1
|
Nihei J, Cardillo F, Mengel J. The Blockade of Interleukin-2 During the Acute Phase of Trypanosoma cruzi Infection Reveals Its Dominant Regulatory Role. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:758273. [PMID: 34869064 PMCID: PMC8635756 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.758273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi infection causes Chagas’ disease in humans. The infection activates the innate and adaptative immunity in an orchestrated immune response to control parasite growth, guaranteeing host survival. Despite an effective immune response to the parasite in the acute phase, the infection progresses to a chronic stage. The parasite infects different tissues such as peripheral neurons, the brain, skeletal muscle, and heart muscle, among many others. It is evident now that tissue-specific immune responses may develop along with anti-parasite immunity. Therefore, mechanisms to regulate immunity and to ensure tissue-specific tolerance are operating during the infection. Studying those immunoregulatory mechanisms is fundamental to improve host protection or control inflammatory reactions that may lead to pathology. The role of IL-2 during T. cruzi infection is not established. IL-2 production by T cells is strongly down-modulated early in the disease by unknown mechanisms and remains low during the chronic phase of the disease. IL-2 activates NK cells, CD4, and CD8 T cells and may be necessary to immunity development. Also, the expansion and maintenance of regulatory T cells require IL-2. Thus, IL-2 may be a key cytokine involved in promoting or down-regulating immune responses, probably in a dose-dependent manner. This study blocked IL-2 during the acute T. cruzi infection by using a neutralizing monoclonal antibody. The results show that parasitemia and mortality rate was lower in animals treated with anti-IL-2. The percentages and total numbers of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells diminished within three weeks of infection. The numbers of splenic activated/memory CD4 and CD8 splenic T cells increased during the acute infection. T cells producing IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-10 also augmented in anti-IL-2-treated infected mice. The IL-2 blockade also increased the numbers of inflammatory cells in the heart and skeletal muscles and the amount of IL-17 produced by heart T cells. These results suggest that IL-2 might be involved in the immune regulatory response during the acute T. cruzi infection, dampening T cell activation through the expansion/maintenance of regulatory T cells and regulating IL-17 production. Therefore, the IL-2 pathway is an attractive target for therapeutic purposes in acute and chronic phases of Chagas’ disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Nihei
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Salvador, Brazil.,Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Recôncavo da Bahia (UFRP), Santo Antonio de Jesus, Brazil
| | - Fabiola Cardillo
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Jose Mengel
- Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Petropolis Medical School, University Faculties Arthur Sa Earp Neto (FMP/UNIFASE), Petropolis, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ledoux T, Aridgides D, Salvador R, Ngwenyama N, Panagiotidou S, Alcaide P, Blanton RM, Perrin MA. Trypanosoma cruzi Neurotrophic Factor Facilitates Cardiac Repair in a Mouse Model of Chronic Chagas Disease. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 368:11-20. [PMID: 30348750 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.251900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Most patients acutely infected with Trypanosoma cruzi undergo short-term structural and functional cardiac alterations that heal without sequelae. By contrast, in patients whose disease progresses to chronic infection, irreversible degenerative chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCC) may develop. To account for the contrast between cardiac regeneration in high-parasitism acute infection and progressive cardiomyopathy in low-parasitism CCC, we hypothesized that T. cruzi expresses repair factors that directly facilitate cardiac regeneration. We investigated, as one such repair factor, the T. cruzi parasite-derived neurotrophic factor (PDNF), known to trigger survival of cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts and upregulate chemokine chemokine C-C motif ligand 2, which promotes migration of regenerative cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs). Using in vivo and in vitro models of Chagas disease, we tested whether T. cruzi PDNF promotes cardiac repair. Quantitative PCR and flow cytometry of heart tissue revealed that stem-cell antigen-1 (Sca-1+) CPCs expand in acute infection in parallel to parasitism. Recombinant PDNF induced survival and expansion of ex vivo CPCs, and intravenous administration of PDNF into naïve mice upregulated mRNA of cardiac stem-cell marker Sca-1. Furthermore, in CCC mice, a 3-week intravenous administration of PDNF protocol induced CPC expansion and reversed left ventricular T-cell accumulation and cardiac remodeling including fibrosis. Compared with CCC vehicle-treated mice, which developed severe atrioventricular block, PDNF-treated mice exhibited reduced frequency and severity of conduction abnormalities. Our findings are in support of the novel concept that T. cruzi uses PDNF to promote mutually beneficial cardiac repair in Chagas disease. This could indicate a possible path to prevention or treatment of CCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Ledoux
- Program in Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (T.L., S.P., M.P.) and Program in Immunology (D.A., R.S., N.N., P.A.), Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences and Departments of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology (T.L., D.A., R.S., S.P., M.P.) and Immunology (N.N., P.A.), Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts; and Molecular Cardiology Research Institute and Division of Cardiology (R.B.), Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel Aridgides
- Program in Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (T.L., S.P., M.P.) and Program in Immunology (D.A., R.S., N.N., P.A.), Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences and Departments of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology (T.L., D.A., R.S., S.P., M.P.) and Immunology (N.N., P.A.), Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts; and Molecular Cardiology Research Institute and Division of Cardiology (R.B.), Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ryan Salvador
- Program in Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (T.L., S.P., M.P.) and Program in Immunology (D.A., R.S., N.N., P.A.), Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences and Departments of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology (T.L., D.A., R.S., S.P., M.P.) and Immunology (N.N., P.A.), Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts; and Molecular Cardiology Research Institute and Division of Cardiology (R.B.), Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Njabulo Ngwenyama
- Program in Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (T.L., S.P., M.P.) and Program in Immunology (D.A., R.S., N.N., P.A.), Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences and Departments of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology (T.L., D.A., R.S., S.P., M.P.) and Immunology (N.N., P.A.), Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts; and Molecular Cardiology Research Institute and Division of Cardiology (R.B.), Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Smaro Panagiotidou
- Program in Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (T.L., S.P., M.P.) and Program in Immunology (D.A., R.S., N.N., P.A.), Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences and Departments of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology (T.L., D.A., R.S., S.P., M.P.) and Immunology (N.N., P.A.), Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts; and Molecular Cardiology Research Institute and Division of Cardiology (R.B.), Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Pilar Alcaide
- Program in Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (T.L., S.P., M.P.) and Program in Immunology (D.A., R.S., N.N., P.A.), Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences and Departments of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology (T.L., D.A., R.S., S.P., M.P.) and Immunology (N.N., P.A.), Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts; and Molecular Cardiology Research Institute and Division of Cardiology (R.B.), Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Robert M Blanton
- Program in Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (T.L., S.P., M.P.) and Program in Immunology (D.A., R.S., N.N., P.A.), Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences and Departments of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology (T.L., D.A., R.S., S.P., M.P.) and Immunology (N.N., P.A.), Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts; and Molecular Cardiology Research Institute and Division of Cardiology (R.B.), Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mercio A Perrin
- Program in Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (T.L., S.P., M.P.) and Program in Immunology (D.A., R.S., N.N., P.A.), Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences and Departments of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology (T.L., D.A., R.S., S.P., M.P.) and Immunology (N.N., P.A.), Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts; and Molecular Cardiology Research Institute and Division of Cardiology (R.B.), Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Duarte JG, Nascimento RD, Martins PR, d'Ávila Reis D. Evaluation of the immunoreactivity of nerve growth factor and tropomyosin receptor kinase A in the esophagus of noninfected and infected individuals with Trypanosoma cruzi. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:1647-1655. [PMID: 29550999 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5838-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Megaesophagus is one of the major manifestations of the chronic phase of Chagas disease. Its primary symptom is generally dysphagia due to disturbance in the lower esophageal sphincter. Microscopically, the affected organ presents denervation, which has been considered as consequence of an inflammatory process that begins at the acute phase and persists in the chronic phase. Inflammatory infiltrates are composed of lymphocytes, macrophages, natural killer cells, mast cells, and eosinophils. In this study, we evaluated the immunoreactivity of nerve growth factor (NGF), and of its receptor tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA), molecules that are well known for having a relevant role in neuroimmune communication in the gastrointestinal tract. Esophageal samples obtained via autopsy or surgery procedures from six noninfected individuals, six infected individuals without megaesophagus, and six infected individuals with megaesophagus were analyzed. Infected individuals without megaesophagus presented increased numbers of NGF immunoreactive (IR) mast cells and increased areas of TrkA-IR epithelial cells and inner muscle cells. Infected individuals with megaesophagus showed increased numbers of NGF-IR eosinophils and mast cells, TrkA-IR eosinophils and mast cells, increased area of NGF-IR epithelial cells, and increased areas of TrkA-IR epithelials cells and inner muscle cells. The data presented here point to the participation of NGF and its TrkA receptor in the pathology of chagasic megaesophagus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Garcia Duarte
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo Duarte Nascimento
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Vida, Instituto de Ciências da Vida, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Patrícia Rocha Martins
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Débora d'Ávila Reis
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hommel B, Charuel JL, Jaureguiberry S, Arnaud L, Courtin R, Kassab P, Prendki V, Paris L, Ghillani-Dalbin P, Thellier M, Caumes E, Amoura Z, Mazier D, Musset L, Buffet P, Miyara M. Chronic malaria revealed by a new fluorescence pattern on the antinuclear autoantibodies test. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88548. [PMID: 24551116 PMCID: PMC3923801 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several clinical forms of malaria such as chronic carriage, gestational malaria or hyper-reactive malarial splenomegaly may follow a cryptic evolution with afebrile chronic fatigue sometimes accompanied by anemia and/or splenomegaly. Conventional parasitological tests are often negative or not performed, and severe complications may occur. Extensive explorations of these conditions often include the search for antinuclear autoantibodies (ANA). METHODS We analysed fluorescence patterns in the ANA test in patients with either chronic cryptic or acute symptomatic malaria, then conducted a one-year prospective study at a single hospital on all available sera drawn for ANA detections. We then identified autoantibodies differentially expressed in malaria patients and in controls using human protein microarray. RESULTS We uncovered and defined a new, malaria-related, nucleo-cytoplasmic ANA pattern displaying the specific association of a nuclear speckled pattern with diffuse cytoplasmic perinuclearly-enhanced fluorescence. In the one-year prospective analysis, 79% of sera displaying this new nucleo-cytoplasmic fluorescence were from patients with malaria. This specific pattern, not seen in other parasitic diseases, allowed a timely reorientation of the diagnosis toward malaria. To assess if the autoantibody immune response was due to autoreactivity or molecular mimicry we isolated 42 autoantigens, targets of malarial autoantibodies. BLAST analysis indicated that 23 of recognized autoantigens were homologous to plasmodial proteins suggesting autoimmune responses directly driven by the plasmodial infection. CONCLUSION In patients with malaria in whom parasitological tests have not been performed recognition of this new, malaria-related fluorescence pattern on the ANA test is highly suggestive of the diagnosis and triggers immediate, easy confirmation and adapted therapy.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Antinuclear/blood
- Antibodies, Antinuclear/immunology
- Antigens, Protozoan/blood
- Antigens, Protozoan/immunology
- Cell Nucleus/immunology
- Cell Nucleus/parasitology
- Chronic Disease
- Cytoplasm/immunology
- Cytoplasm/parasitology
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect
- Humans
- Malaria, Falciparum/blood
- Malaria, Falciparum/diagnosis
- Malaria, Falciparum/immunology
- Malaria, Falciparum/parasitology
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Neutrophils/cytology
- Neutrophils/immunology
- Neutrophils/parasitology
- Plasmodium falciparum/immunology
- Plasmodium falciparum/isolation & purification
- Protein Array Analysis
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Hommel
- Immunology Department – Immune Chemistry and Autoimmunity Laboratory, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France
- Parasitology-Mycology Laboratory, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Luc Charuel
- Parasitology-Mycology Laboratory, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Jaureguiberry
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Department, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
- INSERM (National Institute of Health and Medical Research) UMR-S 945, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Arnaud
- INSERM (National Institute of Health and Medical Research) UMR-S 945, Paris, France
- Internal Medicine Department, French National Reference Center for SLE and Antiphospholipid Syndrome AP-HP Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Regis Courtin
- Immunology Department – Immune Chemistry and Autoimmunity Laboratory, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Petra Kassab
- Parasitology-Mycology Laboratory, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Virginie Prendki
- Department of Internal Medicine and Septic Orthopaedics, Hôpital Croix Saint-Simon, Paris, France
| | - Luc Paris
- Immunology Department – Immune Chemistry and Autoimmunity Laboratory, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Pascale Ghillani-Dalbin
- Parasitology-Mycology Laboratory, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Marc Thellier
- Immunology Department – Immune Chemistry and Autoimmunity Laboratory, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France
- INSERM (National Institute of Health and Medical Research) UMR-S 945, Paris, France
| | - Eric Caumes
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Department, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Zahir Amoura
- Internal Medicine Department, French National Reference Center for SLE and Antiphospholipid Syndrome AP-HP Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Mazier
- Immunology Department – Immune Chemistry and Autoimmunity Laboratory, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France
- INSERM (National Institute of Health and Medical Research) UMR-S 945, Paris, France
| | - Lucile Musset
- Parasitology-Mycology Laboratory, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Buffet
- Immunology Department – Immune Chemistry and Autoimmunity Laboratory, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France
- INSERM (National Institute of Health and Medical Research) UMR-S 945, Paris, France
| | - Makoto Miyara
- Parasitology-Mycology Laboratory, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- INSERM (National Institute of Health and Medical Research) UMR-S 945, Paris, France
- Internal Medicine Department, French National Reference Center for SLE and Antiphospholipid Syndrome AP-HP Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|