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Alexandridou A, Volmer DA. Sample preparation techniques for extraction of vitamin D metabolites from non-conventional biological sample matrices prior to LC-MS/MS analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:4613-4632. [PMID: 35501505 PMCID: PMC9174318 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04097-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The determination of vitamin D metabolites as status marker or for diagnostic purposes is almost entirely conducted from blood serum or plasma. Other biological matrices, however, have also interested researchers, for two main reasons: (1) alternative matrices may allow non-invasive sampling, permit easier sample transfer and require less demanding storage conditions; and (2) the levels of vitamin D metabolites in other body compartments may further aid the understanding of vitamin D metabolism and function. Thus, the development of reliable and efficient sample preparation protocols for sample matrices other than serum/plasma, which will remove potential interferences and selectively extract the targeted metabolites, is of great importance. This review summarizes sample preparation methods for measurement of vitamin D metabolites using liquid chromatography-(tandem)mass spectrometry in more than ten different human tissues, including hair, saliva, adipose tissue, brain and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Alexandridou
- Bioanalytical Chemistry, Humboldt University Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dietrich A Volmer
- Bioanalytical Chemistry, Humboldt University Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany.
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2
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Aristizábal JF, Rios H, Rey D, Álvarez MA, Parra B, Ortiz M. Relationship between the polymorphism in the interleukin 1-β and the treatment time of patients subjected to a modified piezocision technique. Colomb Med (Cali) 2020; 51:e4141. [PMID: 32952230 PMCID: PMC7467119 DOI: 10.25100/cm.v51i1.4141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: We aimed to evaluate the correlation between the polymorphism of the interleukin 1-Beta (IL1-β, +3954 C>T) and tooth movement, in a group of Colombian patients undergoing surgically accelerated orthodontic tooth movement. Methods: The study was nested to a controlled clinical trial. Blood samples were taken from 11 women and 29 healthy Colombian male volunteers between 18 and 40 years old, after 1 year of starting orthodontic treatment. The patients presented malocclusion class I, with grade II or III. To detect the genetic polymorphism of the nucleotide +3954 C to T in the IL-1β gene, we used a real-time PCR assay. Results: Eleven individuals presented the allele 2 (T) heterozygous with the allele 1 (T/C) and 19 individuals were homozygous for the allele 1 (C/C). When analyzing the presence of the SNP, no significant differences were found in any of the variables. The best treatment was reflected in Group 3 (selective upper and lower alveolar decortication and 3D collagen matrix) and Group 4 (only selective alveolar decortication in the upper arch, with 3D collagen matrix), with 27% and 35% more speed respectively than in the control group. Conclusions: Our analyses indicated that a reduction in the total treatment time can be mostly potentiated by using decortication and collagen matrices and not for the presence of the allele 2 in the IL-1β. Nevertheless, it is important that further studies investigate if the polymorphism could be associated with the speed of tooth movement and analyze the baseline protein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Fernando Aristizábal
- Universidad del Valle, Facultad de Salud, Escuela de Odontología, Departamento de Ortodoncia, Cali. Colombia
| | - Héctor Rios
- University of Michigan, School of Dentistry, Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine. Michigan, USA
| | - Diego Rey
- Universidad CES, Facultad de Odontología, Departmento de Ortodoncia. Medellin, Colombia
| | - María Antonia Álvarez
- Universidad CES, Facultad de Odontología, Departmento de Ortodoncia. Medellin, Colombia
| | - Beatriz Parra
- Universidad del Valle, Facultad de Salud, Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Departamento de Microbiología. Cali. Colombia
| | - Mario Ortiz
- Universidad del Valle, Facultad de Salud, Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Departamento de Morfología, Cali. Colombia
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Ruggieri S, Drago G, Colombo P, Alesci A, Augello P, Bisbano A, Bucolo A, Dattoli P, De Sole R, La Runa V, Lopez A, Lo Presti L, Magliarditi B, Paravati F, Pirillo G, Ziino Colanino A, Cibella F. Three contaminated sites in southern Italy. The Neonatal Environment and Health Outcomes cohort: protocol for a longitudinal birth cohort study. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e029471. [PMID: 31196906 PMCID: PMC6575711 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Exposure to environmental contaminants during pregnancy is one of the determinants of child's future health outcomes. The effect of environmental pollution on pregnant women living in heavily polluted areas is of special interest and, in this context, the Neonatal Environment and Health Outcomes (NEHO) cohort will focus on the investigation of (1) toxicants transferred from the environment to the mother and from the mother to the developing fetus and (2) the influence of toxicants on pregnancy outcomes, fetal development and health status during infancy. Because the human placenta is positioned at the interface between the maternal/external environment and the embryo, it can be considered a highly informative matrix regarding many key pregnancy events that can shape infant's future health. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The NEHO cohort will enrol an estimated total of 800 pregnant women in three selected National Priority Contaminated Sites in southern Italy. Epidemiological data, concerning maternal health status, lifestyle and pregnancy, are obtained through questionnaires provided to the mother starting from the last 2 months of pregnancy. At delivery, maternal blood, umbilical cord blood and placenta tissue are collected to assess contaminant levels and to clarify how toxicants interact with the placental domain. Furthermore, placental transcriptome is studied in order to explore the interferences of toxicants on the role of the placenta in maternal/fetal interplay. Regular follow-up is planned at 6, 12 and 24 months. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study has been approved by all the Ethics Committees of the three National Priority Contaminated Sites involved: the Ethics Committee of the University Hospitals of Messina (18 September 2017, n. 9/2017); the Ethics Committee 'Catania 2' (11 July 2017, n. 38/2017/CECT2); the Ethics Committee of the Region of Calabria (20 July 2017, n. 173). Findings will be disseminated in the scientific community and on a regional basis for appropriate policy actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Ruggieri
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, Palermo, Italy
| | - Gaspare Drago
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, Palermo, Italy
| | - Paolo Colombo
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessio Alesci
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, Palermo, Italy
- P.O. ’Fogliani', Local Health Authority (ASP) of Messina, Milazzo (ME), Italy
| | - Pasquale Augello
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, Palermo, Italy
- P.O. ’Umberto I', Local Health Authority (ASP) of Siracusa, Siracusa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bisbano
- P.O. ’San Giovanni di Dio', Local Health Authority (ASP) of Crotone, Crotone, Italy
| | - Antonino Bucolo
- P.O. ’Umberto I', Local Health Authority (ASP) of Siracusa, Siracusa, Italy
| | - Patrizia Dattoli
- P.O. ’San Giovanni di Dio', Local Health Authority (ASP) of Crotone, Crotone, Italy
| | - Raffaella De Sole
- P.O. ’San Giovanni di Dio', Local Health Authority (ASP) of Crotone, Crotone, Italy
| | - Valentina La Runa
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, Palermo, Italy
- P.O. di Lentini, Local Health Authority (ASP) of Siracusa, Lentini (SR), Italy
| | - Angela Lopez
- P.O. ’San Giovanni di Dio', Local Health Authority (ASP) of Crotone, Crotone, Italy
| | - Lucia Lo Presti
- P.O. di Lentini, Local Health Authority (ASP) of Siracusa, Lentini (SR), Italy
| | - Bruno Magliarditi
- P.O. ’Fogliani', Local Health Authority (ASP) of Messina, Milazzo (ME), Italy
| | - Francesco Paravati
- P.O. ’San Giovanni di Dio', Local Health Authority (ASP) of Crotone, Crotone, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pirillo
- P.O. ’San Giovanni di Dio', Local Health Authority (ASP) of Crotone, Crotone, Italy
| | | | - Fabio Cibella
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, Palermo, Italy
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Fang X, Wang L, Wu C, Shi H, Zhou Z, Montgomery S, Cao Y. Sex Hormones, Gonadotropins, and Sex Hormone-binding Globulin in Infants Fed Breast Milk, Cow Milk Formula, or Soy Formula. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4332. [PMID: 28659579 PMCID: PMC5489524 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04610-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Measurement of endogenous hormones in early life is important to investigate the effects of hormonally active environmental compounds. To assess the possible hormonal effects of different feeding regimens in different sample matrices of infants, 166 infants were enrolled from two U.S hospitals between 2006 and 2009. The children were classified into exclusive soy formula, cow milk formula or breast milk regimens. Urine, saliva and blood samples were collected over the first 12 months of life. Estradiol, estrone, testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels were measured in the three matrices. Lower estradiol and LH levels were found in urine and saliva samples of soy formula-fed boys compared to cow formula-fed boys. Higher LH level was found in urine samples of soy formula-fed girls compared to cow formula-fed girls. However, we found neither a neonatal testosterone rise in the boys nor a gender-specific difference in testosterone levels, which suggests that urinary testosterone levels may not accurately reflect blood levels during mini-puberty. Nevertheless, our study shows that blood, urine and saliva samples are readily collectible and suitable for multi-hormone analyses in children and allow examination of hypotheses concerning endocrine effects from dietary compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Fang
- Unit of Biostatistics, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial-Head & Neck Oncology, the Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Chunhua Wu
- School of Public Health/Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Huijing Shi
- School of Public Health/Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhijun Zhou
- School of Public Health/Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Scott Montgomery
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, 70182, Sweden.,Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Yang Cao
- Unit of Biostatistics, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden.,Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, 70182, Sweden
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5
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Batterman SA, Chernyak S, Su FC. Measurement and Comparison of Organic Compound Concentrations in Plasma, Whole Blood, and Dried Blood Spot Samples. Front Genet 2016; 7:64. [PMID: 27148360 PMCID: PMC4838759 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2016.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The preferred sampling medium for measuring human exposures of persistent organic compounds (POPs) is blood, and relevant sample types include whole blood, plasma, and dried blood spots (DBS). Because information regarding the performance and comparability of measurements across these sample types is limited, it is difficult to compare across studies. This study evaluates the performance of POP measurements in plasma, whole blood and DBS, and presents the distribution coefficients needed to convert concentrations among the three sample types. Blood samples were collected from adult volunteers, along with demographic and smoking information, and analyzed by GC/MS for organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHCs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and brominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Regression models were used to evaluate the relationships between the sample types and possible effects of personal covariates. Distribution coefficients also were calculated using physically-based models. Across all compounds, concentrations in plasma were consistently the highest; concentrations in whole blood and DBS samples were comparable. Distribution coefficients for plasma to whole blood concentrations ranged from 1.74 to 2.26 for pesticides/CHCs, averaged 1.69 ± 0.06 for the PCBs, and averaged 1.65 ± 0.03 for the PBDEs. Regression models closely fit most chemicals (R (2) > 0.80), and whole blood and DBS samples generally showed very good agreement. Distribution coefficients estimated using biologically-based models were near one and did not explain the observed distribution. Among the study population, median concentrations of several pesticides/CHCs and PBDEs exceeded levels reported in the 2007-2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, while levels of other OCPs and PBDEs were comparable or lower. Race and smoking status appeared to slightly affect plasma/blood concentration ratios for several POPs. The experimentally-determined distribution coefficients can be used to compare POP exposures across studies using different types of blood-based matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart A. Batterman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of MichiganAnn Arbor, MI, USA
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6
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Cooke GM. Biomonitoring of human fetal exposure to environmental chemicals in early pregnancy. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2014; 17:205-24. [PMID: 24828452 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2014.898167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The first trimester of human fetal life, a period of extremely rapid development of physiological systems, represents the most rapid growth phase in human life. Interference in the establishment of organ systems may result in abnormal development that may be manifest immediately or programmed for later abnormal function. Exposure to environmental chemicals may be affecting development at these early stages, and yet there is limited knowledge of the quantities and identities of the chemicals to which the fetus is exposed during early pregnancy. Clearly, opportunities for assessing fetal chemical exposure directly are extremely limited. Hence, this review describes indirect means of assessing fetal exposure in early pregnancy to chemicals that are considered disrupters of development. Consideration is given to such matrices as maternal hair, fingernails, urine, saliva, sweat, breast milk, amniotic fluid and blood, and fetal matrices such as cord blood, cord tissue, meconium, placenta, and fetal liver. More than 150 articles that presented data from chemical analysis of human maternal and fetal tissues and fluids were reviewed. Priority was given to articles where chemical analysis was conducted in more than one matrix. Where correlations between maternal and fetal matrices were determined, these articles were included and are highlighted, as these may provide the basis for future investigations of early fetal exposure. The determination of fetal chemical exposure, at the time of rapid human growth and development, will greatly assist regulatory agencies in risk assessments and establishment of advisories for risk management concerning environmental chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard M Cooke
- a Toxicology Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Directorate , Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Sir Frederick G. Banting Research Centre , Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa , Ontario , Canada
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Cohen Hubal EA, de Wet T, Du Toit L, Firestone MP, Ruchirawat M, van Engelen J, Vickers C. Identifying important life stages for monitoring and assessing risks from exposures to environmental contaminants: results of a World Health Organization review. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2013; 69:113-24. [PMID: 24099754 PMCID: PMC5355211 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2013.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We propose a harmonized set of age bins for assessing risks from chemical exposure. The set of early life age groups will facilitate consistency with recent guidance. The age bins allow results from longitudinal birth cohort studies to be combined. Region-specific exposure factors and monitoring data are needed to apply the bins.
In this paper, we summarize exposure-related issues to consider in determining the most appropriate age ranges and life stages for risk assessment. We then propose a harmonized set of age bins for monitoring and assessing risks from exposures to chemicals for global use. The focus is on preconception through adolescence, though the approach should be applicable to additional life stages. A two-tiered set of early life age groups is recommended. The first tier involves the adoption of guidance similar to the childhood age groups recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, whereas the second tier consolidates some of those age groups to reduce the burden of developing age-specific exposure factors for different regions. While there is no single “correct” means of choosing a common set of age groups to use internationally in assessing early life exposure and risk, use of a set of defined age groups is recommended to facilitate comparisons of potential exposures and risks around the globe, the collection of data and analyses of aggregate exposure and cumulative risk. Application of these age groups for robust assessment of exposure and risk for specific populations will require region-specific exposure factors as well as local environmental monitoring data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine A Cohen Hubal
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - Thea de Wet
- Centre for Anthropological Research and Department of Anthropology and Development Studies, The University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, South Africa.
| | - Lilo Du Toit
- Centre for Rural Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Michael P Firestone
- Regulatory Support & Science Policy Division, Office of Children's Health Protection (MC 1107T), Office of the Administrator, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Room 1130 EPA West Building, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20460, USA.
| | - Mathuros Ruchirawat
- Office of Research, Chulabhorn Research Institute, 54 Kamphaeng-phet 6 Road, Laksi, Bangkok 10210, Thailand.
| | - Jacqueline van Engelen
- Center for Sustainability, Environment and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Carolyn Vickers
- International Programme on Chemical Safety, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland.
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Tvinnereim HM, Lygre GB, Haug K, Schreuder P, Klock K. A biobank of primary teeth within the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa): a resource for the future. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2012; 26:264-71. [PMID: 22471685 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3016.2012.01259.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) is a prospective population-based cohort study including >100 000 pregnancies and following the children through childhood, using questionnaires and collecting biological samples. The aim of MoBa is to test specific aetiological hypotheses by estimating the association between exposure and disease, aiming at prevention. A biobank for exfoliated primary teeth collected from the children participating in MoBa has been established (MoBaTooth Biobank). Samples of tooth tissues from the primary dentition can give information about exposure to toxic and essential elements during fetal life and early infancy. Prenatally and postnatally formed tooth tissues permanently document early exposures unlike other biomarkers, as teeth form incrementally at a known rate. Results from tooth analyses will be coupled with corresponding information in the multiple questionnaires and data from analysis of other biological samples collected by MoBa. Invitations to donate one or more teeth are sent to all mothers/children in the period 2008-2016, when the child is 6.75 years old. By August 2011, 7400 participants had been recorded into the MoBaTooth database donating altogether 9798 teeth (1.3 teeth per child). The response rate was 24%, but there is a lag of >1 year in the response. Data from the tooth biobank can supply MoBa with important additional information on the uptake of trace elements during fetal life and early infancy. This information can illuminate possible causal factors of health and disease in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Meyer Tvinnereim
- Departments of Clinical Dentistry Public Health and Primary Health Care, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 17, Bergen, Norway.
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Oleko A, Betsou F, Sarter H, Gerdil C, Desbois I, Charles MA, Leridon H, Vandentorren S. A Pilot Study of the ELFE Longitudinal Cohort: Feasibility and Preliminary Evaluation of Biological Collection. Biopreserv Biobank 2011; 9:223-227. [PMID: 21977239 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2010.0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 03/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Etude Longitudinale Française depuis l'Enfance (ELFE) will be a national French cohort of 20,000 children followed from birth to adulthood. Biological samples will be taken at birth to evaluate the fetal exposition to several substances. A pilot study was carried out in October 2007 to test the preanalytical factors that affected sample quality. A variety of fractions were collected by the midwife after delivery from different blood collection tubes. Options in the collection process were 2 daily transports of samples, centralized and standardized processing methodology, and storage of multiple aliquots in liquid nitrogen or at -80°C. We analyzed preanalytical factors that could have affected coagulation and then soluble CD40 Ligand (sCD40L) as a quality control tool for serum quality. Cord blood and urine were collected from 82% and 84% of women, respectively, who agreed to be followed up in the ELFE project. The use of syringe was the main factor correlated with coagulation (relative risk: 2.79 [1.47; 5.31], P<0.01). Maternity unit status was also associated with coagulation (RR: 1.48 [1.03; 2.13] in a private maternity unit vs. a public maternity) as well as time between collection and centrifugation (RR 1.03 [1; 1.07] when time between collection and centrifugation increases from 1 h). There were no extremely low sCD40L values indicating extreme exposures to room temperatures. This first evaluation study allowed us to stress the importance of carefully recording all potentially critical preanalytical variables that might be used at a large-scale level.
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Kempson IM, Lombi E. Hair analysis as a biomonitor for toxicology, disease and health status. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 40:3915-40. [PMID: 21468435 DOI: 10.1039/c1cs15021a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hair analysis receives a large amount of academic and commercial interest for wide-ranging applications. However, in many instances, especially for elemental or 'mineral' analysis, the degree of success of analytical interpretation has been quite minimal with respect to the extent of such endeavors. In this critical review we address the questions surrounding hair analysis with specific intent of discovering what hair concentrations can actually relate to in a biogenic sense. This is done from a chemistry perspective to explain why and how elements are incorporated into hair and their meaning. This includes an overview of variables attributed to altering hair concentrations, such as age, gender, melanin content, and other less reported factors. Hair elemental concentrations are reviewed with regard to morbidity, with specific examples of disease related effects summarized. The application of hair analysis for epidemiology and etiology studies is enforced. A section is dedicated specifically to the area of population studies with regards to mercury, which highlights how endogenous and exogenous incorporation relies on species dependant metabolism and metabolic products. Many of the considerations are relevant to other areas of interest in hair analysis, such as for drug and isotopic analysis. Inclusion of a table of elemental concentrations in hair should act as a valuable reference (298 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan M Kempson
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
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11
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Arbuckle TE. Maternal-infant biomonitoring of environmental chemicals: The epidemiologic challenges. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 88:931-7. [DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
Biological samples collected as part of a longitudinal birth cohort study can add a wealth of detailed information on environmental exposures and outcome traits, and the mechanisms by which they occur. Here we advise on methods for collecting, labelling and storing different types of sample so that they can be retrieved for analysis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Jones
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Health, Department of Community Based Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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Abstract
Key to the success of any longitudinal birth cohort study is the availability of appropriate and long-term levels of funding. The ease or difficulty of obtaining necessary funds to carry out data collection, preparation and documentation efficiently will determine the quality of data and the ease with which it is made available for collaborators. Various strategies for acquiring funding are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Doyle
- The Wellcome Trust, London, 183 Euston Road, London NW12BE, UK.
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Abstract
No longitudinal study should go into the field prior to detailed piloting and validation studies of the measures and techniques to be used. Preparation should also involve the training of staff, the acquisition of space and appropriate equipment, and liaison with the community and ethical committees as well as with scientific collaborators. Because different measures will continually be introduced as the participants age, the preparation, piloting and validation studies have to be ongoing. Here we describe some of the different strategies that should be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Golding
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Health, Department of Community Based Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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Golding J, Jones R, Preece A, Bruné MN, Pronczuk J. Choice of environmental components for a longitudinal birth cohort study. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2009; 23 Suppl 1:134-53. [PMID: 19490453 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3016.2009.01014.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Various aspects of the environment of the mother and child may have major influences on the health and development of the child. Long-term influences can even affect chronic diseases of adulthood. Here we describe the major psychosocial and physical environmental factors that should be measured in longitudinal birth cohort studies.
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Abstract
This paper outlines the variety of data sources which can be utilised in a longitudinal study. Although a longitudinal study could be carried out using just one type of data, greater depth and accuracy can be achieved by including a variety of different sources of information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Golding
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Health, Department of Community Based Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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Abstract
Here we describe how measurements in biological samples can be used to provide direct measures of exposures to environmental pollutants, nutrients, infectious organisms and drugs of abuse, and to validate other less direct measures of exposure such as questionnaire responses. They can also be used as measures of outcome traits or intermediate phenotypes which may lie on the pathways to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Jones
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Health, Department of Community Based Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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