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Paul S, Singh AK, Shilpi, Lal G. Phenotypic and functional plasticity of gamma-delta (γδ) T cells in inflammation and tolerance. Int Rev Immunol 2013; 33:537-58. [PMID: 24354324 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2013.863306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-delta T cells (γδ T cells) are an unique group of lymphocytes and play an important role in bridging the gap between innate and adaptive immune systems under homeostatic condition as well as during infection and inflammation. They are predominantly localized into the mucosal and epithelial sites, but also exist in other peripheral tissues and secondary lymphoid organs. γδ T cells can produce cytokines and chemokines to regulate the migration of other immune cells, can bring about lysis of infected or stressed cells by secreting granzymes, provide help to B cells and induce IgE production, can present antigen to conventional T cells, activate antigen presenting cells (APC) maturation, and are also known to produce growth factors that regulate the stromal cell function. γδ T cells spontaneously produce IFN-γ and IL-17 cytokines compared to delayed differentiation of Th1 and Th17 cells. In this review, we discussed the current knowledge about the mechanism of γδ T cell function including its mode of antigen recognition, and differentiation into various subsets of γδ T cells. We also explored how γδ T cells interact with different types of innate and adaptive immune cells, and how these interactions shape the immune response highlighting the plasticity and role of these cells-protective or pathogenic under inflammatory and tolerogenic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Paul
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Balasa B, Sarvetnick N. Is pathogenic humoral autoimmunity a Th1 response? Lessons from (for) myasthenia gravis. IMMUNOLOGY TODAY 2000; 21:19-23. [PMID: 10637554 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5699(99)01553-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B Balasa
- Dept of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Zhang GX, Xiao BG, Bai XF, van der Meide PH, Örn A, Link H. Mice with IFN-γ Receptor Deficiency Are Less Susceptible to Experimental Autoimmune Myasthenia Gravis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.7.3775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
IFN-γ can either adversely or beneficially affect certain experimental autoimmune diseases. To study the role of IFN-γ in the autoantibody-mediated experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG), an animal model of myasthenia gravis in humans, IFN-γR-deficient (IFN-γR−/−) mutant C57BL/6 mice and congenic wild-type mice were immunized with Torpedo acetylcholine receptor (AChR) plus CFA. IFN-γR−/− mice exhibited significantly lower incidence and severity of muscle weakness, lower anti-AChR IgG Ab levels, and lower Ab affinity to AChR compared with wild-type mice. Passive transfer of serum from IFN-γR−/− mice induced less muscular weakness compared with serum from wild-type mice. In contrast, numbers of lymph node cells secreting IFN-γ and of those expressing IFN-γ mRNA were strongly augmented in the IFN-γR−/− mice, reflecting a failure of negative feedback circuits. Cytokine studies by in situ hybridization revealed lower levels of lymphoid cells expressing AChR-reactive IL-1β and TNF-α mRNA in AChR + CFA-immunized IFN-γR−/− mice compared with wild-type mice. No differences were found for AChR-reactive cells expressing IL-4, IL-10, or TGF-β mRNA. These results indicate that IFN-γ promotes systemic humoral responses in EAMG by up-regulating the production and the affinity of anti-AChR autoantibodies, thereby contributing to susceptibility to EAMG in C57BL/6-type mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Xian Zhang
- *Division of Neurology, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bao-Guo Xiao
- *Division of Neurology, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xue-Feng Bai
- *Division of Neurology, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Anders Örn
- ‡Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans Link
- *Division of Neurology, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Shi FD, Bai XF, Li HL, Huang YM, Van der Meide PH, Link H. Nasal tolerance in experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG): induction of protective tolerance in primed animals. Clin Exp Immunol 1998; 111:506-12. [PMID: 9528890 PMCID: PMC1904894 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.1998.00521.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasal administration of microg doses of acetylcholine receptor (AChR) is effective in preventing the development of B cell-mediated EAMG in the Lewis rat, a model for human MG. In order to investigate whether nasal administration of AChR modulates ongoing EAMG, Lewis rats were treated nasally with AChR 2 weeks after immunization with AChR and Freund's complete adjuvant. Ten-fold higher amounts of AChR given nasally (600 microg/rat) were required to ameliorate the manifestations of EAMG compared with the amounts necessary for prevention of EAMG. In lymph node cells from rats receiving 600 microg/rat of AChR, AChR-induced proliferation and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) secretion were reduced compared with control EAMG rats receiving PBS only. The anti-AChR antibodies in rats treated nasally with 600 microg/rat of AChR had lower affinity, reduced proportion of IgG2b and reduced capacity to induce AChR degradation. Numbers of AChR-reactive IFN-gamma and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) mRNA-expressing lymph node cells from rats treated nasally with 600 microg/rat of AChR were suppressed, while IL-4, IL-10 and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) mRNA-expressing cells were not affected. Collectively, these data indicate that nasal administration of AChR in ongoing EAMG induced selective suppression of Th1 functions, i.e. IFN-gamma and IgG2b production, but no influence on Th2 cell functions. The impaired Th1 functions may result in the production of less myasthenic anti-AChR antibodies and contribute to the amelioration of EAMG severity in rats treated with AChR 600 microg/rat by the nasal route.
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Affiliation(s)
- F D Shi
- Division of Neurology, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Shi FD, Bai XF, Xiao BG, van der Meide PH, Link H. Nasal administration of multiple antigens suppresses experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis, encephalomyelitis and neuritis. J Neurol Sci 1998; 155:1-12. [PMID: 9562316 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-510x(97)00232-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oral tolerization with acetylcholine receptor (AChR) and myelin basic protein (MBP) prior to immunization with AChR+MBP+ complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) alleviated clinical signs of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG)+experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) and AChR- or MBP-specific T and B cell responses. Tolerance induced via the nasal route needs much less tolerogen and may still be as effective as oral tolerance induction. We now immunized Lewis rats with AChR+MBP+bovine peripheral nerve myelin (BPM)+CFA, which resulted in a multiphasic clinical picture with a combination of clinical signs of the EAMG+EAE+experimental allergic neuritis (EAN), accompanied by massive macrophage infiltrations in sections of muscle, spinal cord and sciatic nerve, and strong T and B cell responses to AChR, MBP and BPM in lymphoid organs. Nasal administration of microg doses of AChR+MBP+BPM prior to immunization with a mixture of these antigens+CFA effectively suppressed the incidence and severity of clinical disease, reduced macrophage infiltrations in sections of muscle, spinal cord and sciatic nerve, and down-regulated autoreactive T cell responses to the three antigens in lymphoid organs. Numbers of AChR-, MBP-, BPM-reactive Th1 type of cytokine interferon (IFN)-gamma, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha mRNA expression in lymph node cells were markedly suppressed, while transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) mRNA expression was upregulated from nasally tolerized rats, suggesting an active suppression mechanism may act partly in the induction of tolerance. The results implicate the possibility to establish multiple autoantigen-based vaccination for the prevention of autoimmune diseases in humans.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Intranasal
- Animals
- Autoantigens/administration & dosage
- Autoantigens/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/prevention & control
- Cattle
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- Epitopes/genetics
- Female
- Immune Tolerance
- Immunoglobulin G/biosynthesis
- Immunohistochemistry
- Immunosuppressive Agents/administration & dosage
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Interleukin-10/genetics
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Muscle Weakness/immunology
- Muscle Weakness/metabolism
- Myasthenia Gravis/metabolism
- Myasthenia Gravis/prevention & control
- Myelin Basic Protein/metabolism
- Myelin Sheath/immunology
- Neuritis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Neuritis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Neuritis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Receptors, Cholinergic/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- F D Shi
- Division of Neurology, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Katz-Levy Y, Paas-Rozner M, Kirshner S, Dayan M, Zisman E, Fridkin M, Wirguin I, Sela M, Mozes E. A peptide composed of tandem analogs of two myasthenogenic T cell epitopes interferes with specific autoimmune responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:3200-5. [PMID: 9096370 PMCID: PMC20346 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.7.3200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a T cell-regulated, antibody-mediated autoimmune disease. Two peptides representing sequences of the human acetylcholine receptor alpha-subunit, p195-212 and p259-271, were previously shown to stimulate peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients with MG and were found to be immunodominant T cell epitopes in SJL and BALB/c mice, respectively. Single amino acid substituted analogs of p195-212 (analog Ala-207) and p259-271 (analog Lys-262) were synthesized. We showed that analogs Ala-207 and Lys-262 inhibited, in vitro and in vivo, the proliferative responses of T cell lines specific to the relevant peptide and lymph node cells of mice immunized to p195-212 and p259-271, respectively. To inhibit T cell responses to both peptides (p195-212 and p259-271), we synthesized dual analogs composed of the tandemly arranged two single (Ala-207 and Lys-262) analogs (dual analog) either sequentially (Ala-207-Lys-262) or reciprocally (Lys-262-Ala-207). In the present study, we report that both dual analogs could bind to major histocompatibility complex class II molecules on antigen-presenting cells of SJL and BALB/c mice. Analog Lys-262-Ala-207, which bound more efficiently to major histocompatibility complex class II molecules, was found to inhibit the proliferative responses of both p195-212- and p259-271-specific T cell lines. Furthermore, the analog inhibited the in vivo priming of lymph node cells of both SJL and BALB/c mice when administered i.v., i.p., or per os. The dual analog Lys-262-Ala-207 could also immunomodulate myasthenogenic manifestations in mice with experimental autoimmune MG induced by inoculation of a pathogenic T cell line. Thus, a single peptide that is composed of analogs to two epitope specificities can be used to regulate T cell responses and disease associated with each epitope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Katz-Levy
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Zhang GX, Ma CG, Xiao BG, van de Meide PH, Link H. Autoreactive T cell responses and cytokine patterns reflect resistance to experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis in Wistar Furth rats. Eur J Immunol 1996; 26:2552-8. [PMID: 8921938 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830261103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Various mouse and rat strains show different susceptibilities to experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) that can be induced by immunization with acetylcholine receptor (AChR) and Freund's complete adjuvant, and represents a model for the antibody-mediated myasthenia gravis in humans. We examined AChR-induced B and T cell responses and cytokine mRNA expression to study the mechanisms behind susceptibility to EAMG in Lewis rats and resistance in Wistar Furth (WF) rats. Both strains had similarly elevated concentrations and affinities of serum anti-AChR antibodies, and no difference between the two strains for frequencies of cells in lymphoid organs expressing mRNA of the B cell stimulating cytokine interleukin-4 was found. In contrast, T cell responses to AChR measured by proliferation and by enumeration of interferon-gamma-expressing cells at both mRNA and protein level were lower in the resistant WF rats. This strain showed, instead, an up-regulation of the anti-inflammatory transforming growth factor-beta. Strain-related differences in the susceptibility to actively induced EAMG are thus related to quantitative differences in distribution between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- G X Zhang
- Division of Neurology, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Wang ZY, He B, Qiao J, Link H. Suppression of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by oral administration of acetylcholine receptor and myelin basic protein: double tolerance. J Neuroimmunol 1995; 63:79-86. [PMID: 8557828 DOI: 10.1016/0165-5728(95)00136-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Oral administration of acetylcholine receptor (AChR) or myelin basic protein (MBP) to Lewis rat prior to immunization with AChr or MBP and complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) has previously been shown to prevent or delay the onset of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) or experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), which represent animal models of myasthenia gravis and multiple sclerosis, respectively. Here we show that Lewis rats immunized with AChr+MBP+CFA developed both signs of muscular weakness seen in EAMG and paresis characteristic for EAE. This disease was associated with high levels of anti-AChR and anti-MBP antibody secreting cells and of AChR- and MBP-reactive INF-gamma secreting Th1-like cells in lymph nodes. The diseased rats also showed upregulation of AChR- and MBP-induced mRNA expression of IFN-gamma in lymph node cells. Oral tolerization with AChR and MBP in combination prior to immunization with AChR+MBP+CFA alleviated clinical disease as well as AChR- and MBP-specific B cell node cells. The results implicate that oral tolerization simultaneously to more than one autoimmune disease-related autoantigen is feasible, and that suppression of autoantigen-induced IFN-gamma and augmentation of TGF-beta are pivotal in tolerance induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Y Wang
- Division of Neurology, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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