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Yang P, Cai J, Yan W, Zhang W, Wang Y, Chen B, Li G, Li S, Wu C, Yao K, Li W, Peng X, You Y, Chen L, Jiang C, Qiu X, Jiang T. Classification based on mutations of TERT promoter and IDH characterizes subtypes in grade II/III gliomas. Neuro Oncol 2016; 18:1099-108. [PMID: 26957363 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/now021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grade II and III gliomas have variable clinical behaviors, showing the distinct molecular genetic alterations from glioblastoma (GBM), many of which eventually transform into more aggressive tumors. Since the classifications of grade II/III gliomas based on the genetic alterations have been recently emerging, it is now a trend to include molecular data into the standard diagnostic algorithm of glioma. METHODS Here we sequenced TERT promoter mutational status (TERTp-mut) in the DNA of 377 grade II/III gliomas and analyzed the clinical factors, molecular aberrations, and transcriptome profiles. RESULTS We found that TERTp-mut occurred in 145 of 377 grade II and III gliomas (38.5%), mutually exclusive with a TP53 mutation (TP53-mut; P < .001) and coincident with a 1p/19q co-deletion (P = .002). TERTp-mut was an independent predictive factor of a good prognosis in all patients (P = .048). It has been an independent factor associated with a good outcome in the IDH mutation (IDH-mut) subgroup (P = .018), but it has also been associated with a poor outcome in the IDH wild-type (IDH-wt) subgroup (P = .049). Combining TERTp-mut and IDH-mut allowed the grade II/III malignancies to be reclassified into IDH-mut/TERTp-mut, IDH-mut only, TERTp-mut only, and IDH-wt/TERTp-wt. 1p/19q co-deletion, TP53-muts, Ki-67 expression differences, and p-MET expression differences characterized IDH-mut/TERTp-mut, IDH-mut only, TERTp-mut only, and IDH-wt/TERTp-wt subtypes, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that TERTp-mut combined with IDH-mut allowed simple classification of grade II/III gliomas for stratifying patients and clarifying diagnostic accuracy by supplementing standard histopathological criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Yang
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (P.Y., W.Z., Y.W., X.Q., T.J.); Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (P.Y., W.Z., Y.W., B.C., T.J.); Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China (J.C., C.J.); Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China (W.Y., Y.Y.); Department of Pathology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (G.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (S.L., C.W.); Department of Pathology, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (K.Y.); Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (W.L.); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Capital Medical University (X.P.); Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China (L.C.); Department of Radiation Therapy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (X.Q.); China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (T.J.)
| | - Jinquan Cai
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (P.Y., W.Z., Y.W., X.Q., T.J.); Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (P.Y., W.Z., Y.W., B.C., T.J.); Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China (J.C., C.J.); Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China (W.Y., Y.Y.); Department of Pathology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (G.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (S.L., C.W.); Department of Pathology, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (K.Y.); Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (W.L.); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Capital Medical University (X.P.); Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China (L.C.); Department of Radiation Therapy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (X.Q.); China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (T.J.)
| | - Wei Yan
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (P.Y., W.Z., Y.W., X.Q., T.J.); Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (P.Y., W.Z., Y.W., B.C., T.J.); Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China (J.C., C.J.); Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China (W.Y., Y.Y.); Department of Pathology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (G.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (S.L., C.W.); Department of Pathology, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (K.Y.); Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (W.L.); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Capital Medical University (X.P.); Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China (L.C.); Department of Radiation Therapy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (X.Q.); China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (T.J.)
| | - Wei Zhang
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (P.Y., W.Z., Y.W., X.Q., T.J.); Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (P.Y., W.Z., Y.W., B.C., T.J.); Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China (J.C., C.J.); Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China (W.Y., Y.Y.); Department of Pathology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (G.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (S.L., C.W.); Department of Pathology, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (K.Y.); Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (W.L.); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Capital Medical University (X.P.); Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China (L.C.); Department of Radiation Therapy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (X.Q.); China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (T.J.)
| | - Yinyan Wang
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (P.Y., W.Z., Y.W., X.Q., T.J.); Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (P.Y., W.Z., Y.W., B.C., T.J.); Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China (J.C., C.J.); Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China (W.Y., Y.Y.); Department of Pathology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (G.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (S.L., C.W.); Department of Pathology, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (K.Y.); Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (W.L.); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Capital Medical University (X.P.); Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China (L.C.); Department of Radiation Therapy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (X.Q.); China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (T.J.)
| | - Baoshi Chen
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (P.Y., W.Z., Y.W., X.Q., T.J.); Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (P.Y., W.Z., Y.W., B.C., T.J.); Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China (J.C., C.J.); Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China (W.Y., Y.Y.); Department of Pathology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (G.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (S.L., C.W.); Department of Pathology, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (K.Y.); Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (W.L.); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Capital Medical University (X.P.); Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China (L.C.); Department of Radiation Therapy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (X.Q.); China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (T.J.)
| | - Guilin Li
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (P.Y., W.Z., Y.W., X.Q., T.J.); Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (P.Y., W.Z., Y.W., B.C., T.J.); Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China (J.C., C.J.); Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China (W.Y., Y.Y.); Department of Pathology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (G.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (S.L., C.W.); Department of Pathology, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (K.Y.); Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (W.L.); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Capital Medical University (X.P.); Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China (L.C.); Department of Radiation Therapy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (X.Q.); China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (T.J.)
| | - Shouwei Li
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (P.Y., W.Z., Y.W., X.Q., T.J.); Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (P.Y., W.Z., Y.W., B.C., T.J.); Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China (J.C., C.J.); Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China (W.Y., Y.Y.); Department of Pathology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (G.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (S.L., C.W.); Department of Pathology, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (K.Y.); Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (W.L.); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Capital Medical University (X.P.); Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China (L.C.); Department of Radiation Therapy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (X.Q.); China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (T.J.)
| | - Chenxing Wu
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (P.Y., W.Z., Y.W., X.Q., T.J.); Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (P.Y., W.Z., Y.W., B.C., T.J.); Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China (J.C., C.J.); Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China (W.Y., Y.Y.); Department of Pathology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (G.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (S.L., C.W.); Department of Pathology, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (K.Y.); Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (W.L.); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Capital Medical University (X.P.); Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China (L.C.); Department of Radiation Therapy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (X.Q.); China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (T.J.)
| | - Kun Yao
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (P.Y., W.Z., Y.W., X.Q., T.J.); Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (P.Y., W.Z., Y.W., B.C., T.J.); Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China (J.C., C.J.); Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China (W.Y., Y.Y.); Department of Pathology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (G.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (S.L., C.W.); Department of Pathology, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (K.Y.); Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (W.L.); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Capital Medical University (X.P.); Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China (L.C.); Department of Radiation Therapy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (X.Q.); China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (T.J.)
| | - Wenbin Li
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (P.Y., W.Z., Y.W., X.Q., T.J.); Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (P.Y., W.Z., Y.W., B.C., T.J.); Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China (J.C., C.J.); Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China (W.Y., Y.Y.); Department of Pathology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (G.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (S.L., C.W.); Department of Pathology, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (K.Y.); Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (W.L.); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Capital Medical University (X.P.); Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China (L.C.); Department of Radiation Therapy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (X.Q.); China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (T.J.)
| | - Xiaoxia Peng
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (P.Y., W.Z., Y.W., X.Q., T.J.); Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (P.Y., W.Z., Y.W., B.C., T.J.); Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China (J.C., C.J.); Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China (W.Y., Y.Y.); Department of Pathology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (G.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (S.L., C.W.); Department of Pathology, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (K.Y.); Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (W.L.); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Capital Medical University (X.P.); Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China (L.C.); Department of Radiation Therapy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (X.Q.); China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (T.J.)
| | - Yongping You
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (P.Y., W.Z., Y.W., X.Q., T.J.); Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (P.Y., W.Z., Y.W., B.C., T.J.); Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China (J.C., C.J.); Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China (W.Y., Y.Y.); Department of Pathology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (G.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (S.L., C.W.); Department of Pathology, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (K.Y.); Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (W.L.); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Capital Medical University (X.P.); Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China (L.C.); Department of Radiation Therapy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (X.Q.); China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (T.J.)
| | - Ling Chen
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (P.Y., W.Z., Y.W., X.Q., T.J.); Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (P.Y., W.Z., Y.W., B.C., T.J.); Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China (J.C., C.J.); Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China (W.Y., Y.Y.); Department of Pathology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (G.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (S.L., C.W.); Department of Pathology, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (K.Y.); Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (W.L.); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Capital Medical University (X.P.); Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China (L.C.); Department of Radiation Therapy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (X.Q.); China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (T.J.)
| | - Chuanlu Jiang
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (P.Y., W.Z., Y.W., X.Q., T.J.); Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (P.Y., W.Z., Y.W., B.C., T.J.); Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China (J.C., C.J.); Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China (W.Y., Y.Y.); Department of Pathology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (G.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (S.L., C.W.); Department of Pathology, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (K.Y.); Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (W.L.); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Capital Medical University (X.P.); Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China (L.C.); Department of Radiation Therapy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (X.Q.); China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (T.J.)
| | - Xiaoguang Qiu
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (P.Y., W.Z., Y.W., X.Q., T.J.); Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (P.Y., W.Z., Y.W., B.C., T.J.); Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China (J.C., C.J.); Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China (W.Y., Y.Y.); Department of Pathology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (G.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (S.L., C.W.); Department of Pathology, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (K.Y.); Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (W.L.); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Capital Medical University (X.P.); Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China (L.C.); Department of Radiation Therapy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (X.Q.); China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (T.J.)
| | - Tao Jiang
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (P.Y., W.Z., Y.W., X.Q., T.J.); Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (P.Y., W.Z., Y.W., B.C., T.J.); Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China (J.C., C.J.); Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China (W.Y., Y.Y.); Department of Pathology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (G.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (S.L., C.W.); Department of Pathology, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (K.Y.); Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (W.L.); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Capital Medical University (X.P.); Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China (L.C.); Department of Radiation Therapy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (X.Q.); China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (T.J.)
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