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Leigh SJ, Uhlig F, Wilmes L, Sanchez-Diaz P, Gheorghe CE, Goodson MS, Kelley-Loughnane N, Hyland NP, Cryan JF, Clarke G. The impact of acute and chronic stress on gastrointestinal physiology and function: a microbiota-gut-brain axis perspective. J Physiol 2023; 601:4491-4538. [PMID: 37756251 DOI: 10.1113/jp281951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The physiological consequences of stress often manifest in the gastrointestinal tract. Traumatic or chronic stress is associated with widespread maladaptive changes throughout the gut, although comparatively little is known about the effects of acute stress. Furthermore, these stress-induced changes in the gut may increase susceptibility to gastrointestinal disorders and infection, and impact critical features of the neural and behavioural consequences of the stress response by impairing gut-brain axis communication. Understanding the mechanisms behind changes in enteric nervous system circuitry, visceral sensitivity, gut barrier function, permeability, and the gut microbiota following stress is an important research objective with pathophysiological implications in both neurogastroenterology and psychiatry. Moreover, the gut microbiota has emerged as a key aspect of physiology sensitive to the effects of stress. In this review, we focus on different aspects of the gastrointestinal tract including gut barrier function as well as the immune, humoral and neuronal elements involved in gut-brain communication. Furthermore, we discuss the evidence for a role of stress in gastrointestinal disorders. Existing gaps in the current literature are highlighted, and possible avenues for future research with an integrated physiological perspective have been suggested. A more complete understanding of the spatial and temporal dynamics of the integrated host and microbial response to different kinds of stressors in the gastrointestinal tract will enable full exploitation of the diagnostic and therapeutic potential in the fast-evolving field of host-microbiome interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah-Jane Leigh
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Friederike Uhlig
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Lars Wilmes
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Paula Sanchez-Diaz
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Cassandra E Gheorghe
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Michael S Goodson
- 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Nancy Kelley-Loughnane
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Niall P Hyland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Traini C, Idrizaj E, Biagioni C, Baccari MC, Vannucchi MG. Otilonium Bromide Prevents Cholinergic Changes in the Distal Colon Induced by Chronic Water Avoidance Stress, a Rat Model of Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087440. [PMID: 37108603 PMCID: PMC10139220 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Irritable Bowel syndrome (IBS) is a highly widespread gastrointestinal disorder whose symptomatology mainly affect the large intestine. Among the risk factors, psychosocial stress is the most acknowledged. The repeated water avoidance stress (rWAS) is considered an animal model of psychosocial stress that is capable of mimicking IBS. Otilonium bromide (OB), which is orally administered, concentrates in the large bowel and controls most of the IBS symptoms in humans. Several reports have shown that OB has multiple mechanisms of action and cellular targets. We investigated whether the application of rWAS to rats induced morphological and functional alterations of the cholinergic neurotransmission in the distal colon and whether OB prevented them. The results demonstrated that rWAS affects cholinergic neurotransmission by causing an increase in acid mucin secretion, in the amplitude of electrically evoked contractile responses, abolished by atropine, and in the number of myenteric neurons expressing choline acetyltransferase. OB counteracted these changes and also showed an intrinsic antimuscarinic effect on the post-synaptic muscular receptors. We assume that the rWAS consequences on the cholinergic system are linked to corticotrophin-releasing factor-1 (CRF1) receptor activation by the CRF hypothalamic hormone. OB, by interfering with the CFR/CRFr activation, interrupted the cascade events responsible for the changes affecting the rWAS rat colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Traini
- Histology and Embryology Research Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Eglantina Idrizaj
- Section of Physiological Sciences, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Cristina Biagioni
- Histology and Embryology Research Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Caterina Baccari
- Section of Physiological Sciences, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Giuliana Vannucchi
- Histology and Embryology Research Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
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Sharkey KA, Mawe GM. The enteric nervous system. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:1487-1564. [PMID: 36521049 PMCID: PMC9970663 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00018.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Of all the organ systems in the body, the gastrointestinal tract is the most complicated in terms of the numbers of structures involved, each with different functions, and the numbers and types of signaling molecules utilized. The digestion of food and absorption of nutrients, electrolytes, and water occurs in a hostile luminal environment that contains a large and diverse microbiota. At the core of regulatory control of the digestive and defensive functions of the gastrointestinal tract is the enteric nervous system (ENS), a complex system of neurons and glia in the gut wall. In this review, we discuss 1) the intrinsic neural control of gut functions involved in digestion and 2) how the ENS interacts with the immune system, gut microbiota, and epithelium to maintain mucosal defense and barrier function. We highlight developments that have revolutionized our understanding of the physiology and pathophysiology of enteric neural control. These include a new understanding of the molecular architecture of the ENS, the organization and function of enteric motor circuits, and the roles of enteric glia. We explore the transduction of luminal stimuli by enteroendocrine cells, the regulation of intestinal barrier function by enteric neurons and glia, local immune control by the ENS, and the role of the gut microbiota in regulating the structure and function of the ENS. Multifunctional enteric neurons work together with enteric glial cells, macrophages, interstitial cells, and enteroendocrine cells integrating an array of signals to initiate outputs that are precisely regulated in space and time to control digestion and intestinal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith A Sharkey
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gary M Mawe
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
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Yuan PQ, Wu SV, Wang L, Taché Y. The ghrelin agonist, HM01 activates central vagal and enteric cholinergic neurons and reverses gastric inflammatory and ileus responses in rats. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2023; 35:e14561. [PMID: 36942655 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electrical vagal stimulation alleviates abdominal surgery (AS)-induced intestinal inflammation. Ghrelin receptors (GHS-Rs) are expressed in the brain and peripheral tissues. We investigated the influence of HM01, an orally active ghrelin agonist crossing the blood-brain barrier, on AS-induced gastric inflammation and emptying (GE) in rats. METHODS HM01 (6 mg/kg) or saline pretreatment was administered per orally (po) or intraperitoneally (ip). We assessed GE, gastric cytokine mRNA, and Fos positive cells in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMN) and gastric corpus myenteric plexus (MP) in sham (anesthesia alone) and AS groups. The transcripts of GHS-R1 variants were determined in the medulla oblongata and gastric corpus of naïve rats. KEY RESULTS In vehicle pretreated rats, HM01 (ip) significantly increased the number of Fos immunoreactive cells in the MP and DMN in 55% and 52% of cholinergic neurons respectively. Hexamethonium did not modify HM01-induced Fos expression in the DMN while reducing it in the MP by 2-fold with values still significantly higher than that in control groups. AS upregulated gastric IL-1β and TNFα expression and inhibited GE by 66.6%. HM01 (po) abolished AS-induced gastric ileus and increased cytokine expression and elevated IL-10 by 4.0-fold versus vehicle/sham. GHS-R1a mRNA level was 5.4-fold higher than the truncated GHS-R1b isoform in the brain medulla and 40-fold higher in the gastric submucosa/muscle layers than in the mucosa. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCE Peripheral HM0 activates central vagal and myenteric cholinergic pathways that may influence both central and peripheral targets to prevent AS-induced gastric inflammatory and ileus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu-Qing Yuan
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center (DDRC), Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience (CNSR), University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - S Vincent Wu
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Lixin Wang
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center (DDRC), Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience (CNSR), University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yvette Taché
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center (DDRC), Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience (CNSR), University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Huang X, Ao JP, Fu HY, Lu HL, Xu WX. Corticotropin-releasing factor receptor agonists decrease interstitial cells of Cajal in murine colon. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2023; 35:e14499. [PMID: 36377810 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) has been reported to affect gastrointestinal motility through corticotropin-releasing factor receptor located in enteric nervous system (ENS), but less is known about of the relationship between peripheral CRF and interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC). METHODS Mice were intraperitoneally injected with CRF receptor agonists to determine their effects on colonic ICC. Chronic heterotypic stress (CHeS) was applied to mice to determine endogenous CRF-CRF receptor signaling on colonic ICC. RESULTS We found that stressin1, a selective CRF receptor 1 (CRF1 ) agonist, significantly increased the expression of CRF1 but had no effect on the expression of CRF2 in the smooth muscles of murine colon. The protein expression of c-Kit, Anoctamin-1 (ANO1), and stem cell factor (SCF) in the colonic smooth muscles was significantly decreased in stressin1-treated mice. Accordingly, 2-(4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy)-N'-(2-methoxybenzylidene) acetohydrazide (Ani 9), a selective ANO1 blocker, had a less significant inhibitory effect on CMMC in stressin1-treated mice compared to the saline-treated ones. Similarly, we also found that ICC and ANO1 were reduced in the colonic smooth muscles of mice by treatment with sauvagine (ip), a CRF2 agonist. However, different with stressin1, sauvagine decreased the expression of CRF2 besides increasing CRF1 expression in the colonic smooth muscles. Similar results of CRF1 and c-Kit expressions were also obtained from the colon of CHeS-treated mice. CONCLUSION All these results suggest that CRF may be involved in the abnormality of colonic motility through peripheral CRF1 to decrease the number and function of ICC, which provides a potential target for treating stress-induced gastrointestinal motility disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Huang
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun-Ping Ao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Han-Yue Fu
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Li Lu
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Xie Xu
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Larauche M, Erchegyi J, Miller C, Sim MS, Rivier J, Behan D, Taché Y. Peripheral CRF-R1/CRF-R2 antagonist, astressin C, induces a long-lasting blockade of acute stress-related visceral pain in male and female rats. Peptides 2022; 157:170881. [PMID: 36185037 PMCID: PMC10389693 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2022.170881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Peptide CRF antagonists injected peripherally alleviate stress-induced visceral hypersensitivity (SIVH) to colorectal distension (CRD) in rodents. Here we further evaluated the dose and time-dependent inhibitory activity of several long-acting peptide CRF receptor antagonists related to astressin on SIVH, focusing on astressin C (AstC), which previously showed high efficacy on stress-related alterations of HPA axis and gut secretomotor functions. Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats pretreated subcutaneously (SC) with AstC were injected intraperitoneally (IP) with CRF 15 min later. The visceromotor responses (VMR) to graded phasic CRD (10, 20, 40 and 60 mmHg) were monitored at basal, 15 min and up to 1-8 days after pretreatment. Two other astressin analogs, hexanoyl-astressin D (Hex-AstD) and [CαMeVal19,32]-AstC, were also tested. The response to IP CRF was sex-dependent with female rats requiring a higher dose to exhibit visceral hyperalgesia. Pretreatment with AstC (30-1000 µg/kg) resulted in a dose-related inhibition of IP CRF-induced SIVH and diarrhea in both sexes. The highest dose prevented SIVH and diarrhea up to 5-7 days after a single SC injection and was lost on day 7 (females) and day 8 (males) but reinstated after a second injection of AstC on day 8 or 9 respectively. [CαMeVal19,32]-AstC and Hex-AstD (1000 µg/kg in males) also prevented SIVH. These data show the potent long-lasting anti-hyperalgesic effect of AstC in an acute model of SIVH in both male and female rats. This highlights the potential of long-acting peripheral CRF antagonists to treat stress-sensitive irritable bowel syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Larauche
- G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, West Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | | | | | - Myung Shin Sim
- Department of Medicine, Statistic Core, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jean Rivier
- Sentia Medical Sciences, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Yvette Taché
- G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, West Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Bonaz B. Anti-inflammatory effects of vagal nerve stimulation with a special attention to intestinal barrier dysfunction. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2022; 34:e14456. [PMID: 36097404 PMCID: PMC9787579 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The vagus nerve (VN), the longest nerve of the organism innervating the gastrointestinal tract, is a mixed nerve with anti-inflammatory properties through its afferents, activating the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis, and its efferents through the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway inhibiting the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNFα) by splenic and gut macrophages. In addition, the VN is also able to modulate the permeability of the intestinal barrier although the VN does not innervate directly the intestinal epithelium. Targeting the VN through VN stimulation (VNS) has been developed in experimental model of intestinal inflammation and in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and might be of interest to decrease intestinal permeability in gastrointestinal disorders with intestinal barrier defect such as IBD, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and celiac disease. In this issue of neurogastroenterology and motility, Mogilevski et al. report that a brief non-invasive transcutaneous auricular VNS in healthy volunteers consistently reduces the permeability of the small intestine induced by intravenous administration of the stress peptide corticotropin releasing hormone, known to increase intestinal permeability and to inhibit the VN. In this review, we outline the mechanistic underpinning the effect of stress, of the VN and VNS on intestinal permeability. In particular, the VN can act on intestinal permeability through enteric nerves, and/or cells such as enteric glial cells. We also review the existing evidence of the effects VNS on intestinal permeability in models such as burn intestinal injury and traumatic brain injury, which pave the way for future clinical trials in IBD, IBS, and celiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Bonaz
- Division of Hepato‐GastroenterologyCentre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble AlpesGrenobleFrance,Grenoble Institute of Neurosciences, Inserm U1216University Grenoble AlpesGrenobleFrance
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Lv Y, Wen J, Fang Y, Zhang H, Zhang J. Corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 1 (CRF-R1) antagonists: Promising agents to prevent visceral hypersensitivity in irritable bowel syndrome. Peptides 2022; 147:170705. [PMID: 34822913 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is a 41-amino acid polypeptide that coordinates the endocrine system, autonomic nervous system, immune system, and physiological behavior. CRF is a signaling regulator in the neuro-endocrine-immune (NEI) network that mediates visceral hypersensitivity. Rodent models to simulate changes in intestinal motility similar to those reported in the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), demonstrate that the CRF receptor 1 (CRF-R1) mediates intestinal hypersensitivity under many conditions. However, the translation of preclinical studies into clinical trials has not been successful possibly due to the lack of sufficient understanding of the multiple variants of CRF-R1 and CRF-R1 antagonists. Investigating the sites of action of central and peripheral CRF is critical for accelerating the translation from preclinical to clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxia Lv
- School of Pharmacy, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong City, China.
| | - Jing Wen
- School of Pharmacy, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong City, China.
| | - Yingying Fang
- School of Pharmacy, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong City, China.
| | - Haoyuan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong City, China.
| | - Jianwu Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong City, China.
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Yuan PQ, Wu SV, Stengel A, Sato K, Taché Y. Activation of CRF 1 receptors expressed in brainstem autonomic nuclei stimulates colonic enteric neurons and secreto-motor function in male rats. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2021; 33:e14189. [PMID: 34215021 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) receptor 1 (CRF1 ) plays a role in acute stress-related stimulation of colonic motor function. Less is known on CRF1 signaling in the brainstem. METHODS We investigate CRF1 expression in the brainstem and the colonic response to 4th ventricle (4V) injection of CRF and urocortin (Ucn) 2 (3 µg/rat) in chronically cannulated male rats. KEY RESULTS Transcripts of CRF1 wild-type 1a and splice variants 1c, 1e, 1f, 1o along with three novel variants 1a-2 (desK-110 in exon 5), 1p (-exon 7), and 1q (exon 5 extension) were identified in the pons and medulla. The area postrema, nucleus tractus solitarius, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, locus coeruleus, and Barrington's nucleus isolated by laser capture microdissection expressed 1a, 1a-2, and 1p but not 1q. Compared to 4V vehicle, 4V CRF induced fecal pellet output (FPO) and diarrhea that were blocked by the CRF antagonist, astressin-B. CRF2 agonist, Ucn2 had no effect on basal or CRF-induced FPO. CRF actions were correlated with the induction of c-Fos immunoreactivity in myenteric neurons of the proximal and distal colon (pC, dC) and submucosal neurons of dC. c-Fos immunoreactivity occurred in 39% and 37% of myenteric cholinergic and 7% and 58% of nitrergic neurons in the pC and dC, respectively. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES CRF1a and its splice variants are expressed in brainstem nuclei, and activation of CRF1 signaling at the level of the brainstem stimulates colonic secretory-motor function through activation of colonic enteric neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu-Qing Yuan
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - S Vincent Wu
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andreas Stengel
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
- Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ken Sato
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Sato Clinic 13-14 Choei Moriyamaku, Nagoya City, Japan
| | - Yvette Taché
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Traini C, Idrizaj E, Garella R, Faussone-Pellegrini MS, Baccari MC, Vannucchi MG. Otilonium Bromide treatment prevents nitrergic functional and morphological changes caused by chronic stress in the distal colon of a rat IBS model. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:6988-7000. [PMID: 34109728 PMCID: PMC8278105 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a highly prevalent gastrointestinal disorder characterized by periods of remission and exacerbation. Among the risk factors to develop IBS, psychosocial stress is widely acknowledged. The water avoidance stress repeatedly applied (rWAS) is considered effective to study IBS etio-pathogenesis. Otilonium bromide (OB), a drug with multiple mechanisms of action, is largely used to treat IBS patients. Orally administered, it concentrates in the large bowel and significantly ameliorates the IBS symptomatology. Presently, we tested whether rWAS rats developed neuro-muscular abnormalities in the distal colon and whether OB treatment prevented them. The investigation was focussed on the nitrergic neurotransmission by combining functional and morphological methodologies. The results confirm rWAS as reliable animal model to investigate the cellular mechanisms responsible for IBS: exposure to one-hour psychosocial stress for 10 days depressed muscle contractility and increased iNOS expression in myenteric neurons. OB treatment counteracted these effects. We hypothesize that these effects are due to the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) release, the main mediator of the psychosocial stress, followed by a CRF1receptor activation. OB, that was shown to prevent CRF1r activation, reasonably interrupted the cascade events that bring to the mechanical and immunohistochemical changes affecting rWAS rat colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Traini
- Research Unit of Histology and Embryology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Eglantina Idrizaj
- Section of Physiological Sciences, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Rachele Garella
- Section of Physiological Sciences, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Maria Caterina Baccari
- Section of Physiological Sciences, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Giuliana Vannucchi
- Research Unit of Histology and Embryology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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11
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Xu W, Lu J, Chen Y, Wang Z, Cao J, Dong Y. Impairment of CRH in the intestinal mucosal epithelial barrier of pregnant Bama miniature pig induced by restraint stress. Endocr J 2021; 68:485-502. [PMID: 33408312 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej20-0332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Female, especially for pregnant female, are vulnerable to psychological stress. The morphology and metabolism of the maternal intestine are both obviously changed during pregnancy, thus making intestinal health status more fragile under psychological stress. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of CRH and CRHR1 in the pregnant maternal intestine under psychological stress, thus exploring the mechanism of psychological stress in the pregnant maternal intestine. Bama miniature pigs were divided into the control and restraint stress groups from the first day of pregnancy. After restraint stress treatment for 18 consecutive days (D18), the plasma, duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon were collected for study. Pregnant Bama miniature pigs subjected to restraint stress had significantly elevated CRH, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol (COR) levels in plasma. Consistent with the increase in CRH levels, we observed enhanced oxidative stress levels in the intestine, which resulted in intestinal mucosal injury, including impaired intestinal morphology, a reduced number of goblet cells and proliferating cell nuclear antigen-positive cells, decreased expression of MUC2 and tight junctions, and elevated expression of CRHR1 and caspase-3. Moreover, exogenous CRH could directly promote IPEC-J2 cell apoptosis and influence its cell cycle (S and G2 phase) through CRHR1, and antalarmin could alleviate this phenomenon. Therefore, our results illustrated that the intestinal dysfunction of pregnant Bama miniature pigs was caused by restraint stress, and these changes were associated with the enhanced expression of CRH and CRHR1 in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjiao Xu
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, College of Animal Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiayin Lu
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, College of Animal Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yaoxing Chen
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, College of Animal Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zixu Wang
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, College of Animal Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jing Cao
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, College of Animal Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yulan Dong
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, College of Animal Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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Yuan PQ, Bellier JP, Li T, Kwaan MR, Kimura H, Taché Y. Intrinsic cholinergic innervation in the human sigmoid colon revealed using CLARITY, three-dimensional (3D) imaging, and a novel anti-human peripheral choline acetyltransferase (hpChAT) antiserum. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2021; 33:e14030. [PMID: 33174295 PMCID: PMC8126258 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously reported the specificity of a novel anti-human peripheral choline acetyltransferase (hpChAT) antiserum for immunostaining of cholinergic neuronal cell bodies and fibers in the human colon. In this study, we investigate 3D architecture of intrinsic cholinergic innervation in the human sigmoid colon and the relationship with nitrergic neurons in the enteric plexus. METHODS We developed a modified CLARITY tissue technique applicable for clearing human sigmoid colon specimens and immunostaining with hpChAT antiserum and co-labeling with neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) antibody. The Z-stack confocal images were processed for 3D reconstruction/segmentation/digital tracing and computational quantitation by Imaris 9.2 and 9.5. KEY RESULTS In the mucosa, a local micro-neuronal network formed of hpChAT-ir fibers and a few neuronal cell bodies were digitally assembled. Three layers of submucosal plexuses were displayed in 3D structure that were interconnected by hpChAT-ir fiber bundles and hpChAT-ir neurons were rarely co-labeled by nNOS. In the myenteric plexus, 30.1% of hpChAT-ir somas including Dogiel type I and II were co-labeled by nNOS and 3 classes of hpChAT-ir nerve fiber strands were visualized in 3D images and videos. The density and intensity values of hpChAT-ir fibers in 3D structure were significantly higher in the circular than in the longitudinal layer. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES The intrinsic cholinergic innervation in the human sigmoid colon was demonstrated layer by layer for the first time in 3D microstructures. This may open a new venue to assess the structure-function relationships and pathological alterations in colonic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu-Qing Yuan
- CLA/Digestive Diseases Research Core Center, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA,VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Bellier
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Tao Li
- CLA/Digestive Diseases Research Core Center, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mary R. Kwaan
- Department of Surgery, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Yvette Taché
- CLA/Digestive Diseases Research Core Center, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA,VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Yamato S, Kurematsu A, Amano T, Ariga H, Ando T, Komaki G, Wada K. Urocortin 1: A putative excitatory neurotransmitter in the enteric nervous system. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2020; 32:e13842. [PMID: 32196844 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urocortin 1 (Ucn1), a stress-related peptide, is a member of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family and acts as a CRF1 receptor agonist. Ucn1 and CRF1 receptor immunoreactivity are present in the enteric nervous system (ENS), and Ucn1 elicits contraction of colonic muscle strips. Considering these findings, we have hypothesized that Ucn1 acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter in the ENS. The present study was conducted to determine whether exogenously applied Ucn1 causes contractions, whether it participates in neurally mediated contraction, and whether it is released from the ENS of the rat colon. METHODS Isometric tension of the rat colonic muscle strips (middle to distal colon) in a longitudinal direction was measured. The effects of Ucn1 on phasic contractions were examined in the absence and presence of antalarmin (CRF1 receptor antagonist), tetrodotoxin (TTX), and atropine. The effects of antalarmin on electrical field stimulation (EFS)-induced contractions were examined in the absence and presence of atropine. Ucn1 peptide in the bath solution was measured after EFS using an EIA kit. KEY RESULTS Ucn1 caused a significant and dose-dependent increase in phasic contractions. These effects were completely inhibited by antalarmin, TTX, and atropine. EFS-induced contractions were inhibited by antalarmin. Atropine markedly reduced EFS-induced contractions, and antalarmin did not decrease these contractions further. EFS elicited a significant increase in the concentration of Ucn1 in the bath solution, and this increase was completely inhibited by TTX. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES These results suggest that Ucn1 acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter in the ENS enhancing the cholinergic neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Yamato
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayako Kurematsu
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomofumi Amano
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Ariga
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Ando
- Department of Psychosomatic Research, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gen Komaki
- Department of Psychosomatic Research, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiji Wada
- Department of Degenerative Neurological Diseases, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
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Bülbül M, Sinen O, Bayramoğlu O, Akkoyunlu G. Enteric apelin enhances the stress-induced stimulation of colonic motor functions. Stress 2020; 23:201-212. [PMID: 31441348 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2019.1658739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to stress, apelin and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) are upregulated in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. This study was designed to investigate the effect of stress on endogenous apelin in colon and its regulatory role on colonic motor functions. Colon transit (CT) was measured in rats exposed to acute restraint stress (ARS). APJ and CRF receptor antagonists F13A and astressin were administered intraperitoneally 30 min before ARS loading. Colonic muscle contractions were evaluated by in-vivo motility recording and in-vitro organ bath studies. Detection of apelin or CRF was performed using immunohistochemistry in proximal and distal colon of non-stressed (NS) and ARS-loaded rats. Immunoreactivity of CRF1 with apelin or APJ receptor was detected with double-labeled immunofluorescence in colonic myenteric neurons. Compared with NS rats, ARS accelerated the CT which was attenuated significantly by F13A or astressin. Following ARS, the expression of CRF was increased remarkably in distal colon, while the stress-induced change was not prominent in proximal colon. Apelin-positive cells were detected in myenteric ganglia of distal colon, while no apelin immunoreactivity observed in myenteric neurons of proximal colon. Both apelin and APJ receptor are colocalized with CRF1 in myenteric neurons of distal colon. In the in-vivo colonic motility experiments, apelin-13 exhibited a rapid stimulatory effect. CRF administration increased the motility which was abolished by F13A. Apelin-induced contractions in muscle strips were no longer observed with preadministration of F13A. These results suggest that enteric apelin contributes to the action of CRF on colonic motor functions under stressed conditions.LAY SUMMARYIt has been suggested in rodents that acute stress increases the expression of apelin in gastrointestinal tissues. We have found that under stressed conditions, enteric apelin contributes to the CRF-induced alterations in colonic motor functions through APJ receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Bülbül
- Department of Physiology, Akdeniz University, Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Osman Sinen
- Department of Physiology, Akdeniz University, Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Onur Bayramoğlu
- Department of Physiology, Akdeniz University, Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Gökhan Akkoyunlu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Akdeniz University, Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
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SUGAWARA T, SAWADA D, KAJI I, KARAKI SI, KUWAHARA A. The effects of viable and non-viable Lactobacillus gasseri CP2305 cells on colonic ion transport and corticotropin releasing factor-induced diarrhea. Biomed Res 2019; 40:225-233. [DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.40.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori SUGAWARA
- Research Unit for Epithelial Physiology, Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University
| | - Daisuke SAWADA
- Research Unit for Epithelial Physiology, Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University
| | - Izumi KAJI
- Section of Surgical Sciences, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University
| | | | - Atsukazu KUWAHARA
- Research Unit for Epithelial Physiology, Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University
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Yang Y, Yu H, Babygirija R, Shi B, Sun W, Zheng X, Zheng J. Intranasal Administration of Oxytocin Attenuates Stress Responses Following Chronic Complicated Stress in Rats. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2019; 25:611-622. [PMID: 31587552 PMCID: PMC6786441 DOI: 10.5056/jnm19065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms may develop when we fail to adapt to various stressors of our daily life. Central oxytocin (OXT) can counteract the biological actions of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), and in turn attenuates stress responses. Administration (intracerebroventricular) of OXT significantly antagonized the inhibitory effects of chronic complicated stress (CCS) on GI dysmotility in rats. However, intracerebroventricular administration is an invasive pathway. Intranasal administration can rapidly deliver peptides to the brain avoiding stress response. The effects of intranasal OXT on hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and GI motility in CCS conditions have not been investigated. Methods A CCS rat model was set up, OXT 5, 10, or 20 μg were intranasal administered, 30 minutes prior to stress loading. Central CRF and OXT expression levels were analyzed, serum corticosterone and OXT concentrations were measured, and gastric and colonic motor functions were evaluated by gastric emptying, fecal pellet output, and motility recording system. Results Rats in CCS condition showed significantly increased CRF expression and corticosterone concentration, which resulted in delayed gastric emptying and increased fecal pellet output, attenuated gastric motility and enhanced colonic motility were also recorded. OXT 10 μg or 20 μg significantly reduced CRF mRNA expression and the corticosterone concentration, OXT 20 μg also helped to restore GI motor dysfunction induced by CCS. Conclusion Intranasal administration of OXT has an anxiolytic effect and attenuates the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis in response to CCS, and gave effects which helped to restore GI dysmotility, and might be a new approach for the treatment of stress-induced GI motility disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yang
- Department of Physiology, School of Life Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Haijie Yu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Reji Babygirija
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin and Zablocki VA Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Bei Shi
- Department of Physiology, School of Life Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Weinan Sun
- Department of Physiology, School of Life Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xiaojiao Zheng
- Department of Physiology, School of Life Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jun Zheng
- Department of Physiology, School of Life Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
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Squillacioti C, Pelagalli A, Liguori G, Mirabella N. Urocortins in the mammalian endocrine system. Acta Vet Scand 2019; 61:46. [PMID: 31585551 PMCID: PMC6778379 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-019-0480-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Urocortins (Ucns), peptides belonging to the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) family, are classified into Ucn1, Ucn2, and Ucn3. They are involved in regulating several body functions by binding to two G protein-coupled receptors: receptor type 1 (CRHR1) and type 2 (CRHR2). In this review, we provide a historical overview of research on Ucns and their receptors in the mammalian endocrine system. Although the literature on the topic is limited, we focused our attention particularly on the main role of Ucns and their receptors in regulating the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal and thyroid axes, reproductive organs, pancreas, gastrointestinal tract, and other tissues characterized by “diffuse” endocrine cells in mammals. The prominent function of these peptides in health conditions led us to also hypothesize an action of Ucn agonists/antagonists in stress and in various diseases with its critical consequences on behavior and physiology. The potential role of the urocortinergic system is an intriguing topic that deserves further in-depth investigations to develop novel strategies for preventing stress-related conditions and treating endocrine diseases.
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Bellier JP, Yuan PQ, Mukaisho K, Tooyama I, Taché Y, Kimura H. A Novel Antiserum Against a Predicted Human Peripheral Choline Acetyltransferase (hpChAT) for Labeling Neuronal Structures in Human Colon. Front Neuroanat 2019; 13:37. [PMID: 31040770 PMCID: PMC6476985 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2019.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), the enzyme synthesizing acetylcholine (ACh), has an exon-skipping splice variant which is expressed preferentially in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and thus termed peripheral ChAT (pChAT). A rabbit antiserum previously produced against rat pChAT (rpChAT) has been used for immunohistochemistry (IHC) to study peripheral cholinergic structures in various animals. The present study was undertaken to develop a specific antiserum against a predicted human pChAT (hpChAT) protein. A novel mouse antiserum has been successfully raised against a unique 14-amino acid sequence of hpChAT protein. Our Western blot using this antiserum (termed here anti-hpChAT serum) on human colon extracts revealed only a single band of 47 kDa, matching the deduced size of hpChAT protein. By IHC, the antiserum gave intense staining in many neuronal cells and fibers of human colon but not brain, and such a pattern of staining seemed identical with that reported in colon of various animals using anti-rpChAT serum. In the antibody-absorption test, hpChAT-immunoreactive staining in human colon was completely blocked by using the antiserum pre-absorbed with the antigen peptide. Double immunofluorescence in human colon moreover indicated that structures stained with anti-hpChAT were also stained with anti-rpChAT, and vice versa. hpChAT antiserum allowed the identification of cell types, as Dogiel type cells in intramural plexuses, and fiber innervation of colon muscles and mucosae. The present results demonstrate the specificity and reliability of the hpChAT antiserum as a novel tool for immunohistochemical studies in human colon, opening venues to map cholinergic innervation in other human PNS tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Bellier
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Pu-Qing Yuan
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,VA Greater Los Angeles Health System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Kenichi Mukaisho
- Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Ikuo Tooyama
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Yvette Taché
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,VA Greater Los Angeles Health System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
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Tache Y, Larauche M, Yuan PQ, Million M. Brain and Gut CRF Signaling: Biological Actions and Role in the Gastrointestinal Tract. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2018; 11:51-71. [PMID: 28240194 DOI: 10.2174/1874467210666170224095741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) pathways coordinate behavioral, endocrine, autonomic and visceral responses to stress. Convergent anatomical, molecular, pharmacological and functional experimental evidence supports a key role of brain CRF receptor (CRF-R) signaling in stress-related alterations of gastrointestinal functions. These include the inhibition of gastric acid secretion and gastric-small intestinal transit, stimulation of colonic enteric nervous system and secretorymotor function, increase intestinal permeability, and visceral hypersensitivity. Brain sites of CRF actions to alter gut motility encompass the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, locus coeruleus complex and the dorsal motor nucleus while those modulating visceral pain are localized in the hippocampus and central amygdala. Brain CRF actions are mediated through the autonomic nervous system (decreased gastric vagal and increased sacral parasympathetic and sympathetic activities). The activation of brain CRF-R2 subtype inhibits gastric motor function while CRF-R1 stimulates colonic secretomotor function and induces visceral hypersensitivity. CRF signaling is also located within the gut where CRF-R1 activates colonic myenteric neurons, mucosal cells secreting serotonin, mucus, prostaglandin E2, induces mast cell degranulation, enhances mucosal permeability and propulsive motor functions and induces visceral hyperalgesia in animals and humans. CRF-R1 antagonists prevent CRF- and stressrelated gut alterations in rodents while not influencing basal state. DISCUSSION These preclinical studies contrast with the limited clinical positive outcome of CRF-R1 antagonists to alleviate stress-sensitive functional bowel diseases such as irritable bowel syndrome. CONCLUSION The translational potential of CRF-R1 antagonists in gut diseases will require additional studies directed to novel anti-CRF therapies and the neurobiology of brain-gut interactions under chronic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette Tache
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, G Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073. United States
| | - Muriel Larauche
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, G Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073. United States
| | - Pu-Qing Yuan
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, G Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073. United States
| | - Mulugeta Million
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, G Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073. United States
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Yakabi S, Wang L, Karasawa H, Yuan PQ, Koike K, Yakabi K, Taché Y. VIP is involved in peripheral CRF-induced stimulation of propulsive colonic motor function and diarrhea in male rats. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 314:G610-G622. [PMID: 29420068 PMCID: PMC6008061 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00308.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We investigated whether vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and/or prostaglandins contribute to peripheral corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-induced CRF1 receptor-mediated stimulation of colonic motor function and diarrhea in rats. The VIP antagonist, [4Cl-D-Phe6, Leu17]VIP injected intraperitoneally completely prevented CRF (10 µg/kg ip)-induced fecal output and diarrhea occurring within the first hour after injection, whereas pretreatment with the prostaglandins synthesis inhibitor, indomethacin, had no effect. In submucosal plexus neurons, CRF induced significant c-Fos expression most prominently in the terminal ileum compared with duodenum and jejunum, whereas no c-Fos was observed in the proximal colon. c-Fos expression in ileal submucosa was colocalized in 93.4% of VIP-positive neurons and 31.1% of non-VIP-labeled neurons. CRF1 receptor immunoreactivity was found on the VIP neurons. In myenteric neurons, CRF induced only a few c-Fos-positive neurons in the ileum and a robust expression in the proximal colon (17.5 ± 2.4 vs. 0.4 ± 0.3 cells/ganglion in vehicle). The VIP antagonist prevented intraperitoneal CRF-induced c-Fos induction in the ileal submucosal plexus and proximal colon myenteric plexus. At 60 min after injection, CRF decreased VIP levels in the terminal ileum compared with saline (0.8 ± 0.3 vs. 2.5 ± 0.7 ng/g), whereas VIP mRNA level detected by qPCR was not changed. These data indicate that intraperitoneal CRF activates intestinal submucosal VIP neurons most prominently in the ileum and myenteric neurons in the colon. It also implicates VIP signaling as part of underlying mechanisms driving the acute colonic secretomotor response to a peripheral injection of CRF, whereas prostaglandins do not play a role. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in the gut plays a physiological role in the stimulation of lower gut secretomotor function induced by stress. We showed that vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-immunoreactive neurons in the ileal submucosal plexus expressed CRF1 receptor and were prominently activated by CRF, unlike colonic submucosal neurons. VIP antagonist abrogated CRF-induced ileal submucosal and colonic myenteric activation along with functional responses (defecation and diarrhea). These data point to VIP signaling in ileum and colon as downstream effectors of CRF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiichi Yakabi
- CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, and Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Lixin Wang
- CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, and Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Hiroshi Karasawa
- CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, and Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Pu-Qing Yuan
- CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, and Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kazuhiko Koike
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Koji Yakabi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University , Saitama , Japan
| | - Yvette Taché
- CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, and Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
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Experimental Models of Irritable Bowel Syndrome and the Role of the Enteric Neurotransmission. J Clin Med 2018; 7:jcm7010004. [PMID: 29301333 PMCID: PMC5791012 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is one of the most common gastrointestinal diseases in humans. It is characterized by visceral pain and/or discomfort, hypersensitivity and abnormal motor responses along with change in gut habits. Although the etio-pathogenesis of IBS is only partially understood, a main role has been attributed to psychosocial stress of different origin. Animal models such as neonatal maternal separation, water avoidance stress and wrap restraint stress have been developed as psychosocial stressors in the attempt to reproduce the IBS symptomatology and identify the cellular mechanisms responsible for the disease. The study of these models has led to the production of drugs potentially useful for IBS treatment. This review intends to give an overview on the results obtained with the animal models; to emphasize the role of the enteric nervous system in IBS appearance and evolution and as a possible target of drug therapies.
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Chatoo M, Li Y, Ma Z, Coote J, Du J, Chen X. Involvement of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor and Receptors in Immune Cells in Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:21. [PMID: 29483895 PMCID: PMC5816029 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common functional gastrointestinal disorder defined by ROME IV criteria as pain in the lower abdominal region, which is associated with altered bowel habit or defecation. The underlying mechanism of IBS is not completely understood. IBS seems to be a product of interactions between various factors with genetics, dietary/intestinal microbiota, low-grade inflammation, and stress playing a key role in the pathogenesis of this disease. The crosstalk between the immune system and stress in IBS mechanism is increasingly recognized. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), a major mediator in the stress response, is involved in altered function in GI, including inflammatory processes, colonic transit time, contractile activity, defecation pattern, pain threshold, mucosal secretory function, and barrier functions. This mini review focuses on the recently establish local GI-CRF system, its involvement in modulating the immune response in IBS, and summarizes current IBS animal models and mapping of CRF, CRFR1, and CRFR2 expression in colon tissues. CRF and receptors might be a key molecule involving the immune and movement function via brain-gut axis in IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahanand Chatoo
- Division of Neurobiology and Physiology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Li
- Division of Neurobiology and Physiology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiqiang Ma
- Division of Neurobiology and Physiology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - John Coote
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jizeng Du
- Division of Neurobiology and Physiology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuequn Chen
- Division of Neurobiology and Physiology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xuequn Chen,
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West C, Wu RY, Wong A, Stanisz AM, Yan R, Min KK, Pasyk M, McVey Neufeld KA, Karamat MI, Foster JA, Bienenstock J, Forsythe P, Kunze WA. Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain JB-1 reverses restraint stress-induced gut dysmotility. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2017; 29. [PMID: 27381257 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental stress affects the gut with dysmotility being a common consequence. Although a variety of microbes or molecules may prevent the dysmotility, none reverse the dysmotility. METHODS We have used a 1 hour restraint stress mouse model to test for treatment effects of the neuroactive microbe, L. rhamnosus JB-1™ . Motility of fluid-filled ex vivo gut segments in a perfusion organ bath was recorded by video and migrating motor complexes measured using spatiotemporal maps of diameter changes. KEY RESULTS Stress reduced jejunal and increased colonic propagating contractile cluster velocities and frequencies, while increasing contraction amplitudes for both. Luminal application of 10E8 cfu/mL JB-1 restored motor complex variables to unstressed levels within minutes of application. L. salivarius or Na.acetate had no treatment effects, while Na.butyrate partially reversed stress effects on colonic frequency and amplitude. Na.propionate reversed the stress effects for jejunum and colon except on jejunal amplitude. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Our findings demonstrate, for the first time, a potential for certain beneficial microbes as treatment of stress-induced intestinal dysmotility and that the mechanism for restoration of function occurs within the intestine via a rapid drug-like action on the enteric nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- C West
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - R Y Wu
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - A Wong
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - A M Stanisz
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - R Yan
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - K K Min
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - M Pasyk
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - K-A McVey Neufeld
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - M I Karamat
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - J A Foster
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - J Bienenstock
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - P Forsythe
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - W A Kunze
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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24
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Traini C, Evangelista S, Girod V, Faussone-Pellegrini MS, Vannucchi MG. Repeated otilonium bromide administration prevents neurotransmitter changes in colon of rats underwent to wrap restraint stress. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 21:735-745. [PMID: 27866394 PMCID: PMC5345670 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Otilonium bromide (OB) is a spasmolytic drug successfully used for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Its efficacy has been attributed to the block of L- and T-type Ca2+ channels and muscarinic and tachykinin receptors in the smooth muscle. Furthermore, in healthy rats, repeated OB administration modified neurotransmitter expression and function suggesting other mechanisms of action. On this basis, we investigated whether repeated OB treatment prevented the functional and neurochemical changes observed in the colon of rats underwent to wrap restrain stress (WRS) a psychosocial stressor considered suitable to reproduce the main IBS signs and symptoms. In control, WRS and OB/WRS rats functional parameters were measured in vivo and morphological investigations were done ex vivo in the colon. The results showed that OB counteracts most of the neurotransmitters changes caused by WRS. In particular, the drug prevents the decrease in SP-, NK1r-, nNOS-, VIP-, and S100β-immunoreactivity (IR) and the increase in CGRP-, and CRF1r-IR. On the contrary, OB does not affect the increase in CRF2r-IR neurons observed in WRS rats and does not interfere with the mild mucosal inflammation due to WRS. Finally, OB per se increases the Mr2 expression in the muscle wall and decreases the number of the myenteric ChAT-IR neurons. Functional findings show a significantly reduction in the number of spontaneous abdominal contraction in OB treated rats. The ability of OB to block L-type Ca2+ channels, also expressed by enteric neurons, might represent a possible mechanism through which OB exerts its actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Traini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Research Unit of Histology and Embryology, Florence, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Maria Giuliana Vannucchi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Research Unit of Histology and Embryology, Florence, Italy
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25
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DUBOC H, TOLSTANOVA G, YUAN PQ, WU V, KAJI I, BIRAUD M, AKIBA Y, KAUNITZ J, MILLION M, TACHE Y, LARAUCHE M. Reduction of epithelial secretion in male rat distal colonic mucosa by bile acid receptor TGR5 agonist, INT-777: role of submucosal neurons. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2016; 28:1663-1676. [PMID: 27259385 PMCID: PMC5083223 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent evidence from rat neuron-free mucosa study suggests that the membrane bile acid receptor TGR5 decreases colonic secretion under basal and stimulated conditions. As submucosal neurons are key players in secretory processes and highly express TGR5, we investigated their role in TGR5 agonist-induced inhibition of secretion and the pathways recruited. METHODS TGR5 expression and localization were assessed in rat proximal (pC) and distal (dC) colon by qPCR and immunohistochemistry with double labeling for cholinergic neurons in whole-mount preparations. The influence of a selective (INT-777) or weak (ursodeoxycholic acid, UDCA) TGR5 agonist on colonic secretion was assessed in Ussing chambers, in dC preparation removing seromuscular ± submucosal tissues, in the presence of different inhibitors of secretion pathways. KEY RESULTS TGR5 mRNA is expressed in full thickness dC and pC and immunoreactivity is located in colonocytes and pChAT-positive neurons. Addition of INT-777, and less potently UDCA, decreased colonic secretion in seromuscular stripped dC by -58.17± 2.6%. INT-777 effect on basal secretion was reduced in neuron-free and TTX-treated mucosal-submucosal preparations. Atropine, hexamethonium, indomethacin, and L-NAME all reduced significantly INT-777's inhibitory effect while the 5-HT4 antagonist, RS-39604, and lidocaine abolished it. INT-777 inhibited stimulated colonic secretion induced by nicotine, but not cisapride, carbachol or PGE2. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES TGR5 activation inhibits basal and stimulated distal colonic secretion in rats by acting directly on epithelial cells and also inhibiting submucosal neurons. This could represent a counter-regulatory mechanism, at the submucosal level, of the known prosecretory effect of bile acids in the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri DUBOC
- CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA,VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA,DHU UNITY, Inserm UMR 1149, and Louis Mourier Hospital, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, AP-HP, University Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Ganna TOLSTANOVA
- CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA,VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA,Educational-Scientific Center “Institute of Biology” Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Pu-Qing YUAN
- CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA,VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - Vincent WU
- CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA,VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - Izumi KAJI
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, UCLA,Brentwood Biomedical Research Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mandy BIRAUD
- CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA,VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - Yasutada AKIBA
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, UCLA,Brentwood Biomedical Research Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jonathan KAUNITZ
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, UCLA,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, UCLA,Brentwood Biomedical Research Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mulugeta MILLION
- CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA,VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - Yvette TACHE
- CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA,VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - Muriel LARAUCHE
- CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA,VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
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26
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Traini C, Evangelista S, Girod V, Faussone-Pellegrini MS, Vannucchi MG. Changes of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in the colon of rats underwent to the wrap partial restraint stress. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2016; 28:1172-85. [PMID: 26972279 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal models proposed to reproduce some of the human irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) symptoms are based on the hypothesis that psychosocial stressors play a pivotal role in the IBS etio-pathology. We investigated the wrap restraint stress (WRS) model with the aim to analyze the morphological changes of the entire colonic wall of these animals that showed some of the human IBS symptoms such as visceral hypersensitivity. METHODS Male Wistar rats were used and WRS was maintained for 2 h. Abdominal contractions (AC) were recorded in the colon-rectum by balloon distension. Fecal pellets were quantitated. Colonic specimens were examined by routine histology, immunohistochemistry and western blot. KEY RESULTS WRS animals were characterized by: (i) increase in AC number and fecal pellets mean weight; (ii) clusters of mononucleated cells, increase in eosinophilic granulocytes and mast cells in the mucosa; (iii) increase in CGRP-immunoreactive (IR) nerve fibers in the lamina propria; (iv) decrease in myenteric NK1r-IR and nNOS-IR neurons and in submucous nNOS-IR neurons; (v) decrease in SP-IR nerve fibers in the muscle wall; (vi) reduction in S100β-IR glia in the entire colonic wall; (vii) increase in CRF1r-IR myenteric neurons; (viii) no change in ChAT-IR neurons, smooth muscle cells and interstitial cells of Cajal. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES The present results support the consistency of the WRS as a potential model where part of the human IBS signs and symptoms are reproduced. The changes in glial cells and in excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters might represent the substrate for the dysmotility and hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Traini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Research Unit of Histology and Embryology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - S Evangelista
- Menarini Ricerche SpA, Preclinical Development, Florence, Italy
| | - V Girod
- Syncrosome, Marseille, France
| | - M S Faussone-Pellegrini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Research Unit of Histology and Embryology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - M G Vannucchi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Research Unit of Histology and Embryology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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27
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Li S, Fei G, Fang X, Yang X, Sun X, Qian J, Wood JD, Ke M. Changes in Enteric Neurons of Small Intestine in a Rat Model of Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Diarrhea. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2016; 22:310-20. [PMID: 26645247 PMCID: PMC4819870 DOI: 10.5056/jnm15082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Physical and/or emotional stresses are important factors in the exacerbation of symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Several lines of evidence support that a major impact of stress on the gastrointestinal tract occurs via the enteric nervous system. We aimed to evaluate histological changes in the submucosal plexus (SMP) and myenteric plexus (MP) of the distal ileum in concert with the intestinal motor function in a rat model of IBS with diarrhea. Methods The rat model was induced by heterotypic chronic and acute stress (CAS). The intestinal transit was measured by administering powdered carbon by gastric gavage. Double immunohistochemical fluorescence staining with whole-mount preparations of SMP and MP of enteric nervous system was used to assess changes in expression of choline acetyltransferase, vasoactive intestinal peptide, or nitric oxide synthase in relation to the pan neuronal marker, anti-Hu. Results The intestinal transit ratio increased significantly from control values of 50.8% to 60.6% in the CAS group. The numbers of enteric ganglia and neurons in the SMP were increased in the CAS group. The proportions of choline acetyltransferase- and vasoactive intestinal peptide-immunoreactive neurons in the SMP were increased (82.1 ± 4.3% vs. 76.0 ± 5.0%, P = 0.021; 40.5 ± 5.9% vs 28.9 ± 3.7%, P = 0.001), while nitric oxide synthase-immunoreactive neurons in the MP were decreased compared with controls (23.3 ± 4.5% vs 32.4 ± 4.5%, P = 0.002). Conclusions These morphological changes in enteric neurons to CAS might contribute to the dysfunction in motility and secretion in IBS with diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guijun Fei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiucai Fang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xilin Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohong Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaming Qian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jackie D Wood
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, USA
| | - Meiyun Ke
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Erchegyi J, Wang L, Gulyas J, Samant M, Perrin MH, Lewis K, Miller C, Vaughan J, Donaldson C, Fischer W, Low W, Yakabi S, Karasawa H, Taché Y, Rivier C, Rivier J. Characterization of Multisubstituted Corticotropin Releasing Factor (CRF) Peptide Antagonists (Astressins). J Med Chem 2016; 59:854-66. [PMID: 26789203 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
CRF mediates numerous stress-related endocrine, autonomic, metabolic, and behavioral responses. We present the synthesis and chemical and biological properties of astressin B analogues {cyclo(30-33)[D-Phe(12),Nle(21,38),C(α)MeLeu(27,40),Glu(30),Lys(33)]-acetyl-h/r-CRF(9-41)}. Out of 37 novel peptides, 17 (2, 4, 6-8, 10, 11, 16, 17, 27, 29, 30, 32-36) and 16 (3, 5, 9, 12-15, 18, 19, 22-26, 28, 31) had k(i) to CRF receptors in the high picomolar and low nanomole ranges, respectively. Peptides 1, 2, and 11 inhibited h/rCRF and urocortin 1-induced cAMP release from AtT20 and A7r5 cells. When Astressin C 2 was administered to adrenalectomized rats at 1.0 mg subcutaneously, it inhibited ACTH release for >7 d. Additional rat data based on the inhibitory effect of (2) on h/rCRF-induced stimulation of colonic secretory motor activity and urocortin 2-induced delayed gastric emptying also indicate a safe and long-lasting antagonistic effect. The overall properties of selected analogues may fulfill the criteria expected from clinical candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Erchegyi
- The Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies , 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Lixin Wang
- Department of Medicine, CURE/Digestive Diseases Center, Digestive Diseases Division, University of California at Los Angeles, and Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California 90073, United States
| | - Jozsef Gulyas
- The Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies , 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Manoj Samant
- The Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies , 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Marilyn H Perrin
- The Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies , 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Kathy Lewis
- The Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies , 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Charleen Miller
- The Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies , 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Joan Vaughan
- The Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies , 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Cynthia Donaldson
- The Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies , 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Wolfgang Fischer
- The Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies , 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - William Low
- The Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies , 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Seiichi Yakabi
- Department of Medicine, CURE/Digestive Diseases Center, Digestive Diseases Division, University of California at Los Angeles, and Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California 90073, United States
| | - Hiroshi Karasawa
- Department of Medicine, CURE/Digestive Diseases Center, Digestive Diseases Division, University of California at Los Angeles, and Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California 90073, United States
| | - Yvette Taché
- Department of Medicine, CURE/Digestive Diseases Center, Digestive Diseases Division, University of California at Los Angeles, and Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California 90073, United States
| | - Catherine Rivier
- The Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies , 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jean Rivier
- The Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies , 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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LIU SUMEI, CHANG JEN, LONG NICOLE, BECKWITH KAYLEE, TALHOUARNE GAËLLE, BROOKS JULIAJ, QU MEIHUA, REN WEI, WOOD JACKIED, COOPER SCOTT, BHARGAVA ADITI. Endogenous CRF in rat large intestine mediates motor and secretory responses to stress. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2016; 28:281-91. [PMID: 26611915 PMCID: PMC4727995 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) mediates our body's overall responses to stress. The role of central CRF in stress-stimulated colonic motility is well characterized. We hypothesized that transient perturbation in expression of enteric CRF is sufficient to change stress-induced colonic motor and secretory responses. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats (adult, male) were subjected to 1-h partial restraint stress (PRS) and euthanized at 0, 4, 8, and 24 h. CRF mRNA and peptide levels in the colon were quantified by real-time RT-PCR, enzyme immuno-assay and immunohistochemistry. Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) designed to target CRF (dsCRF) was injected into the colonic wall to attain RNA interference-mediated inhibition of CRF mRNA expression. DsRNA for β-globin was used as a control (dsControl). Four days after dsRNA injection, rats were subjected to 1-h PRS. Fecal output was measured. Ussing chamber techniques were used to assess colonic mucosal ion secretion and transepithelial tissue conductance. KEY RESULTS Exposure to PRS elevated CRF expression and increased CRF release in the rat colon. Injection of dsCRF inhibited basal CRF expression and prevented the PRS-induced increase in CRF expression, whereas CRF expression in dsControl-injected colons remained high after PRS. In rats treated with dsControl, PRS caused a significant increase in fecal pellet output, colonic baseline ion secretion, and transepithelial tissue conductance. Inhibition of CRF expression in the colon prevented PRS-induced increase in fecal output, baseline ion secretion, and transepithelial tissue conductance. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES These results provide direct evidence that transient perturbation in peripherally expressed CRF prevents colonic responses to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- SUMEI LIU
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Health, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA,Corresponding author: Sumei Liu, Ph.D., Address: Department of Biology, College of Science and Health, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, 3010 Cowley Hall, 1725 State Street, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA, Tel: 1-608-785-6971, Fax: 1-608-785-6959,
| | - JEN CHANG
- Department of Ob-Gyn and Surgery, The Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - NICOLE LONG
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Health, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA
| | - KAYLEE BECKWITH
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Health, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA
| | - GAËLLE TALHOUARNE
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Health, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA
| | - JULIA J. BROOKS
- Department of Ob-Gyn and Surgery, The Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - MEI-HUA QU
- Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - WEI REN
- Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - JACKIE D. WOOD
- Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - SCOTT COOPER
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Health, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA
| | - ADITI BHARGAVA
- Department of Ob-Gyn and Surgery, The Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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30
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Meng L, Lu Z, Xiaoteng W, Yue H, Bin L, Lina M, Zhe C. Corticotropin-releasing Factor Changes the Phenotype and Function of Dendritic Cells in Mouse Mesenteric Lymph Nodes. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015; 21:571-80. [PMID: 26424042 PMCID: PMC4622140 DOI: 10.5056/jnm15019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Dendritic cells (DCs) are a significant contributor to the pathology of numerous chronic inflammatory autoimmune disorders; however, the effects of Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) on intestinal DCs are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the role of CRF in alterations of intestinal dendritic cell phenotype and function. Methods Mouse mesenteric lymph node dendritic cells (MLNDCs) were obtained using magnetic bead sorting. Surface expression of CRF receptor type 1 (CRF-R1) and CRF-R2 was determined by double-labeling immunofluorescence and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and MLNDCs were subsequently exposed to CRF in the presence or absence of CRF-R1 and CRF-R2 antagonists. Expression of surface molecules (MHC-I and MHC-II) and co-stimulatory molecules (CD80 and CD86) was determined by flow cytometric and western blot analyses, and the T cell stimulatory capacity of MLNDCs was evaluated by mixed lymphocyte reaction. Results Immunofluorescent staining and quatitative polymerase chain reaction indicated that both the CRF receptors (CRF-R1 and CRF-2) are expressed on the surface of MLNDCs. Exposure to CRF increased the expression of MHC-II on MLNDCs as well as their capacity to stimulate T cell proliferation. MLNDCs treated with CRF-R1 antagonist exhibited a phenotype characterized by a less activated state and reduced surface expression of MHC-II, and consequently showed reduced capacity to stimulate T cells. In contrast, treatment of MLNDCs with CRF-R2 antagonist yielded an opposite result. Conclusions CRF can alter the phenotype and function of intestinal DCs through direct action on CRF-R1 and CRF-R2, and activation of the CRF-R1 and CRF-R2 pathways yields opposing outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Meng
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhang Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wang Xiaoteng
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hu Yue
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lu Bin
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meng Lina
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chen Zhe
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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Corticotropin-releasing factor receptor type 1 and type 2 interaction in irritable bowel syndrome. J Gastroenterol 2015; 50:819-30. [PMID: 25962711 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-015-1086-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) displays chronic abdominal pain or discomfort with altered defecation, and stress-induced altered gut motility and visceral sensation play an important role in the pathophysiology. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is a main mediator of stress responses and mediates these gastrointestinal functional changes. CRF in brain and periphery acts through two subtype receptors such as CRF receptor type 1 (CRF1) and type 2 (CRF2), and activating CRF1 exclusively stimulates colonic motor function and induces visceral hypersensitivity. Meanwhile, several recent studies have demonstrated that CRF2 has a counter regulatory action against CRF1, which may imply that CRF2 inhibits stress response induced by CRF1 in order to prevent it from going into an overdrive state. Colonic contractility and sensation may be explained by the state of the intensity of CRF1 signaling. CRF2 signaling may play a role in CRF1-triggered enhanced colonic functions through modulation of CRF1 activity. Blocking CRF2 further enhances CRF-induced stimulation of colonic contractility and activating CRF2 inhibits stress-induced visceral sensitization. Therefore, we proposed the hypothesis, i.e., balance theory of CRF1 and CRF2 signaling as follows. Both CRF receptors may be activated simultaneously and the signaling balance of CRF1 and CRF2 may determine the functional changes of gastrointestinal tract induced by stress. CRF signaling balance might be abnormally shifted toward CRF1, leading to enhanced colonic motility and visceral sensitization in IBS. This theory may lead to understanding the pathophysiology and provide the novel therapeutic options targeting altered signaling balance of CRF1 and CRF2 in IBS.
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Taché Y, Million M. Role of Corticotropin-releasing Factor Signaling in Stress-related Alterations of Colonic Motility and Hyperalgesia. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015; 21:8-24. [PMID: 25611064 PMCID: PMC4288101 DOI: 10.5056/jnm14162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) signaling systems encompass CRF and the structurally related peptide urocortin (Ucn) 1, 2, and 3 along with 2 G-protein coupled receptors, CRF1 and CRF2. CRF binds with high and moderate affinity to CRF1 and CRF2 receptors, respectively while Ucn1 is a high-affinity agonist at both receptors, and Ucn2 and Ucn3 are selective CRF2 agonists. The CRF systems are expressed in both the brain and the colon at the gene and protein levels. Experimental studies established that the activation of CRF1 pathway in the brain or the colon recaptures cardinal features of diarrhea predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) (stimulation of colonic motility, activation of mast cells and serotonin, defecation/watery diarrhea, and visceral hyperalgesia). Conversely, selective CRF1 antagonists or CRF1/CRF2 antagonists, abolished or reduced exogenous CRF and stress-induced stimulation of colonic motility, defecation, diarrhea and colonic mast cell activation and visceral hyperalgesia to colorectal distention. By contrast, the CRF2 signaling in the colon dampened the CRF1 mediated stimulation of colonic motor function and visceral hyperalgesia. These data provide a conceptual framework that sustained activation of the CRF1 system at central and/or peripheral sites may be one of the underlying basis of IBS-diarrhea symptoms. While targeting these mechanisms by CRF1 antagonists provided a relevant novel therapeutic venue, so far these promising preclinical data have not translated into therapeutic use of CRF1 antagonists. Whether the existing or newly developed CRF1 antagonists will progress to therapeutic benefits for stress-sensitive diseases including IBS for a subset of patients is still a work in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette Taché
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, and Center for the Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, University of California Los Angeles, and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mulugeta Million
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, and Center for the Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, University of California Los Angeles, and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Rodiño-Janeiro BK, Alonso-Cotoner C, Pigrau M, Lobo B, Vicario M, Santos J. Role of Corticotropin-releasing Factor in Gastrointestinal Permeability. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015; 21:33-50. [PMID: 25537677 PMCID: PMC4288093 DOI: 10.5056/jnm14084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The interface between the intestinal lumen and the mucosa is the location where the majority of ingested immunogenic particles face the scrutiny of the vast gastrointestinal immune system. Upon regular physiological conditions, the intestinal micro-flora and the epithelial barrier are well prepared to process daily a huge amount of food-derived antigens and non-immunogenic particles. Similarly, they are ready to prevent environmental toxins and microbial antigens to penetrate further and interact with the mucosal-associated immune system. These functions promote the development of proper immune responses and oral tolerance and prevent disease and inflammation. Brain-gut axis structures participate in the processing and execution of response signals to external and internal stimuli. The brain-gut axis integrates local and distant regulatory networks and super-systems that serve key housekeeping physiological functions including the balanced functioning of the intestinal barrier. Disturbance of the brain-gut axis may induce intestinal barrier dysfunction, increasing the risk of uncontrolled immunological reactions, which may indeed trigger transient mucosal inflammation and gut disease. There is a large body of evidence indicating that stress, through the brain-gut axis, may cause intestinal barrier dysfunction, mainly via the systemic and peripheral release of corticotropin-releasing factor. In this review, we describe the role of stress and corticotropin-releasing factor in the regulation of gastrointestinal permeability, and discuss the link to both health and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno K Rodiño-Janeiro
- Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology Group, Digestive Diseases Research Unit, Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d' Hebron Research Institute; and Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Alonso-Cotoner
- Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology Group, Digestive Diseases Research Unit, Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d' Hebron Research Institute; and Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Pigrau
- Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology Group, Digestive Diseases Research Unit, Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d' Hebron Research Institute; and Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Lobo
- Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology Group, Digestive Diseases Research Unit, Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d' Hebron Research Institute; and Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Vicario
- Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology Group, Digestive Diseases Research Unit, Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d' Hebron Research Institute; and Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Santos
- Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology Group, Digestive Diseases Research Unit, Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d' Hebron Research Institute; and Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Barcelona, Spain
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Nozu T, Takakusaki K, Okumura T. A balance theory of peripheral corticotropin-releasing factor receptor type 1 and type 2 signaling to induce colonic contractions and visceral hyperalgesia in rats. Endocrinology 2014; 155:4655-64. [PMID: 25279793 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Several recent studies suggest that peripheral corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) receptor type 1 (CRF1) and CRF2 have a counter regulatory action on gastrointestinal functions. We hypothesized that the activity balance of each CRF subtype signaling may determine the changes in colonic motility and visceral sensation. Colonic contractions were assessed by the perfused manometry, and contractions of colonic muscle strips were measured in vitro in rats. Visceromotor response was determined by measuring contractions of abdominal muscle in response to colorectal distensions (CRDs) (60 mm Hg for 10 min twice with a 30-min rest). All drugs were administered through ip route in in vivo studies. CRF increased colonic contractions. Pretreatment with astressin, a nonselective CRF antagonist, blocked the CRF-induced response, but astressin2-B, a selective CRF2 antagonist, enhanced the response by CRF. Cortagine, a selective CRF1 agonist, increased colonic contractions. In in vitro study, CRF increased contractions of muscle strips. Urocortin 2, a selective CRF2 agonist, itself did not alter the contractions but blocked this increased response by CRF. Visceromotor response to the second CRD was significantly higher than that of the first. Astressin blocked this CRD-induced sensitization, but astressin2-B or CRF did not affect it. Meanwhile, astressin2-B together with CRF significantly enhanced the sensitization. Urocortin 2 blocked, but cortagine significantly enhanced, the sensitization. These results indicated that peripheral CRF1 signaling enhanced colonic contractility and induced visceral sensitization, and these responses were modulated by peripheral CRF2 signaling. The activity balance of each subtype signaling may determine the colonic functions in response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Nozu
- Departments of Regional Medicine and Education (T.N.) and General Medicine (T.O.) and Research Center for Brain Function and Medical Engineering (K.T.), Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
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Forbes SC, Cox HM. Peptide YY, neuropeptide Y and corticotrophin-releasing factor modulate gastrointestinal motility and food intake during acute stress. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2014; 26:1605-14. [PMID: 25238483 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral neuropeptide Y (NPY) provides protection against the endocrine, feeding and gastrointestinal (GI) responses to stress; however, it is not yet established how it interacts with corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) to mediate these effects. Peptide YY (PYY) also has significant roles in GI motility and food intake but little is known about its role in stress responses. METHODS Upper GI transit, fecal pellet output (FPO) and feeding responses, and the role of CRF1 receptors, during restraint or a novel environment stress, were ascertained in PYY-/-, NPY-/- and wild type (WT) mice, with CRF and the CRF1 antagonist, antalarmin, injected intraperitoneally. KEY RESULTS Upper GI transit and FPO were significantly increased in PYY-/- mice during restraint stress. Exogenous CRF increased defecation during placement in a novel environment in WT mice through CRF1 , while CRF1 blockade reduced defecation in WT and NPY-/- mice but had no effect in PYY-/- mice. In addition, CRF1 blockade had no effect on upper GI transit in WT mice, or on food intake in PYY-/- or NPY-/- mice, but it significantly increased food intake in WT mice. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Endogenous NPY appears to inhibit the colonic motor response induced by CRF1 activation, unlike PYY, while both peptides are required for CRF1 modulation of feeding behavior during stress. Overall, these results provide new insights into the mechanism by which PYY and NPY affect stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Forbes
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK
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Stengel A, Taché Y. CRF and urocortin peptides as modulators of energy balance and feeding behavior during stress. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:52. [PMID: 24672423 PMCID: PMC3957495 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Early on, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), a hallmark brain peptide mediating many components of the stress response, was shown to affect food intake inducing a robust anorexigenic response when injected into the rodent brain. Subsequently, other members of the CRF signaling family have been identified, namely urocortin (Ucn) 1, Ucn 2, and Ucn 3 which were also shown to decrease food intake upon central or peripheral injection. However, the kinetics of feeding suppression was different with an early decrease following intracerebroventricular injection of CRF and a delayed action of Ucns contrasting with the early onset after systemic injection. CRF and Ucns bind to two distinct G-protein coupled membrane receptors, the CRF1 and CRF2. New pharmacological tools such as highly selective peptide CRF1 or CRF2 agonists or antagonists along with genetic knock-in or knock-out models have allowed delineating the primary role of CRF2 involved in the anorexic response to exogenous administration of CRF and Ucns. Several stressors trigger behavioral changes including suppression of feeding behavior which are mediated by brain CRF receptor activation. The present review will highlight the state-of-knowledge on the effects and mechanisms of action of CRF/Ucns-CRF1/2 signaling under basal conditions and the role in the alterations of food intake in response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Stengel
- Division of General Internal and Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlin, Germany
| | - Yvette Taché
- CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center, Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Women's Health, Department of Medicine, Digestive Diseases Division at the University of California Los Angeles, and VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care SystemLos Angeles, CA, USA
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Sharkey KA, Savidge TC. Reprint of: Role of enteric neurotransmission in host defense and protection of the gastrointestinal tract. Auton Neurosci 2014; 182:70-82. [PMID: 24674836 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Host defense is a vital role played by the gastrointestinal tract. As host to an enormous and diverse microbiome, the gut has evolved an elaborate array of chemical and physicals barriers that allow the digestion and absorption of nutrients without compromising the mammalian host. The control of such barrier functions requires the integration of neural, humoral, paracrine and immune signaling, involving redundant and overlapping mechanisms to ensure, under most circumstances, the integrity of the gastrointestinal epithelial barrier. Here we focus on selected recent developments in the autonomic neural control of host defense functions used in the protection of the gut from luminal agents, and discuss how the microbiota may potentially play a role in enteric neurotransmission. Key recent findings include: the important role played by subepithelial enteric glia in modulating intestinal barrier function, identification of stress-induced mechanisms evoking barrier breakdown, neural regulation of epithelial cell proliferation, the role of afferent and efferent vagal pathways in regulating barrier function, direct evidence for bacterial communication to the enteric nervous system, and microbial sources of enteric neurotransmitters. We discuss these new and interesting developments in our understanding of the role of the autonomic nervous system in gastrointestinal host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith A Sharkey
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Tor C Savidge
- Texas Children's Microbiome Center, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Role of enteric neurotransmission in host defense and protection of the gastrointestinal tract. Auton Neurosci 2013; 181:94-106. [PMID: 24412639 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Host defense is a vital role played by the gastrointestinal tract. As host to an enormous and diverse microbiome, the gut has evolved an elaborate array of chemical and physicals barriers that allow the digestion and absorption of nutrients without compromising the mammalian host. The control of such barrier functions requires the integration of neural, humoral, paracrine and immune signaling, involving redundant and overlapping mechanisms to ensure, under most circumstances, the integrity of the gastrointestinal epithelial barrier. Here we focus on selected recent developments in the autonomic neural control of host defense functions used in the protection of the gut from luminal agents, and discuss how the microbiota may potentially play a role in enteric neurotransmission. Key recent findings include: the important role played by subepithelial enteric glia in modulating intestinal barrier function, identification of stress-induced mechanisms evoking barrier breakdown, neural regulation of epithelial cell proliferation, the role of afferent and efferent vagal pathways in regulating barrier function, direct evidence for bacterial communication to the enteric nervous system, and microbial sources of enteric neurotransmitters. We discuss these new and interesting developments in our understanding of the role of the autonomic nervous system in gastrointestinal host defense.
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Crosstalk between interleukin-6 and corticotropin-releasing factor modulate submucosal plexus activity and colonic secretion. Brain Behav Immun 2013; 30:115-24. [PMID: 23369733 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2013.01.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common disorder of the gut with symptoms such as diarrhoea, constipation, abdominal pain and bloating, that are frequently exacerbated by stress. Circulating levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-6 (IL-6), which can activate colonic enteric neurons, are elevated in IBS patients. These studies aim to explore the relationship between IL-6 and the stress peptide, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in colonic submucosal neurons. METHODS Calcium imaging, Ussing chamber electrophysiology and immunohistochemistry were conducted on rat distal colons to investigate potential crosstalk between IL-6 and CRF. KEY RESULTS Colonic secretions from the maternal separation rat model of IBS stimulated increases in intracellular calcium in naïve submucosal neurons via CRF1 receptors (n=15, p<0.05). Moreover, IL-6 (n=50, p<0.01) but not IL-1β (n=46, p>0.05) or TNFα (n=46, p>0.05) potentiated the CRF-evoked calcium response. CRF (1μM, 1h, n=5) stimulation also induced colonic secretion of IL-6 and inhibited the pro-secretory effects of IL-6 on colonic ion transfer (n=12). CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES These studies demonstrate the modulatory effects of CRF on colonic IL-6 secretion, neuronal activation and secretory function. These findings may provide an insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying symptom flares in IBS during periods of high stress.
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Yuan PQ, Wu SV, Elliott J, Anton PA, Chatzaki E, Million M, Taché Y. Expression of corticotropin releasing factor receptor type 1 (CRF1) in the human gastrointestinal tract and upregulation in the colonic mucosa in patients with ulcerative colitis. Peptides 2012; 38:62-9. [PMID: 22948128 PMCID: PMC3652978 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Brain corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) acting on CRF receptor type 1 (CRF(1)) is a main signaling pathway in the stress response. CRF is also produced in a variety of peripheral sites and acts locally as a proinflammatory mediator. We investigated CRF(1) mRNA expression in the human gastrointestinal tract, and localized CRF(1) immunoreactive cells in the colonic mucosa of healthy subjects and patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). In 4 male healthy subjects (24-29 years), CRF(1) transcript was detected by RT-PCR throughout the gastrointestinal tract with the highest levels in the ileum and rectum and the lowest level in the colon. Immunohistochemistry on whole thickness sigmoid colon sections showed that CRF(1) was localized in the lamina propria and epithelial cells and enteric neurons. In sigmoid colonic biopsies, immunohistochemically double-labeled cells with CRF(1) and CD163, a marker for macrophages, represent 79% of total CRF(1) immunoreactive (IR) cells in healthy subjects. In 10 UC patients, the total number of CRF(1) IR cells and CRF(1)/CD163 double-labeled macrophages was increased by 4.2 and 4.0 folds respectively compared to healthy subjects. These findings indicate that CRF(1) is distributed throughout the GI tract of healthy human subjects. The increase of CRF(1) IR cells prominently in macrophages of the sigmoid colonic mucosa of UC patients provides anatomical support for a role of CRF(1) signaling in modulating the immune-inflammatory process of UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu-Qing Yuan
- CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Digestive Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA.
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WANG L, MAGEN I, YUAN PQ, SUBRAMANIAM SR, RICHTER F, CHESSELET MF, TACHÉ Y. Mice overexpressing wild-type human alpha-synuclein display alterations in colonic myenteric ganglia and defecation. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2012; 24:e425-36. [PMID: 22779732 PMCID: PMC3712640 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2012.01974.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prevalent non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) include gastrointestinal motor impairments and advanced stage PD displays pathological aggregates of α-synuclein in colonic enteric neurons. We previously showed that 12 months old mice overexpressing human wild type (WT) α-synuclein under the Thy1 promoter (Thy1-aSyn) displayed colonic motor dysfunction. We investigated functional gut alterations at earlier ages and histological correlates. METHODS Defecation, gastric emptying (GE), and immunostaining for α-synuclein, peripheral choline acetyltransferase (pChAT), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in distal colon myenteric plexuses were assessed in male Thy1-aSyn compared to littermate WT mice. KEY RESULTS Thy1-aSyn mice aged 2.5-3 or 7-8 months old had 81% and 55% reduction in fecal pellet output, respectively, in the first 15 min of exposure to a novel environment. The reduction remained significant in the older group for 2-h, and subsequent refeeding resulted also in a 60% and 69% reduction of defecation in the first hour, respectively. Thy1-aSyn mice (8-10 months) displayed increased α-synuclein in the myenteric plexuses with abundant varicose terminals surrounding pChAT-immunoreactive (ir) neurons, and only a few, nNOS-ir neurons. There were no conspicuous changes in pChAT- and nNOS-ir neurons, or TH- and VIP-ir nerve fibers. Thy1-aSyn mice aged 4-18 months had normal GE. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES The occurrence of over-production of pre-synaptic α-synuclein in colonic myenteric ganglia several months before the loss of striatal dopamine may provide an anatomical basis for interference with cholinergic neuronal activation, causing an early impairment in defecation to stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. WANG
- CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles and Veteran Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, USA
| | - I. MAGEN
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - P-Q YUAN
- CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles and Veteran Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, USA
| | - S. R. SUBRAMANIAM
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - F. RICHTER
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - M-F CHESSELET
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Y. TACHÉ
- CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles and Veteran Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, USA
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Overman EL, Rivier JE, Moeser AJ. CRF induces intestinal epithelial barrier injury via the release of mast cell proteases and TNF-α. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39935. [PMID: 22768175 PMCID: PMC3386952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Psychological stress is a predisposing factor in the onset and exacerbation of important gastrointestinal diseases including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). The pathophysiology of stress-induced intestinal disturbances is known to be mediated by corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) but the precise signaling pathways remain poorly understood. Utilizing a porcine ex vivo intestinal model, the aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms by which CRF mediates intestinal epithelial barrier disturbances. METHODOLOGY Ileum was harvested from 6-8 week-old pigs, mounted on Ussing Chambers, and exposed to CRF in the presence or absence of various pharmacologic inhibitors of CRF-mediated signaling pathways. Mucosal-to-serosal flux of 4 kDa-FITC dextran (FD4) and transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) were recorded as indices of intestinal epithelial barrier function. RESULTS Exposure of porcine ileum to 0.05-0.5 µM CRF increased (p<0.05) paracellular flux compared with vehicle controls. CRF treatment had no deleterious effects on ileal TER. The effects of CRF on FD4 flux were inhibited with pre-treatment of tissue with the non-selective CRF(1/2) receptor antagonist Astressin B and the mast cell stabilizer sodium cromolyn (10(-4) M). Furthermore, anti-TNF-α neutralizing antibody (p<0.01), protease inhibitors (p<0.01) and the neural blocker tetrodotoxin (TTX) inhibited CRF-mediated intestinal barrier dysfunction. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that CRF triggers increases in intestinal paracellular permeability via mast cell dependent release of TNF-α and proteases. Furthermore, CRF-mast cell signaling pathways and increases in intestinal permeability require critical input from the enteric nervous system. Therefore, blocking the deleterious effects of CRF may address the enteric signaling of mast cell degranulation, TNFα release, and protease secretion, hallmarks of IBS and IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L. Overman
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jean E. Rivier
- The Salk Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Adam J. Moeser
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Fekete EM, Zhao Y, Szücs A, Sabino V, Cottone P, Rivier J, Vale WW, Koob GF, Zorrilla EP. Systemic urocortin 2, but not urocortin 1 or stressin 1-A, suppresses feeding via CRF2 receptors without malaise and stress. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 164:1959-75. [PMID: 21627635 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01512.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Infusion of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)/urocortin (Ucn) family peptides suppresses feeding in mice. We examined whether rats show peripheral CRF/Ucn-induced anorexia and determined its behavioural and pharmacological bases. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Male Wistar rats (n= 5-12 per group) were administered (i.p.) CRF receptor agonists with different subtype affinities. Food intake, formation of conditioned taste aversion and corticosterone levels were assessed. In addition, Ucn 1- and Ucn 2-induced anorexia was studied in fasted CRF(2) knockout (n= 11) and wild-type (n= 13) mice. KEY RESULTS Ucn 1, non-selective CRF receptor agonist, reduced food intake most potently (~0.32 nmol·kg(-1) ) and efficaciously (up to 70% reduction) in fasted and fed rats. The peptides' rank-order of anorexic potency was Ucn 1 ≥ Ucn 2 > >stressin(1) -A > Ucn 3, and efficacy, Ucn 1 > stressin(1) -A > Ucn 2 = Ucn 3. Ucn 1 reduced meal frequency and size, facilitated feeding bout termination and slowed eating rate. Stressin(1) -A (CRF(1) agonist) reduced meal size; Ucn 2 (CRF(2) agonist) reduced meal frequency. Stressin(1) -A and Ucn 1, but not Ucn 2, produced a conditioned taste aversion, reduced feeding efficiency and weight regain and elicited diarrhoea. Ucn 1, but not Ucn 2, also increased corticosterone levels. Ucn 1 and Ucn 2 reduced feeding in wild-type, but not CRF(2) knockout, mice. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS CRF(1) agonists, Ucn 1 and stressin(1) -A, reduced feeding and induced interoceptive stress, whereas Ucn 2 potently suppressed feeding via a CRF(2) -dependent mechanism without eliciting malaise. Consistent with their pharmacological differences, peripheral urocortins have diverse effects on appetite.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Fekete
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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O'Malley D, Quigley EMM, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Do interactions between stress and immune responses lead to symptom exacerbations in irritable bowel syndrome? Brain Behav Immun 2011; 25:1333-41. [PMID: 21536124 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2011.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common, debilitating gastrointestinal (GI) disorder, with a worldwide prevalence of between 10% and 20%. This functional gut disorder is characterized by episodic exacerbations of a cluster of symptoms including abdominal pain, bloating and altered bowel habit, including diarrhea and/or constipation. Risk factors for the development of IBS include a family history of the disorder, childhood trauma and prior gastrointestinal infection. It is generally accepted that brain-gut axis dysfunction is fundamental to the development of IBS; however the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms remain elusive. Additional considerations in comprehending the chronic relapsing pattern that typifies IBS symptoms are the effects of both psychosocial and infection-related stresses. Indeed, co-morbidity with mood disorders such as depression and anxiety is common in IBS. Accumulating evidence points to a role for a maladaptive stress response in the initiation, persistence and severity of IBS-associated symptom flare-ups. Moreover, mechanistically, the stress-induced secretion of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is known to mediate changes in GI function. Activation of the immune system also appears to be important in the generation of IBS symptoms and increasing evidence now implicates low-grade inflammation or immune activation in IBS pathophysiology. There is a growing body of research focused on understanding at a molecular, cellular and in vivo level, the relationship between the dysregulated stress response and immune system alterations (either individually or in combination) in the etiology of IBS and to the occurrence of symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dervla O'Malley
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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Gourcerol G, Wu SV, Yuan PQ, Pham H, Miampamba M, Larauche M, Sanders P, Amano T, Mulak A, Im E, Pothoulakis C, Rivier J, Taché Y, Million M. Activation of corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 2 mediates the colonic motor coping response to acute stress in rodents. Gastroenterology 2011; 140:1586-96.e6. [PMID: 21277852 PMCID: PMC3150547 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Revised: 01/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Corticotropin-releasing factor receptor-1 (CRF(1)) mediates the stress-induced colonic motor activity. Less is known about the role of CRF(2) in the colonic response to stress. METHODS We studied colonic contractile activity in rats and CRF(2)-/-, CRF-overexpressing, and wild-type mice using still manometry; we analyzed defecation induced by acute partial-restraint stress (PRS), and/or intraperitoneal injection of CRF ligands. In rats, we monitored activation of the colonic longitudinal muscle myenteric plexus (LMMP) neurons and localization of CRF(1) and CRF(2) using immunohistochemical and immunoblot analyses. We measured phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 by CRF ligands in primary cultures of LMMP neurons (PC-LMMPn) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production in human embryonic kidney-293 cells transfected with CRF(1) and/or CRF(2). RESULTS In rats, a selective agonist of CRF(2) (urocortin 2) reduced CRF-induced defecation (>50%), colonic contractile activity, and Fos expression in the colonic LMMP. A selective antagonist of CRF(2) (astressin(2)-B) increased these responses. Urocortin 2 reduced PRS-induced colonic contractile activity in wild-type and CRF-overexpressing mice, whereas disruption of CRF(2) increased PRS-induced colonic contractile activity and CRF-induced defecation. CRF(2) colocalized with CRF(1) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the rat colon, LMMP, and PC-LMMPn. CRF-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase in PC-LMMPn; this was inhibited or increased by a selective antagonist of CRF(1) (NBI35965) or astressin(2)-B, respectively. The half maximal effective concentration, EC(50), for the CRF-induced cAMP response was 8.6 nmol/L in human embryonic kidney-293 cells that express only CRF(1); this response was suppressed 10-fold in cells that express CRF(1) and CRF(2). CONCLUSIONS In colon tissues of rodents, CRF(2) activation inhibits CRF(1) signaling in myenteric neurons and the stress-induced colonic motor responses. Disruption of CRF(2) function impairs colonic coping responses to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Gourcerol
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, University of California Los Angeles, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA.
,Department of Physiology and ADEN EA 4311/IFRMP23, Rouen University Hospital, University of Rouen, France.
| | - S. Vincent Wu
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, University of California Los Angeles, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Pu-Qing Yuan
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, University of California Los Angeles, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Hung Pham
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, University of California Los Angeles, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Marcel Miampamba
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, University of California Los Angeles, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Muriel Larauche
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, University of California Los Angeles, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Paul Sanders
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, University of California Los Angeles, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Tomofumi Amano
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, University of California Los Angeles, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Agata Mulak
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, University of California Los Angeles, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Eunok Im
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, University of California Los Angeles, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Charalabos Pothoulakis
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, University of California Los Angeles, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Jean Rivier
- The Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Yvette Taché
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, University of California Los Angeles, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Mulugeta Million
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, University of California Los Angeles, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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Liu S, Gao N, Hu HZ, Wang X, Wang GD, Fang X, Gao X, Xia Y, Wood JD. Activation of corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 2 mediates the colonic motor coping response to acute stress in rodents. Gastroenterology 2011; 494:63-74. [PMID: 16304680 PMCID: PMC2582187 DOI: 10.1002/cne.20781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Corticotropin-releasing factor receptor-1 (CRF(1)) mediates the stress-induced colonic motor activity. Less is known about the role of CRF(2) in the colonic response to stress. METHODS We studied colonic contractile activity in rats and CRF(2)-/-, CRF-overexpressing, and wild-type mice using still manometry; we analyzed defecation induced by acute partial-restraint stress (PRS), and/or intraperitoneal injection of CRF ligands. In rats, we monitored activation of the colonic longitudinal muscle myenteric plexus (LMMP) neurons and localization of CRF(1) and CRF(2) using immunohistochemical and immunoblot analyses. We measured phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 by CRF ligands in primary cultures of LMMP neurons (PC-LMMPn) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production in human embryonic kidney-293 cells transfected with CRF(1) and/or CRF(2). RESULTS In rats, a selective agonist of CRF(2) (urocortin 2) reduced CRF-induced defecation (>50%), colonic contractile activity, and Fos expression in the colonic LMMP. A selective antagonist of CRF(2) (astressin(2)-B) increased these responses. Urocortin 2 reduced PRS-induced colonic contractile activity in wild-type and CRF-overexpressing mice, whereas disruption of CRF(2) increased PRS-induced colonic contractile activity and CRF-induced defecation. CRF(2) colocalized with CRF(1) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the rat colon, LMMP, and PC-LMMPn. CRF-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase in PC-LMMPn; this was inhibited or increased by a selective antagonist of CRF(1) (NBI35965) or astressin(2)-B, respectively. The half maximal effective concentration, EC(50), for the CRF-induced cAMP response was 8.6 nmol/L in human embryonic kidney-293 cells that express only CRF(1); this response was suppressed 10-fold in cells that express CRF(1) and CRF(2). CONCLUSIONS In colon tissues of rodents, CRF(2) activation inhibits CRF(1) signaling in myenteric neurons and the stress-induced colonic motor responses. Disruption of CRF(2) function impairs colonic coping responses to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumei Liu
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210-1218, USA
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Buckinx R, Adriaensen D, Nassauw LV, Timmermans JP. Corticotrophin-releasing factor, related peptides, and receptors in the normal and inflamed gastrointestinal tract. Front Neurosci 2011; 5:54. [PMID: 21541251 PMCID: PMC3082851 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2011.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) is mainly known for its role in the stress response in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. However, increasing evidence has revealed that CRF receptor signaling has additional peripheral effects. For instance, activation of CRF receptors in the gastrointestinal tract influences intestinal permeability and motility. These receptors, CRF1 and CRF2, do not only bind CRF, but are also activated by urocortins. Most interestingly, CRF-related signaling also assumes an important role in inflammatory bowel diseases in that it influences inflammatory processes, such as cytokine secretion and immune cell activation. These effects are characterized by an often contrasting function of CRF1 and CRF2. We will review the current data on the expression of CRF and related peptides in the different regions of the gastrointestinal tract, both in normal and inflamed conditions. We next discuss the possible functional roles of CRF signaling in inflammation. The available data clearly indicate that CRF signaling significantly influences inflammatory processes although there are important species and inflammation model differences. Although further research is necessary to elucidate this apparently delicately balanced system, it can be concluded that CRF-related peptides and receptors are (certainly) important candidates in the modulation of gastrointestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roeland Buckinx
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Antwerp Antwerp, Belgium
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Bellier JP, Kimura H. Peripheral type of choline acetyltransferase: biological and evolutionary implications for novel mechanisms in cholinergic system. J Chem Neuroanat 2011; 42:225-35. [PMID: 21382474 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2011.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The peripheral type of choline acetyltransferase (pChAT) is an isoform of the well-studied common type of choline acetyltransferase (cChAT), the synthesizing enzyme of acetylcholine. Since pChAT arises by exons skipping, its amino acid sequence is similar to that of cChAT, except the lack of a continuous peptide sequence encoded by all the four exons from 6 to 9. While cChAT expression has been observed in both the central and peripheral nervous systems, pChAT is preferentially expressed in the peripheral nervous system. pChAT appears to be a reliable marker for the visualization of peripheral cholinergic neurons and their processes, whereas other conventional markers including cChAT have not been used successfully for it. In mammals like rodents, pChAT immunoreactivity has been observed in most, if not all, physiologically identified peripheral cholinergic structures such as all parasympathetic postganglionic neurons and most neurons of the enteric nervous system. In addition, pChAT has been found in many peripheral neurons that are derived from the neural crest. These include sensory neurons of the trigeminal ganglion and the dorsal root ganglion, and sympathetic postganglionic neurons. Recent studies moreover indicate that pChAT, as well as cChAT, appears ubiquitously expressed among various species not only of vertebrate mammals but also of invertebrate mollusks. This finding implies that the alternative splicing mechanism to generate pChAT and cChAT has been preserved during evolution, probably for some functional benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-P Bellier
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan.
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Wu SV, Yuan PQ, Lai J, Wong K, Chen MC, Ohning GV, Taché Y. Activation of Type 1 CRH receptor isoforms induces serotonin release from human carcinoid BON-1N cells: an enterochromaffin cell model. Endocrinology 2011; 152:126-37. [PMID: 21123435 PMCID: PMC3219048 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-0997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CRH and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) are expressed in human colonic enterochromaffin (EC) cells, but their interactions at the cellular level remain largely unknown. The mechanistic and functional relationship between CRH and 5-HT systems in EC cells was investigated in a human carcinoid cloned BON cell line (BON-1N), widely used as an in vitro model of EC cell function. First, we identified multiple CRH(1) splice variants, including CRH(1a), CRH(1c), CRH(1f), and a novel form lacking exon 4, designated here as CRH(1i), in the BON-1N cells. The expression of CRH(1i) was also confirmed in human brain cortex, pituitary gland, and ileum. Immunocytochemistry and immunoblot analysis confirmed that BON-1N cells were CRH(1) and 5-HT positive. CRH, urocortin (Ucn)-1, and cortagine, a selective CRH(1) agonist, all increased intracellular cAMP, and this concentration-dependent response was inhibited by CRH(1)-selective antagonist NBI-35965. CRH and Ucn-1, but not Ucn-2, stimulated significant ERK1/2 phosphorylation. In transfected human embryonic kidney-293 cells, CRH(1i) isoforms produced a significant increase in pERK1/2 in response to CRH(1) agonists that was sensitive to NBI-35965. CRH and Ucn-1 stimulated 5-HT release that reached a maximal increase of 3.3- and 4-fold at 10(-8) m over the basal level, respectively. In addition, exposure to CRH for 24-h up-regulated tryptophan hydroxylase-1 mRNA levels in the BON-1N cells. These findings define the expression of EC cell-specific CRH(1) isoforms and activation of CRH(1)-dependent pathways leading to 5-HT release and synthesis; thus, providing functional evidence of a link exists between CRH and 5-HT systems, which have implications in stress-induced CRH(1) and 5-HT-mediated stimulation of lower intestinal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vincent Wu
- CURE, Building 115, Room 217, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, 11301 Wilshire Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90073, USA.
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Stengel A, Taché Y. Corticotropin-releasing factor signaling and visceral response to stress. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2010; 235:1168-78. [PMID: 20881321 PMCID: PMC3169435 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2010.009347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress may cause behavioral and/or psychiatric manifestations such as anxiety and depression and also impact on the function of different visceral organs, namely the gastrointestinal and cardiovascular systems. During the past years substantial progress has been made in the understanding of the underlying mechanisms recruited by stressors. Activation of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) signaling system is recognized to be involved in a large number of stress-related behavioral and somatic disorders. This review will outline the present knowledge on the distribution of the CRF system (ligands and receptors) expressed in the brain and peripheral viscera and its relevance in stress-induced alterations of gastrointestinal and cardiovascular functions and the therapeutic potential of CRF(1) receptor antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Stengel
- CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Digestive Diseases Division, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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