat Sarkar
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India; (P.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Sonam Kumari
- Yeast Biofuel Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India; (S.K.); (N.A.G.)
| | - Brooke D. Esquivel
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Missouri at Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA; (B.D.E.); (T.C.W.)
| | - Neeraj Chauhan
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA;
| | - Amitabha Chattopadhyay
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India; (P.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Theodore C. White
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Missouri at Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA; (B.D.E.); (T.C.W.)
| | - Naseem A. Gaur
- Yeast Biofuel Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India; (S.K.); (N.A.G.)
| | - Ashutosh Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226007, India
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (R.P.)
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology and Integrative Science and Health, Amity University Gurgaon, Gurgaon 122412, India; (G.S.); (M.K.); (A.B.)
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (R.P.)
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8
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The Ceramide Synthase Subunit Lac1 Regulates Cell Growth and Size in Fission Yeast. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010303. [PMID: 35008733 PMCID: PMC8745161 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell division produces two viable cells of a defined size. Thus, all cells require mechanisms to measure growth and trigger cell division when sufficient growth has occurred. Previous data suggest a model in which growth rate and cell size are mechanistically linked by ceramide-dependent signals in budding yeast. However, the conservation of mechanisms that govern growth control is poorly understood. In fission yeast, ceramide synthase is encoded by two genes, Lac1 and Lag1. Here, we characterize them by using a combination of genetics, microscopy, and lipid analysis. We showed that Lac1 and Lag1 co-immunoprecipitate and co-localize at the endoplasmic reticulum. However, each protein generates different species of ceramides and complex sphingolipids. We further discovered that Lac1, but not Lag1, is specifically required for proper control of cell growth and size in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. We propose that specific ceramide and sphingolipid species produced by Lac1 are required for normal control of cell growth and size in fission yeast.
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9
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Abstract
Lipid and protein diversity provides structural and functional identity to the membrane compartments that define the eukaryotic cell. This compositional heterogeneity is maintained by the secretory pathway, which feeds newly synthesized proteins and lipids to the endomembrane systems. The precise sorting of lipids and proteins through the pathway guarantees the achievement of their correct delivery. Although proteins have been shown to be key for sorting mechanisms, whether and how lipids contribute to this process is still an open discussion. Our laboratory, in collaboration with other groups, has recently addressed the long-postulated role of membrane lipids in protein sorting in the secretory pathway, by investigating in yeast how a special class of lipid-linked cell surface proteins are differentially exported from the endoplasmic reticulum. Here we comment on this interdisciplinary study that highlights the role of lipid diversity and the importance of protein-lipid interactions in sorting processes at the cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuel Muñiz
- Dept. Cell Biology, University of Seville, Seville, 41012 Spain;,
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10
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Schlarmann P, Ikeda A, Funato K. Membrane Contact Sites in Yeast: Control Hubs of Sphingolipid Homeostasis. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:971. [PMID: 34940472 PMCID: PMC8707754 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11120971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Sphingolipids are the most diverse class of membrane lipids, in terms of their structure and function. Structurally simple sphingolipid precursors, such as ceramides, act as intracellular signaling molecules in various processes, including apoptosis, whereas mature and complex forms of sphingolipids are important structural components of the plasma membrane. Supplying complex sphingolipids to the plasma membrane, according to need, while keeping pro-apoptotic ceramides in check is an intricate task for the cell and requires mechanisms that tightly control sphingolipid synthesis, breakdown, and storage. As each of these processes takes place in different organelles, recent studies, using the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, have investigated the role of membrane contact sites as hubs that integrate inter-organellar sphingolipid transport and regulation. In this review, we provide a detailed overview of the findings of these studies and put them into the context of established regulatory mechanisms of sphingolipid homeostasis. We have focused on the role of membrane contact sites in sphingolipid metabolism and ceramide transport, as well as the mechanisms that prevent toxic ceramide accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kouichi Funato
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama 1-4-4, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan; (P.S.); (A.I.)
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11
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Robinson BP, Hawbaker S, Chiang A, Jordahl EM, Anaokar S, Nikiforov A, Bowman RW, Ziegler P, McAtee CK, Patton-Vogt J, O'Donnell AF. Alpha-arrestins Aly1/Art6 and Aly2/Art3 regulate trafficking of the glycerophosphoinositol transporter Git1 and impact phospholipid homeostasis. Biol Cell 2021; 114:3-31. [PMID: 34562280 DOI: 10.1111/boc.202100007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION Phosphatidylinositol (PI) is an essential phospholipid, critical to membrane bilayers. The complete deacylation of PI by B-type phospholipases produces intracellular and extracellular glycerophosphoinositol (GPI). Extracellular GPI is transported into the cell via Git1, a member of the Major Facilitator Superfamily of transporters at the yeast plasma membrane. Internalized GPI is degraded to produce inositol, phosphate and glycerol, thereby contributing to these pools. GIT1 gene expression is controlled by nutrient balance, with phosphate or inositol starvation increasing GIT1 expression to stimulate GPI uptake. However, less is known about control of Git1 protein levels or localization. RESULTS We find that the α-arrestins, an important class of protein trafficking adaptor, regulate Git1 localization and this is dependent upon their interaction with the ubiquitin ligase Rsp5. Specifically, α-arrestin Aly2 stimulates Git1 trafficking to the vacuole under basal conditions, but in response to GPI-treatment, either Aly1 or Aly2 promote Git1 vacuole trafficking. Cell surface retention of Git1, as occurs in aly1∆ aly2∆ cells, is linked to impaired growth in the presence of exogenous GPI and results in increased uptake of radiolabeled GPI, suggesting that accumulation of GPI somehow causes cellular toxicity. Regulation of α-arrestin Aly1 by the protein phosphatase calcineurin improves steady-state and substrate-induced trafficking of Git1, however, calcineurin plays a larger role in Git1 trafficking beyond regulation of α-arrestins. Interestingly, loss of Aly1 and Aly2 increased phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate on the limiting membrane of the vacuole, and this was further exacerbated by GPI addition, suggesting that the effect is partially linked to Git1. Loss of Aly1 and Aly2 leads to increased incorporation of inositol label from [3 H]-inositol-labelled GPI into PI, confirming that internalized GPI influences PI balance and indicating a role for the a-arrestins in this regulation. CONCLUSIONS The α-arrestins Aly1 and Aly2 are novel regulators of Git1 trafficking with previously unanticipated roles in controlling phospholipid distribution and balance. SIGNIFICANCE To our knowledge, this is the first example of α-arrestin regulation of phosphatidyliniositol-3-phosphate levels. In future studies it will be exciting to determine if other α-arrestins similarly alter PI and PIPs to change the cellular landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P Robinson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sarah Hawbaker
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Annette Chiang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Eric M Jordahl
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sanket Anaokar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alexiy Nikiforov
- Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ray W Bowman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Philip Ziegler
- Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ceara K McAtee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jana Patton-Vogt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Allyson F O'Donnell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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12
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Matos GS, Madeira JB, Fernandes CM, Dasilva D, Masuda CA, Del Poeta M, Montero-Lomelí M. Regulation of sphingolipid synthesis by the G1/S transcription factor Swi4. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:158983. [PMID: 34062255 PMCID: PMC8512607 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.158983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
SBF (Swi4/Swi6 Binding Factor) complex is a crucial regulator of G1/S transition in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Here, we show that SBF complex is required for myriocin resistance, an inhibitor of sphingolipid synthesis. This phenotype was not shared with MBF complex mutants nor with deletion of the Swi4p downstream targets, CLN1/CLN2. Based on data mining results, we selected putative Swi4p targets related to sphingolipid metabolism and studied their gene transcription as well as metabolite levels during progression of the cell cycle. Genes which encode key enzymes for the synthesis of long chain bases (LCBs) and ceramides were periodically transcribed during the mitotic cell cycle, having a peak at G1/S, and required SWI4 for full transcription at this stage. In addition, HPLC-MS/MS data indicated that swi4Δ cells have decreased levels of sphingolipids during progression of the cell cycle, particularly, dihydrosphingosine (DHS), C24-phytoceramides and C24-inositolphosphoryl ceramide (IPC) while it had increased levels of mannosylinositol phosphorylceramide (MIPC). Furthermore, we demonstrated that both inhibition of de novo sphingolipid synthesis by myriocin or SWI4 deletion caused partial arrest at the G2/M phase. Importantly, our lipidomic data demonstrated that the sphingolipid profile of WT cells treated with myriocin resembled that of swi4Δ cells, with lower levels of DHS, IPC and higher levels of MIPC. Taken together, these results show that SBF complex plays an essential role in the regulation of sphingolipid homeostasis, which reflects in the correct progression through the G2/M phase of the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel S Matos
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana B Madeira
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Deveney Dasilva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Claudio A Masuda
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maurizio Del Poeta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA; Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA; Veteran Administration Medical Center, Northport, NY, USA; MicroRid Technologies Inc., Dix Hills, NY, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY, USA
| | - Monica Montero-Lomelí
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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13
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Metabolic Depletion of Sphingolipids Does Not Alter Cell Cycle Progression in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells. J Membr Biol 2021; 255:1-12. [PMID: 34392379 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-021-00198-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The cell cycle is a sequential multi-step process essential for growth and proliferation of cells comprising multicellular organisms. Although a number of proteins are known to modulate the cell cycle, the role of lipids in regulation of cell cycle is still emerging. In our previous work, we monitored the role of cholesterol in cell cycle progression in CHO-K1 cells. Since sphingolipids enjoy a functionally synergistic relationship with membrane cholesterol, in this work, we explored whether sphingolipids could modulate the eukaryotic cell cycle using CHO-K1 cells. Sphingolipids are essential components of eukaryotic cell membranes and are involved in a number of important cellular functions. To comprehensively monitor the role of sphingolipids on cell cycle progression, we carried out metabolic depletion of sphingolipids in CHO-K1 cells using inhibitors (fumonisin B1, myriocin, and PDMP) that block specific steps of the sphingolipid biosynthetic pathway and examined their effect on individual cell cycle phases. Our results show that metabolic inhibitors led to significant reduction in specific sphingolipids, yet such inhibition in sphingolipid biosynthesis did not show any effect on cell cycle progression in CHO-K1 cells. We speculate that any role of sphingolipids on cell cycle progression could be context and cell-type dependent, and cancer cells could be a better choice for monitoring such regulation, since sphingolipids are differentially modulated in these cells.
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14
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Determination of the lipid composition of the GPI anchor. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256184. [PMID: 34388214 PMCID: PMC8362999 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, a subset of cell surface proteins is attached by the glycolipid glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) to the external leaflet of the plasma membrane where they play important roles as enzymes, receptors, or adhesion molecules. Here we present a protocol for purification and mass spectrometry analysis of the lipid moiety of individual GPI-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) in yeast. The method involves the expression of a specific GPI-AP tagged with GFP, solubilization, immunoprecipitation, separation by electrophoresis, blotting onto PVDF, release and extraction of the GPI-lipid moiety and analysis by mass spectrometry. By using this protocol, we could determine the precise GPI-lipid structure of the GPI-AP Gas1-GFP in a modified yeast strain. This protocol can be used to identify the lipid composition of the GPI anchor of distinct GPI-APs from yeast to mammals and can be adapted to determine other types of protein lipidation.
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15
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Choi JY, Hwang HJ, Cho WY, Choi JI, Lee PC. Differences in the Fatty Acid Profile, Morphology, and Tetraacetylphytosphingosine-Forming Capability Between Wild-Type and Mutant Wickerhamomyces ciferrii. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:662979. [PMID: 34178960 PMCID: PMC8220092 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.662979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One tetraacetylphytosphingosine (TAPS)-producing Wickerhamomyces ciferrii mutant was obtained by exposing wild-type W. ciferrii to γ-ray irradiation. The mutant named 736 produced up to 9.1 g/L of TAPS (218.7 mg-TAPS/g-DCW) during batch fermentation in comparison with 1.7 g/L of TAPS (52.2 mg-TAPS/g-DCW) for the wild type. The highest production, 17.7 g/L of TAPS (259.6 mg-TAPS/g-DCW), was obtained during fed-batch fermentation by mutant 736. Fatty acid (FA) analysis revealed an altered cellular FA profile of mutant 736: decrease in C16:0 and C16:1 FA levels, and increase in C18:1 and C18:2 FA levels. Although a significant change in the cellular FA profile was observed, scanning electron micrographs showed that morphology of wild-type and mutant 736 cells was similar. Genetic alteration analysis of eight TAPS biosynthesis-related genes revealed that there are no mutations in these genes in mutant 736; however, mRNA expression analysis indicated 30% higher mRNA expression of TCS10 among the eight genes in mutant 736 than that in the wild-type. Collectively, these results imply that the enhancement of TAPS biosynthesis in mutant 736 may be a consequence of system-level genetic and physiological alterations of a complicated metabolic network. Reverse metabolic engineering based on system-level omics analysis of mutant 736 can make the mutant more suitable for commercial production of TAPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Young Choi
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea.,Department of Applied Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Hee Jin Hwang
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea.,Department of Applied Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Woo Yeon Cho
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea.,Department of Applied Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jong-Il Choi
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Pyung Cheon Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea.,Department of Applied Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
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16
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Hannich JT, Loizides‐Mangold U, Sinturel F, Harayama T, Vandereycken B, Saini C, Gosselin P, Brulhart‐Meynet M, Robert M, Chanon S, Durand C, Paz Montoya J, David FPA, Guessous I, Pataky Z, Golay A, Jornayvaz FR, Philippe J, Dermitzakis ET, Brown SA, Lefai E, Riezman H, Dibner C. Ether lipids, sphingolipids and toxic 1-deoxyceramides as hallmarks for lean and obese type 2 diabetic patients. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 232:e13610. [PMID: 33351229 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIM The worldwide increase in obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) represents a major health challenge. Chronically altered lipids induced by obesity further promote the development of T2D, and the accumulation of toxic lipid metabolites in serum and peripheral organs may contribute to the diabetic phenotype. METHODS To better understand the complex metabolic pattern of lean and obese T2D and non-T2D individuals, we analysed the lipid profile of human serum, skeletal muscle and visceral adipose tissue of two cohorts by systematic mass spectrometry-based lipid analysis. RESULTS Lipid homeostasis was strongly altered in a disease- and tissue-specific manner, allowing us to define T2D signatures associated with obesity from those that were obesity independent. Lipid changes encompassed lyso-, diacyl- and ether-phospholipids. Moreover, strong changes in sphingolipids included cytotoxic 1-deoxyceramide accumulation in a disease-specific manner in serum and visceral adipose tissue. The high amounts of non-canonical 1-deoxyceramide present in human adipose tissue most likely come from cell-autonomous synthesis because 1-deoxyceramide production increased upon differentiation to adipocytes in mouse cell culture experiments. CONCLUSION Taken together, the observed lipidome changes in obesity and T2D will facilitate the identification of T2D patient subgroups and represent an important step towards personalized medicine in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Thomas Hannich
- Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Science NCCR Chemical Biology University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
| | - Ursula Loizides‐Mangold
- Division of Endocrinology Diabetes, Nutrition and Patient Education Department of Medicine University Hospital of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism Faculty of Medicine University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
- Diabetes Center Faculty of Medicine University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
- Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3) University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
| | - Flore Sinturel
- Division of Endocrinology Diabetes, Nutrition and Patient Education Department of Medicine University Hospital of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism Faculty of Medicine University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
- Diabetes Center Faculty of Medicine University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
- Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3) University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
| | - Takeshi Harayama
- Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Science NCCR Chemical Biology University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
| | | | - Camille Saini
- Department and Division of Primary Care Medicine University Hospital of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
| | - Pauline Gosselin
- Division of Endocrinology Diabetes, Nutrition and Patient Education Department of Medicine University Hospital of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism Faculty of Medicine University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
- Diabetes Center Faculty of Medicine University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
- Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3) University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
- Department and Division of Primary Care Medicine University Hospital of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
| | - Marie‐Claude Brulhart‐Meynet
- Division of Endocrinology Diabetes, Nutrition and Patient Education Department of Medicine University Hospital of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
| | - Maud Robert
- Department of Digestive and Bariatric Surgery Edouard Herriot University HospitalUniversity Lyon France
| | - Stephanie Chanon
- CarMeN Laboratory INSERM U1060 INRA 1397 University Lyon 1 Oullins France
| | - Christine Durand
- CarMeN Laboratory INSERM U1060 INRA 1397 University Lyon 1 Oullins France
| | - Jonathan Paz Montoya
- Proteomics Core Facility Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Fabrice P. A. David
- Gene Expression Core Facility Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Idris Guessous
- Department and Division of Primary Care Medicine University Hospital of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
| | - Zoltan Pataky
- Division of Endocrinology Diabetes, Nutrition and Patient Education Department of Medicine WHO Collaborating Centre University Hospital of GenevaUniversity of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
| | - Alain Golay
- Division of Endocrinology Diabetes, Nutrition and Patient Education Department of Medicine WHO Collaborating Centre University Hospital of GenevaUniversity of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
| | - François R. Jornayvaz
- Division of Endocrinology Diabetes, Nutrition and Patient Education Department of Medicine University Hospital of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
- Diabetes Center Faculty of Medicine University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
| | - Jacques Philippe
- Division of Endocrinology Diabetes, Nutrition and Patient Education Department of Medicine University Hospital of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
- Diabetes Center Faculty of Medicine University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
| | - Emmanouil T. Dermitzakis
- Diabetes Center Faculty of Medicine University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
- Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3) University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development Faculty of Medicine University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
| | - Steven A. Brown
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Etienne Lefai
- INRA Unité de Nutrition Humaine Université Clermont Auvergne Paris France
| | - Howard Riezman
- Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Science NCCR Chemical Biology University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
| | - Charna Dibner
- Division of Endocrinology Diabetes, Nutrition and Patient Education Department of Medicine University Hospital of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism Faculty of Medicine University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
- Diabetes Center Faculty of Medicine University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
- Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3) University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
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17
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Rodriguez-Gallardo S, Kurokawa K, Sabido-Bozo S, Cortes-Gomez A, Ikeda A, Zoni V, Aguilera-Romero A, Perez-Linero AM, Lopez S, Waga M, Araki M, Nakano M, Riezman H, Funato K, Vanni S, Nakano A, Muñiz M. Ceramide chain length-dependent protein sorting into selective endoplasmic reticulum exit sites. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/50/eaba8237. [PMID: 33310842 PMCID: PMC7732199 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba8237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Protein sorting in the secretory pathway is crucial to maintain cellular compartmentalization and homeostasis. In addition to coat-mediated sorting, the role of lipids in driving protein sorting during secretory transport is a longstanding fundamental question that still remains unanswered. Here, we conduct 3D simultaneous multicolor high-resolution live imaging to demonstrate in vivo that newly synthesized glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins having a very long chain ceramide lipid moiety are clustered and sorted into specialized endoplasmic reticulum exit sites that are distinct from those used by transmembrane proteins. Furthermore, we show that the chain length of ceramide in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane is critical for this sorting selectivity. Our study provides the first direct in vivo evidence for lipid chain length-based protein cargo sorting into selective export sites of the secretory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Rodriguez-Gallardo
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville and Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Kazuo Kurokawa
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Susana Sabido-Bozo
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville and Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Alejandro Cortes-Gomez
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville and Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Atsuko Ikeda
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Valeria Zoni
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Auxiliadora Aguilera-Romero
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville and Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Ana Maria Perez-Linero
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville and Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Sergio Lopez
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville and Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Miho Waga
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Saitama, Japan
| | - Misako Araki
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Miyako Nakano
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Howard Riezman
- NCCR Chemical Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kouichi Funato
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Stefano Vanni
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Akihiko Nakano
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Saitama, Japan
| | - Manuel Muñiz
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville and Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain.
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18
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Ghirardo A, Fochi V, Lange B, Witting M, Schnitzler JP, Perotto S, Balestrini R. Metabolomic adjustments in the orchid mycorrhizal fungus Tulasnella calospora during symbiosis with Serapias vomeracea. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:1939-1952. [PMID: 32668507 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
All orchids rely on mycorrhizal fungi for organic carbon, at least during early development. In fact, orchid seed germination leads to the formation of a protocorm, a heterotrophic postembryonic structure colonized by intracellular fungal coils, thought to be the site of nutrient transfer. The molecular mechanisms underlying mycorrhizal interactions and metabolic changes induced by this symbiosis in both partners remain mostly unknown. We studied plant-fungus interactions in the mycorrhizal association between the Mediterranean orchid Serapias vomeracea and the basidiomycete Tulasnella calospora using nontargeted metabolomics. Plant and fungal metabolomes obtained from symbiotic structures were compared with those obtained under asymbiotic conditions. Symbiosis induced substantial metabolomic alterations in both partners. In particular, structural and signaling lipid compounds increased markedly in the external fungal mycelium growing near the symbiotic protocorms, whereas chito-oligosaccharides were identified uniquely in symbiotic protocorms. This work represents the first description of metabolic changes occurring in orchid mycorrhiza. These results - combined with previous transcriptomic data - provide novel insights on the mechanisms underlying the orchid mycorrhizal association and open intriguing questions on the role of fungal lipids in this symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ghirardo
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Valeria Fochi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Viale Mattioli 25, Torino, 10125, Italy
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Viale Mattioli 25, Torino, 10125, Italy
| | - Birgit Lange
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Michael Witting
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Silvia Perotto
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Viale Mattioli 25, Torino, 10125, Italy
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Viale Mattioli 25, Torino, 10125, Italy
| | - Raffaella Balestrini
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Viale Mattioli 25, Torino, 10125, Italy
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19
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Santos FC, Marquês JT, Bento‐Oliveira A, Almeida RF. Sphingolipid‐enriched domains in fungi. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:3698-3718. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Filipa C. Santos
- Centro de Química Estrutural Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa Campo Grande Portugal
| | - Joaquim T. Marquês
- Centro de Química Estrutural Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa Campo Grande Portugal
| | - Andreia Bento‐Oliveira
- Centro de Química Estrutural Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa Campo Grande Portugal
| | - Rodrigo F.M. Almeida
- Centro de Química Estrutural Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa Campo Grande Portugal
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20
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Geltinger F, Tevini J, Briza P, Geiser A, Bischof J, Richter K, Felder T, Rinnerthaler M. The transfer of specific mitochondrial lipids and proteins to lipid droplets contributes to proteostasis upon stress and aging in the eukaryotic model system Saccharomyces cerevisiae. GeroScience 2019; 42:19-38. [PMID: 31676965 PMCID: PMC7031196 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-019-00103-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Originally Lipid droplets (LDs) were considered as being droplets for lipid storage only. Increasing evidence, however, demonstrates that LDs fulfill a pleiotropy of additional functions. Among them is the modulation of protein as well as lipid homeostasis. Under unfavorable pro-oxidative conditions, proteins can form aggregates which may exceed the overall proteolytic capacity of the proteasome. After stress termination LDs can adjust and support the removal of these aggregates. Additionally, LDs interact with mitochondria, specifically take over certain proteins and thus prevent apoptosis. LDs, which are loaded with these harmful proteins, are subsequently eliminated via lipophagy. Recently it was demonstrated that this autophagic process is a modulator of longevity. LDs do not only eliminate potentially dangerous proteins, but they are also able to prevent lipotoxicity by storing specific lipids. In the present study we used the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae to compare the proteome as well as lipidome of mitochondria and LDs under different conditions: replicative aging, stress and apoptosis. In this context we found an accumulation of proteins at LDs, supporting the role of LDs in proteostasis. Additionally, the composition of main lipid classes such as phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylethanolamines, phosphatidylinositols, phosphatidylglycerols, triacylglycerols, ceramides, phosphatidic acids and ergosterol of LDs and mitochondria changed during stress conditions and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Geltinger
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Julia Tevini
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Peter Briza
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Amrito Geiser
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Johannes Bischof
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Klaus Richter
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Thomas Felder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
- Obesity Research Unit, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Mark Rinnerthaler
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
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21
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Katsuki Y, Yamaguchi Y, Tani M. Overexpression of PDR16 confers resistance to complex sphingolipid biosynthesis inhibitor aureobasidin A in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2019; 365:4733270. [PMID: 29240942 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnx255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids are essential for normal cell growth of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Aureobasidin A (AbA), an antifungal drug, inhibits Aur1, an enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of inositol phosphorylceramide, and induces a strong growth defect in yeast. In this study, we screened for multicopy suppressor genes that confer resistance to AbA, and identified PDR16. In addition, it was found that PDR17, a paralog of PDR16, also functions as a multicopy suppressor. Pdr16 and Pdr17 belong to a family of phosphatidylinositol transfer proteins; however, cells overexpressing the other members of the family hardly exhibited resistance to AbA. Overexpression of a lipid-binding defective mutant of Pdr16 did not confer the resistance to AbA, indicating that the lipid-binding activity is essential for acquiring resistance to AbA. When expression of the AUR1 gene was repressed by a tetracycline-regulatable promoter, the overexpression of PDR16 or PDR17 did not suppress the growth defect caused by the AUR1 repression. Quantification analysis of complex sphingolipids revealed that in AbA-treated cells, but not in cells in which AUR1 was repressed by the tetracycline-regulatable promoter, the reductions of complex sphingolipid levels were suppressed by the overexpressed PDR16. Thus, it was indicated that the overexpression of PDR16 reduces the effectiveness of AbA against intracellular Aur1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Katsuki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-3905, Japan
| | - Yutaro Yamaguchi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-3905, Japan
| | - Motohiro Tani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-3905, Japan
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22
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Fabri JHTM, Rocha MC, Malavazi I. Overview of the Interplay Between Cell Wall Integrity Signaling Pathways and Membrane Lipid Biosynthesis in Fungi: Perspectives for Aspergillus fumigatus. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2019; 21:265-283. [PMID: 31284857 DOI: 10.2174/1389203720666190705164203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The cell wall (CW) and plasma membrane are fundamental structures that define cell shape and support different cellular functions. In pathogenic fungi, such as Aspegillus fumigatus, they not only play structural roles but are also important for virulence and immune recognition. Both the CW and the plasma membrane remain as attractive drug targets to treat fungal infections, such as the Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis (IPA), a disease associated with high morbimortality in immunocompromised individuals. The low efficiency of echinocandins that target the fungal CW biosynthesis, the occurrence of environmental isolates resistant to azoles such as voriconazole and the known drawbacks associated with amphotericin toxicity foster the urgent need for fungal-specific drugable targets and/or more efficient combinatorial therapeutic strategies. Reverse genetic approaches in fungi unveil that perturbations of the CW also render cells with increased susceptibility to membrane disrupting agents and vice-versa. However, how the fungal cells simultaneously cope with perturbation in CW polysaccharides and cell membrane proteins to allow morphogenesis is scarcely known. Here, we focus on current information on how the main signaling pathways that maintain fungal cell wall integrity, such as the Cell Wall Integrity and the High Osmolarity Glycerol pathways, in different species often cross-talk to regulate the synthesis of molecules that comprise the plasma membrane, especially sphingolipids, ergosterol and phospholipids to promote functioning of both structures concomitantly and thus, cell viability. We propose that the conclusions drawn from other organisms are the foundations to point out experimental lines that can be endeavored in A. fumigatus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marina C Rocha
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Iran Malavazi
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
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23
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Ceramide phosphoethanolamine, an enigmatic cellular membrane sphingolipid. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2019; 1861:1284-1292. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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24
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He Y, Zhang W, Peng F, Lu R, Zhou H, Bao G, Wang B, Huang B, Li Z, Hu F. Metabolomic variation in wild and cultured cordyceps and mycelia of Isaria cicadae. Biomed Chromatogr 2019; 33:e4478. [PMID: 30578653 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaqiong He
- Anhui Agricultural University; Hefei China
| | - Wancun Zhang
- Children's Hospital Affiliaten of Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou China
| | - Fan Peng
- Anhui Agricultural University; Hefei China
| | - Ruili Lu
- Anhui Agricultural University; Hefei China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Naval Postgraduate School; Monterey CA USA
| | - Guanhu Bao
- Anhui Agricultural University; Hefei China
| | - Bin Wang
- Anhui Agricultural University; Hefei China
| | - Bo Huang
- Anhui Agricultural University; Hefei China
| | - Zengzhi Li
- Anhui Agricultural University; Hefei China
| | - Fenglin Hu
- Anhui Agricultural University; Hefei China
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25
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Tanaka S, Tani M. Mannosylinositol phosphorylceramides and ergosterol coodinately maintain cell wall integrity in the yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae. FEBS J 2018; 285:2405-2427. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seiya Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Sciences Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan
| | - Motohiro Tani
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Sciences Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan
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26
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Yamaguchi Y, Katsuki Y, Tanaka S, Kawaguchi R, Denda H, Ikeda T, Funato K, Tani M. Protective role of the HOG pathway against the growth defect caused by impaired biosynthesis of complex sphingolipids in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Microbiol 2017; 107:363-386. [PMID: 29215176 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Complex sphingolipids play critical roles in various cellular events in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. To identify genes that are related to the growth defect caused by disruption of complex sphingolipid biosynthesis, we screened for suppressor mutations and multicopy suppressor genes that confer resistance against repression of AUR1 encoding inositol phosphorylceramide synthase. From the results of this screening, we found that the activation of high-osmolarity glycerol (HOG) pathway is involved in suppression of growth defect caused by impaired biosynthesis of complex sphingolipids. Furthermore, it was found that transcriptional regulation via Msn2, Msn4 and Sko1 is involved in the suppressive effect of the HOG pathway. Lack of the HOG pathway did not enhance the reductions in complex sphingolipid levels or the increase in ceramide level caused by the AUR1 repression, implying that the suppressive effect of the HOG pathway on the growth defect is not attributed to restoration of impaired biosynthesis of complex sphingolipids. On the contrary, the HOG pathway and Msn2/4-mediated transcriptional activation was involved in suppression of aberrant reactive oxygen species accumulation caused by the AUR1 repression. These results indicated that the HOG pathway plays pivotal roles in maintaining cell growth under impaired biosynthesis of complex sphingolipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaro Yamaguchi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, 744, Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-3905, Japan
| | - Yuka Katsuki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, 744, Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-3905, Japan
| | - Seiya Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, 744, Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-3905, Japan
| | - Ryotaro Kawaguchi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, 744, Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-3905, Japan
| | - Hiroto Denda
- Department of Biofunctional Science and Technology, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama 1-4-4, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| | - Takuma Ikeda
- Department of Biofunctional Science and Technology, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama 1-4-4, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| | - Kouichi Funato
- Department of Biofunctional Science and Technology, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama 1-4-4, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| | - Motohiro Tani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, 744, Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-3905, Japan
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27
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Singh P, Ramachandran SK, Zhu J, Kim BC, Biswas D, Ha T, Iglesias PA, Li R. Sphingolipids facilitate age asymmetry of membrane proteins in dividing yeast cells. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:2712-2722. [PMID: 28768828 PMCID: PMC5620378 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-05-0335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
One proposed mechanism of cellular aging is the gradual loss of certain cellular components that are insufficiently renewed. In an earlier study, multidrug resistance transporters (MDRs) were postulated to be such aging determinants during the yeast replicative life span (RLS). Aged MDR proteins were asymmetrically retained by the aging mother cell and did not diffuse freely into the bud, whereas newly synthesized MDR proteins were thought to be deposited mostly in the bud before cytokinesis. In this study, we further demonstrate the proposed age asymmetry of MDR proteins in dividing yeast cells and investigate the mechanism that controls diffusive properties of MDR proteins to maintain this asymmetry. We found that long-chain sphingolipids, but not the septin/endoplasmic reticulum-based membrane diffusion barrier, are important for restricting MDR diffusion. Depletion of sphingolipids or shortening of their long acyl chains resulted in an increase in the lateral mobility of MDR proteins, causing aged MDR protein in the mother cell to enter the bud. We used a mathematical model to understand the effect of diminished MDR age asymmetry on yeast cell aging, the result of which was qualitatively consistent with the observed RLS shortening in sphingolipid mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushpendra Singh
- Center for Cell Dynamics, Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Sree Kumar Ramachandran
- Center for Cell Dynamics, Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Jin Zhu
- Center for Cell Dynamics, Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Byoung Choul Kim
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, MD 21218.,Division of Nano-bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Debojyoti Biswas
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Taekjip Ha
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Pablo A Iglesias
- Center for Cell Dynamics, Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218.,Electrical and Computer Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Rong Li
- Center for Cell Dynamics, Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 .,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
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28
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Sphingolipids from the human fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. Biochimie 2017; 141:9-15. [PMID: 28652019 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Sphingolipids (SPLs) are key components of the plasma membrane in yeast and filamentous fungi. These molecules are involved in a number of cellular processes, and particularly, SGLs are essential components of the highly polarized fungal growth where they are required for the formation of the polarisome organization at the hyphal apex. Aspergillus fumigatus, a human fungal pathogen, produce SGLs that are discriminated into neutral cerebrosides, glycosylinositolphosphoceramides (GIPCs) and glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors. In addition to complex hydrophilic head groups of GIPCs, A. fumigatus is, to date, the sole fungus that produces a GPI-anchored polysaccharide. These SPLs follow three different biosynthetic pathways. Genetics blockage leading to the inhibition of any SPL biosynthesis or to the alteration of the structure of SPL induces growth and virulence defects. The complete lipid moiety of SPLs is essential for the lipid microdomain organization and their biosynthetic pathways are potential antifungal targets but remains understudied.
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29
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Singh P. Budding Yeast: An Ideal Backdrop for In vivo Lipid Biochemistry. Front Cell Dev Biol 2017; 4:156. [PMID: 28119915 PMCID: PMC5222803 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological membranes are non-covalent assembly of lipids and proteins. Lipids play critical role in determining membrane physical properties and regulate the function of membrane associated proteins. Budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae offers an exceptional advantage to understand the lipid-protein interactions since lipid metabolism and homeostasis are relatively simple and well characterized as compared to other eukaryotes. In addition, a vast array of genetic and cell biological tools are available to determine and understand the role of a particular lipid in various lipid metabolic disorders. Budding yeast has been instrumental in delineating mechanisms related to lipid metabolism, trafficking and their localization in different subcellular compartments at various cell cycle stages. Further, availability of tools and enormous potential for the development of useful reagents and novel technologies to localize a particular lipid in different subcellular compartments in yeast makes it a formidable system to carry out lipid biology. Taken together, yeast provides an outstanding backdrop to characterize lipid metabolic changes under various physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushpendra Singh
- Center for Cell Dynamics, Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, MD, USA
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30
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Nishimura H, Yamaguchi D, Watanabe T. Cerebrosides, extracellular glycolipids secreted by the selective lignin-degrading fungus Ceriporiopsis subvermispora. Chem Phys Lipids 2017; 203:1-11. [PMID: 28062355 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Ceriporiopsis subvermispora is a selective white-rot fungus that degrades lignin at a site far from the hyphae and extracellular enzymes, without intensive damage to the cellulose. In selective ligninolysis, low molecular mass metabolites play a principal role and amphipathic substances are involved to control the degradation and transport of hydrophobic aromatic molecules, including lignin and lipids; however, secretion of the amphipathic substances by this fungus has not been well understood, except for alk(en)yl itaconates called ceriporic acids, which have a weak amphiphilicity. Herein, we report for the first time that the fungus secretes cerebrosides that are classified as glycosphingolipids. By using liquid chromatography electron spray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy coupled with stable isotope feeding experiments with 13C-glucose and 15N-ammonium sulfate, the cerebrosides were determined to be N-hydroxyoctadecanoyl-1-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-4E,8E-sphingadienine, N-hydroxyoctadecanoyl-1-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-4E,8Z-sphingadienine, and N-hydroxyoctadecanoyl-1-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-9-methyl-4E,8E-sphingadienine. The cerebrosides are strong amphipathic substances and potential metabolites for regulating difference and symbiosis within the microbial community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nishimura
- Laboratory of Biomass Conversion, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere (RISH), Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Biomass Conversion, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere (RISH), Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Watanabe
- Laboratory of Biomass Conversion, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere (RISH), Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
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31
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Megyeri M, Riezman H, Schuldiner M, Futerman AH. Making Sense of the Yeast Sphingolipid Pathway. J Mol Biol 2016; 428:4765-4775. [PMID: 27664439 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids (SL) and their metabolites play key roles both as structural components of membranes and as signaling molecules. Many of the key enzymes and regulators of SL metabolism were discovered using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and based on the high degree of conservation, a number of mammalian homologs were identified. Although yeast continues to be an important tool for SL research, the complexity of SL structure and nomenclature often hampers the ability of new researchers to grasp the subtleties of yeast SL biology and discover new modulators of this intricate pathway. Moreover, the emergence of lipidomics by mass spectrometry has enabled the rapid identification of SL species in yeast and rendered the analysis of SL composition under various physiological and pathophysiological conditions readily amenable. However, the complex nomenclature of the identified species renders much of the data inaccessible to non-specialists. In this review, we focus on parsing both the classical SL nomenclature and the nomenclature normally used during mass spectrometry analysis, which should facilitate the understanding of yeast SL data and might shed light on biological processes in which SLs are involved. Finally, we discuss a number of putative roles of various yeast SL species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márton Megyeri
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Howard Riezman
- Department of Biochemistry and NCCR Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, 1211, Switzerland
| | - Maya Schuldiner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
| | - Anthony H Futerman
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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32
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Kihara A. Synthesis and degradation pathways, functions, and pathology of ceramides and epidermal acylceramides. Prog Lipid Res 2016; 63:50-69. [PMID: 27107674 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Ceramide (Cer) is a structural backbone of sphingolipids and is composed of a long-chain base and a fatty acid. Existence of a variety of Cer species, which differ in chain-length, hydroxylation status, and/or double bond number of either of their hydrophobic chains, has been reported. Ceramide is produced by Cer synthases. Mammals have six Cer synthases (CERS1-6), each of which exhibits characteristic substrate specificity toward acyl-CoAs with different chain-lengths. Knockout mice for each Cer synthase show corresponding, isozyme-specific phenotypes, revealing the functional differences of Cers with different chain-lengths. Cer diversity is especially prominent in epidermis. Changes in Cer levels, composition, and chain-lengths are associated with atopic dermatitis. Acylceramide (acyl-Cer) specifically exists in epidermis and plays an essential role in skin permeability barrier formation. Accordingly, defects in acyl-Cer synthesis cause the cutaneous disorder ichthyosis with accompanying severe skin barrier defects. Although the molecular mechanism by which acyl-Cer is generated was long unclear, most genes involved in its synthesis have been identified recently. In Cer degradation pathways, the long-chain base moiety of Cer is converted to acyl-CoA, which is then incorporated mainly into glycerophospholipids. This pathway generates the lipid mediator sphingosine 1-phosphate. This review will focus on recent advances in our understanding of the synthesis and degradation pathways, physiological functions, and pathology of Cers/acyl-Cers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Kihara
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12-jo, Nishi 6-choume, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
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33
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Singh A, Del Poeta M. Sphingolipidomics: An Important Mechanistic Tool for Studying Fungal Pathogens. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:501. [PMID: 27148190 PMCID: PMC4830811 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids form of a unique and complex group of bioactive lipids in fungi. Structurally, sphingolipids of fungi are quite diverse with unique differences in the sphingoid backbone, amide linked fatty acyl chain and the polar head group. Two of the most studied and conserved sphingolipid classes in fungi are the glucosyl- or galactosyl-ceramides and the phosphorylinositol containing phytoceramides. Comprehensive structural characterization and quantification of these lipids is largely based on advanced analytical mass spectrometry based lipidomic methods. While separation of complex lipid mixtures is achieved through high performance liquid chromatography, the soft - electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry allows a high sensitivity and selectivity of detection. Herein, we present an overview of lipid extraction, chromatographic separation and mass spectrometry employed in qualitative and quantitative sphingolipidomics in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Singh
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony BrookNY, USA; Veterans Administration Medical Center, NorthportNY, USA
| | - Maurizio Del Poeta
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony BrookNY, USA; Veterans Administration Medical Center, NorthportNY, USA
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34
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Tani M. Structure–Function Relationship of Complex Sphingolipids in Yeast. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2016. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.1509.1j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Motohiro Tani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- Motohiro Tani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University
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36
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Chauhan N, Han G, Somashekarappa N, Gable K, Dunn T, Kohlwein SD. Regulation of Sphingolipid Biosynthesis by the Morphogenesis Checkpoint Kinase Swe1. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:2524-34. [PMID: 26634277 PMCID: PMC4732232 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.693200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipid (SL) biosynthesis is negatively regulated by the highly conserved endoplasmic reticulum-localized Orm family proteins. Defective SL synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae leads to increased phosphorylation and inhibition of Orm proteins by the kinase Ypk1. Here we present evidence that the yeast morphogenesis checkpoint kinase, Swe1, regulates SL biosynthesis independent of the Ypk1 pathway. Deletion of the Swe1 kinase renders mutant cells sensitive to serine palmitoyltransferase inhibition due to impaired sphingoid long-chain base synthesis. Based on these data and previous results, we suggest that Swe1 kinase perceives alterations in SL homeostasis, activates SL synthesis, and may thus represent the missing regulatory link that controls the SL rheostat during the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Chauhan
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, BioTechMed-Graz, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 50/II, 8010 Graz, Austria and
| | - Gongshe Han
- the Department of Biochemistry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814
| | | | - Kenneth Gable
- the Department of Biochemistry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814
| | - Teresa Dunn
- the Department of Biochemistry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814
| | - Sepp D Kohlwein
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, BioTechMed-Graz, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 50/II, 8010 Graz, Austria and
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37
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Murakami S, Shimamoto T, Nagano H, Tsuruno M, Okuhara H, Hatanaka H, Tojo H, Kodama Y, Funato K. Producing human ceramide-NS by metabolic engineering using yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16319. [PMID: 26573460 PMCID: PMC4647206 DOI: 10.1038/srep16319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceramide is one of the most important intercellular components responsible for the barrier and moisture retention functions of the skin. Because of the risks involved with using products of animal origin and the low productivity of plants, the availability of ceramides is currently limited. In this study, we successfully developed a system that produces sphingosine-containing human ceramide-NS in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae by eliminating the genes for yeast sphingolipid hydroxylases (encoded by SUR2 and SCS7) and introducing the gene for a human sphingolipid desaturase (encoded by DES1). The inactivation of the ceramidase gene YDC1, overexpression of the inositol phosphosphingolipid phospholipase C gene ISC1, and endoplasmic reticulum localization of the DES1 gene product resulted in enhanced production of ceramide-NS. The engineered yeast strains can serve as hosts not only for providing a sustainable source of ceramide-NS but also for developing further systems to produce sphingosine-containing sphingolipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suguru Murakami
- Department of Biofunctional Science and Technology, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan
| | - Toshi Shimamoto
- Department of Biofunctional Science and Technology, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan
| | | | - Masahiro Tsuruno
- Department of Biofunctional Science and Technology, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan
| | | | | | - Hiromasa Tojo
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yukiko Kodama
- Suntory World Research Center, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan
| | - Kouichi Funato
- Department of Biofunctional Science and Technology, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan
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38
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Wakashima T, Abe K, Kihara A. Dual functions of the trans-2-enoyl-CoA reductase TER in the sphingosine 1-phosphate metabolic pathway and in fatty acid elongation. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:24736-48. [PMID: 25049234 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.571869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The sphingolipid metabolite sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) functions as a lipid mediator and as a key intermediate of the sole sphingolipid to glycerophospholipid metabolic pathway (S1P metabolic pathway). In this pathway, S1P is converted to palmitoyl-CoA through 4 reactions, then incorporated mainly into glycerophospholipids. Although most of the genes responsible for the S1P metabolic pathway have been identified, the gene encoding the trans-2-enoyl-CoA reductase, responsible for the saturation step (conversion of trans-2-hexadecenoyl-CoA to palmitoyl-CoA) remains unidentified. In the present study, we show that TER is the missing gene in mammals using analyses involving yeast cells, deleting the TER homolog TSC13, and TER-knockdown HeLa cells. TER is known to be involved in the production of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs). A significant proportion of the saturated and monounsaturated VLCFAs are used for sphingolipid synthesis. Therefore, TER is involved in both the production of VLCFAs used in the fatty acid moiety of sphingolipids as well as in the degradation of the sphingosine moiety of sphingolipids via S1P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Wakashima
- From the Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12-jo, Nishi 6-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Kensuke Abe
- From the Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12-jo, Nishi 6-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Akio Kihara
- From the Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12-jo, Nishi 6-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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Spincemaille P, Matmati N, Hannun YA, Cammue BPA, Thevissen K. Sphingolipids and mitochondrial function in budding yeast. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:3131-7. [PMID: 24973565 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sphingolipids (SLs) are not only key components of cellular membranes, but also play an important role as signaling molecules in orchestrating both cell growth and apoptosis. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, three complex SLs are present and hydrolysis of either of these species is catalyzed by the inositol phosphosphingolipid phospholipase C (Isc1p). Strikingly, mutants deficient in Isc1p display several hallmarks of mitochondrial dysfunction such as the inability to grow on a non-fermentative carbon course, increased oxidative stress and aberrant mitochondrial morphology. SCOPE OF REVIEW In this review, we focus on the pivotal role of Isc1p in regulating mitochondrial function via SL metabolism, and on Sch9p as a central signal transducer. Sch9p is one of the main effectors of the target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1), which is regarded as a crucial signaling axis for the regulation of Isc1p-mediated events. Finally, we describe the retrograde response, a signaling event originating from mitochondria to the nucleus, which results in the induction of nuclear target genes. Intriguingly, the retrograde response also interacts with SL homeostasis. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS All of the above suggests a pivotal signaling role for SLs in maintaining correct mitochondrial function in budding yeast. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Studies with budding yeast provide insight on SL signaling events that affect mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Spincemaille
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Nabil Matmati
- Department of Medicine and the Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Yusuf A Hannun
- Department of Medicine and the Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Bruno P A Cammue
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium; Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Karin Thevissen
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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Aguilera-Romero A, Gehin C, Riezman H. Sphingolipid homeostasis in the web of metabolic routes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1841:647-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Yamane-Sando Y, Shimobayashi E, Shimobayashi M, Kozutsumi Y, Oka S, Takematsu H. Fpk1/2 kinases regulate cellular sphingoid long-chain base abundance and alter cellular resistance to LCB elevation or depletion. Microbiologyopen 2014; 3:196-212. [PMID: 24510621 PMCID: PMC3996568 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids are a family of eukaryotic lipids biosynthesized from sphingoid long-chain bases (LCBs). Sphingolipids are an essential class of lipids, as their depletion results in cell death. However, acute LCB supplementation is also toxic; thus, proper cellular LCB levels should be maintained. To characterize the "sphingolipid-signaling intercross," we performed a kinome screening assay in which budding yeast protein kinase-knockout strains were screened for resistance to ISP-1, a potent inhibitor of LCB biosynthesis. Here, one pair of such DIR (deletion-mediated ISP-1 resistance) genes, FPK1 and FPK2, was further characterized. Cellular LCB levels increased in the fpk1/2∆ strain, which was hypersensitive to phytosphingosine (PHS), a major LCB species of yeast cells. Concomitantly, this strain acquired resistance to ISP-1. Fpk1 and Fpk2 were involved in two downstream events; that is, ISP-1 uptake due to aminophospholipid flippase and LCB degradation due to LCB4 expression. RSK3, which belongs to the p90-S6K subfamily, was identified as a functional counterpart of Fpk1/2 in mammalian cells as the RSK3 gene functionally complemented the ISP-1-resistant phenotype of fpk1/2∆ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukari Yamane-Sando
- Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-shimoadachi, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
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Yucel EB, Eraslan S, Ulgen KO. The impact of medium acidity on the chronological life span ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae - lipids, signaling cascades, mitochondrial and vacuolar functions. FEBS J 2014; 281:1281-303. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Esra B. Yucel
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Boğaziçi University; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Serpil Eraslan
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Boğaziçi University; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Kutlu O. Ulgen
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Boğaziçi University; Istanbul Turkey
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Tidhar R, Futerman AH. The complexity of sphingolipid biosynthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:2511-8. [PMID: 23611790 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Unlike the synthesis of other membrane lipids, sphingolipid synthesis is compartmentalized between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. The initial steps of sphingolipid synthesis, from the activity of serine palmitoyltransferase through to dihydroceramide desaturase, take place in the endoplasmic reticulum, but the further metabolism of ceramide to sphingomyelin and complex glycosphingolipids takes place mostly in the Golgi apparatus. Studies over the last decade or so have revealed unexpected levels of complexity in the sphingolipid biosynthetic pathway, mainly due to either the promiscuity of some enzymes towards their substrates, or the tight selectivity of others towards specific substrates. We now discuss two enzymes in this pathway, namely serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) and ceramide synthase (CerS), and one lipid transport protein, CERT. For SPT and CERT, significant structural information is available, and for CerS, significant information has recently been obtained that sheds light of the roles of the specific ceramide species that are produced by each of the CerS. We consider the mechanisms by which specificity is generated and speculate on the reasons that sphingolipid biosynthesis is so complex. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Functional and structural diversity of endoplasmic reticulum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rotem Tidhar
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Peter Slotte J. Molecular properties of various structurally defined sphingomyelins -- correlation of structure with function. Prog Lipid Res 2013; 52:206-19. [PMID: 23295259 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Sphingomyelins are important phospholipids in plasma membranes of most cells. Because of their dominantly saturated nature, they affect the lateral structure of membranes, and contribute to the regulation of cholesterol distribution within membranes, and in cells. However, the abundance of molecular species present in cells also implies that sphingomyelins have other, more specific functions. Many of these functions are currently unknown, but are under extensive study. Mostly model membrane studies have shown that sphingomyelins (and other sphingolipids), in contrast to glycerophospholipids, have important hydrogen bonding properties which in several important ways confer specific functional properties to this abundant class of membrane phospholipids. The often very asymmetric nature of sphingomyelins, arising from mismatch in length between the long chain base and N-acyl chains, also impose specific properties (e.g., interdigitation) to sphingomyelins not seen with glycerophospholipids. In this review, the latest sphingomyelin literature will be scrutinized, and an effort will be made to correlate the molecular structure of sphingomyelin with functional properties. In particular, the effects of head group properties, interfacial hydrogen bonding, long chain base hydroxylation, N-acyl chain hydroxylation, and N-acyl chain methyl-branching will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Peter Slotte
- Biochemistry, Department of Biosciences, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520 Turku, Finland.
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