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Alvi MA, Ali RMA, Khan S, Saqib M, Qamar W, Li L, Fu BQ, Yan HB, Jia WZ. Past and Present of Diagnosis of Echinococcosis: A Review (1999-2021). Acta Trop 2023; 243:106925. [PMID: 37080264 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
The larval forms of taeniid cestodes belonging to the genus Echinococcus are the source of the zoonotic infection known as echinococcosis. Alveolar and cystic echinococcosis are caused by Echinococcus multilocularis and Echinococcus granulosus (s. s) respectively. It is endemic in several regions of the world. In this systematic review, we describe diagnosis, and the species (human, canids, livestock, and small rodents) affected by cystic (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE). From 1999 to 2021, we searched the online directory through PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and google scholar. Among the 37,700 records found in the online databases, 187 publications met our eligibility requirements. The majority of investigations employed a range of diagnostic methods, such as ELISA, imaging, copro-PCR, necropsy or arecoline hydrobromide purgation, morphological cestode confirmation, and fecal sieving/flotation to detect and confirm Echinococcus infection. ELISA was the most commonly used method followed by PCR, and imaging. The research team retrieved data describing the incidence or assessment of the diagnostic test for E. multilocularis in humans (N = 99), canids (N = 63), small ruminants (N = 13), large ruminants (N= 3), camel (N= 2), pigs (N=2) and small mammals (N= 5). This study was conducted to explore the diagnostic tools applied to detect echinococcosis in humans as well as animals in prevalent countries, and to report the characteristic of new diagnostic tests for disease surveillance. This systematic review revealed that ELISA (alone or in combination) was the most common method used for disease diagnosis and diagnostic efficacy and prevalence rate increased when recombinant antigens were used. It is highly recommended to use combination protcols such as serological with molecular and imaging technique to diagnose disease. Our study identified scarcity of data of reporting echinococcosis in humans/ animals in low-income or developing countries particularly central Asian countries. Study reports in small rodents indicate their role in disease dissemination but real situation in these host is not refected due to limited number of studies. Even though echinococcosis affects both public health and the domestic animal sector, therefore, it is important to devise new and strengthe implementation of the existing monitoring, judging, and control measures in this estimate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mughees Aizaz Alvi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China; Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Rana Muhammad Athar Ali
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sadiq Khan
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saqib
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Warda Qamar
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bao-Quan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hong-Bin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Wan-Zhong Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.
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2
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Echinococcosis in immunocompromised patients: A systematic review. Acta Trop 2022; 232:106490. [PMID: 35490729 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human echinococcoses are the infection caused by the larval stages of different species of the genus Echinococcus, mostly E. granulosus and E. multilocularis. There is no aggregated information on the nature and characteristics echinococcosis in patients with immunodeficiency. This study presents a systematic review of the current literature published on the status of echinococcosis in immunocompromised individuals. METHODS An electronic search of related articles in four major databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar) was performed up to November 2021. All related studies meeting the inclusion criteria were assessed for qualitative analysis. Data available on different characteristics of the diseases were extracted. The data were subsequently categorized into two subgroups: Cystic Echinococcosis (CE) and Alveolar Echinococcosis (AE). RESULTS Twenty-eight articles related to the existence of echinococcosis in immunocompromised hosts were included. HIV/AIDS was found as the most frequent condition in immunocompromised CE patients. Most of the CE cases with immunodeficiency were female (66.4%). The dominant stages of the cysts were CE2 and CE3. Surgery was performed for 76.2% of the patients. A high mortality rate of 23.8% was recorded in CE patients. Malignancies was the dominant condition in AE patients. CONCLUSION Findings of the present study can potentially improve our understanding of the impact of immunodeficiency syndromes on echinococcoses and contribute to an improved diagnosis, treatment and quality of care in immunocompromised patients suffering from cystic and alveolar echinococcosis.
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Tao J, Du X, Liu K, Wang C, Lv Y, Wang M, Yang Z, Yang J, Li S, Wu C, Li M, Zhao W. Clinical characteristics and antibodies against Echinococcus granulosus recombinant antigen P29 in patients with cystic echinococcosis in China. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:609. [PMID: 35820830 PMCID: PMC9275268 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07597-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a neglected parasitic zoonotic disease caused by the larval stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus (E. granulosus). This study aimed to understand the clinical characteristics of human CE in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (NHAR) located in northwest China and to investigate the antibody profiles against the recombinant E. granulosus antigen P29 (rEg.P29) in plasma of CE patients. Methods A total of 37 human CE patients, along with 37 healthy donors enrolled in this study and demographic and clinical data were analyzed, including age, gender, laboratory data, symptoms, and cysts description. Plasma levels of cytokines, total IgG, and total IgE were determined by sandwich ELISA kits. Specific antibodies against rEg.P29 and hydatid cyst fluid (HCF) were assessed by indirect ELISA. Results The results revealed that females have a higher percentage of CE patients than males. The incidence of CE reached a peak in the 41–50 years-old group. The liver was the most frequent location, accounting for 91.9%. Based on the CT images, cysts of 34 patients who had liver involvement, were classified as 1 (2.9%) CE1, 12 (35.3%) CE2, 5 (14.7%) CE3a, 1 (2.9%) CE3b, and 15 (44.2%) CE5. Twenty-nine (78.4%) patients had a single cyst and 8 (21.6%) had at least two cysts. The most frequently reported symptom was upper abdominal pain. The plasma level of IL-6 and total IgE were significantly increased in CE patients compared with healthy donors. Additionally, IgG response to rEg.P29 in CE patients was significantly higher than in healthy donors, and the dominant IgG subclass was IgG4. Further analysis of different patient groups revealed that rEg.P29-specific IgG and IgG4 were only elevated in CE patients with CE2 type cysts. Conclusions This study systematically investigated the clinical characteristics of patients with CE and may provide a reference basis for the diagnosis and treatment of CE in NHAR. Furthermore, tests of specific IgG and IgG4 against rEg.P29 can be used as an assisted method for imaging techniques to identify cystic activity and determine the best therapeutic approach for CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Tao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Xingqing, Yinchuan, 750003, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China.,Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious Diseases, Xingqing, Yinchuan, 750003, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Xiancai Du
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Xingqing, Yinchuan, 750003, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China.,Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious Diseases, Xingqing, Yinchuan, 750003, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Kejun Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Xingqing, Yinchuan, 750003, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Chan Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Xingqing, Yinchuan, 750003, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China.,Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious Diseases, Xingqing, Yinchuan, 750003, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yongxue Lv
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Xingqing, Yinchuan, 750003, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China.,Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious Diseases, Xingqing, Yinchuan, 750003, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Minglei Wang
- Department of Radiology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Xingqing, Yinchuan, 750003, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Zhiqi Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Jinfeng, Yinchuan, 750021, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Jihui Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Xingqing, Yinchuan, 750003, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China.,Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious Diseases, Xingqing, Yinchuan, 750003, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Shasha Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Xingqing, Yinchuan, 750003, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China.,Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious Diseases, Xingqing, Yinchuan, 750003, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Changyou Wu
- Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 5102275, Guangdong, China
| | - Minghao Li
- The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Jinfeng, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, 750021, China. .,Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious Diseases, Xingqing, Yinchuan, 750003, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China. .,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Jinfeng, Yinchuan, 750021, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China.
| | - Wei Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Xingqing, Yinchuan, 750003, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China. .,Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious Diseases, Xingqing, Yinchuan, 750003, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China.
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Vaccination with rEGVac elicits immunoprotection against different stages of Echinococcus granulosus life cycle: A pilot study. Acta Trop 2021; 218:105883. [PMID: 33676937 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.105883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination against dog-sheep transmission cycle is necessary to control cystic echinococcosis (CE) infection. A multi-epitope multi-antigenic recombinant vaccine was developed-comprising the three putative vaccine antigens EG95, Eg14-3-3 and EgEnolase-was cloned and expressed. In a pilot experiment, the multi-antigen vaccine was assessed in 15 dogs and 15 sheep (five experimental groups and three animals in each group) by two subcutaneous doses 28 days apart. To evaluate the efficacy of the vaccine candidate first immunological analysis were done comprising IgG and IgE antibodies and the cytokine IL-4 in sera of the immunized dogs and sheep. Serum IgG, IgE, and IL-4, in particular in the dogs, were increased after the two rounds of vaccine candidate injection, while the total number of hydatid cysts was reduced (~85.43%). This pilot trial indicated significant immune protection efficacy against E. granulosus especially in dogs, while its efficacy in sheep was not as high as dogs. The multi-antigenic candidate vaccine is proposed as a protective vaccine modality in both dogs and sheep.
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Noordin R, Khanbabaie S, Hafiznur Yunus M, Marti H, Nickel B, Fasihi Harandi M, Nasibi S. Evaluation of the Diagnostic Performance of Recombinant Antigen B1 for Detection of Cystic Echinococcosis Using Lateral Flow Dipstick Test. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2020; 15:290-298. [PMID: 33082792 PMCID: PMC7548468 DOI: 10.18502/ijpa.v15i3.4191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Human echinococcosis is a neglected zoonotic disease distributed worldwide. It comprises cystic and alveolar forms, the former being the more prevalent disease. Imaging techniques are the first choice for diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis and serology is used as an additional diagnostic technique in doubtful cases or as the sole test in low-resource settings. Rapid diagnostic tests are useful and convenient for immunodiagnosis of cystic echinococcosis in endemic areas, where medical facilities often struggle with limited resources. Methods Recently, we have developed Hyd Rapid™, an IgG4 lateral flow dipstick test using recombinant antigen B1 for detection of cystic echinococcosis. This study was performed between 2016 until 2018 at the Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia. The diagnostic performance of Hyd Rapid™ was tested in-house and at two international laboratories in Switzerland and Iran. Results The overall diagnostic sensitivity for detection of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis was 95% (56/59). Meanwhile, the diagnostic specificity, with and without exclusion of cysticercosis and fascioliasis, was 100% (n=48) and 88% (63/72), respectively. Conclusion Hyd Rapid™ detected cystic echinococcosis as well as probable cases of alveolar echinococcosis. Therefore, Hyd Rapid™ showed good potential as a serological tool for echinococcosis, and merits further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahmah Noordin
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Sam Khanbabaie
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Hafiznur Yunus
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Hanspeter Marti
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Beatrice Nickel
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Majid Fasihi Harandi
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Saeid Nasibi
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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6
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Anvari D, Rezaei F, Ashouri A, Rezaei S, Majidiani H, Pagheh AS, Rezaei F, Shariatzadeh SA, Fotovati A, Siyadatpanah A, Gholami S, Ahmadpour E. Current situation and future prospects of Echinococcus granulosus vaccine candidates: A systematic review. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:1080-1096. [PMID: 32762075 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis is a worldwide zoonotic disease, represents a threat for livestock and humans, manifests as a quiescent, subclinical and chronic hydatid cyst infection. The disease imposes high expenditures and economic losses in medical and veterinary. Prophylactic vaccination would be one of the effective preventive health care against echinococcosis. During the last decades, many studies have characterized the protective antigens of Echinococcus granulosus and their role in immunization of various animal host species. Herein, we aimed to systematically evaluate and represent the best antigens as possible vaccine candidates for cystic echinococcosis. Data were systematically searched from five databases including ProQuest, PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect and Web of Science, up to 1 February 2020. Two reviewers independently screened and assessed data extraction and quality assessment. A total of 47 articles were eligible for inclusion criteria in the current study. The most common antigens used for vaccination against E. granulosus were EG95 and antigen B. Freund's adjuvant and Quil A have been predominantly utilized. In addition, regarding the antigen delivery, animal models, measurement of immune responses and reduction in hydatid cyst have been discussed in the text. The data demonstrated that DNA vaccines with antigen B and recombinant protein vaccines based on EG95 antigen have the best results and elicited protective immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davood Anvari
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran.,Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,School of Medicine, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rezaei
- Faculty of Modern Sciences and Technologies, Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Ashouri
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Rezaei
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Majidiani
- Zonotic Diseases Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Abdol Sattar Pagheh
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rezaei
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Seyyed Ali Shariatzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran.,Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Amir Fotovati
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
| | | | - Shirzad Gholami
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ehsan Ahmadpour
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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7
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Kim JY, Yi MH, Yong TS. Allergen-like Molecules from Parasites. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2020; 21:186-202. [DOI: 10.2174/1389203720666190708154300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Parasite infections modulate immunologic responses, and the loss of parasite infections in the
last two to three decades might explain the increased prevalence of allergic diseases in developed countries.
However, parasites can enhance allergic responses. Parasites contain or release allergen-like molecules
that induce the specific immunoglobulin, IgE, and trigger type-2 immune responses. Some parasites
and their proteins, such as Anisakis and Echinococcus granulosus allergens, act as typical allergens.
A number of IgE-binding proteins of various helminthic parasites are cross-reactive to other environmental
allergens, which cause allergic symptoms or hamper accurate diagnosis of allergic diseases. The
cross-reactivity is based on the fact that parasite proteins are structurally homologous to common environmental
allergens. In addition, IgE-binding proteins of parasites might be useful for developing vaccines
to prevent host re-infection. This review discusses the functions of the IgE-biding proteins of parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Yeong Kim
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, and Arthropods of Medical Importance Resource Bank, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Myung-Hee Yi
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, and Arthropods of Medical Importance Resource Bank, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Tai-Soon Yong
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, and Arthropods of Medical Importance Resource Bank, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
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Kien ND, El-Qushayri AE, Ahmed AM, Safi A, Mageed SA, Mehyar SM, Hashan MR, Karimzadeh S, Hirayama K, Huy NT. Association of Allergic Symptoms with Dengue Infection and Severity: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Virol Sin 2020; 35:83-92. [PMID: 31637633 PMCID: PMC7035405 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-019-00165-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between the severity of dengue infection and allergy is still obscure. We conducted an electronic search across 12 databases for relevant articles reporting allergic symptoms, dengue infection, and dengue classification. These studies were categorized according to dengue severity and allergy symptoms, and a meta-analysis was performed by pooling the studies in each category. Among the included 57 articles, pruritus was the most common allergic sign followed by non-specified allergy and asthma (28.6%, 13%, and 6.5%, respectively). Despite the reported significant association of dengue with pruritus and total IgE level (P < 0.05), in comparison with non-dengue cases and healthy controls, there was no association between the different severe dengue group with pruritus, skin allergy, food allergy or asthma. However, removing the largest study revealed a significant association between asthma with dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) rather than dengue fever (DF). In comparison with DF, DHF was associated with IgE positivity. Furthermore, specific-IgE level was higher in secondary DF rather than primary DF. There was a possible association between allergy symptoms and dengue severity progression. Further studies are needed to clarify this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Dang Kien
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Thai Binh University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Thai Binh, 410000, Vietnam
- Online Research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org/), Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Amr Ehab El-Qushayri
- Online Research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org/), Nagasaki, Japan
- Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, 61519, Egypt
| | - Ali Mahmoud Ahmed
- Online Research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org/), Nagasaki, Japan
- Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11865, Egypt
| | - Adnan Safi
- Online Research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org/), Nagasaki, Japan
- Nishtar Medical University, Multan, 60000, Pakistan
| | - Sarah Abdel Mageed
- Online Research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org/), Nagasaki, Japan
- Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, 31511, Egypt
| | - Samar Muhammed Mehyar
- Online Research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org/), Nagasaki, Japan
- Istishari Hospital, Amman, 11953, Jordan
| | - Mohammad Rashidul Hashan
- Online Research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org/), Nagasaki, Japan
- Infectious Disease Division, Respiratory and Enteric Infections Department, International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, GPO Box 128, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Sedighe Karimzadeh
- Online Research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org/), Nagasaki, Japan
- School of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, 00989156113915, Iran
| | - Kenji Hirayama
- Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Leading Graduate School Program, and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Nguyen Tien Huy
- Evidence Based Medicine Research Group, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, 70000, Vietnam.
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, 70000, Vietnam.
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Li S, Qian R, Wang S, Ye J, Zheng H. Identification of IgE and IgG1 specific antigens in Echinococcus granulosus cyst fluid. Braz J Med Biol Res 2017; 50:e6071. [PMID: 28678921 PMCID: PMC5496158 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20176071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is an anthropozoonotic disease with worldwide distribution and is caused by the cestode Echinococcus granulosus. Anaphylactic shock induced by CE rupture is a serious complication especially in patients with hydatid infections, as the resulting leakage of fluid contains highly toxic endogenous antigen. We aimed to isolate and identify the antigens of specific IgE and IgG1 (sIgE and sIgG1) in E. granulosus cyst fluid (EgCF). Crude antigen for EgCF was prepared from E. granulosus-infected sheep liver. Antigens were separated and identified by one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (1D SDS-PAGE), two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE), and immunoblotting. Results of 1D SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting showed that 40.5 kDa protein was the major antigen of sIgE, and 35.5 kDa protein was the major antigen of sIgG1 in EgCF. Results of 2-DE and immunoblotting showed that main antigens of sIgE in EgCF were four proteins with pI values ranging from 6.5 to 9.0 and a molecular weight of 40.5 kDa. Main antigens of sIgG1 in EgCF were five proteins with pI values ranging from 6.5 to 9.0 and a molecular weight of 35.5 kDa. The antigens identified for sIgE and sIgG1 can provide critical insights into cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying anaphylactic shock induced by CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, General Hospital, Xinjiang Command PLA, Urumqi, China
| | - R. Qian
- Department of Anesthesiology, General Hospital, Xinjiang Command PLA, Urumqi, China
| | - S. Wang
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medical College of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - J. Ye
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - H. Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
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10
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Zeghir-Bouteldja R, Polomé A, Bousbata S, Touil-Boukoffa C. Comparative proteome profiling of hydatid fluid from Algerian patients reveals cyst location-related variation in Echinococcus granulosus. Acta Trop 2017; 171:199-206. [PMID: 28412048 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human cystic echinococcosis, an endemic zoonosis in Algeria, is caused by larvae of the cestode Echinococcus granulosus. Parasitic modulation of the immune response allows E. granulosus to persist in intermediate hosts. Previous in vitro and in vivo immunological studies have shown differences in host immune responses according to the status and location of the hydatid cysts in the body. In this study, a proteomic analysis of human hydatid fluids was performed to identify the proteins in hydatid cyst fluids. Hydatid fluid was obtained after cystic surgical removal from three patients with these cysts. The study was conducted on fertile hydatid fluids from lungs, vertebra, and infertile paravertebral fluids. Comparisons of the protein compositions of these fluids revealed differences in their protein profiles. These differences are probably related to the cyst location and fertility status of the parasite. Notably, our analysis identified new proteins from the parasite and human host. The identification of host proteins in hydatid fluids indicates that the hydatid walls are permeable allowing a high protein exchange rate between the metacestode and the affected tissue. Interestingly, our study also revealed that parasite antigenic protein expression variations reflect the differences observed in host immunostimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razika Zeghir-Bouteldja
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Team 'Cytokines and NO Synthases' Faculty of Biological Science University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, USTHB, PB 32 El-Alia, Algiers 16111, Algeria; Department of Biological Science, Akli Mohand Oulhadj University, Bouira, Algeria.
| | - Andy Polomé
- Proteomic Platform, Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium.
| | - Sabrina Bousbata
- Proteomic Platform, Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium.
| | - Chafia Touil-Boukoffa
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Team 'Cytokines and NO Synthases' Faculty of Biological Science University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, USTHB, PB 32 El-Alia, Algiers 16111, Algeria.
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11
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Arsenopoulos K, Fthenakis G, Papadopoulos E. Sonoparasitology: An alternative approach to parasite detection in sheep. Small Rumin Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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12
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Hadipour M, Nazari M, Sanei B, Ghayour Z, Sharafi SM, Yazdani H, Darani HY. Immunological diagnosis of human hydatid cyst using Western immunoblotting technique. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MEDICAL SCIENCES 2016; 21:130. [PMID: 28331516 PMCID: PMC5348824 DOI: 10.4103/1735-1995.196612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Revised: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Echinococcosis is a parasitic disease with worldwide distribution which is caused by the tapeworms Echinococcus granulosus. Diagnosis of the disease relies on imaging techniques, but the techniques are not able to differentiate the cyst from benign or malignant tumors; hence, appropriate serologic methods are required for the differential diagnosis of the infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this investigation, different sheep hydatid cyst antigens probed with thirty sera of patients with hydatid cyst and also thirty human normal sera using Western immunoblotting technique. Considering results of surgery as gold standard, sensitivity and specificity of Western blotting was estimated. RESULTS Sera of 29, 26, and 16 patients with hydatid cyst reacted with specific bands of hydatid cyst fluid (HCF), protoscolex crude antigen, and cyst wall crude antigen, respectively. However, none of the normal human sera reacted with those specific bands. CONCLUSION A 20 kDa band of sheep HCF is an appropriate antigen for serodiagnosis of hydatid cyst infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboubeh Hadipour
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nazari
- Department of Surgery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Behnam Sanei
- Department of Surgery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zahra Ghayour
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Maryam Sharafi
- Infectious Disease and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hajar Yazdani
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein Yousofi Darani
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Tamarozzi F, Mariconti M, Neumayr A, Brunetti E. The intermediate host immune response in cystic echinococcosis. Parasite Immunol 2016; 38:170-81. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Tamarozzi
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences; University of Pavia; Pavia Italy
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Clinical Management of Cystic Echinococcosis; Pavia Italy
| | - M. Mariconti
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Clinical Management of Cystic Echinococcosis; Pavia Italy
- Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases; San Matteo Hospital Foundation; Pavia Italy
| | - A. Neumayr
- Medical Services and Diagnostic; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute; Basel Switzerland
- University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - E. Brunetti
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences; University of Pavia; Pavia Italy
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Clinical Management of Cystic Echinococcosis; Pavia Italy
- Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases; San Matteo Hospital Foundation; Pavia Italy
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Ye J, Zhang Q, Ma L, Zheng H. Immunological Characteristics of Recurrent Echinococcosis-Induced Anaphylactic Shock. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 94:371-7. [PMID: 26711523 PMCID: PMC4751956 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaphylactic shock represents a serious complication of echinococcosis as up to 4.6% of patients die as a result of its severity and improper handling. Once a definite diagnosis is made, effective treatments need to be immediately initiated. Here, we report the immunological characteristics and management of two patients with recurrent anaphylactic shock concurrent with the surgical removal of hydatid cysts. Both patients had systemic echinococcosis classified as cystic echinococcosis type 2 (CE2) with multiple, immature cysts (absence of calcification and necrosis). In addition, both patients had increased eosinophils and basophils before surgery, as well as elevated crude hydatid cyst fluid antigen (anti-EgCF) and hydatid cyst fluid native antigen B (anti-EgB) antibodies and high IgG levels. Although we cannot definitively predict which patients are at risk for cyst fluid leakage or anaphylactic shock at present, clinicians may consider taking precautions before surgery on encountering patients with a similar profile to prevent the occurrence of anaphylactic shock and the likelihood of a second incident. However, these observations need to be confirmed in further studies with a larger number of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianrong Ye
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Long Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Hong Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
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Zhang F, Pang N, Zhu Y, Zhou D, Zhao H, Hu J, Ma X, Li J, Wen H, Samten B, Fan H, Ding J. CCR7(lo)PD-1(hi) CXCR5(+) CD4(+) T cells are positively correlated with levels of IL-21 in active and transitional cystic echinococcosis patients. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:457. [PMID: 26503442 PMCID: PMC4624577 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-1156-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In our study, we investigated whether circulating T follicular helper (Tfh) and the related cytokines are involved in human cystic echinococcosis (CE). Methods A total of 64 patients with CE and 30 healthy controls were enrolled in this study. Percentages of CCR7loPD-1hi cells within CXCR5+ CD4+ T cells (circulating Tfh cells) were detected by flow cytometry. Levels of IL-21 and IL-4 in peripheral blood were detected by cytometric bead array. The mRNA expression of IL-21, IL-4, Bcl-6, and Blimp-1 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were measured by real-time PCR. Levels of IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4 in the patients’ sera were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Percentages of circulating Tfh cells were significantly increased in the CE1, CE2, and CE3 groups (p < 0.05). The concentrations of IL-21 and IL-4 in the serum were significantly increased in CE1, CE2, and CE3 groups (p < 0.05). IL-21 was positively correlated with circulating Tfh cells in CE3 group (r = 0.779, p < 0.05). The mRNA levels of IL-21, IL-4, and Bcl-6 were increased in CE1, CE2, and CE3 groups. Levels of IgG1 and IgG4 in patients’ sera were increased in CE1, CE2, and CE3 groups. Levels of IgG2 and IgG3 were increased in CE4-5 group. Additionally, after stimulation with hydatid fluid in vitro, the levels of circulating Tfh cells, IL-21 and IL-4 in PBMCs isolated from CE patients were significantly increased (p < 0.05). Conclusions The levels of circulating Tfh and related cytokines were significantly increased in CE patients, suggesting that they are involved in human CE. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-015-1156-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengbo Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, 393 Xinyi Road, 830011, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Nannan Pang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, 393 Xinyi Road, 830011, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Yuejie Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, 393 Xinyi Road, 830011, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Dexian Zhou
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, 251 Xining Road, 810000, Xining, Qinghai, China.
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, 393 Xinyi Road, 830011, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Jinwei Hu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, 393 Xinyi Road, 830011, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Xiumin Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, 393 Xinyi Road, 830011, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, 393 Xinyi Road, 830011, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Hao Wen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, 393 Xinyi Road, 830011, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Buka Samten
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Texas, 75708, USA.
| | - Haining Fan
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, 251 Xining Road, 810000, Xining, Qinghai, China.
| | - Jianbing Ding
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, 393 Xinyi Road, 830011, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China. .,Department of Immunology, School of Preclinical Medicine of Xinjiang Medical University, 393 Xinyi Road, 830011, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.
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Yildiz A, Oral A, Akin M, Erginel B, Ali Karadag C, Sever N, Dokucu AI. A Cystic Mass does not Always Mean Hydatid Cyst in Endemic Areas. Eurasian J Med 2015; 46:64-6. [PMID: 25610299 DOI: 10.5152/eajm.2014.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the medical community, there is a tendency to describe all cystic lesions in the liver and lungs as Hydatid disease (HD) in areas with HD endemics. This approach may sometimes cause a misdiagnosis. We have three cases with children aged between seven, seven and ten year old, all of whom had been diagnosed, via radiologic imaging, with HD cysts and started on treatment without confirmation. The true diagnoses of these cases were undifferentiated embryonal sarcoma (UES) in two and oesophageal duplication in one case, respectively. The indirect haemagglutination assays (IHA) were obtained in two of them. Although their results were negative, albendazole treatment was started in all cases. Confirmatory tests should be run in dubious cases. An IHA test can aid the diagnosis, although its effectiveness is limited. The possibility of false positive and negative results always exists, especially in lung cysts. A percutanous biopsy is strongly advised for differential diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Yildiz
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Sisli Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Akgun Oral
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Melih Akin
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Sisli Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Basak Erginel
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Sisli Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cetin Ali Karadag
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Sisli Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nihat Sever
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Sisli Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Ihsan Dokucu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Sisli Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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17
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Ahn CS, Han X, Bae YA, Ma X, Kim JT, Cai H, Yang HJ, Kang I, Wang H, Kong Y. Alteration of immunoproteome profile of Echinococcus granulosus hydatid fluid with progression of cystic echinococcosis. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:10. [PMID: 25566682 PMCID: PMC4311513 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-014-0610-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by Echinococcus granulosus metacestode, invokes a serious public health concern. Early diagnosis has great impacts on reduction of disability-adjusted life years. Several antigen B-related molecules (EgAgB; EgAgB1-5) are known to be immunopotent, but detection of EgAgB is variable in many patients and may not allow reliable interpretation of its immunological relevance. More importantly, the immunoproteome profile of hydatid fluid (HF) has not been addressed. METHODS We conducted a proteome analysis of the HF of a single fertile cyst of CE1 and CE2 stages through two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE). Each protein spot was analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). We subsequently determined the immunoproteome profile employing patient sera of entire disease spectrum from CE1 to CE5 stages. RESULTS We identified 40 parasite proteins, of which EgAgB (28 spots) and antigen 5 (EgAg5; 5 molecules) were abundant. EgAgB proteoforms constituted the majority, mostly EgAgB1 (24 spots), followed by EgAgB2 and EgAgB4 (2 spots each). EgAgB3 was detected only by liquid chromatography-MS/MS. EgAgB5 was not recognized. We also detected 38 host proteins, which were largely composed of serum components, antioxidant/xenobiotic enzymes, and enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism. CE1 and CE2 HF exhibited comparable spotting patterns, but CE2 HF harbored greater amounts of EgAgB and EgAg5 complexes. CE sera demonstrated complicated immune recognition patterns according to the disease progression; CE2 and CE3 stages exhibited strong antibody responses against diverse EgAgB and EgAg5 proteoforms, while CE1, CE4, and CE5 stages mainly reacted to EgAg5 and cathepsin B. Patient sera of alveolar echinococcosis (AE) cross-reacted with diverse EgAgB isoforms (36%). EgAg5 and cathepsin B also demonstrated cross-reactions with sera from neurocysticercosis and sparganosis. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated that detection of a single defined molecule may not properly diagnose CE, since specific immunodominant epitopes changed as the disease progresses. Immunoproteome analysis combined with imaging studies may be practical in the differential diagnosis of CE from AE and other cystic lesions, as well as for staging CE, which are pertinent to establish appropriate patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Seob Ahn
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Suwon, 440-746, Korea.
| | - Xiumin Han
- Qinghai Province Institute for Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Xining, Qinghai, China.
| | - Young-An Bae
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea.
| | - Xiao Ma
- Qinghai Province Institute for Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Xining, Qinghai, China.
| | - Jin-Taek Kim
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Suwon, 440-746, Korea.
| | - Huixia Cai
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Suwon, 440-746, Korea.
- Qinghai Province Institute for Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Xining, Qinghai, China.
| | - Hyun-Jong Yang
- Department of Parasitology, Ewha Womans University, School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Insug Kang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Hu Wang
- Qinghai Province Institute for Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Xining, Qinghai, China.
| | - Yoon Kong
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Suwon, 440-746, Korea.
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18
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Wang H, Li J, Pu H, Hasan B, Ma J, Jones MK, Zheng K, Zhang X, Ma H, McManus DP, Lin R, Wen H, Zhang W. Echinococcus granulosus infection reduces airway inflammation of mice likely through enhancing IL-10 and down-regulation of IL-5 and IL-17A. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:522. [PMID: 25409540 PMCID: PMC4256745 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-014-0522-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a near cosmopolitan zoonosis caused by the larval stage of the dog tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus. E. granulosus infection induces a polarized T-helper type 2 (Th2) systematic immune response in its intermediate hosts. However, it is not known whether the infection modulates lung inflammation by regulating local immune response. In this study, we examined the effects of E. granulosus infection on mouse ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma model. METHODS BALB/c mice were intraperitoneally transplanted with 50 small E. granulosus cysts cultured in vitro. At 3 months post-inoculation, the mice were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA). For histopathological studies, hematoxylin eosin and periodic acid schiff staining was used to examine the inflammatory cells infiltration and goblet cells hyperplasia, respectively. Cytokine levels were measured by mouse cytometric bead array (CBA) Kit and quantitative RT-PCR and other molecular biological approaches. Airway hyperresponsiveness was assessed in response to increasing doses of methacholine. Serum immunoglobulins were determined by ELISA. RESULTS E. granulosus infection significantly increased Th2 and Treg cytokine levels in serum and lung tissues, but down-regulated the expression of IL-5 in the lungs and IL-17A in serum and lung tissues of asthmatic mice sensitized and challenged with OVA. Histological staining of lung tissues showed that E. granulosus infection significantly reduced the severity of OVA-induced airway inflammation including reduction of eosinophil cell infiltration and mucus production. The E. granulosus infection also reduced eosinophil accumulation induced by OVA in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and also ameliorated airway hyperresponsiveness, a hallmark symptom of asthma. CONCLUSIONS E. granulosus infection remarkably reduces the severity of OVA-induced airway inflammation likely through enhancing IL-10 and down-regulation of IL-5 and IL-17A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Xinjiang Major Diseases Research, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830054, China.
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Xinjiang Major Diseases Research, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830054, China. .,Department of Immunology, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Hongwei Pu
- State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Xinjiang Major Diseases Research, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830054, China.
| | - Bilal Hasan
- Laboratory of Respiratory Physiology and Pathology, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital affiliated with Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830054, China.
| | - Jinfeng Ma
- Department of Epidemiology and Health statistics, School of Public Health Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830054, China.
| | - Malcolm K Jones
- School of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Warrego Highway, Gatton, Qld, 4343, Australia.
| | - Kan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Xinjiang Major Diseases Research, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830054, China.
| | - Xue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Xinjiang Major Diseases Research, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830054, China.
| | - Haimei Ma
- State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Xinjiang Major Diseases Research, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830054, China.
| | - Donald P McManus
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Renyong Lin
- State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Xinjiang Major Diseases Research, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830054, China.
| | - Hao Wen
- State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Xinjiang Major Diseases Research, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830054, China.
| | - Wenbao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Xinjiang Major Diseases Research, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830054, China.
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Abé T, Maruyama S, Babkair H, Yamazaki M, Cheng J, Saku T. Simultaneous immunolocalization of desmoglein 3 and IgG4 in oral pemphigus vulgaris: IgG4 predominant autoantibodies in its pathogenesis. J Oral Pathol Med 2014; 44:850-6. [DOI: 10.1111/jop.12290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Abé
- Division of Oral Pathology; Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction; Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Chuo-ku Niigata Japan
- Oral Pathology Section; Department of Surgical Pathology; Niigata University Hospital; Chuo-ku Niigata Japan
| | - Satoshi Maruyama
- Oral Pathology Section; Department of Surgical Pathology; Niigata University Hospital; Chuo-ku Niigata Japan
| | - Hamzah Babkair
- Division of Oral Pathology; Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction; Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Chuo-ku Niigata Japan
| | - Manabu Yamazaki
- Division of Oral Pathology; Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction; Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Chuo-ku Niigata Japan
| | - Jun Cheng
- Division of Oral Pathology; Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction; Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Chuo-ku Niigata Japan
| | - Takashi Saku
- Division of Oral Pathology; Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction; Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Chuo-ku Niigata Japan
- Oral Pathology Section; Department of Surgical Pathology; Niigata University Hospital; Chuo-ku Niigata Japan
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Fitzsimmons CM, Falcone FH, Dunne DW. Helminth Allergens, Parasite-Specific IgE, and Its Protective Role in Human Immunity. Front Immunol 2014; 5:61. [PMID: 24592267 PMCID: PMC3924148 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Th2 immune response, culminating in eosinophilia and IgE production, is not only characteristic of allergy but also of infection by parasitic worms (helminths). Anti-parasite IgE has been associated with immunity against a range of helminth infections and many believe that IgE and its receptors evolved to help counter metazoan parasites. Allergens (IgE-antigens) are present in only a small minority of protein families and known IgE targets in helminths belong to these same families (e.g., EF-hand proteins, tropomyosin, and PR-1 proteins). During some helminth infection, especially with the well adapted hookworm, the Th2 response is moderated by parasite-expressed molecules. This has been associated with reduced allergy in helminth endemic areas and worm infection or products have been proposed as treatments for allergic conditions. However, some infections (especially Ascaris) are associated with increased allergy and this has been linked to cross-reactivity between worm proteins (e.g., tropomyosins) and highly similar molecules in dust-mites and insects. The overlap between allergy and helminth infection is best illustrated in Anisakis simplex, a nematode that when consumed in under-cooked fish can be both an infective helminth and a food allergen. Nearly 20 molecular allergens have been isolated from this species, including tropomyosin (Ani s 3) and the EF-hand protein, Ani s troponin. In this review, we highlight aspects of the biology and biochemistry of helminths that may have influenced the evolution of the IgE response. We compare dominant IgE-antigens in worms with clinically important environmental allergens and suggest that arrays of such molecules will provide important information on anti-worm immunity as well as allergy.
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Rady AA, W. El Aswa BED, M. Masoud B. Comparative Evaluation of Different Diagnostic Techniques using Laminated Layer Antigen for Serodiagnosis of Human Hydatidosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.3923/jp.2014.41.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Detection of hydatid-specific antibodies in the serum and urine for the diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis in patients from the Kashmir Valley, India. J Helminthol 2014; 89:232-7. [PMID: 24429044 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x13000837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Serological diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis (CE) is usually made by detecting specific antibodies in serum samples. However, collection of blood samples is difficult and may be hazardous and unsafe. Thus, it is important to assess alternative simple methods of sampling body fluids that give similar results. Saliva and urine have been suggested as possible alternatives to detect specific antibodies for the diagnosis of various diseases. To the best of our knowledge, there has been no previously published study regarding the detection of CE-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) G subclass antibodies (IgG1-4) in urine. Therefore, the present study was designed to assess the value of hydatid-specific antibodies of IgG, IgM, IgE and IgG subclass in urine and serum samples for the diagnosis of CE. Serum and urine samples of 41 surgically confirmed patients of CE, 40 patients with other diseases and 16 healthy subjects were included in the study. CE-specific total IgG, IgE and IgG4 in sera and total IgG, IgG4 and IgG1 in the urine of CE patients were the most important specific antibodies for the diagnosis of CE. However, total IgG usually persists for an extended period and has a very high cross-reactivity. The diagnostic sensitivity of hydatid-specific IgM in serum and urine samples was very low and therefore cannot be used as a diagnostic marker. There was no significant difference between IgG1 and IgG4 in serum and urine and both showed the best correlation for the diagnosis of CE. These considerations suggest that detection of antibodies in urine could provide a new approach in the diagnosis of CE.
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Using specific synthetic peptide (p176) derived AgB 8/1-kDa accompanied by modified patient's sera: a novel hypothesis to follow-up of Cystic echinococcosis after surgery. Med Hypotheses 2013; 81:557-60. [PMID: 23890801 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is caused by the larval stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus. Until now, CE does not have an effective follow-up after surgery. To date, CE follow-up is conducted based on either antibody or antigen detection assays by double antibody sandwich ELISA. Unlike antigen detection, antibodies to imply exposure to an Echinococcus infection while their titration could remain for a longer period (1-10years) after surgery. Likewise, antibody respond may be related to the location of a mature hydatid cyst. Antigen detection shows presence of CE infection, it is extremely important and necessary in follow-up of CE after surgery. The circulating antigen (CAg) titration decrease faster than circulating antibody (during 1-3weeks) after operation. Location of hydatid cyst in detecting antigen is affected less than antibody also. Regarding this subject, antigen detection has several limitations that lead to be used less in CE follow-up. Although, AgB 8/1-kDa subunit is considered as a principle and immunogenic CAg but sensitivity of CAg detection compared to with antibody has variable range, between 33% and 85% which owing to formation of circulating immune complexes (CICs) in result of antigen - antibody complex. The another problem is non using specific CAg (AgB 8/1-kDa subunit) for production of specific paratopes (rabbit hyper immune antiserum) against AgB 8/1-kDa which is used as capture (primary) antibody in double antibody sandwich ELISA assay. The designation of synthetic peptides from conserved regions of AgB 8/1-kDa can help to this problem. These regions (motifs) should be selected for allelic, dominant, immunogenic and conserved without any genetic variation. The first part of this hypothesis suggests which patient's sera should be treated with acidic buffers such as boric acid, acetic acid, glycine/HCl, polyethylene glycol (PEG) or combination of each of them accompanied by boiling patient's sera which causes breaking Ag-Ab complexes and in result of releasing AgB 8/1. These modifications are effective to releasing CAg from CIC. To date, the synthetic peptides have been widely used in CE serodiagnosis based on circulating antibody detection only. In second part of this hypothesis suggests the using synthetic peptide of p176 derived AgB 8/1-kDa subunit containing conserved specific epitopes for preparation of specific paratopes (rabbit hyper immune antiserum) based on CAg detection. So, there is no need any native antigens for preparation of non-specific rabbit hyper immune antiserum. These novel improvements can help to decrease the cross-reactivity with other parasitic diseases (specificity). Increasing antigen detection could make a chance in sensitivity of patient's sera and in result of the best and suitable tool for CE follow-up.
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Yang Y, Ellis MK, McManus DP. Immunogenetics of human echinococcosis. Trends Parasitol 2012; 28:447-54. [PMID: 22951425 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Susceptibility and resistance to human Echinococcus infection and disease, although poorly understood, appear to reflect a complex interaction of parasite and host immunological and genetic factors. Disease stage, progression, and prognosis following treatment appear to be strongly influenced by cytokine and antibody profiles, and more recent evidence has suggested an important role of dendritic cells (DCs) and T regulatory cells (Tregs) in immunomodulation. Microarrays have supported these findings, highlighting both known and novel pathways involved in chronic murine disease. Genetic studies to date have been few and with limited success. Advanced genomic approaches, such as genome-wide association studies (GWAS), may provide further insight to identify the relevant pathways involved, thereby facilitating a new approach for the development of new clinical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- YuRong Yang
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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Patel KK, Anderson E, Salva PS, Webley WC. The prevalence and identity of Chlamydia-specific IgE in children with asthma and other chronic respiratory symptoms. Respir Res 2012; 13:32. [PMID: 22512977 PMCID: PMC3441249 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-13-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies have confirmed the presence of viable Chlamydia in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of pediatric patients with airway hyperresponsiveness. While specific IgG and IgM responses to C. pneumoniae are well described, the response and potential contribution of Ag-specific IgE are not known. The current study sought to determine if infection with Chlamydia triggers the production of pathogen-specific IgE in children with chronic respiratory diseases which might contribute to inflammation and pathology. Methods We obtained BAL fluid and serum from pediatric respiratory disease patients who were generally unresponsive to corticosteroid treatment as well as sera from age-matched control patients who saw their doctor for wellness checkups. Chlamydia-specific IgE was isolated from BAL and serum samples and their specificity determined by Western blot techniques. The presence of Chlamydia was confirmed by species-specific PCR and BAL culture assays. Results Chlamydial DNA was detected in the BAL fluid of 134/197 (68%) patients. Total IgE increased with age until 15 years old and then decreased. Chlamydia-specific IgE was detected in the serum and/or BAL of 107/197 (54%) patients suffering from chronic respiratory disease, but in none of the 35 healthy control sera (p < 0.0001). Of the 74 BAL culture-positive patients, 68 (91.9%, p = 0.0001) tested positive for Chlamydia-specific IgE. Asthmatic patients had significantly higher IgE levels compared to non-asthmatics (p = 0.0001). Patients who were positive for Chlamydia DNA or culture had significantly higher levels of serum IgE compared to negative patients (p = 0.0071 and p = 0.0001 respectively). Only 6 chlamydial antigens induced Chlamydia-specific IgE and patients with C. pneumoniae-specific IgE had significantly greater levels of total IgE compared to C. pneumoniae-specific IgE negative ones (p = 0.0001). Conclusions IgE antibodies play a central role in allergic inflammation; therefore production of Chlamydia-specific IgE may prove significant in the exacerbation of chronic, allergic airway diseases, thus highlighting a direct role for Chlamydia in asthma pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katir K Patel
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
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Nunnari G, Pinzone MR, Gruttadauria S, Celesia BM, Madeddu G, Malaguarnera G, Pavone P, Cappellani A, Cacopardo B. Hepatic echinococcosis: Clinical and therapeutic aspects. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:1448-58. [PMID: 22509076 PMCID: PMC3319940 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i13.1448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Echinococcosis or hydatid disease (HD) is a zoonosis caused by the larval stages of taeniid cestodes belonging to the genus Echinococcus. Hepatic echinococcosis is a life-threatening disease, mainly differentiated into alveolar and cystic forms, associated with Echinoccus multilocularis (E. multilocularis) and Echinococcus granulosus (E. granulosus) infection, respectively. Cystic echinococcosis (CE) has a worldwide distribution, while hepatic alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is endemic in the Northern hemisphere, including North America and several Asian and European countries, like France, Germany and Austria. E. granulosus young cysts are spherical, unilocular vesicles, consisting of an internal germinal layer and an outer acellular layer. Cyst expansion is associated with a host immune reaction and the subsequent development of a fibrous layer, called the pericyst; old cysts typically present internal septations and daughter cysts. E. multilocularis has a tumor-like, infiltrative behavior, which is responsible for tissue destruction and finally for liver failure. The liver is the main site of HD involvement, for both alveolar and cystic hydatidosis. HD is usually asymptomatic for a long period of time, because cyst growth is commonly slow; the most frequent symptoms are fatigue and abdominal pain. Patients may also present jaundice, hepatomegaly or anaphylaxis, due to cyst leakage or rupture. HD diagnosis is usually accomplished with the combined use of ultrasonography and immunodiagnosis; furthermore, the improvement of surgical techniques, the introduction of minimally invasive treatments [such as puncture, aspiration, injection, re-aspiration (PAIR)] and more effective drugs (such as benzoimidazoles) have deeply changed life expectancy and quality of life of patients with HD. The aim of this article is to provide an up-to-date review of biological, diagnostic, clinical and therapeutic aspects of hepatic echinococcosis.
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Cross-Reaction between the Crude Hydatid Cyst Fluid Antigens of Human and Animals Origin in Response to Human IgG Class and Subclasses. J Parasitol Res 2012; 2012:947948. [PMID: 22523645 PMCID: PMC3317207 DOI: 10.1155/2012/947948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Revised: 12/31/2011] [Accepted: 01/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The current work aimed to evaluate the cross-reactivity of human immune sera against crude hydatid fluid antigens of sheep, human, mouse, cattle, as well as B fraction of cystic fluid antigen. 30 balb/c mice were infected with sheep hydatid cyct fluid antigen containing protoscolex after the viability of these protoscolices was assessed. ANOVA was used to test the difference of themean of optical density (OD) values among case and control groups. The highest human IgG class antibody was against antigen B (0.93) and the lowest against cattle HCF antigen (0.32). The differences between responses to these antigens were statistically significant (P < 0.001). The sensitivity and specificity of ELISA test used for evaluating the responses of human total IgG to different hydatid cyst fluid (HCF) antigens among the case and control groups were 100 and 95.8%, respectively. Cross-reaction of human IgG class and subclasses responses was found almost for all the antigens with the best reaction against human and cattle (HCF) antigens and antigen B using a ratio of mean OD value to each antigen divided by the cut-off point value for the same antigen. Human sera showed a considerable cross-reactivity against all antigens by using ELISA.
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Li Y, Xu H, Chen J, Gan W, Wu W, Wu W, Hu X. Gene cloning, expression, and localization of antigen 5 in the life cycle of Echinococcus granulosus. Parasitol Res 2011; 110:2315-23. [PMID: 22200957 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2766-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Antigen 5 (Ag5) has been identified as a dominant component of cyst fluid of Echinococcus granulosus and is considered as a member of serine proteases family, which in other helminth, plays an important role in the egg hatch and larva invasion. However, whether Ag5 is expressed and secreted in all life stages is unknown. In this study, according to the sequence in GenBank, we cloned and sequenced the open reading frame (ORF) of Ag5 gene from the protoscolices of E. granulosus isolated from the sheep in Qinhai Province of China, and found several substitutions and a base insert and deletion in a short region near the stop code, leading to a frameshift mutation which is conserved with the homologue of other cestode. The ORF is 1,455 bp in length, encoding 484 amino acids with a secretory signal peptide. Bioinformatics analysis predicted several phosphorylation and myristoylation sites and a N-glycosylation site and a species-specific linear B epitope in the protein. The ORF was cloned into the plasmid pET28a(+) vector and expressed in Escherichia coli . The recombinant protein was purified by affinity chromatography. Anti-rEgAg5 antiserum was prepared in rats and used to analyze the localization of Ag5 in protoscolex and adult worm by immunofluorescence technique. Results demonstrated that the Ag5 is strongly expressed in the tegument of protoscolex and the embryonic membrane of egg and surface of oncosphere; meanwhile, it is also weakly expressed in tegument of the adult. This study showed that Ag5 is expressed in all stages of life cycle, secreted from the surface of the worm and may be anchored in membrane by its myristoylation sites; these characteristics make it a candidate antigen for diagnosis and vaccine for both intermediate and definitive hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhe Li
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Immunology and immunodiagnosis of cystic echinococcosis: an update. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2012:101895. [PMID: 22235225 PMCID: PMC3253442 DOI: 10.1155/2012/101895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a cosmopolitan zoonosis caused by the larval cystic stage of the dog tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus. This complex multicellular pathogen produces various antigens which modulate the host immune response and promote parasite survival and development. The recent application of modern molecular and immunological approaches has revealed novel insights on the nature of the immune responses generated during the course of a hydatid infection, although many aspects of the Echinococcus-host interplay remain unexplored. This paper summarizes recent developments in our understanding of the immunology and diagnosis of echinococcosis, indicates areas where information is lacking, and suggests possible new strategies to improve serodiagnosis for practical application.
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Marinova I, Nikolov G, Michova A, Kurdova R, Petrunov B. Quantitative assessment of serum-specific IgE in the diagnosis of human cystic echinococcosis. Parasite Immunol 2011; 33:371-6. [PMID: 21480933 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2011.01292.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Anti-Echinococcus serum immunoglobulin (Ig)E was assessed by the ImmunoCAP system and compared with anti-Echinococcus serum IgG assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot. The ImmunoCAP system revealed very high specificity (one false positive of 110 healthy individuals), low cross-reactivity (one false positive of 58 patients with other diseases) and decreased sensitivity (73.55%). Receiver operating characteristic analysis displayed a beneficial diagnostic value with high accuracy. Comparison of the ImmunoCAP system with ELISA and Western blot showed significantly higher specificity and significantly lower cross-reactivity compared with the ELISA. Examination of sera from 155 patients with cystic echinococcosis (CE) showed varying levels of anti-Echinococcus IgE (range, 0.01-118.33 kUA/L). However, most samples had moderately elevated IgE levels. Analysis of serum-specific IgE revealed significantly higher sensitivity of the ImmunoCAP system and significantly higher antibody levels in hepatic CE compared with pulmonary CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Marinova
- National Centre of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria.
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31
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Li RY, Peng Q, Jia B, Shi GQ, Zhao ZS, Shen H, Li HT. Antibody and cytokine responses to hydatid in experimentally infected Kazakh sheep with hydatidosis resistance haplotype. Parasitol Res 2010; 108:1131-7. [PMID: 21079993 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-2155-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Different MHC haplotype of Kazakh sheep has different resistance and susceptibility of hydatidosis. Notably, the MvaIbc-SacIIab-Hin1Iab haplotype of MHC-DRB1 exon two was associated with resistance hydatidosis. In order to analyze the antibody and cytokine responses to hydatidosis in Kazakh sheep with hydatidosis resistance haplotype, eight Kazakh sheep with the haplotype of MvaIbc-SacIIab-Hin1Iab were chosen as the test group, and other eight, which were not associated with hydatidosis resistance or susceptibility, were taken as control. After experimentally infected with hydatid orally, the blood was collected on 0, 7, 14, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, and 120 days. Serum and mRNA level of the cytokines IL-2, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-4, and IL-10 were evaluated by ELISA and fluorescence quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, respectively. The total white blood cells and leukomonocytes were determined by automation cytoanalyze. The level of IgE, IgG, and IgM were evaluated by ELISA. The results showed that the total white blood cells and leukomonocytes in test group were significantly higher than in control on 7, 45, 90, and 105 days post-infection (p.i.). The serum level of IL-2 in test group was significantly higher than in control on 45 days p.i., while the difference of IL-2 mRNA expression between test and control group was not significant. The serum level of TNF-α in test group was significantly higher than in control at 90 and 105 days p.i., and the TNF-α mRNA in test group was also significantly higher than in control on 90 days p.i. The level of IgE, IgG, and IgM in test group was higher than in control, but none was significant. The results suggested that the test group, which was predominant of Th1, could induce the protective immunity, while the control, which was predominant of Th2, could induce the susceptibility to infection of hydatidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Yan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Sinkiang, 832003, People's Republic of China
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Brunetti E, Kern P, Vuitton DA. Expert consensus for the diagnosis and treatment of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis in humans. Acta Trop 2010; 114:1-16. [PMID: 19931502 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2009.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1197] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2009] [Revised: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 11/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The earlier recommendations of the WHO-Informal Working Group on Echinococcosis (WHO-IWGE) for the treatment of human echinococcosis have had considerable impact in different settings worldwide, but the last major revision was published more than 10 years ago. Advances in classification and treatment of echinococcosis prompted experts from different continents to review the current literature, discuss recent achievements and provide a consensus on diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Among the recognized species, two are of medical importance -Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis - causing cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE), respectively. For CE, consensus has been obtained on an image-based, stage-specific approach, which is helpful for choosing one of the following options: (1) percutaneous treatment, (2) surgery, (3) anti-infective drug treatment or (4) watch and wait. Clinical decision-making depends also on setting-specific aspects. The usage of an imaging-based classification system is highly recommended. For AE, early diagnosis and radical (tumour-like) surgery followed by anti-infective prophylaxis with albendazole remains one of the key elements. However, most patients with AE are diagnosed at a later stage, when radical surgery (distance of larval to liver tissue of >2cm) cannot be achieved. The backbone of AE treatment remains the continuous medical treatment with albendazole, and if necessary, individualized interventional measures. With this approach, the prognosis can be improved for the majority of patients with AE. The consensus of experts under the aegis of the WHO-IWGE will help promote studies that provide missing evidence to be included in the next update.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Brunetti
- Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Pavia, IRCCS S.Matteo Hospital Foundation, WHO Collaborating Center for Clinical Management of Cystic Echinococcosis, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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Pate MB, Smith JK, Chi DS, Krishnaswamy G. Regulation and dysregulation of immunoglobulin E: a molecular and clinical perspective. Clin Mol Allergy 2010; 8:3. [PMID: 20178634 PMCID: PMC2837605 DOI: 10.1186/1476-7961-8-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altered levels of Immunoglobulin E (IgE) represent a dysregulation of IgE synthesis and may be seen in a variety of immunological disorders. The object of this review is to summarize the historical and molecular aspects of IgE synthesis and the disorders associated with dysregulation of IgE production. METHODS Articles published in Medline/PubMed were searched with the keyword Immunoglobulin E and specific terms such as class switch recombination, deficiency and/or specific disease conditions (atopy, neoplasia, renal disease, myeloma, etc.). The selected papers included reviews, case reports, retrospective reviews and molecular mechanisms. Studies involving both sexes and all ages were included in the analysis. RESULTS Both very low and elevated levels of IgE may be seen in clinical practice. Major advancements have been made in our understanding of the molecular basis of IgE class switching including roles for T cells, cytokines and T regulatory (or Treg) cells in this process. Dysregulation of this process may result in either elevated IgE levels or IgE deficiency. CONCLUSION Evaluation of a patient with elevated IgE must involve a detailed differential diagnosis and consideration of various immunological and non-immunological disorders. The use of appropriate tests will allow the correct diagnosis to be made. This can often assist in the development of tailored treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariah B Pate
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - John Kelly Smith
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Department of Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - David S Chi
- Department of Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Guha Krishnaswamy
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Department of Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Mountain Home, TN, USA
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Fitzsimmons CM, Dunne DW. Survival of the fittest: allergology or parasitology? Trends Parasitol 2009; 25:447-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2009.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2009] [Revised: 06/05/2009] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Zhang W, Ross AG, McManus DP. Mechanisms of Immunity in Hydatid Disease: Implications for Vaccine Development. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:6679-85. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.10.6679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Raina A, Krasinskas AM, Greer JB, Lamb J, Fink E, Moser AJ, Zeh III HJ, Slivka A, Whitcomb DC. Serum Immunoglobulin G Fraction 4 Levels in Pancreatic Cancer: Elevations Not Associated With Autoimmune Pancreatitis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2008; 132:48-53. [DOI: 10.5858/2008-132-48-sigfli] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2007] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Context.—Autoimmune pancreatitis is an uncommon, inflammatory disease of the pancreas that presents with clinical features, such as painless jaundice and a pancreatic mass, similar to those caused by pancreatic cancer. Patients with autoimmune pancreatitis frequently have elevated serum immunoglobulin G fraction 4 (IgG4) levels, and their pancreatic tissue may show IgG4-positive plasma cell infiltration. It is imperative to differentiate autoimmune pancreatitis from pancreatic cancer because autoimmune pancreatitis typically responds to corticosteroid treatment. A previous Japanese study reported that serum IgG4 greater than 135 mg/dL was 97% specific and 95% sensitive in predicting autoimmune pancreatitis.
Objective.—To prospectively measure serum IgG4 levels in pancreatic cancer patients to ascertain whether increased levels might be present in this North American population.
Design.—We collected blood samples and phenotypic information on 71 consecutive pancreatic cancer patients and 103 healthy controls who visited our clinics between October 2004 and April 2006. IgG4 levels were determined using a single radial immunodiffusion assay. A serum IgG4 level greater than 135 mg/dL was considered elevated.
Results.—Five cancer patients had IgG4 elevation, with a mean serum IgG4 level of 160.8 mg/dL. None of our cancer patients with plasma IgG4 elevation demonstrated evidence of autoimmune pancreatitis. One control subject demonstrated elevated serum IgG4 unrelated to identified etiology.
Conclusions.—As many as 7% of patients with pancreatic cancer have serum IgG4 levels above 135 mg/dL. In patients with pancreatic mass lesions and suspicion of cancer, an IgG4 level measuring between 135 and 200 mg/dL should be interpreted cautiously and not accepted as diagnostic of autoimmune pancreatitis without further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Raina
- From the Departments of Medicine (Drs Raina, Greer, Lamb, Slivka, and Whitcomb and Ms Fink), Pathology (Dr Krasinskas), and Surgical Oncology (Drs Moser and Zeh), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Cell Biology & Physiology and Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh (Dr Whitcomb); University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute (Drs Zeh and Whitcomb); and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
| | - Alyssa M. Krasinskas
- From the Departments of Medicine (Drs Raina, Greer, Lamb, Slivka, and Whitcomb and Ms Fink), Pathology (Dr Krasinskas), and Surgical Oncology (Drs Moser and Zeh), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Cell Biology & Physiology and Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh (Dr Whitcomb); University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute (Drs Zeh and Whitcomb); and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
| | - Julia B. Greer
- From the Departments of Medicine (Drs Raina, Greer, Lamb, Slivka, and Whitcomb and Ms Fink), Pathology (Dr Krasinskas), and Surgical Oncology (Drs Moser and Zeh), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Cell Biology & Physiology and Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh (Dr Whitcomb); University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute (Drs Zeh and Whitcomb); and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
| | - Janette Lamb
- From the Departments of Medicine (Drs Raina, Greer, Lamb, Slivka, and Whitcomb and Ms Fink), Pathology (Dr Krasinskas), and Surgical Oncology (Drs Moser and Zeh), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Cell Biology & Physiology and Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh (Dr Whitcomb); University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute (Drs Zeh and Whitcomb); and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
| | - Erin Fink
- From the Departments of Medicine (Drs Raina, Greer, Lamb, Slivka, and Whitcomb and Ms Fink), Pathology (Dr Krasinskas), and Surgical Oncology (Drs Moser and Zeh), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Cell Biology & Physiology and Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh (Dr Whitcomb); University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute (Drs Zeh and Whitcomb); and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
| | - A. James Moser
- From the Departments of Medicine (Drs Raina, Greer, Lamb, Slivka, and Whitcomb and Ms Fink), Pathology (Dr Krasinskas), and Surgical Oncology (Drs Moser and Zeh), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Cell Biology & Physiology and Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh (Dr Whitcomb); University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute (Drs Zeh and Whitcomb); and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
| | - Herbert J. Zeh III
- From the Departments of Medicine (Drs Raina, Greer, Lamb, Slivka, and Whitcomb and Ms Fink), Pathology (Dr Krasinskas), and Surgical Oncology (Drs Moser and Zeh), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Cell Biology & Physiology and Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh (Dr Whitcomb); University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute (Drs Zeh and Whitcomb); and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
| | - Adam Slivka
- From the Departments of Medicine (Drs Raina, Greer, Lamb, Slivka, and Whitcomb and Ms Fink), Pathology (Dr Krasinskas), and Surgical Oncology (Drs Moser and Zeh), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Cell Biology & Physiology and Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh (Dr Whitcomb); University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute (Drs Zeh and Whitcomb); and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
| | - David C. Whitcomb
- From the Departments of Medicine (Drs Raina, Greer, Lamb, Slivka, and Whitcomb and Ms Fink), Pathology (Dr Krasinskas), and Surgical Oncology (Drs Moser and Zeh), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Cell Biology & Physiology and Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh (Dr Whitcomb); University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute (Drs Zeh and Whitcomb); and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
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Margutti P, Ortona E, Delunardo F, Tagliani A, Profumo E, Riganò R, Buttari B, Teggi A, Siracusano A. Thioredoxin peroxidase from Echinococcus granulosus: a candidate to extend the antigenic panel for the immunodiagnosis of human cystic echinococcosis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2007; 60:279-85. [PMID: 18060722 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2007.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2007] [Revised: 10/01/2007] [Accepted: 10/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The currently available tests for the diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis (CE), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and immunoblotting (IB) lack sensitivity and specificity, and antigen panels need standardizing. By screening an Echinococcus granulosus cDNA library with IgG1 from patients with CE, we identified E. granulosus thioredoxin peroxidase (EgTPx). Although IB and ELISA achieved the same specificity (92%), ELISA showed higher sensitivity than IB (83% versus 42%) in determining total immunoglobulin G (IgG) specific to EgTPx in CE sera. The percentage of total IgG- and IgG1-positive sera in ELISA was equally distributed in patients with active, transitional, and inactive disease. Conversely, the percentages of IgG4-positive sera were significantly higher in sera from patients with active than inactive disease (P = 0.03). Our data suggest that adding this highly specific recombinant antigen to the standard diagnostic panel of antigens used in ELISA would increase diagnostic sensitivity. Antibodies specific to EgTPx are of potential interest in the host-parasite relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Margutti
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Abstract
Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is a benign, IgG4-related, fibroinflammatory form of chronic pancreatitis that can mimic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma both clinically and radiographically. Laboratory studies typically demonstrate elevated serum IgG4 levels and imaging studies reveal a diffusely or focally enlarged pancreas with associated diffuse or focal narrowing of the pancreatic duct. The pathologic features include periductal lymphoplasmacytic inflammation, obliterative phlebitis, and abundant IgG4-positive plasma cells. The treatment of choice for AIP is steroid therapy. Diagnostic criteria for AIP have been proposed that incorporate histologic, radiographic, serologic, and clinical information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa M Krasinskas
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC - Presbyterian, 200 Lothrop Street, A610, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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