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Yadav P, Mina U, Bhatia A, Singh B. Cultivar assortment index (CAI): a tool to evaluate the ozone tolerance of Indian Amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.) cultivars. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:30819-30833. [PMID: 36441328 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24327-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The adverse impact of climate change on crop yield has accelerated the need for identification of crop cultivars resistant to abiotic stress. In the present study, a cultivar assortment index (CAI) was generated for the evaluation of forty Amaranthus hypochondriacus cultivars response to elevated ozone (EO) concentrations (AO + 30 ppb) in Free Air Ozone Enrichment (FAOE) facility using the parameters viz. foliar injury, gaseous exchange attributes, namely, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, intercellular carbon dioxide, and water use efficiency along with above ground biomass and grain yield attributes. The dataset was used to identify key indicator parameters responsive to EO through principal component analysis (PCA) and further transformed to obtain linear score and weighted score. The CAI varied from 70.49 to 193.43. Cultivars having CAI value less than 151 were ozone tolerant (OT) whereas cultivars with CAI values between 150 and 170 were moderately tolerant (MOT). The cultivars exhibiting CAI values above 170 were ozone sensitive (OS). The cultivars exhibited differential sensitivity to EO with IC-5994 (CAI = 187.26) being the most affected cultivar whereas IC-5576 (CAI = 83.38) and IC-5916 (CAI = 70.49) being the least affected ones. The CAI, based on linear score and weighted score, offers easy identification of ozone sensitive (OS) and ozone tolerant (OT) cultivars. This index could help researchers to define a clear and strong basis for identification of OT cultivars which will reduce the time required for preliminary screening and further evaluation of crop cultivars for the development of climate smart crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Yadav
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Usha Mina
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), New Delhi, 110067, India.
| | - Arti Bhatia
- Centre for Environment Science and Climate Resilient Agriculture (CESCRA), ICAR-IARI, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Bhupinder Singh
- Centre for Environment Science and Climate Resilient Agriculture (CESCRA), ICAR-IARI, New Delhi, 110012, India
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Marion A, Morin J, Ormeño E, Dupouyet S, D'Anna B, Boiry S, Wortham H. Nitrous acid production and uptake by Zea mays plants in growth chambers in the presence of nitrogen dioxide. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150696. [PMID: 34597576 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nitrous acid (HONO) photolysis is an important atmospheric reaction that leads to the formation of hydroxyl radicals (OH), the main diurnal atmospheric oxidants. The process of HONO formation remains unclear, and comparisons between field measurements and model results have highlighted the presence of unknown HONO sources. HONO production on plant surfaces was recently suggested to contribute to atmospheric HONO formation, but there is limited information on the quantification of HONO production and uptake by plants. To address this gap in the existing knowledge, the current study investigated HONO exchange on living Zea mays plants. Experiments were conducted in growth chambers under controlled experimental conditions (temperature, relative humidity, NO2 mixing ratio, light intensity, CO2 mixing ratio) at temperatures ranging between 283 and 299 K. To investigate the effect of drought on HONO plant-atmosphere exchanges, experiments were carried out on two sets of Zea mays plants exposed to two different water supply conditions during their growth: optimal watering (70% of the field capacity) and water stress (30% of the field capacity). Results indicated that the uptake of HONO by control Zea mays plants increased linearly with ambient temperature, and was correlated with CO2 assimilation for temperatures ranging from 283 to 299 K. At 299 K, HONO production on the leaves offset this uptake and Zea mays plants were a source of HONO, with a net production rate of 27 ± 7 ppt h-1. Deposition velocities were higher for HONO than CO2, suggesting a higher mesophyll resistance for CO2 than HONO. As water stress reduced the stomatal opening, it also decreased plant-atmosphere gas exchange. Thus, climate change, which may limit the availability of water, will have an impact on HONO exchange between plants and the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julien Morin
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, Marseille, France
| | - Elena Ormeño
- Aix Marseille Univ, Université d'Avignon, IRD, CNRS, IMBE, Marseille, France
| | - Sylvie Dupouyet
- Aix Marseille Univ, Université d'Avignon, IRD, CNRS, IMBE, Marseille, France
| | | | - Séverine Boiry
- Aix Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Plateforme PHYTOTEC, Saint Paul-Lez-Durance F-13108, France
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Yue W, Jiechen W, Huihui Z, Dandan G, Guoqiang H, Guangyu S. A intermediate concentration of atmospheric nitrogen dioxide enhances PSII activity and inhibits PSI activity in expanded leaves of tobacco seedlings. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 209:111844. [PMID: 33383337 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a major air pollutant that affects plant growth, development and yields. Previous studies have found that atmospheric NO2 changes plant photosynthesis in a concentration-dependent manner. Low concentrations of NO2 (4.0 μL L-1) can increase photosynthetic rates, while high concentrations of NO2 (16.0 μL L-1) can have an inhibitory effect. However, the specific effects of a critical intermediate concentration of NO2 on the photosynthetic apparatus of plants has remained unknown. Therefore, in this study, tobacco seedlings at three-leaf ages were fumigated with a intermediate concentration of 8.0 μL L-1 NO2 for 15 days to determine the effects on leaf weight, leaf number per plant, chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, the reaction center activity of photosystems I and II (PSI and PSII, respectively) and core protein gene expression (PsbA and PsaA). Fumigation with 8.0 μL L-1 NO2 increased the number of leaves per plant and the weight of leaves, and the leaves became dark green and curly after 10 days of fumigation. During NO2 fumigation for 15 days, the chlorophyll content, PSII maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), electron transfer rate (ETR) and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) increased most in the oldest leaves (Lmax leaves), but decreased PSI activity (∆I/Io). The Fv/Fm, ETR and NPQ in the youngest leaves (Lmin leaves) were lower than those of Lmax leaves, but the actual photochemical efficiency (ΦPSII) of PSII increased most and ∆I/Io was the highest in these samples. The Fv/Fm, ETR, NPQ and ΦPSII in the leaves at the middle leaf age (Lmid leaves) were lower than those of Lmin and Lmax leaves, but the relative fluorescence intensity of point L (VL) and the relative fluorescence intensity of point K (VK) decreased the most in these samples. Thus, this critical concentration of atmospheric NO2 increased the activity of PSII and inhibited PSI activity in expanded leaves of tobacco seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Yue
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Wang Jiechen
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhang Huihui
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Guo Dandan
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - He Guoqiang
- Mudanjang Institute of Tobacco Science, Harbin, China
| | - Sun Guangyu
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.
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Zhang J, Ghirardo A, Gori A, Albert A, Buegger F, Pace R, Georgii E, Grote R, Schnitzler JP, Durner J, Lindermayr C. Improving Air Quality by Nitric Oxide Consumption of Climate-Resilient Trees Suitable for Urban Greening. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:549913. [PMID: 33117411 PMCID: PMC7550725 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.549913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen oxides (NOx), mainly a mixture of nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), are formed by the reaction of nitrogen and oxygen compounds in the air as a result of combustion processes and traffic. Both deposit into leaves via stomata, which on the one hand benefits air quality and on the other hand provides an additional source of nitrogen for plants. In this study, we first determined the NO and NO2 specific deposition velocities based on projected leaf area (sV d) using a branch enclosure system. We studied four tree species that are regarded as suitable to be planted under predicted future urban climate conditions: Carpinus betulus, Fraxinus ornus, Fraxinus pennsylvanica and Ostrya carpinifolia. The NO and NO2 sVd were found similar in all tree species. Second, in order to confirm NO metabolization, we fumigated plants with 15NO and quantified the incorporation of 15N in leaf materials of these trees and four additional urban tree species (Celtis australis, Alnus spaethii, Alnus glutinosa, and Tilia henryana) under controlled environmental conditions. Based on these 15N-labeling experiments, A. glutinosa showed the most effective incorporation of 15NO. Third, we tried to elucidate the mechanism of metabolization. Therefore, we generated transgenic poplars overexpressing Arabidopsis thaliana phytoglobin 1 or 2. Phytoglobins are known to metabolize NO to nitrate in the presence of oxygen. The 15N uptake in phytoglobin-overexpressing poplars was significantly increased compared to wild-type trees, demonstrating that the NO uptake is enzymatically controlled besides stomatal dependence. In order to upscale the results and to investigate if a trade-off exists between air pollution removal and survival probability under future climate conditions, we have additionally carried out a modeling exercise of NO and NO2 deposition for the area of central Berlin. If the actually dominant deciduous tree species (Acer platanoides, Tilia cordata, Fagus sylvatica, Quercus robur) would be replaced by the species suggested for future conditions, the total annual NO and NO2 deposition in the modeled urban area would hardly change, indicating that the service of air pollution removal would not be degraded. These results may help selecting urban tree species in future greening programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangli Zhang
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg/Munich, Germany
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Andrea Ghirardo
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg/Munich, Germany
| | - Antonella Gori
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment, and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, The National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Florence, Italy
| | - Andreas Albert
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg/Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Buegger
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg/Munich, Germany
| | - Rocco Pace
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research — Institute of Atmospheric Environmental Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council (CNR), Porano, Italy
| | - Elisabeth Georgii
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg/Munich, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Grote
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research — Institute of Atmospheric Environmental Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg/Munich, Germany
| | - Jörg Durner
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg/Munich, Germany
- Chair of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Christian Lindermayr
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg/Munich, Germany
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Yue W, Huihui Z, Jiechen W, Hancheng Z, Guoqiang H, Dan H, Fuwen Y, Meichun Z, Yanhui C, Zhiyuan T, Guanjun L, Guangyu S. Elevated NO 2 damages the photosynthetic apparatus by inducing the accumulation of superoxide anions and peroxynitrite in tobacco seedling leaves. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 196:110534. [PMID: 32247242 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to further understand the toxicity of high concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) to plants, especially to plant photosynthesis. Tobacco plants in the six-leaf stage were exposed to 16.0 μL L-1 NO2 to determine the activities of photosystem II (PSII) and photosystem I (PSI) reaction centers, the blocking site of PSII electron transport, the degree of membrane peroxidation and the relative expression of PsbA, PsbO and PsaA genes in the third fully expanded leaves by using gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence techniques, biochemical and RT-PCR analysis. The results showed that 16.0 μL L-1 NO2 caused necrotic lesions to form on leaves and significantly increased the generation rate of superoxide anions (O2-) and the content of peroxynitrite (ONOO-) in leaves of tobacco seedling, leading to damage to cell membrane, chlorophyll content and net photosynthetic rate reduction, and photosynthetic apparatus destruction. Fumigation with 16.0 μL L-1 NO2 decreased the activity of PSII reaction center and oxygen evolution complex, and the relative expression of PabA in leaves of tobacco seedlings to inhibit the electron transport from the donor side to the receptor side of PSII, especially blocking the electron transport from QA to QB on the receptor side. The activity of the PSI reaction center and the relative expression of PsaA decreased, weakening the ability to accept electrons and inhibiting the electron transfer from PSII to PSI, which further increased the damage of PSII of tobacco seedling leaves caused by 16.0 μL L-1 NO2. Therefore, 16.0 μL L-1 NO2 leaded to the accumulation of O2- and ONOO-, which damaged the cell membrane and thylakoid membrane, inhibit the electron transport, and destroyed the photosynthetic apparatus in leaves of tobacco seedlings. The results from this study emphasized the importance of reducing the NO2 concentration in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Yue
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150040, China; College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zhang Huihui
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China; College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wang Jiechen
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150040, China; College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zhao Hancheng
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China; State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - He Guoqiang
- Mudanjang Institute of Tobacco Science, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Huang Dan
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150040, China; College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yang Fuwen
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150040, China; College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zhao Meichun
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150040, China; College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Che Yanhui
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150040, China; College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Teng Zhiyuan
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150040, China; College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Liu Guanjun
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China; State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Sun Guangyu
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150040, China; College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
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Clifton OE, Fiore AM, Massman WJ, Baublitz CB, Coyle M, Emberson L, Fares S, Farmer DK, Gentine P, Gerosa G, Guenther AB, Helmig D, Lombardozzi DL, Munger JW, Patton EG, Pusede SE, Schwede DB, Silva SJ, Sörgel M, Steiner AL, Tai APK. Dry Deposition of Ozone over Land: Processes, Measurement, and Modeling. REVIEWS OF GEOPHYSICS (WASHINGTON, D.C. : 1985) 2020; 58:10.1029/2019RG000670. [PMID: 33748825 PMCID: PMC7970530 DOI: 10.1029/2019rg000670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Dry deposition of ozone is an important sink of ozone in near surface air. When dry deposition occurs through plant stomata, ozone can injure the plant, altering water and carbon cycling and reducing crop yields. Quantifying both stomatal and nonstomatal uptake accurately is relevant for understanding ozone's impact on human health as an air pollutant and on climate as a potent short-lived greenhouse gas and primary control on the removal of several reactive greenhouse gases and air pollutants. Robust ozone dry deposition estimates require knowledge of the relative importance of individual deposition pathways, but spatiotemporal variability in nonstomatal deposition is poorly understood. Here we integrate understanding of ozone deposition processes by synthesizing research from fields such as atmospheric chemistry, ecology, and meteorology. We critically review methods for measurements and modeling, highlighting the empiricism that underpins modeling and thus the interpretation of observations. Our unprecedented synthesis of knowledge on deposition pathways, particularly soil and leaf cuticles, reveals process understanding not yet included in widely-used models. If coordinated with short-term field intensives, laboratory studies, and mechanistic modeling, measurements from a few long-term sites would bridge the molecular to ecosystem scales necessary to establish the relative importance of individual deposition pathways and the extent to which they vary in space and time. Our recommended approaches seek to close knowledge gaps that currently limit quantifying the impact of ozone dry deposition on air quality, ecosystems, and climate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arlene M Fiore
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, and Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
| | - William J Massman
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Colleen B Baublitz
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, and Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
| | - Mhairi Coyle
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Edinburgh, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian, UK and The James Hutton Institute, Craigibuckler, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Lisa Emberson
- Stockholm Environment Institute, Environment Department, University of York, York, UK
| | - Silvano Fares
- Council of Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, and National Research Council, Institute of Bioeconomy, Rome, Italy
| | - Delphine K Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Pierre Gentine
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Giacomo Gerosa
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università Cattolica del S. C., Brescia, Italy
| | - Alex B Guenther
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Detlev Helmig
- Institute of Alpine and Arctic Research, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - J William Munger
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Sally E Pusede
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Donna B Schwede
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Sam J Silva
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Matthias Sörgel
- Max Plank Institute for Chemistry, Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Mainz, Germany
| | - Allison L Steiner
- Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Space Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Amos P K Tai
- Earth System Science Programme, Faculty of Science, and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Variation in Foliar ẟ15N Reflects Anthropogenic Nitrogen Absorption Potential of Mangrove Forests. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11020133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Research Highlights: Mangrove forests are absorbing anthropogenically produced excess nitrogen under moderate to intensive human interaction in the study sites, further indicating the degree of deviation from the natural ecosystem condition. Background and Objectives: Mangrove species, when directly connected to anthropogenic activities such as sewage disposal, agricultural inputs, and receiving of animal manure, absorb excess nutrients from the systems and act as ecological indicators of long-term natural changes. However, there is a paucity of examples of how the mangroves respond to a land-use gradient comparing to the non-mangrove plants under indirect anthropogenic impacts. Materials and Methods: In this investigation, foliar total nitrogen (N), carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio, and δ15N of mangrove and non-mangrove species collected from 15 watersheds on three islands in Okinawa, Japan, have been compared. The land-use areas in the study watersheds were delineated by ArcGIS software, and the correlation between the foliar traits and the human-affected area ratios were examined. Results: Foliar δ15N of the mangroves, which was significantly different from those of the non-mangroves on each island, showed significantly higher values (5‰ to 14‰) in human-affected forests, whereas the values were up to 3‰ in pristine forests. Furthermore, the significant positive relationship between foliar nitrogenous traits and the human-affected area ratios suggested that the anthropogenic N might be regulating foliar N content and δ15N signature on the sites. Conclusion: Different degrees of foliar isotopic fractionation with the land-use gradient have clarified that mangroves can be a powerful tool for monitoring ecosystem conditions under anthropogenic disturbances.
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9
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Kärkönen A, Dewhirst RA, Mackay CL, Fry SC. Metabolites of 2,3-diketogulonate delay peroxidase action and induce non-enzymic H 2O 2 generation: Potential roles in the plant cell wall. Arch Biochem Biophys 2017; 620:12-22. [PMID: 28315301 PMCID: PMC5398285 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A proportion of the plant's l-ascorbate (vitamin C) occurs in the apoplast, where it and its metabolites may act as pro-oxidants and anti-oxidants. One ascorbate metabolite is 2,3-diketogulonate (DKG), preparations of which can non-enzymically generate H2O2 and delay peroxidase action on aromatic substrates. As DKG itself generates several by-products, we characterised these and their ability to generate H2O2 and delay peroxidase action. DKG preparations rapidly produced a by-product, compound (1), with λmax 271 and 251 nm at neutral and acidic pH respectively. On HPLC, (1) co-eluted with the major H2O2-generating and peroxidase-delaying principle. Compound (1) was slowly destroyed by ascorbate oxidase, and was less stable at pH 6 than at pH 1. Electrophoresis of an HPLC-enriched preparation of (1) suggested a strongly acidic (pKa ≈ 2.3) compound. Mass spectrometry suggested that un-ionised (1) has the formula C6H6O5, i.e. it is a reduction product of DKG (C6H8O7). In conclusion, compound (1) is the major H2O2-generating, peroxidase-delaying principle formed non-enzymically from DKG in the pathway ascorbate → dehydroascorbic acid → DKG → (1). We hypothesise that (1) generates apoplastic H2O2 (and consequently hydroxyl radicals) and delays cell-wall crosslinking - both these effects favouring wall loosening, and possibly playing a role in pathogen defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kärkönen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Center, University of Helsinki, Finland; The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK.
| | - Rebecca A Dewhirst
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - C Logan Mackay
- EastCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Stephen C Fry
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
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Zhao F, Elkelish A, Durner J, Lindermayr C, Winkler JB, Ruёff F, Behrendt H, Traidl-Hoffmann C, Holzinger A, Kofler W, Braun P, von Toerne C, Hauck SM, Ernst D, Frank U. Common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.): allergenicity and molecular characterization of pollen after plant exposure to elevated NO2. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:147-64. [PMID: 26177592 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Ragweed pollen is the main cause of allergenic diseases in Northern America, and the weed has become a spreading neophyte in Europe. Climate change and air pollution are speculated to affect the allergenic potential of pollen. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of NO2 , a major air pollutant, under controlled conditions, on the allergenicity of ragweed pollen. Ragweed was exposed to different levels of NO2 throughout the entire growing season, and its pollen further analysed. Spectroscopic analysis showed increased outer cell wall polymers and decreased amounts of pectin. Proteome studies using two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry indicated increased amounts of several Amb a 1 isoforms and of another allergen with great homology to enolase Hev b 9 from rubber tree. Analysis of protein S-nitrosylation identified nitrosylated proteins in pollen from both conditions, including Amb a 1 isoforms. However, elevated NO2 significantly enhanced the overall nitrosylation. Finally, we demonstrated increased overall pollen allergenicity by immunoblotting using ragweed antisera, showing a significantly higher allergenicity for Amb a 1. The data highlight a direct influence of elevated NO2 on the increased allergenicity of ragweed pollen and a direct correlation with an increased risk for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhao
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Amr Elkelish
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Jörg Durner
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
- Biochemical Plant Pathology, Technische Universität München, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt, Freising, 85350, Germany
| | - Christian Lindermayr
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - J Barbro Winkler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Franziska Ruёff
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Dermatology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU München, Munich, 80337, Germany
| | - Heidrun Behrendt
- Center of Allergy & Environment München (ZAUM), Technische Universität and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, 80802, Germany
- CK-CARE, Christine Kühne - Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, 7265, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Traidl-Hoffmann
- CK-CARE, Christine Kühne - Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, 7265, Switzerland
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, UNIKA-T, Technische Universität München, Augsburg, 86156, Germany
| | - Andreas Holzinger
- Institute for Botany, Leopold-Franzens Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Werner Kofler
- Institute for Botany, Leopold-Franzens Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Paula Braun
- Department of Applied Sciences and Mechanotronics, University of Applied Science Munich, Munich, 80335, Germany
| | - Christine von Toerne
- Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Stefanie M Hauck
- Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Dieter Ernst
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
- CK-CARE, Christine Kühne - Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, 7265, Switzerland
| | - Ulrike Frank
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
- CK-CARE, Christine Kühne - Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, 7265, Switzerland
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12
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Yendrek CR, Koester RP, Ainsworth EA. A comparative analysis of transcriptomic, biochemical, and physiological responses to elevated ozone identifies species-specific mechanisms of resilience in legume crops. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:7101-12. [PMID: 26324463 PMCID: PMC4765784 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Current concentrations of tropospheric ozone ([O3]) pollution negatively impact plant metabolism, which can result in decreased crop yields. Interspecific variation in the physiological response of plants to elevated [O3] exists; however, the underlying cellular responses explaining species-specific differences are largely unknown. Here, a physiological screen has been performed on multiple varieties of legume species. Three varieties of garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) were resilient to elevated [O3]. Garden pea showed no change in photosynthetic capacity or leaf longevity when exposed to elevated [O3], in contrast to varieties of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Global transcriptomic and targeted biochemical analyses were then done to examine the mechanistic differences in legume responses to elevated [O3]. In all three species, there was an O3-mediated reduction in specific leaf weight and total non-structural carbohydrate content, as well as increased abundance of respiration-related transcripts. Differences specific to garden pea included a pronounced increase in the abundance of GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE transcript, as well as greater contents of foliar glutathione, apoplastic ascorbate, and sucrose in elevated [O3]. These results suggest that garden pea may have had greater capacity for detoxification, which prevented net losses in CO2 fixation in an elevated [O3] environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig R Yendrek
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Robert P Koester
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Ainsworth
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61802, USA Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, USDA ARS, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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13
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Pöschl U, Shiraiwa M. Multiphase chemistry at the atmosphere-biosphere interface influencing climate and public health in the anthropocene. Chem Rev 2015; 115:4440-75. [PMID: 25856774 DOI: 10.1021/cr500487s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Pöschl
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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14
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Benedict KB, Carrico CM, Kreidenweis SM, Schichtel B, Malm WC, Collett JL. A seasonal nitrogen deposition budget for Rocky Mountain National Park. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2013; 23:1156-1169. [PMID: 23967583 DOI: 10.1890/12-1624.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen deposition is a concern in many protected ecosystems around the world, yet few studies have quantified a complete reactive nitrogen deposition budget including all dry and wet, inorganic and organic compounds. Critical loads that identify the level at which nitrogen deposition negatively affects an ecosystem are often defined using incomplete reactive nitrogen budgets. Frequently only wet deposition of ammonium and nitrate are considered, despite the importance of other nitrogen deposition pathways. Recently, dry deposition pathways including particulate ammonium and nitrate and gas phase nitric acid have been added to nitrogen deposition budgets. However, other nitrogen deposition pathways, including dry deposition of ammonia and wet deposition of organic nitrogen, still are rarely included. In this study, a more complete seasonal nitrogen deposition budget was constructed based on observations during a year-long study period from November 2008 to November 2009 at a location on the east side of Rocky Mountain National Park (RMNP), Colorado, USA. Measurements included wet deposition of ammonium, nitrate, and organic nitrogen, PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 microm, nitrate, and ammonium) concentrations of ammonium, nitrate, and organic nitrogen, and atmospheric gas phase concentrations of ammonia, nitric acid, and NO2. Dry deposition fluxes were determined from measured ambient concentrations and modeled deposition velocities. Total reactive nitrogen deposition by all included pathways was found to be 3.65 kg N x ha(-1) yr(-1). Monthly deposition fluxes ranged from 0.06 to 0.54 kg N x ha(-1)yr(-1), with peak deposition in the month of July and the least deposition in December. Wet deposition of ammonium and nitrate were the two largest deposition pathways, together contributing 1.97 kg N x ha(-1)yr(-1) or 54% of the total nitrogen deposition budget for this region. The next two largest deposition pathways were wet deposition of organic nitrogen and dry deposition of ammonia; combined they contributed 1.37 kg N x ha(-1)yr(-1) or 37% of the total nitrogen deposition budget. To better understand the nitrogen cycle and key interactions between the atmosphere and biosphere we need to include as many sources and types of nitrogen as possible and understand their variability throughout the year. Here we examine the components of the nitrogen deposition budget to better understand the factors that influence the different deposition pathways and their seasonal variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Benedict
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA.
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Tran D, Kadono T, Molas ML, Errakhi R, Briand J, Biligui B, Kawano T, Bouteau F. A role for oxalic acid generation in ozone-induced signallization in Arabidopis cells. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2013; 36:569-78. [PMID: 22897345 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2012.02596.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O(3) ) is an air pollutant with an impact increasingly important in our industrialized world. It affects human health and productivity in various crops. We provide the evidences that treatment of Arabidopsis thaliana with O(3) results in ascorbate-derived oxalic acid production. Using cultured cells of A. thaliana as a model, here we further showed that oxalic acid induces activation of anion channels that trigger depolarization of the cell, increase in cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration, generation of reactive oxygen species and cell death. We confirmed that O(3) reacts with ascorbate in the culture, thus resulting in production of oxalic acid and this could be part of the O(3) -induced signalling pathways that trigger programmed cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Tran
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut des Energies de Demain (IED), Paris, France.
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Ainsworth EA, Yendrek CR, Sitch S, Collins WJ, Emberson LD. The effects of tropospheric ozone on net primary productivity and implications for climate change. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 63:637-61. [PMID: 22404461 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042110-103829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone (O(3)) is a global air pollutant that causes billions of dollars in lost plant productivity annually. It is an important anthropogenic greenhouse gas, and as a secondary air pollutant, it is present at high concentrations in rural areas far from industrial sources. It also reduces plant productivity by entering leaves through the stomata, generating other reactive oxygen species and causing oxidative stress, which in turn decreases photosynthesis, plant growth, and biomass accumulation. The deposition of O(3) into vegetation through stomata is an important sink for tropospheric O(3), but this sink is modified by other aspects of environmental change, including rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, rising temperature, altered precipitation, and nitrogen availability. We review the atmospheric chemistry governing tropospheric O(3) mass balance, the effects of O(3) on stomatal conductance and net primary productivity, and implications for agriculture, carbon sequestration, and climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Ainsworth
- Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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Eller ASD, McGuire KL, Sparks JP. Responses of sugar maple and hemlock seedlings to elevated carbon dioxide under altered above- and belowground nitrogen sources. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 31:391-401. [PMID: 21470979 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpr014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Various human-induced changes to the atmosphere have caused carbon dioxide (CO₂), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and nitrate deposition (NO₃⁻) to increase in many regions of the world. The goal of this study was to examine the simultaneous influence of these three factors on tree seedlings. We used open-top chambers to fumigate sugar maple (Acer saccharum) and eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) with ambient or elevated CO₂ and NO₂ (elevated concentrations were 760 ppm and 40 ppb, respectively). In addition, we applied an artificial wet deposition of 30 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ NO₃⁻ to half of the open-top chambers. After two growing seasons, hemlocks showed a stimulation of growth under elevated CO₂, but the addition of elevated NO₂ or NO₃⁻ eliminated this effect. In contrast, sugar maple seedlings showed no growth enhancement under elevated CO₂ alone and decreased growth in the presence of NO₂ or NO₃⁻, and the combined treatments of elevated CO₂ with increased NO₂ or NO₃⁻ were similar to control plants. Elevated CO₂ induced changes in the leaf characteristics of both species, including decreased specific leaf area, decreased %N and increased C:N. The effects of elevated CO₂, NO₂ and NO₃⁻ on growth were not additive and treatments that singly had no effect often modified the effects of other treatments. The growth of both maple and hemlock seedlings under the full combination of treatments (CO₂ + NO₂ + NO₃⁻) was similar to that of seedlings grown under control conditions, suggesting that models predicting increased seedling growth under future atmospheric conditions may be overestimating the growth and carbon storage potential of young trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyson S D Eller
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department, Cornell University, Corson Hall Rm E150, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Hu Y, Sun G. Leaf nitrogen dioxide uptake coupling apoplastic chemistry, carbon/sulfur assimilation, and plant nitrogen status. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2010; 29:1069-77. [PMID: 20628880 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-010-0898-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2010] [Revised: 07/03/2010] [Accepted: 07/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Emission and plant uptake of atmospheric nitrogen oxides (NO + NO(2)) significantly influence regional climate change by regulating the oxidative chemistry of the lower atmosphere, species composition and the recycling of carbon and nutrients, etc. Plant uptake of nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) is concentration-dependent and species-specific, and covaries with environmental factors. An important factor determining NO(2) influx into leaves is the replenishment of the substomatal cavity. The apoplastic chemistry of the substomatal cavity plays crucial roles in NO(2) deposition rates and the tolerance to NO(2), involving the reactions between NO(2) and apoplastic antioxidants, NO(2)-responsive germin-like proteins, apoplastic acidification, and nitrite-dependent NO synthesis, etc. Moreover, leaf apoplast is a favorable site for the colonization by microbes, which disturbs nitrogen metabolism of host plants. For most plant species, NO(2) assimilation in a leaf primarily depends on the nitrate (NO(3) (-)) assimilation pathway. NO(2)-N assimilation is coupled with carbon and sulfur (sulfate and SO(2)) assimilation as indicated by the mutual needs for metabolic intermediates (or metabolites) and the NO(2)-caused changes of key metabolic enzymes such as phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPc) and adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate sulfotransferase, organic acids, and photorespiration. Moreover, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization improves the tolerance of host plants to NO(2) by enhancing the efficiency of nutrient absorption and translocation and influencing foliar chemistry. Further progress is proposed to gain a better understanding of the coordination between NO(2)-N, S and C assimilation, especially the investigation of metabolic checkpoints, and the effects of photorespiratory nitrogen cycle, diverse PEPc and the metabolites such as cysteine, O-acetylserine (OAS) and glutathione.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbo Hu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, 26# Hexing Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150040, People's Republic of China.
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Renaut J, Bohler S, Hausman JF, Hoffmann L, Sergeant K, Ahsan N, Jolivet Y, Dizengremel P. The impact of atmospheric composition on plants: a case study of ozone and poplar. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2009; 28:495-516. [PMID: 18985755 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone is the main atmospheric pollutant that causes damages to trees. The estimation of the threshold for ozone risk assessment depends on the evaluation of the means that this pollutant impacts the plant and, especially, the foliar organs. The available results show that, before any visible symptom appears, carbon assimilation and the underlying metabolic processes are decreased under chronic ozone exposure. By contrast, the catabolic pathways are enhanced, and contribute to the supply of sufficient reducing power necessary to feed the detoxification processes. Reactive oxygen species delivered during ozone exposure serve as toxic compounds and messengers for the signaling system. In this review, we show that the contribution of genomic tools (transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) for a better understanding of the mechanistic cellular responses to ozone largely relies on spectrometric measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Renaut
- Centre de Recherche Public-Gabriel Lippmann, Department of Environment and Agrobiotechnologies (EVA), Belvaux, Luxembourg
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20
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Ozone risk for crops and pastures in present and future climates. Naturwissenschaften 2008; 96:173-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s00114-008-0468-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2008] [Revised: 10/29/2008] [Accepted: 11/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Dizengremel P, Le Thiec D, Bagard M, Jolivet Y. Ozone risk assessment for plants: central role of metabolism-dependent changes in reducing power. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2008; 156:11-15. [PMID: 18243452 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2007.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2007] [Accepted: 12/19/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The combination of stomatal-dependent ozone flux and total ascorbate level is currently presented as a correct indicator for determining the degree of sensitivity of plants to ozone. However, the large changes in carbon metabolism could play a central role in the strategy of the foliar cells in response to chronic ozone exposure, participating in the supply of reducing power and carbon skeletons for repair and detoxification, and modifying the stomatal mode of functioning. To reinforce the accuracy of the definition of the threshold for ozone risk assessment, it is proposed to also consider the redox pool (NAD(P)H), the ratio between carboxylases and the water use efficiency as indicators of the differential ozone tolerance of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Dizengremel
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, UMR1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Nancy-Université, BP239, F-54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France.
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22
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Ecological ramifications of the direct foliar uptake of nitrogen. Oecologia 2008; 159:1-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-008-1188-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2008] [Accepted: 09/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Paoletti E, Manning WJ. Toward a biologically significant and usable standard for ozone that will also protect plants. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2007; 150:85-95. [PMID: 17659818 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2007.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2007] [Accepted: 06/17/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Ozone remains an important phytotoxic air pollutant and is also recognized as a significant greenhouse gas. In North America, Europe, and Asia, incidence of high concentrations is decreasing, but background levels are steadily rising. There is a need to develop a biologically significant and usable standard for ozone. We compare the strengths and weaknesses of concentration-based, exposure-based and threshold-based indices, such as SUM60 and AOT40, and examine the O(3) flux concept. We also present major challenges to the development of an air quality standard for ozone that has both biological significance and practicality in usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Paoletti
- IPP-CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
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Abstract
Photosynthesis depends on the diffusion of gaseous CO(2) inside the leaf spaces from the stomatal entry point to the mesophyll cell walls. Although most research considers only the vertical diffusion from stomata on upper and/or leaf lower surfaces, some of the gas will diffuse in the lateral (paradermal) direction. The importance of lateral CO(2) diffusion is reviewed, and the anatomical characteristics of leaves, including the variation of air space volume between species and conditions are discussed. The contribution of the air space conductance to the limitation of photosynthesis by the overall CO(2) diffusion pathway is usually ignored. However, the need to consider three-dimensional diffusion at the small scale of a few stomata is emphasized because stomata are discrete, and separated by 20-300 microm. At the large scale of 100s of micrometres, there may be barriers to CO(2) caused by the vascular tissue, particularly if there are bundle sheath extensions. The possible extent and controls on CO(2) lateral and vertical diffusion in different species and conditions are illustrated using chlorophyll a fluorescence imaging techniques. It is clear that there is a range of effective lateral permeabilities depending on the particular vascular patterns and cell arrangements, and that species cannot be simply divided into homobaric and heterobaric anatomies. Lateral diffusion in more permeable leaves can be sufficient to affect measurements of leaf gas exchange, particularly when fluxes are low, although its contribution to leaf photosynthesis in natural conditions needs clarification.
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Affiliation(s)
- James I L Morison
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK.
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Vallano DM, Sparks JP. Foliar δ15N Values as Indicators of Foliar Uptake of Atmospheric Nitrogen Pollution. STABLE ISOTOPES AS INDICATORS OF ECOLOGICAL CHANGE 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1936-7961(07)01007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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