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Anyalebechi JC, Sun Y, Davis C, Wagener ME, Liang Z, Burd EM, Coopersmith CM, Ford ML. CD8 + T cells are necessary for improved sepsis survival induced by CD28 agonism in immunologically experienced mice. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1346097. [PMID: 38633258 PMCID: PMC11021695 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1346097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction A hallmark of T cell dysregulation during sepsis is the downregulation of costimulatory molecules. CD28 is one of T cell costimulatory molecules significantly altered on memory T cells during sepsis. We recently showed that treatment with a αCD28 agonist in septic immunologically experienced mice led to improved survival. Therefore, here we aimed to identify the cell subset(s) necessary for the survival benefit observed in the context of CD28 agonism, and to further investigate the mechanism by which CD28 agonism improves sepsis survival in immunologically experienced mice. Methods: Mice received specific pathogen inoculation to generate memory T cell populations similar in frequency to that of adult humans. Once these infections were cleared and the T cell response had transitioned to the memory phase, animals were rendered septic via cecal ligation and puncture in the presence or absence of an agonistic anti-CD28 mAb. Results Results demonstrated that CD8+ T cells, and not bulk CD4+ T cells or CD25+ regulatory T cells, were necessary for the survival benefit observed in CD28 agonist-treated septic immunologically experienced mice. Upon examination of these CD8+ T cells, we found that CD28 agonism in septic immunologically experienced mice was associated with an increase in Foxp3+ CD8+ T cells as compared to vehicle-treated controls. When CD8+ T cells were depleted in septic immunologically experienced mice in the setting of CD28 agonism, a significant increase in levels of inflammatory cytokines in the blood was observed. Discussion Taken together, these results indicate that CD28 agonism in immunologically experienced mice effectively suppresses inflammation via a CD8+-dependent mechanism to decrease mortality during sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome C. Anyalebechi
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Emory Critical Care Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Yini Sun
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Carolyn Davis
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Emory Critical Care Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Maylene E. Wagener
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Zhe Liang
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Emory Critical Care Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Eileen M. Burd
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Craig M. Coopersmith
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Emory Critical Care Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Mandy L. Ford
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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2
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Bergmann CB, Beckmann N, Salyer CE, Hanschen M, Crisologo PA, Caldwell CC. Potential Targets to Mitigate Trauma- or Sepsis-Induced Immune Suppression. Front Immunol 2021; 12:622601. [PMID: 33717127 PMCID: PMC7947256 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.622601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In sepsis and trauma, pathogens and injured tissue provoke a systemic inflammatory reaction which can lead to overwhelming inflammation. Concurrent with the innate hyperinflammatory response is adaptive immune suppression that can become chronic. A current key issue today is that patients who undergo intensive medical care after sepsis or trauma have a high mortality rate after being discharged. This high mortality is thought to be associated with persistent immunosuppression. Knowledge about the pathophysiology leading to this state remains fragmented. Immunosuppressive cytokines play an essential role in mediating and upholding immunosuppression in these patients. Specifically, the cytokines Interleukin-10 (IL-10), Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) and Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) are reported to have potent immunosuppressive capacities. Here, we review their ability to suppress inflammation, their dynamics in sepsis and trauma and what drives the pathologic release of these cytokines. They do exert paradoxical effects under certain conditions, which makes it necessary to evaluate their functions in the context of dynamic changes post-sepsis and trauma. Several drugs modulating their functions are currently in clinical trials in the treatment of other pathologies. We provide an overview of the current literature on the effects of IL-10, TGF-β and TSLP in sepsis and trauma and suggest therapeutic approaches for their modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian B Bergmann
- Division of Research, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Nadine Beckmann
- Division of Research, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Christen E Salyer
- Division of Research, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Marc Hanschen
- Experimental Trauma Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Trauma Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter A Crisologo
- Division of Podiatric Medicine and Surgery, Critical Care, and Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Charles C Caldwell
- Division of Research, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Research, Shriners Hospital for Children, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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Lv QZ, Li DD, Han H, Yang YH, Duan JL, Ma HH, Yu Y, Chen JY, Jiang YY, Jia XM. Priming with FLO8-deficient Candida albicans induces Th1-biased protective immunity against lethal polymicrobial sepsis. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 18:2010-2023. [PMID: 33154574 PMCID: PMC7642578 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00576-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The morphological switch between yeast and hyphae of Candida albicans is essential for its interaction with the host defense system. However, the lack of understanding of host–pathogen interactions during C. albicans infection greatly hampers the development of effective immunotherapies. Here, we found that priming with the C. albicans FLO8-deficient (flo8) mutant, locked in yeast form, protected mice from subsequent lethal C. albicans infection. Deficiency of Dectin-2, a fungus-derived α-mannan recognition receptor, completely blocked flo8 mutant-induced protection. Mechanistically, the flo8 mutant-induced Dectin-2/CARD9-mediated IL-10 production in DCs and macrophages to block thymus atrophy by inhibiting the C. albicans-induced apoptosis of thymic T cells, which facilitated the continuous output of naive T cells from the thymus to the spleen. Continuous recruitment of naive T cells to the spleen enhanced Th1-biased antifungal immune responses. Consequently, depletion of CD4+ T cells or blockade of IL-10 receptor function using specific antibodies in mice completely blocked the protective effects of flo8 mutant priming against C. albicans infection. Moreover, mannans exposed on the surface of the flo8 mutant were responsible for eliciting protective immunity by inhibiting the C. albicans-induced apoptosis of thymic T cells to sustain the number of naive T cells in the spleen. Importantly, priming with the flo8 mutant extensively protected mice from polymicrobial infection caused by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) by enhancing Th1-biased immune responses. Together, our findings imply that targeting FLO8 in C. albicans elicits protective immune responses against polymicrobial infections and that mannans extracted from the flo8 mutant are potential immunotherapeutic candidate(s) for controlling infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan-Zhen Lv
- Clinical Medicine Scientific and Technical Innovation Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.,School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - De-Dong Li
- Clinical Medicine Scientific and Technical Innovation Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Hua Han
- Clinical Medicine Scientific and Technical Innovation Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yi-Heng Yang
- Clinical Medicine Scientific and Technical Innovation Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jie-Lin Duan
- Clinical Medicine Scientific and Technical Innovation Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Hui-Hui Ma
- Clinical Medicine Scientific and Technical Innovation Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yao Yu
- Clinical Medicine Scientific and Technical Innovation Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jiang-Ye Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yuan-Ying Jiang
- Clinical Medicine Scientific and Technical Innovation Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Xin-Ming Jia
- Clinical Medicine Scientific and Technical Innovation Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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Dumont-Lagacé M, Gerbe H, Daouda T, Laverdure JP, Brochu S, Lemieux S, Gagnon É, Perreault C. Detection of Quiescent Radioresistant Epithelial Progenitors in the Adult Thymus. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1717. [PMID: 29259606 PMCID: PMC5723310 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymic aging precedes that of other organs and is initiated by the gradual loss of thymic epithelial cells (TECs). Based on in vitro culture and transplantation assays, recent studies have reported on the presence of thymic epithelial progenitor cells (TEPCs) in young adult mice. However, the physiological role and properties of TEPC populations reported to date remain unclear. Using an in vivo label-retention assay, we previously identified a population of quiescent but non-senescent TECs. The goals of this study were therefore (i) to evaluate the contribution of these quiescent TECs to thymic regeneration following irradiation-induced acute thymic injury and (ii) to characterize their phenotypic and molecular profiles using flow cytometry, immunohistology, and transcriptome sequencing. We report that while UEA1+ cells cycle the most in steady state, they are greatly affected by irradiation, leading to cell loss and proliferative arrest following acute thymic involution. On the opposite, the UEA1– subset of quiescent TECs is radioresistant and proliferate in situ following acute thymic involution, thereby contributing to thymic regeneration in 28- to 30-week-old mice. UEA1– quiescent TECs display an undifferentiated phenotype (co-expression of K8 and K5 cytokeratins) and express high levels of genes that regulate stem cell activity in different tissues (e.g., Podxl and Ptprz1). In addition, two features suggest that UEA1– quiescent TECs occupy discrete stromal niches: (i) their preferential location in clusters adjacent to the cortico-medullary junction and (ii) their high expression of genes involved in cross talk with mesenchymal cells. The ability of UEA1– quiescent TECs to participate to TEC regeneration qualifies them as in vivo progenitor cells particularly relevant in the context of regeneration following acute thymic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maude Dumont-Lagacé
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Hervé Gerbe
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Tariq Daouda
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Sylvie Brochu
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sébastien Lemieux
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Informatics and Operational Research, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Étienne Gagnon
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Claude Perreault
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Franks Z, Carlisle M, Rondina MT. Current challenges in understanding immune cell functions during septic syndromes. BMC Immunol 2015; 16:11. [PMID: 25887317 PMCID: PMC4374283 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-015-0073-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis is a dynamic infectious disease syndrome characterized by dysregulated inflammatory responses. RESULTS Despite decades of research, improvements in the treatment of sepsis have been modest. These limited advances are likely due, in part, to multiple factors, including substantial heterogeneity in septic syndromes, significant knowledge gaps in our understanding of how immune cells function in sepsis, and limitations in animal models that accurately recapitulate the human septic milieu. The goal of this brief review is to describe current challenges in understanding immune cell functions during sepsis. We also provide a framework to guide scientists and clinicians in research and patient care as they strive to better understand dysregulated cell responses during sepsis. CONCLUSIONS Additional, well-designed translational studies in sepsis are critical for enhancing our understanding of the role of immune cells in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zechariah Franks
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Salt Lake City, 84112, , Utah, USA.
| | | | - Matthew T Rondina
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Salt Lake City, 84112, , Utah, USA.
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, 84112, , Utah, USA.
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Noh KT, Son KH, Jung ID, Kang HK, Hwang SA, Lee WS, You JC, Park YM. Protein kinase C δ (PKCδ)-extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling cascade regulates glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) inhibition-mediated interleukin-10 (IL-10) expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endotoxemia. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:14226-33. [PMID: 22393041 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.308841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) modulates a wide array of cellular processes, including embryonic development, cell differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. Recently, it was reported that a GSK-3 inhibitor attenuates lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced septic shock and regulates the mortality of endotoxemic mice. However, the detailed mechanism of reduced mortality via GSK-3 inhibition is not well defined. Herein, we showed that GSK-3 inhibition induces extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) activation under LPS-stressed conditions via protein kinase C δ (PKCδ) activation. Furthermore, PKCδ-induced ERK1/2 activation by the inhibition of GSK-3 provoked the production of interleukin (IL)-10, playing a crucial role in regulating endotoxemia. Using a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase-1 (MEK-1) and PKCδ inhibitor, we confirmed that GSK-3 inhibition induces PKCδ and subsequent ERK1/2 activation, resulting in increased IL-10 expression under LPS-treated conditions. We verified that septic shock caused by LPS is attenuated by GSK-3 inhibition using a GSK-3 inhibitor. This relieved endotoxemia induced by GSK-3 inhibition was restored in an ERK1/2-dependent manner. Taken together, IL-10 expression produced by GSK-3 inhibition-induced ERK1/2 activation via PKCδ relieved LPS-mediated endotoxemia. This finding suggests that IL-10 hyperexpression resulting from GSK-3 inhibition-induced ERK activation could be a new therapeutic pathway for endotoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Tae Noh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam-do 626-870, South Korea
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Fox AC, Breed ER, Liang Z, Clark AT, Zee-Cheng BR, Chang KC, Dominguez JA, Jung E, Dunne WM, Burd EM, Farris AB, Linehan DC, Coopersmith CM. Prevention of lymphocyte apoptosis in septic mice with cancer increases mortality. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:1950-6. [PMID: 21734077 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocyte apoptosis is thought to have a major role in the pathophysiology of sepsis. However, there is a disconnect between animal models of sepsis and patients with the disease, because the former use subjects that were healthy prior to the onset of infection while most patients have underlying comorbidities. The purpose of this study was to determine whether lymphocyte apoptosis prevention is effective in preventing mortality in septic mice with preexisting cancer. Mice with lymphocyte Bcl-2 overexpression (Bcl-2-Ig) and wild type (WT) mice were injected with a transplantable pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell line. Three weeks later, after development of palpable tumors, all animals received an intratracheal injection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Despite having decreased sepsis-induced T and B lymphocyte apoptosis, Bcl-2-Ig mice had markedly increased mortality compared with WT mice following P. aeruginosa pneumonia (85 versus 44% 7-d mortality; p = 0.004). The worsened survival in Bcl-2-Ig mice was associated with increases in Th1 cytokines TNF-α and IFN-γ in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and decreased production of the Th2 cytokine IL-10 in stimulated splenocytes. There were no differences in tumor size or pulmonary pathology between Bcl-2-Ig and WT mice. To verify that the mortality difference was not specific to Bcl-2 overexpression, similar experiments were performed in Bim(-/-) mice. Septic Bim(-/-) mice with cancer also had increased mortality compared with septic WT mice with cancer. These data demonstrate that, despite overwhelming evidence that prevention of lymphocyte apoptosis is beneficial in septic hosts without comorbidities, the same strategy worsens survival in mice with cancer that are given pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Fox
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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