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Talwar P, Singh P, Ravanan P. Structure-Based Virtual Screening and Discovery of New Bi-functional DAPK1 Inhibitors. Mol Biotechnol 2024; 66:876-901. [PMID: 37351834 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00744-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Recently, a new signaling complex Death-Associated Protein Kinase 1 (DAPK1)-N-methyl D-aspartate receptor subtype 2B (NR2B) engaged in the neuronal death cascade was identified where it was found that after stroke injury, N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate (NMDA) receptors interact with DAPK1 through NR2B subunit and lead to excitotoxicity via overactivation of NMDA receptors. In this study, we used ZINC-12 database to find out potential inhibitor of DAPK1 and found some natural compounds showing good binding affinity towards DAPK1. These natural compounds showed interactions with ATP-binding site residues as well as substrate-recognition motifs. Thus, it has been concluded that the ligands those are showing interactions with both the sites could be considered as potential inhibitors for DAPK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priti Talwar
- Apoptosis and Cell Survival Research Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, 412G Pearl Research Park, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India.
| | - Pratibha Singh
- Apoptosis and Cell Survival Research Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, 412G Pearl Research Park, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Palaniyandi Ravanan
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu, 610005, India.
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2
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Zhang T, Kim BM, Lee TH. Death-associated protein kinase 1 as a therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease. Transl Neurodegener 2024; 13:4. [PMID: 38195518 PMCID: PMC10775678 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-023-00395-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia in the elderly and represents a major clinical challenge in the ageing society. Neuropathological hallmarks of AD include neurofibrillary tangles composed of hyperphosphorylated tau, senile plaques derived from the deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides, brain atrophy induced by neuronal loss, and synaptic dysfunctions. Death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1) is ubiquitously expressed in the central nervous system. Dysregulation of DAPK1 has been shown to contribute to various neurological diseases including AD, ischemic stroke and Parkinson's disease (PD). We have established an upstream effect of DAPK1 on Aβ and tau pathologies and neuronal apoptosis through kinase-mediated protein phosphorylation, supporting a causal role of DAPK1 in the pathophysiology of AD. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about how DAPK1 is involved in various AD pathological changes including tau hyperphosphorylation, Aβ deposition, neuronal cell death and synaptic degeneration. The underlying molecular mechanisms of DAPK1 dysregulation in AD are discussed. We also review the recent progress regarding the development of novel DAPK1 modulators and their potential applications in AD intervention. These findings substantiate DAPK1 as a novel therapeutic target for the development of multifunctional disease-modifying treatments for AD and other neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Translational Research in Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Basic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, 1 Xuefu North Road, Fuzhou, 350122, Fujian, China
| | - Byeong Mo Kim
- Research Center for New Drug Development, AgingTarget Inc., 10F Ace Cheonggye Tower, 53, Seonggogae-Ro, Uiwang-Si, 16006, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea.
| | - Tae Ho Lee
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Translational Research in Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Basic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, 1 Xuefu North Road, Fuzhou, 350122, Fujian, China.
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3
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Identification of Novel Aryl Carboxamide Derivatives as Death-Associated Protein Kinase 1 (DAPK1) Inhibitors with Anti-Proliferative Activities: Design, Synthesis, In Vitro, and In Silico Biological Studies. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15091050. [PMID: 36145271 PMCID: PMC9504985 DOI: 10.3390/ph15091050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1) is a serine/threonine protein kinase involved in diverse fundamental cellular processes such as apoptosis and autophagy. DAPK1 isoform plays an essential role as a tumor suppressor and inhibitor of metastasis. Consequently, DAPK1 became a promising target protein for developing new anti-cancer agents. In this work, we present the rational design and complete synthetic routes of a novel series of eighteen aryl carboxamide derivatives as potential DAPK1 inhibitors. Using a custom panel of forty-five kinases, a single dose of 10 µM of the picolinamide derivative 4a was able to selectively inhibit DAPK1 kinase by 44.19%. Further investigations revealed the isonicotinamide derivative 4q as a promising DAPK1 inhibitory lead compound with an IC50 value of 1.09 µM. In an in vitro anticancer activity assay using a library of 60 cancer cell lines including blood, lung, colon, CNS, skin, ovary, renal, prostate, and breast cancers, four compounds (4d, 4e, 4o, and 4p) demonstrated high anti-proliferative activity with mean % GI ~70%. Furthermore, the most potent DAPK1 inhibitor (4q) exhibited remarkable activity against leukemia (K-562) and breast cancer (MDA-MB-468) with % GI of 72% and 75%, respectively.
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Evans AK, Park HH, Saw NL, Singhal K, Ogawa G, Leib RD, Shamloo M. Age-related neuroinflammation and pathology in the locus coeruleus and hippocampus: beta-adrenergic antagonists exacerbate impairment of learning and memory in aged mice. Neurobiol Aging 2021; 106:241-256. [PMID: 34320462 PMCID: PMC8419102 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The locus coeruleus (LC) provides the primary noradrenergic input to the forebrain and hippocampus, and may be vulnerable to degeneration and contribute to age-related cognitive decline and neuroinflammation. Additionally, inhibition of noradrenergic transmission by brain-permeable beta-blockers could exacerbate cognitive impairment. This study examined effects of age and acute beta-blocker administration on LC and hippocampus pathology, neuroinflammation and learning and memory behavior in mice. Male mice, 3 and 18 months old, were administered propranolol (beta-blocker) or mabuterol (beta-adrenergic agonist) acutely around behavioral assessment. Terminal inflammatory markers in plasma, hippocampus and LC were assessed alongside histopathology. An increase in hippocampal and LC microgliosis and inflammatory proteins in the hippocampus was detected in aged mice. We report pathological hyperphosphorylation of the postsynaptic NMDA receptor subunit 2B (NR2B) in the hippocampus, suggesting neuronal hyperexcitability. Furthermore, the aged proteome revealed an induction in proteins related to energy metabolism, and mitochondria dysfunction in the LC and hippocampus. In a series of hippocampal dependent behavioral assessment tasks acute beta-adrenergic agonist or beta blocker administration altered learning and memory behavior in both aged and young mice. In Y-maze, propranolol and mabuterol differentially altered time spent in novel versus familiar arms in young and aged mice. Propranolol impaired Novel Object Recognition in both young and aged mice. Mabuterol enhanced trace learning in fear conditioning. Aged mice froze more to context and less to cue. Propranolol impaired contextual recall in aged mice. Concluding, aged mice show LC and hippocampus pathology and heightened effects of beta-adrenergic pharmacology on learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew K Evans
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Stanford Behavioral and Functional Neuroscience Laboratory, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Heui Hye Park
- Stanford Behavioral and Functional Neuroscience Laboratory, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nay Lui Saw
- Stanford Behavioral and Functional Neuroscience Laboratory, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kratika Singhal
- Vincent Coates Foundation Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gaku Ogawa
- Stanford Behavioral and Functional Neuroscience Laboratory, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ryan D Leib
- Vincent Coates Foundation Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mehrdad Shamloo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Stanford Behavioral and Functional Neuroscience Laboratory, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Cell Death Pathways in Ischemic Stroke and Targeted Pharmacotherapy. Transl Stroke Res 2020; 11:1185-1202. [PMID: 32219729 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-020-00806-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the significant causes of morbidity and mortality, affecting millions of people across the globe. Cell injury in the infarct region is an inevitable consequence of focal cerebral ischemia. Subsequent reperfusion exacerbates the harmful effect and increases the infarct volume. These cellular injuries follow either a regulated pathway involving tightly structured signaling cascades and molecularly defined effector mechanisms or a non-regulated pathway, also known as accidental cell death, where the process is biologically uncontrolled. Classical cell death pathways are long established and well reported in several articles that majorly define apoptotic cell death. A recent focus on cell death study also considers investigation on non-classical pathways that are tightly regulated, may or may not involve caspases, but non-apoptotic. Pathological cell death is a cardinal feature of different neurodegenerative diseases. Although ischemia cannot be classified as a neurodegenerative disease, it is a cerebrovascular event where the infarct region exhibits aberrant cell death. Over the past few decades, several therapeutic options have been implicated for ischemic stroke. However, their use has been hampered owing to the number of limitations that they possess. Ischemic penumbral neurons undergo apoptosis and become dysfunctional; however, they are salvageable. Thus, understanding the role of different cell death pathways is crucial to aid in the modern treatment of protecting apoptotic neurons.
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DAPK1: a Novel Pathology and Treatment Target for Alzheimer’s Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:2838-2844. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1242-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Singh P, Talwar P. Exploring putative inhibitors of Death Associated Protein Kinase 1 (DAPK1) via targeting Gly-Glu-Leu (GEL) and Pro-Glu-Asn (PEN) substrate recognition motifs. J Mol Graph Model 2017; 77:153-167. [PMID: 28858643 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Recently, a new signaling complex Death Associated Protein Kinase 1 (DAPK1) ̶ N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subtype 2B (NMDAR2B or NR2B) engaged in the neuronal death cascade was identified and it was found that after stroke injury, N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate (NMDA) receptors interact with DAPK1 through NR2B subunit and lead to excitotoxicity via over-activation of NMDA receptors. An acute brain injury, such as stroke, is a serious life-threatening medical condition which occurs due to poor blood supply to the brain and further leads to neuronal cell death. During a stroke, activated DAPK1 migrates towards the extra-synaptic site and binds to NR2B subunit of NMDA receptor. It is this DAPK1-NR2B interaction that arbitrates the pathological processes like apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy of neuronal cells observed in stroke injury, hence we aimed to inhibit this vital interaction to prevent neuronal damage. In the present study, using PubChem database, we applied an integrative approach of virtual screening and molecular dynamic simulations and identified a potential lead compound 11 that interrupts DAPK1-NR2B interaction by competing with both ATP and substrate for their binding sites on DAPK1. This inhibitor was found potent and considerably selective to DAPK1 as it made direct contact with the ATP binding sites as well as substrate recognition motifs: Gly-Glu-Leu (GEL) and Pro-Glu-Asn (PEN). Further in vitro and in vivo experiments are demanded to validate the efficacy of compound 11 nevertheless, it can be considered as suitable starting point for designing DAPK1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratibha Singh
- Apoptosis and Cell Survival Research Laboratory, Department of Bio-Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Priti Talwar
- Apoptosis and Cell Survival Research Laboratory, Department of Bio-Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India.
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8
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Rs4878104 contributes to Alzheimer’s disease risk and regulates DAPK1 gene expression. Neurol Sci 2017; 38:1255-1262. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-017-2959-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Singh P, Ravanan P, Talwar P. Death Associated Protein Kinase 1 (DAPK1): A Regulator of Apoptosis and Autophagy. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 9:46. [PMID: 27445685 PMCID: PMC4917528 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Death-Associated Protein Kinase 1 (DAPK1) belongs to a family of five serine/threonine (Ser/Thr) kinases that possess tumor suppressive function and also mediate a wide range of cellular processes, including apoptosis and autophagy. The loss and gain-of–function of DAPK1 is associated with various cancer and neurodegenerative diseases respectively. In recent years, mechanistic studies have broadened our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms involved in DAPK1-mediated autophagy/apoptosis. In the present review, we have discussed the structural information and various cellular functions of DAPK1 in a comprehensive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratibha Singh
- Apoptosis and Cell Survival Research Laboratory, Department of Bio-Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) University Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Palaniyandi Ravanan
- Apoptosis and Cell Survival Research Laboratory, Department of Bio-Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) University Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Priti Talwar
- Apoptosis and Cell Survival Research Laboratory, Department of Bio-Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) University Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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Yarosh HL, Meda SA, de Wit H, Hart AB, Pearlson GD. Multivariate analysis of subjective responses to d-amphetamine in healthy volunteers finds novel genetic pathway associations. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:2781-94. [PMID: 25843748 PMCID: PMC4504822 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-3914-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Researchers studying behavioral and physiologic effects of d-amphetamine have explored individual response differences to the drug. Concurrently, genome-wide analyses have identified several single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with these traits. Univariate methods can identify SNPs associated with behavioral and physiological traits, but multivariate analyses allow identification of clusters of related biologically relevant SNPs and behavioral components. OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to identify clusters of related biologically relevant SNPs and behavioral components in the responses of healthy individuals to d-amphetamine using multivariate analysis. METHODS Individuals (N = 375) without substance abuse histories completed surveys and detailed cardiovascular monitoring during randomized, blinded sessions: d-amphetamine (10 and 20 mg) and placebo. We applied parallel independent component analysis (Para-ICA) to data previously analyzed with univariate approaches, revealing new associations between genes and behavioral responses to d-amphetamine. RESULTS Three significantly associated (p < .001) phenotype-genotype pairs emerged. The first component included physiologic measures of systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) along with SNPs in calcium and glutamatergic signaling pathways. The second associated components included the "Anger" items from the Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire and the marijuana effects from the Addiction Research Center Inventory (Cuyas, Verdejo-Garcia et al.), with enriched genetic pathways involved in cardiomyopathy and MAPK signaling. The final pair included "Anxious," "Fatigue," and "Confusion" items from the POMS questionnaire, plus functional pathways related to cardiac muscle contraction and cardiomyopathy. CONCLUSIONS Multifactorial genetic networks related to calcium signaling, glutamatergic and dopaminergic synapse function, and amphetamine addiction appear to mediate common behavioral and cardiovascular responses to d-amphetamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley L. Yarosh
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living at Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Shashwath A. Meda
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living at Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut
| | - Harriet de Wit
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Amy B. Hart
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Godfrey D. Pearlson
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living at Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut,Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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Bridges LR, Andoh J, Lawrence AJ, Khoong CHL, Poon W, Esiri MM, Markus HS, Hainsworth AH. Blood-brain barrier dysfunction and cerebral small vessel disease (arteriolosclerosis) in brains of older people. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2014; 73:1026-1033. [PMID: 25289893 PMCID: PMC4209852 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0000000000000124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier protects brain tissue from potentially harmful plasma components. Small vessel disease (SVD; also termed arteriolosclerosis) is common in the brains of older people and is associated with lacunar infarcts, leukoaraiosis, and vascular dementia. To determine whether plasma extravasation is associated with SVD, we immunolabeled the plasma proteins fibrinogen and immunoglobulin G, which are assumed to reflect blood-brain barrier dysfunction, in deep gray matter (DGM; anterior caudate-putamen) and deep subcortical white matter (DWM) in the brains of a well-characterized cohort of donated brains with minimal Alzheimer disease pathology (Braak Stages 0-II) (n = 84; aged 65 years or older). Morphometric measures of fibrinogen labeling were compared between people with neuropathologically defined SVD and aged control subjects. Parenchymal cellular labeling with fibrinogen and immunoglobulin G was detectable in DGM and DWM in many subjects (>70%). Quantitative measures of fibrinogen were not associated with SVD in DGM or DWM; SVD severity was correlated between DGM and DWM (p < 0.0001). Fibrinogen in DGM showed a modest association with a history of hypertension; DWM fibrinogen was associated with dementia and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (all p < 0.05). In DWM, SVD was associated with leukoaraiosis identified in life (p < 0.05), but fibrinogen was not. Our data suggest that, in aged brains, plasma extravasation and hence local blood-brain barrier dysfunction are common but do not support an association with SVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie R Bridges
- Stroke and Dementia Research Centre, St. George's, University of London, London, UK
- Cellular Pathology, St. George's Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Joycelyn Andoh
- Stroke and Dementia Research Centre, St. George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Andrew J Lawrence
- Stroke and Dementia Research Centre, St. George's, University of London, London, UK
- Department of Neurology, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Cheryl H L Khoong
- Stroke and Dementia Research Centre, St. George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Wayne Poon
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Margaret M Esiri
- Neuropathology, Oxford-Radcliffe NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
- Clinical Neurology, Oxford University, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Hugh S Markus
- Stroke and Dementia Research Centre, St. George's, University of London, London, UK
- Department of Neurology, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Atticus H Hainsworth
- Stroke and Dementia Research Centre, St. George's, University of London, London, UK
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12
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Abstract
Death associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK) is an important serine/theoreine kinase involved in various cellular processes such as apoptosis, autophagy and inflammation. DAPK expression and activity are misregulated in multiple diseases including cancer, neuronal death, stoke, et al. Methylation of the DAPK gene is common in many types of cancer and can lead to loss of DAPK expression. In this review, we summarize the pathological status and functional roles of DAPK in disease and compare the published reagents that can manipulate the expression or activity of DAPK. The pleiotropic functions of DAPK make it an intriguing target and the barriers and opportunities for targeting DAPK for future clinical application are discussed.
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13
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Sahin P, McCaig C, Jeevahan J, Murray JT, Hainsworth AH. The cell survival kinase SGK1 and its targets FOXO3a and NDRG1 in aged human brain. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2013; 39:623-33. [DOI: 10.1111/nan.12023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Sahin
- Stroke & Dementia Research Centre; Division of Clinical Sciences; St Georges University of London; London; UK
| | - C. McCaig
- Stroke & Dementia Research Centre; Division of Clinical Sciences; St Georges University of London; London; UK
| | - J. Jeevahan
- Cellular Pathology Service; St Georges Healthcare NHS Trust; London; UK
| | - J. T. Murray
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology; Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute; Trinity College Dublin; Dublin; Ireland
| | - A. H. Hainsworth
- Stroke & Dementia Research Centre; Division of Clinical Sciences; St Georges University of London; London; UK
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14
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Association of DAPK1 genetic variations with Alzheimer's disease in Han Chinese. Brain Res 2011; 1374:129-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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