1
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Wilson RA. Models of Protective Immunity against Schistosomes: Implications for Vaccine Development. Pathogens 2023; 12:1215. [PMID: 37887731 PMCID: PMC10610196 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12101215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
After many decades of research, a schistosome vaccine still looks to be a distant prospect. These helminths can live in the human bloodstream for years, even decades, surrounded by and feeding on the components of the immune response they provoke. The original idea of a vaccine based on the killing of invading cercariae in the skin has proven to be illusory. There has also been a realisation that even if humans develop some protection against infection over a protracted period, it very likely involves IgE-mediated responses that cannot provide the basis for a vaccine. However, it has also become clear that both invasive migrating larvae and adult worms must expose proteins and release secretions into the host environment as part of their normal biological activities. The application of modern 'omics approaches means that we now have a much better idea of the identity of these potential immune targets. This review looks at three animal models in which acquired immunity has been demonstrated and asks whether the mechanisms might inform our vaccine strategies to achieve protection in model hosts and humans. Eliciting responses, either humoral or cellular, that can persist for many months is a challenge. Arming of the lungs with effector T cells, as occurs in mice exposed to the radiation-attenuated cercarial vaccine, is one avenue. Generating IgG antibody titres that reach levels at which they can exert sustained immune pressure to cause worm elimination, as occurs in rhesus macaques, is another. The induction of memory cell populations that can detect trickle invasions of larval stages remains to be explored. One promising approach is the analysis of protective antibodies using high-density peptide arrays of target proteins to identify reactive regions. These can be combined in multi-epitope constructs to immunise a host against many targets simultaneously and cheaply.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Alan Wilson
- Department of Biology and Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK;
- Programa de Pós Graduação em, Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35402-136 , Brazil
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2
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Houlder EL, Costain AH, Nambuya I, Brown SL, Koopman JPR, Langenberg MCC, Janse JJ, Hoogerwerf MA, Ridley AJL, Forde-Thomas JE, Colombo SAP, Winkel BMF, Galdon AA, Hoffmann KF, Cook PC, Roestenberg M, Mpairwe H, MacDonald AS. Pulmonary inflammation promoted by type-2 dendritic cells is a feature of human and murine schistosomiasis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1863. [PMID: 37012228 PMCID: PMC10070318 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37502-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease affecting over 200 million people in multiple organs, including the lungs. Despite this, there is little understanding of pulmonary immune responses during schistosomiasis. Here, we show type-2 dominated lung immune responses in both patent (egg producing) and pre-patent (larval lung migration) murine Schistosoma mansoni (S. mansoni) infection. Human pre-patent S. mansoni infection pulmonary (sputum) samples revealed a mixed type-1/type-2 inflammatory cytokine profile, whilst a case-control study showed no significant pulmonary cytokine changes in endemic patent infection. However, schistosomiasis induced expansion of pulmonary type-2 conventional dendritic cells (cDC2s) in human and murine hosts, at both infection stages. Further, cDC2s were required for type-2 pulmonary inflammation in murine pre-patent or patent infection. These data elevate our fundamental understanding of pulmonary immune responses during schistosomiasis, which may be important for future vaccine design, as well as for understanding links between schistosomiasis and other lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Houlder
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - A H Costain
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - I Nambuya
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - S L Brown
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - J P R Koopman
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - M C C Langenberg
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - J J Janse
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - M A Hoogerwerf
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - A J L Ridley
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - J E Forde-Thomas
- Department of Life Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DA, UK
| | - S A P Colombo
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - B M F Winkel
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - A A Galdon
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - K F Hoffmann
- Department of Life Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DA, UK
| | - P C Cook
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - M Roestenberg
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - H Mpairwe
- MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - A S MacDonald
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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3
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Licá ICL, Frazão GCCG, Nogueira RA, Lira MGS, dos Santos VAF, Rodrigues JGM, Miranda GS, Carvalho RC, Silva LA, Guerra RNM, Nascimento FRF. Immunological mechanisms involved in macrophage activation and polarization in schistosomiasis. Parasitology 2023; 150:401-415. [PMID: 36601859 PMCID: PMC10089811 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182023000021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Human schistosomiasis is caused by helminths of the genus Schistosoma. Macrophages play a crucial role in the immune regulation of this disease. These cells acquire different phenotypes depending on the type of stimulus they receive. M1 macrophages can be ‘classically activated’ and can display a proinflammatory phenotype. M2 or ‘alternatively activated’ macrophages are considered anti-inflammatory cells. Despite the relevance of macrophages in controlling infections, the role of the functional types of these cells in schistosomiasis is unclear. This review highlights different molecules and/or macrophage activation and polarization pathways during Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum infection. This review is based on original and review articles obtained through searches in major databases, including Scopus, Google Scholar, ACS, PubMed, Wiley, Scielo, Web of Science, LILACS and ScienceDirect. Our findings emphasize the importance of S. mansoni and S. japonicum antigens in macrophage polarization, as they exert immunomodulatory effects in different stages of the disease and are therefore important as therapeutic targets for schistosomiasis and in vaccine development. A combination of different antigens can provide greater protection, as it possibly stimulates an adequate immune response for an M1 or M2 profile and leads to host resistance; however, this warrants in vitro and in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irlla Correia Lima Licá
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Gleycka Cristine Carvalho Gomes Frazão
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Ranielly Araujo Nogueira
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Maria Gabriela Sampaio Lira
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Vitor Augusto Ferreira dos Santos
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - João Gustavo Mendes Rodrigues
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Silva Miranda
- Department of Biology, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Maranhão, São Raimundo das Mangabeiras, Brazil
| | - Rafael Cardoso Carvalho
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Lucilene Amorim Silva
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Rosane Nassar Meireles Guerra
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Flávia Raquel Fernandes Nascimento
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
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4
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Amaral MS, Santos DW, Pereira ASA, Tahira AC, Malvezzi JVM, Miyasato PA, Freitas RDP, Kalil J, Tjon Kon Fat EM, de Dood CJ, Corstjens PLAM, van Dam GJ, Nakano E, Castro SDO, Mattaraia VGDM, Augusto RDC, Grunau C, Wilson RA, Verjovski-Almeida S. Rhesus macaques self-curing from a schistosome infection can display complete immunity to challenge. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6181. [PMID: 34702841 PMCID: PMC8548296 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26497-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The rhesus macaque provides a unique model of acquired immunity against schistosomes, which afflict >200 million people worldwide. By monitoring bloodstream levels of parasite-gut-derived antigen, we show that from week 10 onwards an established infection with Schistosoma mansoni is cleared in an exponential manner, eliciting resistance to reinfection. Secondary challenge at week 42 demonstrates that protection is strong in all animals and complete in some. Antibody profiles suggest that antigens mediating protection are the released products of developing schistosomula. In culture they are killed by addition of rhesus plasma, collected from week 8 post-infection onwards, and even more efficiently with post-challenge plasma. Furthermore, cultured schistosomula lose chromatin activating marks at the transcription start site of genes related to worm development and show decreased expression of genes related to lysosomes and lytic vacuoles involved with autophagy. Overall, our results indicate that enhanced antibody responses against the challenge migrating larvae mediate the naturally acquired protective immunity and will inform the route to an effective vaccine. To date there is only one single drug with modest efficacy and no vaccine available to protect from schistosomiasis. Here, Amaral et al. characterize the self-cure process of rhesus macaques following primary infection and secondary challenge with Schistosoma mansoni to inform future vaccine development studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daisy Woellner Santos
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Instituto Butantan, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana S A Pereira
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Instituto Butantan, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Jorge Kalil
- Heart Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elisa M Tjon Kon Fat
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia J de Dood
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Paul L A M Corstjens
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Govert J van Dam
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eliana Nakano
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Instituto Butantan, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ronaldo de Carvalho Augusto
- LBMC, Laboratoire de Biologie et Modélisation de la Cellule Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5239, INSERM, U1210, Lyon, France.,IHPE, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ Montpellier, Perpignan, France
| | - Christoph Grunau
- IHPE, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ Montpellier, Perpignan, France
| | - R Alan Wilson
- York Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
| | - Sergio Verjovski-Almeida
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Instituto Butantan, Sao Paulo, Brazil. .,Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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5
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Houlder EL, Costain AH, Cook PC, MacDonald AS. Schistosomes in the Lung: Immunobiology and Opportunity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:635513. [PMID: 33953712 PMCID: PMC8089482 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.635513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosome infection is a major cause of global morbidity, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. However, there is no effective vaccine for this major neglected tropical disease, and re-infection routinely occurs after chemotherapeutic treatment. Following invasion through the skin, larval schistosomula enter the circulatory system and migrate through the lung before maturing to adulthood in the mesenteric or urogenital vasculature. Eggs released from adult worms can become trapped in various tissues, with resultant inflammatory responses leading to hepato-splenic, intestinal, or urogenital disease – processes that have been extensively studied in recent years. In contrast, although lung pathology can occur in both the acute and chronic phases of schistosomiasis, the mechanisms underlying pulmonary disease are particularly poorly understood. In chronic infection, egg-mediated fibrosis and vascular destruction can lead to the formation of portosystemic shunts through which eggs can embolise to the lungs, where they can trigger granulomatous disease. Acute schistosomiasis, or Katayama syndrome, which is primarily evident in non-endemic individuals, occurs during pulmonary larval migration, maturation, and initial egg-production, often involving fever and a cough with an accompanying immune cell infiltrate into the lung. Importantly, lung migrating larvae are not just a cause of inflammation and pathology but are a key target for future vaccine design. However, vaccine efforts are hindered by a limited understanding of what constitutes a protective immune response to larvae. In this review, we explore the current understanding of pulmonary immune responses and inflammatory pathology in schistosomiasis, highlighting important unanswered questions and areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Houlder
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Alice H Costain
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Peter C Cook
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew S MacDonald
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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6
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Farias LP, Vitoriano-Souza J, Cardozo LE, Gama LDR, Singh Y, Miyasato PA, Almeida GT, Rodriguez D, Barbosa MMF, Fernandes RS, Barbosa TC, Neto APDS, Nakano E, Ho PL, Verjovski-Almeida S, Nakaya HI, Wilson RA, Leite LCDC. Systems Biology Analysis of the Radiation-Attenuated Schistosome Vaccine Reveals a Role for Growth Factors in Protection and Hemostasis Inhibition in Parasite Survival. Front Immunol 2021; 12:624191. [PMID: 33777004 PMCID: PMC7996093 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.624191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of several decades of research, an effective vaccine against schistosomiasis remains elusive. The radiation-attenuated (RA) cercarial vaccine is still the best model eliciting high protection levels, although the immune mechanisms have not yet been fully characterized. In order to identify genes and pathways underlying protection we investigated patterns of gene expression in PBMC and skin draining Lymph Nodes (LN) from mice using two exposure comparisons: vaccination with 500 attenuated cercariae versus infection with 500 normal cercariae; one versus three doses. Vaccinated mice were challenged with 120 normal parasites. Integration of PBMC and LN data from the infected group revealed early up-regulation of pathways associated with Th2 skewing and polarization of IgG antibody profiles. Additionally, hemostasis pathways were downregulated in infected mice, correlating with platelet reduction, potentially a mechanism to assist parasite migration through capillary beds. Conversely, up regulation of such mechanisms after vaccination may explain parasite blockade in the lungs. In contrast, a single exposure to attenuated parasites revealed early establishment of a Th1 bias (signaling of IL-1, IFN-γ; and Leishmania infection). Genes encoding chemokines and their receptors were more prominent in vaccinated mice, indicating an enhanced capacity for inflammation, potentially augmenting the inhibition of intravascular migration. Increasing the vaccinations from one to three did not dramatically elevate protection, but there was a clear shift towards antibody-mediated effectors. However, elements of the Th1 bias were still evident. Notable features after three vaccinations were markers of cytotoxicity (including IL-6 and NK cells) together with growth factors and their receptors (FGFR/VEGF/EGF) and the apoptosis pathway. Indeed, there is evidence for the development of anergy after three vaccinations, borne out by the limited responses detected in samples after challenge. We infer that persistence of a Th1 response puts a limit on expression of antibody-mediated mechanisms. This feature may explain the failure of multiple doses to drive protection towards sterile immunity. We suggest that the secretions of lung stage parasites would make a novel cohort of antigens for testing in protection experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Paiva Farias
- Laboratorio de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Biomarcadores, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Youvika Singh
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Giulliana Tessarin Almeida
- Laboratorio de Parasitologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dunia Rodriguez
- Laboratorio de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mayra Mara Ferrari Barbosa
- Laboratorio de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia—USP-Butantan-IPT, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Sachetto Fernandes
- Laboratorio de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia—USP-Butantan-IPT, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Almiro Pires da Silva Neto
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Biomarcadores, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Eliana Nakano
- Laboratorio de Parasitologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Lee Ho
- Centro BioIndustrial, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sergio Verjovski-Almeida
- Laboratorio de Parasitologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helder Imoto Nakaya
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Robert Alan Wilson
- York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York, United Kingdom
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7
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Farias LP, Vance GM, Coulson PS, Vitoriano-Souza J, Neto APDS, Wangwiwatsin A, Neves LX, Castro-Borges W, McNicholas S, Wilson KS, Leite LCC, Wilson RA. Epitope Mapping of Exposed Tegument and Alimentary Tract Proteins Identifies Putative Antigenic Targets of the Attenuated Schistosome Vaccine. Front Immunol 2021; 11:624613. [PMID: 33763055 PMCID: PMC7982949 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.624613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The radiation-attenuated cercarial vaccine remains the gold standard for the induction of protective immunity against Schistosoma mansoni. Furthermore, the protection can be passively transferred to naïve recipient mice from multiply vaccinated donors, especially IFNgR KO mice. We have used such sera versus day 28 infection serum, to screen peptide arrays and identify likely epitopes that mediate the protection. The arrays encompassed 55 secreted or exposed proteins from the alimentary tract and tegument, the principal interfaces with the host bloodstream. The proteins were printed onto glass slides as overlapping 15mer peptides, reacted with primary and secondary antibodies, and reactive regions detected using an Agilent array scanner. Pep Slide Analyzer software provided a numerical value above background for each peptide from which an aggregate score could be derived for a putative epitope. The reactive regions of 26 proteins were mapped onto crystal structures using the CCP4 molecular graphics, to aid selection of peptides with the greatest accessibility and reactivity, prioritizing vaccine over infection serum. A further eight MEG proteins were mapped to regions conserved between family members. The result is a list of priority peptides from 44 proteins for further investigation in multiepitope vaccine constructs and as targets of monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo P. Farias
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gillian M. Vance
- York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia S. Coulson
- York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | | | - Almiro Pires da Silva Neto
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Biomarcadores, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Arporn Wangwiwatsin
- Parasite Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Leandro Xavier Neves
- Instituto de Ciẽncias Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - William Castro-Borges
- Instituto de Ciẽncias Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Stuart McNicholas
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Keith S. Wilson
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Luciana C. C. Leite
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R. Alan Wilson
- York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York, United Kingdom
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8
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Wangwiwatsin A, Protasio AV, Wilson S, Owusu C, Holroyd NE, Sanders MJ, Keane J, Doenhoff MJ, Rinaldi G, Berriman M. Transcriptome of the parasitic flatworm Schistosoma mansoni during intra-mammalian development. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0007743. [PMID: 32374726 PMCID: PMC7263636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomes are parasitic blood flukes that survive for many years within the mammalian host vasculature. How the parasites establish a chronic infection in the hostile bloodstream environment, whilst evading the host immune response is poorly understood. The parasite develops morphologically and grows as it migrates to its preferred vascular niche, avoiding or repairing damage from the host immune system. In this study, we investigated temporal changes in gene expression during the intra-mammalian development of Schistosoma mansoni. RNA-seq data were analysed from parasites developing in the lung through to egg-laying mature adult worms, providing a comprehensive picture of in vivo intra-mammalian development. Remarkably, genes involved in signalling pathways, developmental control, and adaptation to oxidative stress were up-regulated in the lung stage. The data also suggested a potential role in immune evasion for a previously uncharacterised gene. This study not only provides a large and comprehensive data resource for the research community, but also reveals new directions for further characterising host-parasite interactions that could ultimately lead to new control strategies for this neglected tropical disease pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arporn Wangwiwatsin
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Anna V. Protasio
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- Department of Pathology, Tennis Court Road, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Shona Wilson
- Department of Pathology, Tennis Court Road, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Owusu
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Nancy E. Holroyd
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Mandy J. Sanders
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Jacqueline Keane
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Mike J. Doenhoff
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriel Rinaldi
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Berriman
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
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9
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Yang YYM, Wilson RA, Thomas SRL, Kariuki TM, van Diepen A, Hokke CH. Micro Array-Assisted Analysis of Anti-Schistosome Glycan Antibodies Elicited by Protective Vaccination With Irradiated Cercariae. J Infect Dis 2020; 219:1671-1680. [PMID: 30561696 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Baboons vaccinated with radiation-attenuated cercariae develop high levels of protection against schistosome infection, correlating to high antibody titres towards schistosome antigens with unknown molecular identity. Using a microarray consisting of glycans isolated from different life-stages of schistosomes, we studied the anti-glycan immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgM responses in vaccinated and challenged baboons over a time course of 25 weeks. Anti-glycan IgM responses developed early after vaccination, but did not rise in response to later vaccinations. In contrast, anti-glycan IgG developed more slowly, but was boosted by all five subsequent vaccinations. High IgM and IgG levels against O-glycans and glycosphingolipid glycans of cercariae were observed. At the time of challenge, while most antibody levels decreased in the absence of vaccination, IgG towards a subset of glycans containing multiple-fucosylated motifs remained high until 6 weeks post-challenge during challenge parasite elimination, suggesting a possible role of this IgG in protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Y Michelle Yang
- Department of Parasitology, Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - R Alan Wilson
- Centre for Immunology & Infection, Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Steffan R L Thomas
- Department of Parasitology, Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas M Kariuki
- The Alliance for Accelerating Excellence in Science in Africa, Africa Academy of Sciences, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Angela van Diepen
- Department of Parasitology, Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis H Hokke
- Department of Parasitology, Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Souza COS, Espíndola MS, Fontanari C, Prado MKB, Frantz FG, Rodrigues V, Gardinassi LG, Faccioli LH. CD18 Regulates Monocyte Hematopoiesis and Promotes Resistance to Experimental Schistosomiasis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1970. [PMID: 30233576 PMCID: PMC6127275 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with Schistosoma mansoni causes a chronic parasitic disease that progress to severe liver and gastrointestinal damage, and eventually death. During its development into mammalian hosts, immature schistosomula transit through the lung vasculature before they reach the liver to mature into adult worms. A low grade inflammatory reaction is induced during this process. However, molecules that are required for efficient leukocyte accumulation in the lungs of S. mansoni-infected subjects are unknown. In addition, specific leukocyte subsets that mediate pulmonary response during S. mansoni migration through the lung remain to be elucidated. β2 integrins are fundamental regulators of leukocyte trans-endothelial migration and function. Therefore, we investigated their role during experimental schistosomiasis. Mice that express low levels of CD18 (the common β2 integrin subunit) and wild type C57BL/6 mice were subcutaneously infected with S. mansoni cercariae. Cellular profiles of lungs and livers were evaluated in different time points after infection by flow cytometry. Low levels of CD18 affected the accumulation of patrolling Ly6Clow, intermediate Ly6Cinter monocytes, monocyte-derived macrophages and monocyte-derived dendritic cells in the lungs 7 days after infection. This correlated with increased TNF-α levels. Strikingly, low CD18 expression resulted in monocytopenia both in the peripheral blood and bone marrow during acute infection. After 48 days, S. mansoni worm burdens were higher in the hepatic portal system of CD18low mice, which also displayed reduced hepatic accumulation of patrolling Ly6Clow and intermediate Ly6Cinter, but not inflammatory Ly6Chigh monocytes. Higher parasite burden resulted in increased granulomatous lesions in the liver, increased egg deposition and enhanced mortality. Overall, our data point for a fundamental role of CD18 for monocyte hematopoiesis during infection, which promotes an efficient host response against experimental schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila O S Souza
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Milena S Espíndola
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caroline Fontanari
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Morgana K B Prado
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabiani G Frantz
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanderlei Rodrigues
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz G Gardinassi
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lúcia H Faccioli
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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11
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Schistosome vaccines: problems, pitfalls and prospects. Emerg Top Life Sci 2017; 1:641-650. [PMID: 33525844 DOI: 10.1042/etls20170094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human schistosomiasis caused by parasitic flatworms of the genus Schistosoma remains an important public health problem in spite of concerted efforts at control. An effective vaccine would be a useful addition to control strategies that currently rely on chemotherapy, but such a product is not imminent. In this review, likely causes for the lack of progress are first considered. These include the strategies used by worms to evade the immune response, concepts that have misdirected the field, an emphasis on internal antigens, and the use of the laboratory mouse for vaccine testing. On a positive note, recent investigations on self-cure by the rhesus macaque offer the most promising context for vaccine development. The identification of proteins at the parasite-host interface, especially those of the esophageal glands involved in blood processing, has provided an entirely new category of vaccine candidates that merit evaluation.
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Wilson RA, Li XH, Castro-Borges W. Do schistosome vaccine trials in mice have an intrinsic flaw that generates spurious protection data? Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:89. [PMID: 26888413 PMCID: PMC4756456 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1369-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The laboratory mouse has been widely used to test the efficacy of schistosome vaccines and a long list of candidates has emerged from this work, many of them abundant internal proteins. These antigens do not have an additive effect when co-administered, or delivered as SWAP homogenate, a quarter of which comprises multiple candidates; the observed protection has an apparent ceiling of 40-50%. We contend that the low level of maturation of penetrating cercariae (~32% for Schistosoma mansoni) is a major limitation of the model since 68/100 parasites fail to mature in naïve mice due to natural causes. The pulmonary capillary bed is the obstacle encountered by schistosomula en route to the portal system. The fragility of pulmonary capillaries and their susceptibility to a cytokine-induced vascular leak syndrome have been documented. During lung transit schistosomula burst into the alveolar spaces, and possess only a limited capacity to re-enter tissues. The acquired immunity elicited by the radiation-attenuated (RA) cercarial vaccine relies on a pulmonary inflammatory response, involving cytokines such as IFNγ and TNFα, to deflect additional parasites into the alveoli. A principal difference between antigen vaccine protocols and the RA vaccine is the short interval between the last antigen boost and cercarial challenge of mice (often two weeks). Thus, after antigen vaccination, challenge parasites will reach the lungs when both activated T cells and cytokine levels are maximal in the circulation. We propose that "protection" in this situation is the result of physiological effects on the pulmonary blood vessels, increasing the proportion of parasites that enter the alveoli. This hypothesis will explain why internal antigens, which are unlikely to interact with the immune response in a living schistosomulum, plus a variety of heterologous proteins, can reduce the level of maturation in a non-antigen-specific way. These proteins are "successful" precisely because they have not been selected for immunological silence. The same arguments apply to vaccine experiments with S. japonicum in the mouse model; this schistosome species seems a more robust parasite, even harder to eliminate by acquired immune responses. We propose a number of ways in which our conclusions may be tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Alan Wilson
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Xiao-Hong Li
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.
| | - William Castro-Borges
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil.
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13
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El Ridi R, Tallima H. Why the radiation-attenuated cercarial immunization studies failed to guide the road for an effective schistosomiasis vaccine: A review. J Adv Res 2014; 6:255-67. [PMID: 26257924 PMCID: PMC4522536 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a debilitating parasitic disease caused by platyhelminthes of the genus Schistosoma, notably Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosoma haematobium, and Schistosoma japonicum. Pioneer researchers used radiation-attenuated (RA) schistosome larvae to immunize laboratory rodent and non-human primate hosts. Significant and reproducible reduction in challenge worm burden varying from 30% to 90% was achieved, providing a sound proof that vaccination against this infection is feasible. Extensive histopathological, tissue mincing and incubation, autoradiographic tracking, parasitological, and immunological studies led to defining conditions and settings for achieving optimal protection and delineating the resistance underlying mechanisms. The present review aims to summarize these findings and draw the lessons that should have guided the development of an effective schistosomiasis vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashika El Ridi
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt
| | - Hatem Tallima
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt
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14
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Redpath SA, Fonseca NM, Perona-Wright G. Protection and pathology during parasite infection: IL-10 strikes the balance. Parasite Immunol 2014; 36:233-52. [PMID: 24666543 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The host response to infection requires an immune response to be strong enough to control the pathogen but also restrained, to minimize immune-mediated pathology. The conflicting pressures of immune activation and immune suppression are particularly apparent in parasite infections, where co-evolution of host and pathogen has selected many different compromises between protection and pathology. Cytokine signals are critical determinants of both protective immunity and immunopathology, and, in this review, we focus on the regulatory cytokine IL-10 and its role in protozoan and helminth infections. We discuss the sources and targets of IL-10 during parasite infection, the signals that initiate and reinforce its action, and its impact on the invading parasite, on the host tissue, and on coincident immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Redpath
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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15
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TEIXEIRA de MELO T, MICHEL de ARAUJO J, Do VALLE DURÃES F, CALIARI MV, OLIVEIRA SC, COELHO PMZ, FONSECA CT. Immunization with newly transformed Schistosoma mansoni schistosomula tegument elicits tegument damage, reduction in egg and parasite burden. Parasite Immunol 2010; 32:749-59. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2010.01244.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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16
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Abstract
SUMMARYThe high level of protection which can be induced by vaccination of a range of hosts, from rodents to primates, with live radiation-attenuated schistosome larvae offers great promise for development of a human schistosome vaccine. Studies of the irradiated vaccine models benefitted from significant funding during the 1970–90s and much was learned concerning the inducers, targets and mechanisms of immunity. Less progress was made in definition of the protective antigens involved. The application of new techniques for identifying membrane and secreted antigens has recently provided new vaccine candidates and a new impetus for schistosome vaccine development. This article is intended as an overview of some of the main lessons learned from the studies of the irradiated vaccines as a backdrop to renewed interest in schistosome vaccine development.
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17
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Abstract
Schistosomes infect the mammalian host by direct penetration of the skin and must then undergo a protracted migration to the site of parasitization, for Schistosoma mansoni the hepatic portal vasculature. This article reviews the work published roughly between 1976 and 1986 that clarified our understanding of the process in the laboratory mouse. A combination of histopathology, larval injection experiments and autoradiographic tracking revealed that migration involved one to several circuits of the pulmonary-systemic vasculature before chance delivery in cardiac output to splanchnic arteries that lead indirectly to the portal tract. The kinetics of migration through different capillary beds was established, with the lungs of naïve mice not the skin proving the greatest obstacle; a proportion of schistosomula entered the alveoli from where they did not recover. The 'immunity' displayed by mice with a chronic infection was shown to be an artefact of a 'leaky' hepatic portal system, generated as a result of egg-induced hepatic pathology. The blockade of pulmonary migration was exacerbated in mice vaccinated with irradiated cercariae by immune-mediated inflammatory foci that developed around lung schistosomula thus decreasing the proportion that matured, but parasite elimination was a prolonged process, not an acute cytolytic 'hit.'
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18
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Donnelly S, Stack CM, O'Neill SM, Sayed AA, Williams DL, Dalton JP. Helminth 2-Cys peroxiredoxin drives Th2 responses through a mechanism involving alternatively activated macrophages. FASEB J 2008; 22:4022-32. [PMID: 18708590 DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-106278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
During helminth infections, alternatively activated macrophages (AAMacs) are key to promoting Th2 responses and suppressing Th1-driven inflammatory pathology. Th2 cytokines IL-4 and/or IL-13 are believed to be important in the induction and activation of AAMacs. Using murine models for the helminth infections caused by Fasciola hepatica (Fh) and Schistosoma mansoni (Sm), we show that a secreted antioxidant, peroxiredoxin (Prx), induces alternative activation of macrophages. These activated, Ym1-expressing macrophages enhanced the secretion of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 from naive CD4(+) T cells. Administration of recombinant FhPrx and SmPrx to wild-type and IL-4(-/-) and IL-13(-/-) mice induced the production of AAMacs. In addition, Prx stimulated the expression of markers of AAMacs (particularly, Ym1) in vitro, and therefore can act independently of IL-4/IL-13 signaling. The immunomodulatory property of Prx is not due to its antioxidant activity, as an inactive recombinant variant with active site Cys residues replaced by Gly could also induce AAMacs and Th2 responses. Immunization of mice with recombinant Prx or passive transfer of anti-Prx antibodies prior to infection with Fh not only blocked the induction of AAMacs but also the development of parasite-specific Th2 responses. We propose that Prx activates macrophages as an initial step in the induction of Th2 responses by helminth parasites and is thereby a novel pathogen-associated molecular pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Donnelly
- Level 6, Bldg. 4, University of Technology Sydney, Cnr. Thomas and Harris St., Ultimo, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
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19
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Abstract
As a paradigm for the development of a vaccine against human schistosomiasis, the radiation-attenuated (RA) vaccine has enabled the dissection of different immune responses as putative effector mechanisms. This review considers advances made in the past, and updates our knowledge with reference to recent studies that have provided new information relevant particularly to the early innate events after vaccination, and to the nature of the protective effector mechanism. Priming of a protective response by RA larvae is a highly co-ordinated series of events starting in the skin, draining lymph nodes and lungs, leading to the development of various effector responses, ranging from Th1-associated cell-mediated activity, to anti-parasitic antibodies, all of which contribute to the elimination of challenge larvae to varying extents. In this respect, the RA vaccine elicits a multifaceted immune response, from which we can derive valuable insights relevant to the future design of novel delivery systems and adjuvants for recombinant and subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Hewitson
- Department of Biology, The University of York, York YO10 5YW, UK.
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20
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Richter D, Harn DA, Matuschka FR. The irradiated cercariae vaccine model: looking on the bright side of radiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 11:288-93. [PMID: 15275325 DOI: 10.1016/0169-4758(95)80041-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomes infect between 200 and 300 million people at any one time. A major strategy to reduce the impact of schistosomiasis on human health is the development of a defined antigen vaccine. Protective immunity induced in mice by irradiated cercariae may serve as a model for the development of a vaccine. In such vaccinated mice, worm burdens resulting from challenge infection can be reduced by more than 90% compared to non-vaccinated mice. During the past three decades, the irradiated-carcariae vaccine model has been dissected in the detail in order to determine factors that may be relevant to vaccination, such as the participating immune compartments, the site and kinetics of the immune response, and the antigens recognized. In this review, Dania Richter, Donald A. Harn and Franz-Rainer Matuschka highlight the research on the vaccine model, focusing on the murine model using gamma-irradiated cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Richter
- Department of Tropical Public Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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21
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Donnelly S, O'Neill SM, Sekiya M, Mulcahy G, Dalton JP. Thioredoxin peroxidase secreted by Fasciola hepatica induces the alternative activation of macrophages. Infect Immun 2005; 73:166-73. [PMID: 15618151 PMCID: PMC538930 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.1.166-173.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2004] [Revised: 05/23/2004] [Accepted: 08/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternatively activated macrophages (AAMphi) are primarily associated with the chronic stages of parasitic infections and the development of a polarized Th2 response. We have shown that Fasciola hepatica infection of BALB/c mice induces a polarized Th2 response during both the latent and chronic stage of disease. The activation status of macrophages was analyzed in this model of helminth infection by evaluating the expression of genetic markers of alternative activation, namely, Fizz1, Ym1, and Arg1. AAMphi were recruited to the peritoneum of mice within 24 h of F. hepatica infection and after intraperitoneal injection of parasite excretory-secretory (ES) products. Administration of a recombinant antioxidant thioredoxin peroxidase (TPx), which is contained within the ES products, also induced the recruitment of AAMphi to the peritoneum. In vitro studies showed that this recombinant TPx directly converts RAW 264.7 macrophages to an alternatively activated phenotype characterized by the production of high levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10), prostaglandin E(2), corresponding with low levels of IL-12. Our data suggest that the Th2 responses induced by the helminth F. hepatica are mediated through the secretion of molecules, one of which is TPx, that induce the recruitment and alternative activation of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Donnelly
- Institute for the Biotechnology of Infectious Diseases, University of Technology Sydney, Westbourne St., Gore Hill, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia.
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22
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van de Wetering JK, van Remoortere A, Vaandrager AB, Batenburg JJ, van Golde LMG, Hokke CH, van Hellemond JJ. Surfactant protein D binding to terminal alpha1-3-linked fucose residues and to Schistosoma mansoni. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2004; 31:565-72. [PMID: 15284077 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2004-0105oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary surfactant protein (SP)-D is an important component of the innate immune system of the lung, which is thought to function by binding to specific carbohydrates on the surface of viruses and unicellular pathogens. SP-D has been shown to have a relatively high affinity for the monosaccharides mannose, glucose, and fucose. However, there is limited information on SP-D binding to complex carbohydrate structures, and binding of SP-D to fucose in the context of an oligosaccharide has not yet been investigated. In this study, we used surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy to examine the potential of SP-D to bind to various synthetic fucosylated oligosaccharides, and identified Fucalpha1-3GalNAc and Fucalpha1-3GlcNAc elements as strong ligands. These types of fucosylated glycoconjugates are presented at the surface of Schistosoma mansoni, a parasitic worm that, during development, transiently resides in the lung. In line with the findings by surface plasmon resonance, we found that SP-D can bind to larval stages of S. mansoni, demonstrating for the first time that SP-D interacts with multicellular lung pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Koenraad van de Wetering
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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23
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Stanley RG, Ngaiza JR, Wambayi E, Lewis J, Doenhoff MJ. Platelets as an innate defence mechanism against Schistosoma mansoni infections in mice. Parasite Immunol 2004; 25:467-73. [PMID: 15157023 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2003.00656.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between Schistosoma mansoni and platelets of non-immune mice has been studied in vivo and in vitro. A moderate thrombocytopaenia was observed in mice 2 days after they had been infected percutaneously with 200 cercariae. A rabbit anti-mouse platelet antiserum, 25 microL of which injected subcutaneously induced a nearly 900% reduction in blood platelet count 24 h later, was used to investigate the effects of severe thrombocytopaenia on S. mansoni infections. In replicate experiments worm burdens were significantly increased in mice that were thrombocytopaenic at the time of infection when compared with untreated mice. Induction of thrombocytopaenia on day 4 after infection had no effect on worm count. Platelets isolated from non-immune mice were shown to adhere to the surfaces of and kill mechanically transformed schistosomula in vitro. Platelets may thus be an innate mechanism of defence against schistosome infection, and the thrombocytopaenia that occurs during patent schistosome infections may be a strategy that helps secondarily incoming parasites evade this type of host defensiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald G Stanley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, Bangor LL57 2UW, UK
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashika El Ridi
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
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25
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Graffi SJ, Dekan G, Stingl G, Epstein MM. Systemic administration of antigen-pulsed dendritic cells induces experimental allergic asthma in mice upon aerosol antigen rechallenge. Clin Immunol 2002; 103:176-84. [PMID: 12027423 DOI: 10.1006/clim.2002.5190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Antigen-pulsed dendritic cells (DCs) have been used extensively as cellular vaccines to induce a myriad of protective immune responses. Adoptive transfer of antigen-pulsed DCs is especially effective at generating Th1 and CD8 immune responses. However, recently this strategy has been shown to induce Th2 cells when DCs are administered locally into the respiratory tract. We sought to address whether systemic rather than local antigen-pulsed DC administration could induce Th2 experimental allergic asthma. We found that OVA-pulsed splenic DCs injected intraperitoneally induced polarized Th2 allergic lung disease upon secondary OVA aerosol challenge. Disease was characterized by eosinophilic lung inflammation, excess mucus production, airway hyperresponsiveness, and OVA-specific IgG1 and IgE. In addition, unusual pathology characterized by macrophage alveolitis and multinucleated giant cells was observed. These data show that systemic administration of antigen-pulsed DCs and subsequent aeroantigen challenge induces Th2 immunity. These findings have important implications for the development of DC-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian J Graffi
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Dermatology, VIRCC, University of Vienna Medical School, A-1235, Austria
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26
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Falcone FH, Loke P, Zang X, MacDonald AS, Maizels RM, Allen JE. A Brugia malayi homolog of macrophage migration inhibitory factor reveals an important link between macrophages and eosinophil recruitment during nematode infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:5348-54. [PMID: 11673551 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.9.5348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Infections with the helminth parasite Brugia malayi share many key features with Th2-mediated allergic diseases, including recruitment of eosinophils. We have investigated the dynamics of inflammatory cell recruitment under type 2 cytokine conditions in mice infected with B. malayi. Among the cells recruited to the site of infection is a novel population of "alternatively activated" macrophages that ablate cell proliferation and enhance Th2 differentiation. By profiling gene expression in this macrophage population, we found a dramatic up-regulation of a recently described eosinophil chemotactic factor, eosinophil chemotactic factor-L/Ym1, representing over 9% of clones randomly selected from a cDNA library. Because B. malayi is known to secrete homologs (Bm macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF)-1 and -2) of the human cytokine MIF, we chose to investigate the role this cytokine mimic may play in the development of the novel macrophage phenotype observed during infection. Strikingly, administration of soluble recombinant Bm-MIF-1 was able to reproduce the effects of live parasites, leading both to the up-regulation of Ym1 by macrophages and a marked recruitment of eosinophils in vivo. Because activity of Bm-MIF-1 is dependent upon an amino-terminal proline, this residue was mutated to glycine; the resultant recombinant (Bm-MIF-1G) was unable to induce Ym1 transcription in macrophages or to mediate the recruitment of eosinophils. These data suggest that macrophages may provide a crucial link between helminth parasites, their active cytokine mimics, and the recruitment of eosinophils in infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- F H Falcone
- Institute of Cell, Animal and Population Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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27
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Trottein F, Nutten S, Angeli V, Delerive P, Teissier E, Capron A, Staels B, Capron M. Schistosoma mansoni schistosomula reduce E-selectin and VCAM-1 expression in TNF-alpha-stimulated lung microvascular endothelial cells by interfering with the NF-kappaB pathway. Eur J Immunol 1999; 29:3691-701. [PMID: 10556825 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4141(199911)29:11<3691::aid-immu3691>3.0.co;2-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The recruitment of immune cells into the lungs is a key step in protection against murine schistosomiasis. In this phenomenon, pulmonary (micro)vascular endothelial cells (EC) probably play a central role, by expressing specific adhesion molecules on their surface. Recently, we have shown that Schistosoma mansoni schistosomula, the parasitic stage which resides in the lungs, could activate microvascular EC to acquire an anti-inflammatory phenotype. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that schistosomula could also regulate the expression of adhesion molecules in vitro by human lung microvascular EC (HMVEC-l) in the present of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha. We found that lipophilic substance(s) present in the excretory/secretory products from schistosomula selectively reduce the TNF-alpha-induced synthesis of E-selectin and VCAM-1 mRNA and proteins without affecting ICAM-1. This inhibitory effect appears to be mediated by a cyclic AMP/protein kinase A (cAMP/PKA) pathway that probably interferes with the NF-kappaB pathway induced by TNF-alpha at the level of the E-selectin promoter, whereas a cAMP-independent pathway appears to operate in VCAM-1 down-modulation. Finally, schistosomula also significantly reduce the VLA-4/VCAM-1-dependent adherence of leukocytes to TNF-alpha-stimulated HMVEC-l. We speculate that this mechanism could represent a new stratagem that parasites may use to escape the immune system by controlling leukocyte recruitment to the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Trottein
- Centre d'Immunologie et de Biologie, Parasitaire INSERM U167, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France.
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28
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Street M, Coulson PS, Sadler C, Warnock LJ, McLaughlin D, Bluethmann H, Wilson RA. TNF Is Essential for the Cell-Mediated Protective Immunity Induced by the Radiation-Attenuated Schistosome Vaccine. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.8.4489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
C57BL/6 mice exposed to the radiation-attenuated schistosome vaccine exhibit high levels of protective immunity. The cell-mediated pulmonary effector mechanism involves IFN-γ-producing CD4+ T cells in a focal response around challenge larvae. IFN-γ can promote production of TNF and can synergize with this cytokine in its actions on responder cells. We have examined whether TNF plays a role in lung phase immunity to schistosomes using mice with a disrupted gene for TNFRI (TNFRI−/−). The most dramatic finding was that the schistosome vaccine elicited no protection whatsoever in these mice. However, this could not be attributed to a lack of responder cells, because more lymphocytes were lavaged from the airways of TNFRI−/− than wild-type mice. Furthermore, CD4+ T cells were equally represented in airway populations from the two groups and produced IFN-γ upon Ag stimulation in vitro. In contrast, pulmonary macrophage function was defective in TNFRI−/− mice, as indicated by a failure to up-regulate inducible NO synthase mRNA. Histopathological analysis revealed that focal infiltrates were of similar size and cell composition in the two groups but that more parasites were free of foci in the TNFRI−/− mice. These animals had a greatly impaired IgG response to schistosomes, which may explain their lack of residual protection due to Ab in a situation where cell-mediated immunity is disabled. We suggest that the absence of protective immunity could result from a retarded build-up of leukocytes around migrating lung worms and/or a deficit in accessory cell function within a focus, both of which would permit parasite escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyoko Street
- *Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom; and
| | | | - Clare Sadler
- *Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom; and
| | - Lorna J. Warnock
- *Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom; and
| | | | - Horst Bluethmann
- †Department Roche Genetics, Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - R. Alan Wilson
- *Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom; and
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29
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Hoffmann KF, James SL, Cheever AW, Wynn TA. Studies with Double Cytokine-Deficient Mice Reveal That Highly Polarized Th1- and Th2-Type Cytokine and Antibody Responses Contribute Equally to Vaccine-Induced Immunity to Schistosoma mansoni. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.2.927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
A fundamental obstacle to vaccine development in schistosomiasis mansoni is a lack of understanding of what type of an immune response should be invoked. We have addressed this central issue by using the radiation-attenuated cercariae vaccine in mice genetically engineered to exhibit highly polarized type 1 (IL-10/IL-4-deficient) or type 2 (IL-10/IL-12-deficient) cytokine and Ab phenotypes. Our data show that while significant differences in immunity exist after a single vaccination with irradiated cercariae in double cytokine-deficient vs wild-type mice, these differences disappear after two vaccinations. The most important finding of these studies, however, was revealed in vaccinated IL-10-deficient mice. These mice developed a mixed and elevated type 1- and type 2-associated immune response and developed anti-schistosome immunity at levels equal to or better than those in wild-type mice. This immunity in IL-10-deficient mice correlated with higher parasite-specific Ab titers, greater proliferative capacity of lymphocytes, increased frequency of IFN-γ- and IL-4-secreting cells, elevated perivascular/peribronchial inflammatory responses in the lung, and greater in vitro schistosomulacidal capacity of parasite Ag-elicited cells. These results suggest that optimal vaccine-induced immunity against schistosomes is linked not to the development of a highly polarized response, but, rather, to the induction of both type 1- and type 2-associated immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl F. Hoffmann
- *Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Stephanie L. James
- *Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | | | - Thomas A. Wynn
- *Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
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30
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Trottein F, Descamps L, Nutten S, Dehouck MP, Angeli V, Capron A, Cecchelli R, Capron M. Schistosoma mansoni activates host microvascular endothelial cells to acquire an anti-inflammatory phenotype. Infect Immun 1999; 67:3403-9. [PMID: 10377119 PMCID: PMC116524 DOI: 10.1128/iai.67.7.3403-3409.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Since endothelial cells (ECs) play a key role in immune defense mechanisms and in immunopathology, we investigated whether the intravascular helminth parasite Schistosoma mansoni could interact with and activate resting ECs in vitro. Microscopic analysis revealed that the lung-stage schistosomula specifically attached to microvascular ECs. This adherence was associated to active cellular processes involving actin filament formation. Since variation of permeability of cultured capillary brain ECs is a good marker for endothelial activation, the transendothelial passage of a low-molecular-weight molecule (inulin) on monolayers of bovine brain capillary ECs (BBCEC) was measured in response to parasites. Schistosomula induced a dramatic decrease in transendothelial permeability, a characteristic marker for the generation of an anti-inflammatory phenotype to ECs. This paracellular barrier enhancing effect on endothelial monolayers was due to a soluble substance(s) (below 1 kDa in size) secreted from S. mansoni schistosomula and not by mechanisms associated to adherence between parasites and ECs. The reinforcement of the endothelial barrier function was accompanied by an elevation of intracellular concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP). The use of specific kinase inhibitors confirms that schistosomula activate ECs through a cAMP/protein kinase A pathway that leads to an increased phosphorylation of the myosin light-chain kinase. These combined findings suggest that the secretory/excretory products from schistosomula possess anti-inflammatory factor(s) that signal host microvascular endothelium. The immunological consequences of such activation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Trottein
- Unité INSERM U167, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France.
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31
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Wilson RA, Coulson PS. Strategies for a schistosome vaccine: can we manipulate the immune response effectively? Microbes Infect 1999; 1:535-43. [PMID: 10603570 DOI: 10.1016/s1286-4579(99)80093-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R A Wilson
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, YorkY01 5DD, UK
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32
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Anderson S, Shires VL, Wilson RA, Mountford AP. Formation of multinucleated giant cells in the mouse lung is promoted in the absence of interleukin-12. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1999; 20:371-8. [PMID: 10030834 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.20.3.3317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of multinucleated giant cells (MGCs) in an in vivo model of pulmonary inflammation was investigated to determine whether these cells are the result of a dominant T helper (Th) 1 or Th2 cytokine environment. We report that knockout (KO) mice with a disrupted interleukin (IL)-12 p40 gene exposed to the helminth Schistosoma mansoni had abundant and very large MGCs (> 50 microm) in their lungs concurrent with extensive eosinophilia and a population of large macrophages. Many of the MGCs and macrophages appeared to have phagocytosed eosinophils as part of a clearance process. The KO mice also had a strongly polarized Th2 immune response as judged by elevated levels in the lungs of messenger RNA (mRNA) transcripts for IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, and IL-13, but decreased levels of mRNA for interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). In addition, cells recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage from the airways of these mice secreted a Th2-biased profile of cytokines upon restimulation in vitro with parasite antigen. In contrast, wild-type C57BL/6 or KO mice treated with recombinant IL-12 had a polarized Th1 phenotype with elevated levels of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha mRNA in the lungs, and an airway cell population that secreted abundant IFN-gamma. Very few MGCs were detected in these mice, and there was an absence of pulmonary eosinophilia. We conclude that the formation of MGCs in our model is promoted in the absence of IL-12 and is linked instead to the abundance of Th2 cytokines, notably IL-4 and IL-13.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Anderson
- Department of Biology, The University of York, York, United Kingdom
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33
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Wilson RA, Coulson PS, Mountford AP. Immune responses to the radiation-attenuated schistosome vaccine: what can we learn from knock-out mice? Immunol Lett 1999; 65:117-23. [PMID: 10065637 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(98)00134-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The goal of an effective schistosomiasis vaccine has proved elusive but the protective immunity induced in mice by radiation-attenuated cercaria larvae provides an appropriate model from which such a vaccine might be developed. Using gene-disrupted mice, we have analysed the process of immune priming by attenuated larvae of Schistosoma mansoni and the nature of the pulmonary effector response directed against a challenge infection. Vaccination stimulates expansion of IFNgamma-producing T-helper cells in the skin-draining lymph nodes. IL-12 is crucial in determining the Thl direction of this initial response but the cells of origin and the parasite components which stimulate its production are unknown. In the effector response, focal aggregates comprising mainly mononuclear cells accumulate around challenge larvae in the lungs, a process orchestrated by IFNgamma. This cytokine up-regulates nitric oxide synthase activity but we were unable to implicate nitric oxide as a cytotoxic agent causing challenge parasite elimination. An alternative action for IFNgamma may be to up-regulate adhesion molecule expression, increasing the cohesiveness of effector foci the better to block parasite migration, but the adhesive interactions so far examined do not appear relevant. In contrast, TNF induction is essential to protection, and we are currently testing the hypothesis that it determines the speed of the effector response following arrival of challenge larvae in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Wilson
- Department of Biology, University of York, UK.
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34
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Coulson PS, Smythies LE, Betts C, Mabbott NA, Sternberg JM, Wei XG, Liew FY, Wilson RA. Nitric oxide produced in the lungs of mice immunized with the radiation-attenuated schistosome vaccine is not the major agent causing challenge parasite elimination. Immunology 1998; 93:55-63. [PMID: 9536119 PMCID: PMC1364106 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1998.00405.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mice vaccinated with radiation-attenuated cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni exhibit high levels of protection against a challenge with normal larvae. The immune effector mechanism, which operates against schistosomula in the lungs, requires CD4+ T cells capable of producing interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). This cytokine can stimulate production of nitric oxide (NO), via its ability to up-regulate inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). We have therefore evaluated the potential role of NO in the effector mechanism operating in vaccinated mice. Evidence for the production of NO in the lungs of such animals was obtained from assays on antigen-stimulated airway cell cultures. Enhanced levels of NO, compared with those in cultures from control mice, were detected both after vaccination and after challenge; elevated levels of iNOS mRNA were also present in whole lung after challenge. However, administration of an iNOS inhibitor to vaccinated mice after percutaneous challenge did not significantly increase the worm burden. Furthermore, when mice with a disrupted iNOS gene were vaccinated they showed a highly significant level of protection. Although NO from activated macrophages can mediate cytotoxic killing of newly transformed schistosomula in vitro, we have demonstrated that the addition of erythrocytes to these larvicidal assays abolishes its effects. We interpret this to mean that once migrating schistosomula enter the bloodstream they will be protected against the cytotoxic actions of NO. Our data thus provide little evidence to implicate NO as a major component of the pulmonary effector response to S. mansoni in vaccinated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Coulson
- Department of Biology, University of York, UK
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35
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Wilson RA. Interferon gamma is a key cytokine in lung phase immunity to schistosomes but what is its precise role? Braz J Med Biol Res 1998; 31:157-61. [PMID: 9686194 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x1998000100022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination of mice with radiation-attenuated cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni induces a high level of protection against challenge with normal larvae. The immune effector mechanism, which operates in the lungs, is a cell-mediated delayed-type hypersensitivity response and involves the formation of a tight focus of mononuclear cells around embolised larvae. CD4+ T cells with Th1 characteristics are a major component of the infiltrate. They secrete abundant interferon gamma (IFN gamma) upon antigen stimulation in vitro, whilst in vivo neutralisation of the cytokine results in 90% abrogation of immunity. IFN gamma can induce a large number of genes and an attempt has been made to identify the ones which are essential components of the effector mechanism. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is such a candidate and nitric oxide (NO) is produced by cultures of airway leucocytes from the lungs of vaccinated mice post-challenge. However, the continued resistance of mice with a disrupted iNOS gene indicates that NO has only a minor role in the protective response. Mice with a disrupted IFN gamma receptor gene have been used to dissect the role of the cytokine. After vaccination and challenge, CD4+ T cells from the pulmonary interstitium have reduced levels of ICAM-1 and LFA-1 expression, compared to wild-type animals, which coincides with a reduced cohesiveness of foci. However, immunity is not significantly impaired in mice with a disrupted ICAM-1 gene, and focus formation is normal. Similarly, a role has not been found for CD2/CD48 interactions in cell aggregation. Possible IFN gamma-inducible molecules yet to be fully investigated include other ligand-receptor pairs, chemokines, and tumour necrosis factor alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Wilson
- Department of Biology, University of York, UK.
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36
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Coulson PS. The radiation-attenuated vaccine against schistosomes in animal models: paradigm for a human vaccine? ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 1997; 39:271-336. [PMID: 9241818 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-308x(08)60048-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P S Coulson
- Department of Biology, University of York, UK
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37
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Coulson PS, Wilson RA. Recruitment of lymphocytes to the lung through vaccination enhances the immunity of mice exposed to irradiated schistosomes. Infect Immun 1997; 65:42-8. [PMID: 8975890 PMCID: PMC174554 DOI: 10.1128/iai.65.1.42-48.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The effector mechanism, which operates against challenge parasites in the lungs of C57BL/6 mice vaccinated once with irradiated cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni, is mediated by CD4+ T helper lymphocytes. However, adoptive transfer of immunity from vaccinated donors to naive recipients by using sensitized T cells has not proved successful. One explanation may be that the recruitment of sensitized T lymphocytes to the lungs by vaccinating parasites to arm that organ is not reproduced by transfer protocols. We have used the technique of parabiosis, as a means of adoptive transfer, to demonstrate the relevance of pulmonary T cells to protection. Sensitized and naive partners were joined surgically for a 28-day period, coincident with priming of the immune system. A vascular union rapidly developed, and sensitized T cells were detected in the spleens of the naive partners. When parabionts were challenged percutaneously 10 days after separation, the level of immunity transferred to the naive partners was approximately two-thirds that of their vaccinated counterparts. The naive partners, unlike the vaccinated animals, did not recruit lymphocytes to the lungs during the priming period. In contrast, after percutaneous challenge, schistosome-specific lymphocytes were recruited to the lungs of both separated parabionts. The importance of lymphocytes recruited to the lungs during the primary response was revealed by an intravenous challenge with lung schistosomula; this eliminates the opportunity for secondary immune responses prior to parasite arrival in the lungs. In this situation, the vaccinated partners showed 47% immunity while the naive partners were not protected. We conclude that the presence of specific T cells in the lungs at the time of challenge confers a significant advantage, permitting a more effective recall response than in animals lacking such resident cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Coulson
- Department of Biology, The University of York, United Kingdom.
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38
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Wilson RA, Coulson PS, Betts C, Dowling MA, Smythies LE. Impaired immunity and altered pulmonary responses in mice with a disrupted interferon-gamma receptor gene exposed to the irradiated Schistosoma mansoni vaccine. Immunology 1996; 87:275-82. [PMID: 8698391 PMCID: PMC1384285 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1996.465550.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A high level of protection against Schistosoma mansoni is elicited in mice by the irradiated cercaria vaccine and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) is a key cytokine in the pulmonary effector response. The role of this cytokine has been investigated in mice with a targeted disruption of the IFN-gamma receptor gene (IFN-gamma R-/- mice). The level of protection was impaired relative to that elicited in C57BL/6 and 129 wild-type (WT) animals. These two groups developed compact effector foci, of largely mononuclear cell composition, around individual challenge parasites migrating through the lungs. In contrast the IFN-gamma R-/- mice showed a massive and generalized leucocytic infiltration of the airways and interstitium in which eosinophils were a prominent feature. Cultures of airway leucocytes from C57BL/6 mice produced abundant IFN-gamma whilst those from IFN-gamma R-/- mice produced interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5 and IL-10, indicating default to the Th2 pathway; the WT animals showed an intermediate response. The pattern of cytokine gene transcripts in whole lung tissue agreed remarkably well with the level of cytokine protein detected in leucocyte cultures, with the exception of substantial IL-4 mRNA but negligible protein in C57BL/6 mice. The loose but intense infiltrate of leucocytes in the lungs of IFN-gamma R-/- mice was clearly ineffective in eliminating challenge parasites, whereas the level of IFN-gamma protein and mRNA in the lungs of C57BL/6 and WT mice correlated with the size and compactness of effector foci. On the basis of these and earlier observations, we suggest that a primary role for IFN-gamma is to promote intercellular adhesion between the leucocytes in an effector focus, promoting its ability to block parasite migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Wilson
- Department of Biology, University of York, UK
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39
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Gui M, Kusel JR, Shi YE, Ruppel A. Schistosoma japonicum and S. mansoni: comparison of larval migration patterns in mice. J Helminthol 1995; 69:19-25. [PMID: 7622787 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x0001378x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Mice were infected percutaneously with cercariae of Schistosoma japonicum or S. mansoni and parasites recovered by tissue-mincing from the skin or lungs or by perfusion of the mesenteric veins. S. japonicum had a narrow peak of recovery (up to 30%) from the lungs 3 days after infection, whereas lung recovery of S. mansoni peaked only on day 6 and levelled off during the following week. Infection with S. japonicum induced lung petechiae, but only after most of the parasites had left the lungs. The axillary lymph nodes draining the infection site increased in weight after infection and this effect was much greater and longer with S. mansoni than with S. japonicum. S. japonicum was perfusable from the mesenteric veins earlier (from day 3 onwards) and in higher number (40-60% from days 6 to 10) than S. mansoni (20% on day 20). The percentage of cercariae developing to adult worms was 57% for S. japonicum and 33% for S. mansoni. The data demonstrate that S. japonicum might escape from local tissue reactions in the skin and lungs and, due to its rapid migration, might induce only poor lymphocyte proliferation. As a possible consequence, S. japonicum may establish more efficiently in mice than S. mansoni.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gui
- Institute of Tropical Hygiene, University of Heidelberg, Germany
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40
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Oswald IP, Eltoum I, Wynn TA, Schwartz B, Caspar P, Paulin D, Sher A, James SL. Endothelial cells are activated by cytokine treatment to kill an intravascular parasite, Schistosoma mansoni, through the production of nitric oxide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91:999-1003. [PMID: 7508126 PMCID: PMC521441 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.91.3.999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Like many pathogens that undergo an intravascular stage of development, larvae of the helminth parasite Schistosoma mansoni migrate through the blood vessels, where they are in close contact with endothelial cells. In vitro exposure of murine endothelial cells to various cytokines (interferon gamma, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interleukin 1 alpha or 1 beta) resulted in their activation to kill schistosomula through an arginine-dependent mechanism involving production of nitric oxide (NO). Cytokine-treated endothelial cells showed increased expression of mRNA for the inducible form of the NO synthase, and both NO production and larval killing were suppressed by treatment with competitive inhibitors. The effector function of cytokine-treated endothelial cells was similar to that of activated inflammatory tissue macrophages, although activation appeared to be differentially regulated in these two cell types. Activated endothelial cells killed older (18-day) forms of the parasite, such as those currently thought to be a primary target of immune elimination in the lungs of mice previously vaccinated with radiation-attenuated cercariae, as well as newly transformed larvae. In C57BL/6 mice, which become resistant to S. mansoni infection as a result of vaccination with irradiated cercariae, endothelial cell morphology characteristic of activation was observed in the lung by 1-2 weeks after challenge infection. Similar endothelial cell changes were absent in P-strain mice, which do not become resistant as a result of vaccination. Together, these observations indicate that endothelial cells, not traditionally considered to be part of the immune system, may play an important role in immunity to S. mansoni and, by means of NO-dependent killing, could serve as effectors of resistance to other intravascular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- I P Oswald
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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41
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Smythies LE, Coulson PS, Wilson RA. Immunity to Schistosoma mansoni in mice vaccinated with irradiated cercariae: cytokine interactions in the pulmonary protective response. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 1993; 87:653-7. [PMID: 8122929 DOI: 10.1080/00034983.1993.11812825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In C57BL/6 strain mice vaccinated with attenuated cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni, the major site of immune elimination of challenge parasites is the lungs. We have monitored pulmonary events after both vaccination and challenge by bronchoalveolar lavage, and examined the profile of cytokines released by recovered cells upon stimulation with larval antigens in vitro. From 14 days post-vaccination, lavage samples contain infiltrating lymphocytes which produce abundant interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-3 (IL-3). We suggest that the lymphocytes recruited to the lungs are effector/memory cells of the Th1 subset. Challenge of vaccinated mice results in a second influx of IFN-gamma- and IL-3-secreting cells into the airways, earlier than after vaccination alone, or in appropriate controls. Ablation studies reveal that CD4+ T cells are the source of the IFN-gamma. The timing of cytokine production after both vaccination and challenge coincides with phases of macrophage activation already recorded, and with the presence of parasites in the lungs. Administration of monoclonal antibody directed against IFN-gamma, over the period of challenge elimination, almost completely abrogates protection in vaccinated mice, but does not affect the ratio of Th1:Th2 cells in the lungs. Immunity in this model is not, however, affected by inhibition of nitric oxide production, or neutralization of TNF. We suggest that the effector mechanism may operate by blocking parasite migration, and that loss of protection following neutralization of IFN-gamma may be attributed to changes in composition, density and cohesiveness of pulmonary foci.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Smythies
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, U.K
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42
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Piper KP, McLaren DJ. The role of T cells in vaccine immunity in the murine model of schistosomiasis mansoni. Int J Parasitol 1993; 23:245-56. [PMID: 8496007 DOI: 10.1016/0020-7519(93)90147-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Naive CBA/Ca mice and mice vaccinated with gamma-irradiated cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni were challenged percutaneously with normal cercariae and depleted of L3T4+ T helper cells through the administration of a specific monoclonal antibody. Three regimes were utilized to target known phases of parasite migration. The in vivo depletion of L3T4+ cells resulted in a significant reduction in immunity (up to 65%) in vaccinated/challenged mice, provided the monoclonal antibody was targeted towards skin-resident schistosomula. When antibody was targeted towards lung phase challenge larvae, however, there was a significant reduction in worm recovery, but no correspondingly significant reduction in vaccine immunity. In contrast, the administration of monoclonal to naive mice, via all three treatment regimes, had no effect on the primary schistosome worm burden. Histopathological studies complemented these worm recovery data. Skin tissue biopsied from vaccinated/challenged mice treated with monoclonal to L3T4+ T cells rarely showed the inflammatory foci which normally characterize untreated vaccinated/challenged mice. This was true when antibody was given either before challenge, or just after challenge, and correlated with the recorded depression in vaccine immunity. Lung tissue collected from monoclonal-treated vaccinated/challenged mice (for all three treatment regimes) exhibited no changes in morphology compared to that from untreated vaccinated/challenged mice. This was not altogether surprising since in the NIMR vaccine mouse model, the lungs represent a poor site for challenge attrition and appear normal in morphology with the exception of a few, small inflammatory reactions. When the monoclonal was given to naive/infected mice, there was no change in the morphology of the pulmonary tissue, as compared to corresponding untreated cohorts. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that Thy-1+ cells dominated the subdermal inflammatory foci of vaccinated/challenged mice. Of the T cells identified, the T helper subset was the most common, with T suppressor cells being only weakly represented, and in some cases not at all. The proportion of macrophages (Mac-1+) varied between reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Piper
- Division of Parasitology, National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, U.K
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Ratcliffe EC, Wilson RA. The role of mononuclear-cell recruitment to the lungs in the development and expression of immunity to Schistosoma mansoni. Parasitology 1992; 104 ( Pt 2):299-307. [PMID: 1594293 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182000061746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The role of pulmonary cellular responses in the induction and expression of immunity to Schistosoma mansoni has been evaluated. From experiments in which mice were challenged at intervals after vaccination, we conclude that the resistance mechanism operating in the lungs develops between days 11 and 20. Injection of 51Cr-labelled splenocytes revealed that mononuclear cell recruitment to the lungs, stimulated by the arrival of attenuated schistosomula, intensified progressively between days 10 and 16 post-vaccination. The increased cellularity was reflected in a 19.5% augmentation in the wet-weight index (WW). The period of enhanced cell recruitment therefore coincided with the build-up of resistance. By day 22 post-vaccination infiltration had declined, whilst WW remained elevated. This indicates the persistence of recruited cells, which include schistosome-reactive T lymphocytes, in the lungs. We were unable to demonstrate augmented recruitment of 51Cr-labelled cells after challenge of vaccinated mice, but WW rose slightly, peaking on day 12. Although clearly of a lower order than the primary response, the secondary response was more rapid, implying the existence of immunological memory. These results accord with the concept that schistosome-reactive T lymphocytes recruited after vaccination 'arm' the lungs against the arrival of challenge parasites.
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Crabtree JE, Pullar CE, Trejdosiewicz LK, Wilson RA. Murine intestinal humoral responses in chronic Schistosoma mansoni infections. Scand J Immunol 1992; 35:361-7. [PMID: 1535991 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1992.tb02869.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Specific and non-specific production of immunoglobulins (Ig) by the intestinal mucosa was examined in mice infected with the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni. Ileal and colonic mucosal tissue samples were cultured for 2 days, the medium replaced and the culture continued for a further 2 days. Ig concentrations and specific antibodies to soluble schistosome egg antigens in culture supernatants were estimated by isotype-specific ELISA. Cultured mucosae from control mice produced little IgG, but significant amounts of IgA and IgM on prolonged culture. IgG concentrations were increased in infected animals, mainly in the initial culture period, indicative of systemic, rather than local origins. By contrast, significantly increased local production of IgA and IgM occurred after the start of egg deposition in the intestinal mucosae. Although specific anti-egg antibodies of the IgG and IgM class were detected, none of the local IgA response was specific for schistosome eggs. We conclude that specific intestinal immune responses to schistosome eggs reflect systemic responses, whereas locally increased IgA production is largely non-specific. This pattern of response is likely to be related to the prior systemic exposure to schistosome eggs, which results in polyclonal local B-cell activation, but fails to trigger an antigen-specific IgA mucosal response.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Crabtree
- Department of Medicine, St Jame's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
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Constant SL, Wilson RA. In vivo lymphocyte responses in the draining lymph nodes of mice exposed to Schistosoma mansoni: preferential proliferation of T cells is central to the induction of protective immunity. Cell Immunol 1992; 139:145-61. [PMID: 1728963 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(92)90108-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The in vivo cellular responses associated with the induction of specific immunity by attenuated larvae of Schistosoma mansoni in mice have been investigated. Using in vivo 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation, the changes in cell proliferation in the skin- and lung-draining lymph nodes (LN) of vaccinated animals were measured. A marked increase in the number of dividing cells was detected in both groups of LN, with a preferential increase in the proportion of proliferating T, relative to B, lymphocytes. Several dynamic components of cell migration have been examined to assess their relative contribution to the overall changes in the LN of immunized mice. It was determined that a significant part of the observed accumulation of cells is due to the effect of hyperaemia. There was no alteration in the affinity of the LN for T and B lymphocytes, but we concluded that the majority of recruited B cells failed to exit the nodes. The results have highlighted the importance of T cell proliferation within the draining LN for the successful immunization of mice with attenuated parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Constant
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, United Kingdom
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Ratcliffe EC, Wilson RA. The magnitude and kinetics of delayed-type hypersensitivity responses in mice vaccinated with irradiated cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni. Parasitology 1991; 103 Pt 1:65-75. [PMID: 1945526 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182000059308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A footpad assay was used to measure the DTH of mice to soluble worm antigens (SWAP), and to living day 7 lung schistosomula, following vaccination and challenge infections with Schistosoma mansoni. DTH to SWAP was first observed on day 10, and reached its maximum on day 17 post-vaccination. Treatment of mice with anti-CD4 antibody on the 3 days prior to footpad challenge completely abrogated this response. Reactivity to living parasites was of a lower order than that to SWAP; it also peaked earlier, on day 10 post-vaccination. By day 35, responsiveness to both sets of antigens had declined almost to control levels. There was no correlation between the level of DTH to living schistosomula, at any time, and the degree of resistance subsequently developed. Percutaneous challenge of vaccinated mice was followed by a resurgence of reactivity to SWAP. This secondary response occurred more rapidly than the primary response, peaking on day 7 post-challenge, and was of a similar magnitude. We were unable to detect a similar recall of DTH to living schistosomula, possibly because the assay was insufficiently sensitive. We conclude that the intensity and kinetics of DTH responsiveness are crucial features of the irradiated vaccine model, and suggest that further investigation of cell-mediated immune reactions, particularly those occurring in the lungs, is vital to a better understanding of events underlying the development and expression of immunity.
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Lewis FA, White-Ziegler CA, Ball JE, Niemann GM. Schistosoma mansoni larvicidal activity of murine bronchoalveolar lavage cells. Infect Immun 1990; 58:3903-8. [PMID: 2254018 PMCID: PMC313753 DOI: 10.1128/iai.58.12.3903-3908.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the ability of cells obtained from both normal and immune mice by bronchoalveolar lavage (BACs) to kill Schistosoma mansoni larvae in vitro. In cultures with mechanically derived schistosomules, high levels of larvicidal activity were displayed by BACs from both normal and irradiated cercaria-immunized C57BL/6 mice. Based on effector-to-target-cell ratios, BAC-mediated killing was two- to threefold more efficient than killing mediated by macrophage-rich cell populations obtained from the peritoneal cavity. BACs from normal A/J mice were essentially as larvicidal as normal C57BL/6 cells. However, BACs from a strain of mouse (P/J) with a known macrophage defect possessed negligible larvicidal activity. Macrophages made up 85 to 95% of BACs from all three strains tested. In contrast to cells of the IC-21 macrophage cell line, B6 BACs did not show enhanced killing activity when preincubated with lymphokine-containing supernatants. Lung schistosomules harvested 10 days after cercarial penetration were refractory to BAC-mediated killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Lewis
- Biomedical Research Institute, Rockville, Maryland 20852
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Constant SL, Mountford AP, Wilson RA. Phenotypic analysis of the cellular responses in regional lymphoid organs of mice vaccinated against Schistosoma mansoni. Parasitology 1990; 101 Pt 1:15-22. [PMID: 2122395 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182000079695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The cellular responses in regional lymphoid organs of C57B1/6 mice were examined, following protective immunization with 20 krad.-irradiated cercariae of S. mansoni. Marked changes in total cell number were observed, with peak increases of 13.5-fold in the skin-draining (axillary) lymph nodes and 6.9-fold in the lung-draining (mediastinal) lymph nodes. In contrast, cellular responses were small in the spleen and undetectable in the brachial lymph nodes. The temporal pattern of responses was coincident with the kinetics of parasite migration, events in the mediastinal lymph node being apparent only after day 7. Phenotypic analysis of the cellular changes revealed an increase both in T lymphocytes and, to a greater extent, in B lymphocytes. The changes in Thy1+ cells comprised an increase in both L3T4+ and Lyt2+ populations. A comparison of mice exposed to non-immunizing parasites (normal or 80 krad.-irradiated cercariae) with protected animals, revealed smaller and more transient cellular changes in the axillary lymph nodes of the former. We suggest that the successful immunization of mice with attenuated parasites depends upon the prolonged priming of lymphocytes within the lymph nodes draining the skin-exposure site and that the persistence of 20 krad.-irradiated parasites within these nodes provides the requisite stimulus.
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Piper KP, Mott RF, McLaren DJ. Schistosoma mansoni: histological analysis of the synergistic interaction between vaccine immunity and praziquantel therapy in the lungs of mice. Parasite Immunol 1990; 12:367-87. [PMID: 2119493 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.1990.tb00975.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Naive CBA mice and mice vaccinated 4 weeks previously with gamma-irradiated cercariae of S. mansoni were challenged percutaneously with normal cercariae and then treated with 500 mg/kg body weight of Praziquantel (Pzq). The drug was administered intradermally on day 1 or intramuscularly on day 6, thus targeting against skin stage or lung stage challenge larvae respectively. The skin site of challenge and/or the lungs were removed at various time points to provide samples for histological examination. As reported elsewhere (Flisser, Delgado & McLaren 1989) the efficacy of Pzq was significantly enhanced in vaccinated mice and was influenced by the treatment regime. Histological analysis revealed that when Pzq was administered I/D on day 1 to vaccinated mice, the inflammatory response to challenge differed in extent but not nature from that seen in vaccinated but untreated cohorts. This correlates with worm recovery data showing no (this study), or only marginal synergy between drug treatment and immunity using this regimen of drug treatment (Flisser et al. 1989). Following the day 6 protocol of drug delivery, however, lungs from treated vaccinated mice exhibited many large inflammatory reactions containing trapped challenge larvae. In contrast, lungs from untreated vaccinated mice had only few foci which were small and rarely contained trapped larvae. These data again correlate well with worm recovery data showing that there is a highly significant synergy between vaccination and drug treatment administered at this time (Flisser et al. 1989; this study). It would seem, therefore, that Pzq exacerbates lung phase immunity in the NIMR vaccine mouse model where skin phase immunity predominates and pulmonary attrition is normally minimal. The results are discussed in the light of published data concerning the effector mechanisms thought to characterize skin and lung phase vaccine resistance in the murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Piper
- Division of Parasitology, National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, UK
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Menson EN, Wilson RA. Lung-phase immunity to Schistosoma mansoni: definition of alveolar macrophage phenotypes after vaccination and challenge of mice. Parasite Immunol 1990; 12:353-66. [PMID: 2119492 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.1990.tb00974.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic changes in murine alveolar macrophages have been described in response to vaccination with irradiated cercariae and to a subsequent challenge with normal parasites. Flow cytometric analysis was used to quantify the proportions of cells strongly positive for a number of macrophage surface markers, detected by a panel of monoclonal primary antibodies and fluorescent secondary antibodies. The proportion of Ia+ macrophages sampled by bronchoalveolar lavage increased 5-fold over days 14 to 28 post-vaccination. This upregulation of Ia was accompanied by a sharp decrease in F4/80 expression between days 14 and 21. The low percentage of F4/80+ cells persisted for several weeks after vaccination, and no further change was stimulated by challenge parasites. These altered characteristics are consistent with the 'activation phenotype' induced by other infectious agents. After challenge of immune mice, further changes in macrophage phenotype were slight compared to the responses elicited by vaccination, or to those induced in the challenge control group; Ia expression increased to about three times normal levels. The phenotypic changes correspond both in magnitude and timing with the pattern of alveolar macrophage activation determined in a previous study. The limited changes in phenotype of alveolar macrophages from immunized mice after challenge could indicate that these cells become refractory to reactivation. Overall, the altered macrophage phenotype after vaccination and challenge provides circumstantial evidence for the action of cytokines, particularly interferon-gamma, in lung-phase immunity to schistosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E N Menson
- Department of Biology, University of York
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