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Du J, Wei H, Song X, Zhang L, Hu J. PdRabG3f interfered with gibberellin-mediated internode elongation and xylem developing in poplar. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 343:112074. [PMID: 38548138 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.112074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
As a member of the small GTPases family, Rab GTPases play a key role in specifying transport pathways in the intracellular membrane trafficking system and are involved in plant growth and development. By quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping, PdRabG3f was identified as a candidate gene associated with shoot height in a hybrid offspring of Populus deltoides 'Danhong' × Populus simonii 'Tongliao1'. PdRabG3f localized to the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum and tonoplast and was primarily expressed in the xylem and cambium. Overexpression of PdRabG3f in Populus alba × Populus glandulosa (84 K poplar) had inhibitory effects on vertical and radical growth. In the transgenic lines, there were evident changes in the levels of 15 gibberellin (GA) derivatives, and the application of exogenous GA3 partially restored the phenotypes mediated by GAs deficiency. The interaction between PdRabG3f and RIC4, which was the GA-responsive factor, provided additional explanation for PdRabG3f's inhibitory effect on poplar growth. RNA-seq analysis revealed differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with cell wall, xylem, and gibberellin response. PdRabG3f interfering endogenous GAs levels in poplar might involve the participation of MYBs and ultimately affected internode elongation and xylem development. This study provides a potential mechanism for gibberellin-mediated regulation of plant growth through Rab GTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiujun Du
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Hantian Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Xueqin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China.
| | - Jianjun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China.
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Rodriguez-Furlan C, Borna R, Betz O. RAB7 GTPases as coordinators of plant endomembrane traffic. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1240973. [PMID: 37662169 PMCID: PMC10470000 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1240973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
The ras gene from rat brain (RAB) family of small GTPases is highly conserved among eukaryotes and regulates endomembrane trafficking pathways. RAB7, in particular, has been linked to various processes involved in regulating endocytic and autophagic pathways. Plants have several copies of RAB7 proteins that reflect the intricacy of their endomembrane transport systems. RAB7 activity regulates different pathways of endomembrane trafficking in plants: (1) endocytic traffic to the vacuole; (2) biosynthetic traffic to the vacuole; and (3) recycling from the late endosome to the secretory pathway. During certain developmental and stress related processes another pathway becomes activated (4) autophagic trafficking towards the vacuole that is also regulated by RAB7. RAB7s carry out these functions by interacting with various effector proteins. Current research reveals many unexplored RAB7 functions in connection with stress responses. Thus, this review describes a comprehensive summary of current knowledge of plant RAB7's functions, discusses unresolved challenges, and recommends prospective future research directions.
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Ganotra J, Sharma B, Biswal B, Bhardwaj D, Tuteja N. Emerging role of small GTPases and their interactome in plants to combat abiotic and biotic stress. PROTOPLASMA 2023; 260:1007-1029. [PMID: 36525153 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-022-01830-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Plants are frequently subjected to abiotic and biotic stress which causes major impediments in their growth and development. It is emerging that small guanosine triphosphatases (small GTPases), also known as monomeric GTP-binding proteins, assist plants in managing environmental stress. Small GTPases function as tightly regulated molecular switches that get activated with the aid of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) and deactivated by the subsequent hydrolysis of GTP to guanosine diphosphate (GDP). All small GTPases except Rat sarcoma (Ras) are found in plants, including Ras-like in brain (Rab), Rho of plant (Rop), ADP-ribosylation factor (Arf) and Ras-like nuclear (Ran). The members of small GTPases in plants interact with several downstream effectors to counteract the negative effects of environmental stress and disease-causing pathogens. In this review, we describe processes of stress alleviation by developing pathways involving several small GTPases and their associated proteins which are important for neutralizing fungal infections, stomatal regulation, and activation of abiotic stress-tolerant genes in plants. Previous reviews on small GTPases in plants were primarily focused on Rab GTPases, abiotic stress, and membrane trafficking, whereas this review seeks to improve our understanding of the role of all small GTPases in plants as well as their interactome in regulating mechanisms to combat abiotic and biotic stress. This review brings to the attention of scientists recent research on small GTPases so that they can employ genome editing tools to precisely engineer economically important plants through the overexpression/knock-out/knock-in of stress-related small GTPase genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahanvi Ganotra
- Department of Botany, Central University of Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, Jammu, 181143, India
| | - Bhawana Sharma
- Department of Botany, Central University of Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, Jammu, 181143, India
| | - Brijesh Biswal
- Department of Botany, Central University of Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, Jammu, 181143, India
| | - Deepak Bhardwaj
- Department of Botany, Central University of Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, Jammu, 181143, India.
| | - Narendra Tuteja
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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Chen B, Bian X, Tu M, Yu T, Jiang L, Lu Y, Chen X. Moderate Salinity Stress Increases the Seedling Biomass in Oilseed Rape ( Brassica napus L.). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1650. [PMID: 37111872 PMCID: PMC10144440 DOI: 10.3390/plants12081650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.), an important oil crop of the world, suffers various abiotic stresses including salinity stress during the growth stage. While most of the previous studies paid attention to the adverse effects of high salinity stress on plant growth and development, as well as their underlying physiological and molecular mechanisms, less attention was paid to the effects of moderate or low salinity stress. In this study, we first tested the effects of different concentrations of NaCl solution on the seedling growth performance of two oilseed rape varieties (CH336, a semi-winter type, and Bruttor, a spring type) in pot cultures. We found that moderate salt concentrations (25 and 50 mmol L-1 NaCl) can stimulate seedling growth by a significant increase (10~20%, compared to controls) in both above- and underground biomasses, as estimated at the early flowering stage. We then performed RNA-seq analyses of shoot apical meristems (SAMs) from six-leaf-aged seedlings under control (CK), low (LS, 25 mmol L-1), and high (HS, 180 mmol L-1) salinity treatments in the two varieties. The GO and KEGG enrichment analyses of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) demonstrated that such a stimulating effect on seedling growth by low salinity stress may be caused by a more efficient capacity for photosynthesis as compensation, accompanied by a reduced energy loss for the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and redirecting of energy to biomass formation. Our study provides a new perspective on the cultivation of oilseed rape in saline regions and new insights into the molecular mechanisms of salt tolerance in Brassica crops. The candidate genes identified in this study can serve as targets for molecular breeding selection and genetic engineering toward enhancing salt tolerance in B. napus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beini Chen
- Institute of Crop Science, Jinhua Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhihe Road 1158, Jinhua 321017, China (T.Y.)
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Yu-Hang-Tang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaobo Bian
- Institute of Crop Science, Jinhua Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhihe Road 1158, Jinhua 321017, China (T.Y.)
| | - Mengxin Tu
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Yu-Hang-Tang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Tao Yu
- Institute of Crop Science, Jinhua Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhihe Road 1158, Jinhua 321017, China (T.Y.)
| | - Lixi Jiang
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Yu-Hang-Tang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yunhai Lu
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Yu-Hang-Tang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaoyang Chen
- Institute of Crop Science, Jinhua Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhihe Road 1158, Jinhua 321017, China (T.Y.)
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Liu YL, Wang LJ, Li Y, Guo YH, Cao Y, Zhao ST. A Small Guanosine Triphosphate Binding Protein PagRabE1b Promotes Xylem Development in Poplar. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:686024. [PMID: 34149786 PMCID: PMC8213388 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.686024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Rab GTPases are the subfamily of the small guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-binding proteins which participated in the regulation of various biological processes. Recent studies have found that plant Rabs play some specific functions. However, the functions of Rabs in xylem development in trees remain unclear. In this study, functional identification of PagRabE1b in Populus was performed. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) results showed that PagRabE1b was highly accumulated in stems, especially in phloem and xylem tissues. Overexpression of PagRabE1b in poplar enhanced programmed cell death (PCD) and increased the growth rate and the secondary cell wall (SCW) thickness. Quantitative analysis of monosaccharide content showed that various monosaccharides were significantly increased in secondary xylem tissues of the overexpressed lines. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that the number of apoptotic cells in PagRabE1b-OE lines is more than a wild type (WT), which indicated that PagRabE1b may play an important role in PCD. Further studies showed that overexpression of PagRabE1b increased the expression level of genes involved in SCW biosynthesis, PCD, and autophagy. Collectively, the results suggest that PagRabE1b plays a positive role in promoting the xylem development of poplar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Juan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying-Hua Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Tang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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Gong X, Xie Z, Qi K, Zhao L, Yuan Y, Xu J, Rui W, Shiratake K, Bao J, Khanizadeh S, Zhang S, Tao S. PbMC1a/1b regulates lignification during stone cell development in pear ( Pyrus bretschneideri) fruit. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:59. [PMID: 32377350 PMCID: PMC7193627 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-0280-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) and secondary cell wall (SCW) thickening in pear fruit are accompanied by the deposition of cellulose and lignin to form stone cells. Metacaspase is an important protease for development, tissue renewal and PCD. The understanding of the molecular mechanism whereby pear (Pyrus) metacaspase promotes PCD and cell wall lignification is still limited. In this study, the Metacaspases gene family (PbMCs) from P. bretschneideri was identified. PbMC1a/1b was associated with lignin deposition and stone cell formation by physiological data, semiquantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). Relative to wild-type (WT) Arabidopsis, the overexpression of PbMC1a/1b increased lignin deposition and delayed growth, thickened the cell walls of vessels, xylary fibers and interfascicular fibers, and increased the expression of lignin biosynthetic genes. Yeast two-hybrid (Y2H), bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) and GST pull-down assays indicated that the PbMC1a/1b protein physically interacted with PbRD21. Simultaneously, the transient expression of PbMC1a/1b and PbRD21 led to significant changes in the expression of genes and lignin contents in pear fruits and flesh calli. These results indicate that PbMC1a/1b plays an important role in cell wall lignification, possibly by interacting with PbRD21 to increase the mRNA levels of some lignin synthesis-associated genes and promote the formation of stone cells in pear fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gong
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhihua Xie
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kaijie Qi
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liangyi Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yazhou Yuan
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiahui Xu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weikang Rui
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Jianping Bao
- College of Plant Science, Tarim University, Ala’er City, China
| | - Shahrokh Khanizadeh
- ELM Consulting Inc., St-Lazare, Canada
- Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Shaoling Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shutian Tao
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Coordination and Crosstalk between Autophagosome and Multivesicular Body Pathways in Plant Stress Responses. Cells 2020; 9:cells9010119. [PMID: 31947769 PMCID: PMC7017292 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, autophagosomes and multivesicular bodies (MVBs) are two closely related partners in the lysosomal/vacuolar protein degradation system. Autophagosomes are double membrane-bound organelles that transport cytoplasmic components, including proteins and organelles for autophagic degradation in the lysosomes/vacuoles. MVBs are single-membrane organelles in the endocytic pathway that contain intraluminal vesicles whose content is either degraded in the lysosomes/vacuoles or recycled to the cell surface. In plants, both autophagosome and MVB pathways play important roles in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. More recent studies have revealed that autophagosomes and MVBs also act together in plant stress responses in a variety of processes, including deployment of defense-related molecules, regulation of cell death, trafficking and degradation of membrane and soluble constituents, and modulation of plant hormone metabolism and signaling. In this review, we discuss these recent findings on the coordination and crosstalk between autophagosome and MVB pathways that contribute to the complex network of plant stress responses.
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Tang J, Bassham DC. Autophagy in crop plants: what's new beyond Arabidopsis? Open Biol 2018; 8:180162. [PMID: 30518637 PMCID: PMC6303781 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.180162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a major degradation and recycling pathway in plants. It functions to maintain cellular homeostasis and is induced by environmental cues and developmental stimuli. Over the past decade, the study of autophagy has expanded from model plants to crop species. Many features of the core machinery and physiological functions of autophagy are conserved among diverse organisms. However, several novel functions and regulators of autophagy have been characterized in individual plant species. In light of its critical role in development and stress responses, a better understanding of autophagy in crop plants may eventually lead to beneficial agricultural applications. Here, we review recent progress on understanding autophagy in crops and discuss potential future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tang
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Diane C Bassham
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Zhang J, Li Y, Liu B, Wang L, Zhang L, Hu J, Chen J, Zheng H, Lu M. Characterization of the Populus Rab family genes and the function of PtRabE1b in salt tolerance. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:124. [PMID: 29914373 PMCID: PMC6006591 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1342-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rab proteins form the largest family of the Ras superfamily of small GTP-binding proteins and regulate intracellular trafficking pathways. However, the function of the Rab proteins in woody species is still an open question. RESULTS Here, a total of 67 PtRabs were identified in Populus trichocarpa and categorized into eight subfamilies (RabA-RabH). Based on their chromosomal distribution and duplication blocks in the Populus genome, a total of 27 PtRab paralogous pairs were identified and all of them were generated by whole-genome duplication events. Combined the expression correlation and duplication date, the PtRab paralogous pairs that still keeping highly similar expression patterns were generated around the latest large-scale duplication (~ 13 MYA). The cis-elements and co-expression network of unique expanded PtRabs suggest their potential roles in poplar development and environmental responses. Subcellular localization of PtRabs from each subfamily indicates each subfamily shows a localization pattern similar to what is revealed in Arabidopsis but RabC shows a localization different from their counterparts. Furthermore, we characterized PtRabE1b by overexpressing its constitutively active mutant PtRabE1b(Q74L) in poplar and found that PtRabE1b(Q74L) enhanced the salt tolerance. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide new insights into the functional divergence of PtRabs and resources for genetic engineering resistant breeding in tree species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN USA
| | - Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Bobin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Jianjun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Huanquan Zheng
- Developmental Biology Research Initiatives, Biology Department, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mengzhu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
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10
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Üstün S, Hafrén A, Hofius D. Autophagy as a mediator of life and death in plants. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 40:122-130. [PMID: 28946008 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a major pathway for degradation and recycling of cytoplasmic material, including individual proteins, aggregates, and entire organelles. Autophagic processes serve mainly survival functions in cellular homeostasis, stress adaptation and immune responses but can also have death-promoting activities in different eukaryotic organisms. In plants, the role of autophagy in the regulation of programmed cell death (PCD) remained elusive and a subject of debate. More recent evidence, however, has resulted in the consensus that autophagy can either promote or restrict different forms of PCD. Here, we present latest advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms and functions of plant autophagy and discuss their implications for life and death decisions in the context of developmental and pathogen-induced PCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suayib Üstün
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Hafrén
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Daniel Hofius
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
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11
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New Insight into the Mechanism and Function of Autophagy in Plant Cells. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 320:1-40. [PMID: 26614870 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a degradation pathway that is conserved throughout eukaryotic organisms and plays important roles in the tolerance of abiotic and biotic stresses. It functions as a housekeeping process to remove unwanted cell components under normal conditions, and is induced during stress and senescence to break down damaged cellular contents and to recycle materials. The target components are engulfed into specialized transport structures termed autophagosomes and are subsequently delivered to the vacuole for degradation. Here, we review milestones in the study of autophagy in plants, discuss recent advances in our understanding of the mechanism and physiological roles of plant autophagy, and highlight potential future directions of research.
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12
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Uemura T, Ueda T. Plant vacuolar trafficking driven by RAB and SNARE proteins. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 22:116-121. [PMID: 25460076 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Membrane-bounded organelles are connected to each other by membrane trafficking, which is accomplished by membrane fusion between transport vesicles and target organelles mediated by RAB GTPases and SNARE proteins. Of those trafficking pathways networking plant organelles, the vacuolar trafficking pathway has recently been shown to be uniquely diversified from non-plant systems, most likely reflecting unique functions of plant vacuoles such as the storage of proteins and other organic compounds, generation of turgor pressure, and space-filling to enlarge plant bodies. Plant-unique trafficking machineries in addition to evolutionarily conserved molecular components are allocated to this trafficking pathway in distinctive ways. In this review, we summarize recent findings on SNARE proteins and RAB GTPases mediating vacuolar transport in plants, especially focusing on the functions and regulation of two distinct trans-SNARE complexes and RAB5 and RAB7 in multiple vacuolar trafficking pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Uemura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takashi Ueda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
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13
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Teh OK, Hofius D. Membrane trafficking and autophagy in pathogen-triggered cell death and immunity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:1297-312. [PMID: 24420567 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants respond to pathogen attack with dynamic rearrangements of the endomembrane system and rapid redirection of membrane traffic to facilitate effective host defence. Mounting evidence indicates the involvement of endocytic, secretory, and vacuolar trafficking pathways in immune receptor activation, signal transduction, and execution of multiple defence responses including programmed cell death (PCD). Autophagy is a conserved intracellular trafficking and degradation process and has been implicated in basal immunity as well as in some forms of immune receptor-mediated vacuolar cell death. However, the regulatory interplay of autophagy and other membrane trafficking pathways in PCD and defence responses remains obscure. This review therefore highlights recent advances in the understanding of autophagic and membrane trafficking during plant immunity, and discusses emerging molecular links and functional interconnections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ooi-Kock Teh
- Department of Plant Biology and Forest Genetics, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) and Linnean Center of Plant Biology, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
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Oda Y, Fukuda H. Emerging roles of small GTPases in secondary cell wall development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:428. [PMID: 25206358 PMCID: PMC4143617 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of plant cell wall deposition and patterning is essential for the normal growth and development of plants. Small GTPases play pivotal roles in the modulation of primary cell wall formation by controlling cytoskeletal organization and membrane trafficking. However, the functions of small GTPases in secondary cell wall development are poorly understood. Recent studies on xylem cells revealed that the Rho of plants (ROP) group of small GTPases critically participates in the spatial patterning of secondary cell walls. In differentiating xylem cells, a specific GTPase-activating protein (GAP)/guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) pair facilitates local activation of ROP11 to establish de novo plasma membrane domains. The activated ROP11 then recruits a microtubule-associated protein, MIDD1, to mediate the mutual inhibition between cortical microtubules and active ROP. Furthermore, recent works suggest that certain small GTPases, including ROP and Rab GTPases, regulate membrane trafficking to establish secondary cell wall deposition and patterning. Accordingly, this mini-review assesses and summarizes the current literature regarding the emerging functions of small GTPases in the development of secondary cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Oda
- Center for Frontier Research, National Institute of GeneticsMishima, Japan
- The Graduate University For Advanced StudiesMishima, Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology AgencyKawaguchi, Japan
- *Correspondence: Yoshihisa Oda, Center for Frontier Research, National Institute of Genetics, Yata1111, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan e-mail:
| | - Hiroo Fukuda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
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15
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Dubouzet JG, Strabala TJ, Wagner A. Potential transgenic routes to increase tree biomass. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 212:72-101. [PMID: 24094056 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Biomass is a prime target for genetic engineering in forestry because increased biomass yield will benefit most downstream applications such as timber, fiber, pulp, paper, and bioenergy production. Transgenesis can increase biomass by improving resource acquisition and product utilization and by enhancing competitive ability for solar energy, water, and mineral nutrients. Transgenes that affect juvenility, winter dormancy, and flowering have been shown to influence biomass as well. Transgenic approaches have increased yield potential by mitigating the adverse effects of prevailing stress factors in the environment. Simultaneous introduction of multiple genes for resistance to various stress factors into trees may help forest trees cope with multiple or changing environments. We propose multi-trait engineering for tree crops, simultaneously deploying multiple independent genes to address a set of genetically uncorrelated traits that are important for crop improvement. This strategy increases the probability of unpredictable (synergistic or detrimental) interactions that may substantially affect the overall phenotype and its long-term performance. The very limited ability to predict the physiological processes that may be impacted by such a strategy requires vigilance and care during implementation. Hence, we recommend close monitoring of the resultant transgenic genotypes in multi-year, multi-location field trials.
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16
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Milhinhos A, Miguel CM. Hormone interactions in xylem development: a matter of signals. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2013; 32:867-83. [PMID: 23532297 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-013-1420-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Revised: 03/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Xylem provides long-distance transport of water and nutrients as well as structural support in plants. The development of the xylem tissues is modulated by several internal signals. In the last decades, the bloom of genetic and genomic tools has led to increased understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the function of the traditional plant hormones in xylem specification and differentiation. Critical functions have been assigned to novel signaling molecules, such as thermospermine. These signals do not function independently, but interact in a manner we are only now beginning to understand. We review the current knowledge of hormone signaling pathways and their crosstalk in cambial cell initiation and maintenance, and in xylem specification and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Milhinhos
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal.
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17
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Kwon SI, Cho HJ, Kim SR, Park OK. The Rab GTPase RabG3b positively regulates autophagy and immunity-associated hypersensitive cell death in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 161:1722-36. [PMID: 23404918 PMCID: PMC3613451 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.208108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A central component of the plant defense response to pathogens is the hypersensitive response (HR), a form of programmed cell death (PCD). Rapid and localized induction of HR PCD ensures that pathogen invasion is prevented. Autophagy has been implicated in the regulation of HR cell death, but the functional relationship between autophagy and HR PCD and the regulation of these processes during the plant immune response remain controversial. Here, we show that a small GTP-binding protein, RabG3b, plays a positive role in autophagy and promotes HR cell death in response to avirulent bacterial pathogens in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Transgenic plants overexpressing a constitutively active RabG3b (RabG3bCA) displayed accelerated, unrestricted HR PCD within 1 d of infection, in contrast to the autophagy-defective atg5-1 mutant, which gradually developed chlorotic cell death through uninfected sites over several days. Microscopic analyses showed the accumulation of autophagic structures during HR cell death in RabG3bCA cells. Our results suggest that RabG3b contributes to HR cell death via the activation of autophagy, which plays a positive role in plant immunity-triggered HR PCD.
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18
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Jung YH, Cho HJ, Lee JS, Noh EW, Park OK, Kim KH. Evaluation of a transgenic poplar as a potential biomass crop for biofuel production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 129:639-641. [PMID: 23298768 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.12.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 12/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A transgenic poplar, in which the RabG3bCA gene from Arabidopsis was overexpressed, was analyzed for its biomass composition and enzymatic digestibility after chemical pretreatment. In comparison with a wild-type poplar (WT), the transgenic poplar (OX8) showed 9.8% higher glucan content. The levels of other biomass components did not differ greatly between WT and OX8. When WT and OX8 samples were pretreated by sulfuric acid (1%, w/v at 190 °C), sodium hydroxide (1%, w/v at 190 °C), or ammonia (14%, w/w at 80 °C), the washed pretreated solids of OX8 exhibited a higher enzymatic digestibility than those of WT in each chemical pretreatment. The sodium hydroxide pretreatment was the most effective among the three pretreatment processes, showing 58.7% and 69.4% of theoretical glucose yield from the saccharification of pretreated OX8 and WT, respectively. The transgenic poplar, growing faster and taller, was found to contain more glucan and have a higher enzymatic digestibility than WT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Hoon Jung
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
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