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Lippens C, Garnier L, Guyonvarc'h PM, Santiago-Raber ML, Hugues S. Extended Freeze-Dried BCG Instructed pDCs Induce Suppressive Tregs and Dampen EAE. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2777. [PMID: 30555468 PMCID: PMC6281986 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Several clinical observations have shown that Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine has beneficial impact on patients suffering from different chronic inflammatory diseases. Here we evaluated whether BCG inactivated by Extended Freeze-Drying (EFD) which circumvents all the side effects linked to the live bacteria, could influence the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model for Multiple Sclerosis. EFD BCG strongly attenuates inflammation, both systemically and at the central nervous system (CNS) level, alleviating EAE. Mechanistically, EFD BCG directly impacts the phenotype of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), and promotes their ability to induce suppressive IL-10 secreting regulatory T cells (Tregs) that inhibit encephalitogenic CD4+ T cells. When co-cultured with human allogenic naive CD4+ T cells, EFD BCG exposed human pDCs similarly induce the differentiation of IL-10 producing Tregs. Our study provides evidence that EFD BCG could be used as an immunomodulator of encephalitogenic T cells in multiple sclerosis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Lippens
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Laure Garnier
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Stéphanie Hugues
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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2
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Sousa-Vasconcelos PDS, Seguins WDS, Luz EDS, Pinho RTD. Pattern of cytokine and chemokine production by THP-1 derived macrophages in response to live or heat-killed Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin Moreau strain. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2016; 110:809-13. [PMID: 26517663 PMCID: PMC4667587 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760140420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis has great public health impact with high rates of mortality and the only
prophylactic measure for it is the Mycobacterium bovisbacillus
Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine. The present study evaluated the release of cytokines
[interleukin (IL)-1, tumour necrosis factor and IL-6] and chemokines [macrophage
inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α and MIP-1β] by THP-1 derived
macrophages infected with BCG vaccine obtained by growing mycobacteria in Viscondessa
de Moraes Institute medium medium (oral) or Sauton medium (intradermic) to compare
the effects of live and heat-killed (HK) mycobacteria. Because BCG has been reported
to lose viability during the lyophilisation process and during storage, we examined
whether exposing BCG to different temperatures also triggers differences in the
expression of some important cytokines and chemokines of the immune response.
Interestingly, we observed that HK mycobacteria stimulated cytokine and chemokine
production in a different pattern from that observed with live mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eduardo de Souza Luz
- Laboratório de Imunologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Rosa Teixeira de Pinho
- Laboratório de Imunologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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3
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Bazzi S, Modjtahedi H, Mudan S, Akle C, Bahr GM. Analysis of the immunomodulatory properties of two heat-killed mycobacterial preparations in a human whole blood model. Immunobiology 2015; 220:1293-304. [PMID: 26253276 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The significant role played by mycobacteria in modulating immune responses through enhancing the crosstalk between innate and adaptive immunity has been highlighted in several studies. Owing to their unique antigenic profile, heat killed (HK) preparations of rapid-growing mycobacteria, currently undergoing clinical development, have been assessed as adjuvant therapy in various diseases. The purpose of this study is to investigate the regulation of leukocyte surface receptors, in whole blood from healthy donors, following in vitro stimulation with HK Mycobacterium vaccae (M. vaccae) or M. obuense. We have demonstrated the ability of both mycobacterial preparations to target monocytes and neutrophils and to regulate the surface expression of selected adhesion receptors, antigen-presenting and costimulatory receptors, pattern recognition receptors, complement and Fc receptors, as well as cytokine/chemokine receptors. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 1 and 2 were also shown to be involved in mediating the M. obuense-induced upregulation of selected surface receptors on monocytes. Whole blood stimulation with M. vaccae or M. obuense resulted in a significant increase in the secretion of a specific set of cytokines and chemokines. Both mycobacterial preparations induced strong antigen-specific proliferative responses in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Collectively, our data shows that M. vaccae and M. obuense have the potential to act as potent immunomodulators. Future research based on these findings may reveal novel immune pathways induced by these preparations with potential implication for their use in diverse immunotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer Bazzi
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey KT1 2EE, United Kingdom; Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of Balamand, 33 Amioun, Al Kurah, Lebanon.
| | - Helmout Modjtahedi
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey KT1 2EE, United Kingdom.
| | - Satvinder Mudan
- Division of Clinical Sciences, St George's, University of London, London SW170RE, United Kingdom; Department of Academic Surgery, Royal Marsden Hospital, London SW3 6JJ, United Kingdom.
| | - Charles Akle
- The London Clinic, London W1G 6JA, United Kingdom.
| | - Georges M Bahr
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of Balamand, 33 Amioun, Al Kurah, Lebanon.
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Arts RJW, Blok BA, Aaby P, Joosten LAB, de Jong D, van der Meer JWM, Benn CS, van Crevel R, Netea MG. Long-term in vitro and in vivo effects of γ-irradiated BCG on innate and adaptive immunity. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 98:995-1001. [PMID: 26082519 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4ma0215-059r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BCG vaccination is associated with a reduced mortality from nonmycobacterial infections. This is likely to be mediated by a combination of innate-immune memory ("trained immunity") and heterologous effects on adaptive immunity. As such, BCG could be used to boost host immunity but not in immunocompromised hosts, as it is a live, attenuated vaccine. Therefore, we assessed whether killed γBCG has similar potentiating effects. In an in vitro model of trained immunity, human monocytes were incubated with γBCG for 24 h and restimulated after 6 d. Cytokine production and the role of pattern recognition receptors and histone methylation markers were assessed. The in vivo effects of γBCG vaccination were studied in a proof-of-principle trial in 15 healthy volunteers. γBCG induced trained immunity in vitro via the NOD2 receptor pathway and up-regulation of H3K4me3 histone methylation. However, these effects were less strong than those induced by live BCG. γBCG vaccination in volunteers had only minimal effects on innate immunity, whereas a significant increase in heterologous Th1/Th17 immunity was observed. Our results indicate that γBCG induces long-term training of innate immunity in vitro. In vivo, γBCG induces mainly heterologous effects on the adaptive-immune system, whereas effects on innate cytokine production are limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob J W Arts
- Departments of *Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Research Center for Vitamins and Vaccines, Bandim Health Project, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark; and Odense Patient Data Explorative Network, University of Southern Denmark/Odense University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bastiaan A Blok
- Departments of *Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Research Center for Vitamins and Vaccines, Bandim Health Project, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark; and Odense Patient Data Explorative Network, University of Southern Denmark/Odense University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Aaby
- Departments of *Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Research Center for Vitamins and Vaccines, Bandim Health Project, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark; and Odense Patient Data Explorative Network, University of Southern Denmark/Odense University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Leo A B Joosten
- Departments of *Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Research Center for Vitamins and Vaccines, Bandim Health Project, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark; and Odense Patient Data Explorative Network, University of Southern Denmark/Odense University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dirk de Jong
- Departments of *Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Research Center for Vitamins and Vaccines, Bandim Health Project, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark; and Odense Patient Data Explorative Network, University of Southern Denmark/Odense University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jos W M van der Meer
- Departments of *Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Research Center for Vitamins and Vaccines, Bandim Health Project, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark; and Odense Patient Data Explorative Network, University of Southern Denmark/Odense University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christine Stabell Benn
- Departments of *Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Research Center for Vitamins and Vaccines, Bandim Health Project, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark; and Odense Patient Data Explorative Network, University of Southern Denmark/Odense University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Reinout van Crevel
- Departments of *Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Research Center for Vitamins and Vaccines, Bandim Health Project, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark; and Odense Patient Data Explorative Network, University of Southern Denmark/Odense University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Departments of *Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Research Center for Vitamins and Vaccines, Bandim Health Project, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark; and Odense Patient Data Explorative Network, University of Southern Denmark/Odense University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Frazão JB, Errante PR, Condino-Neto A. Toll-like receptors' pathway disturbances are associated with increased susceptibility to infections in humans. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2013; 61:427-43. [PMID: 24057516 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-013-0243-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) sense microbial products and play an important role in innate immunity. Currently, 11 members of TLRs have been identified in humans, with important function in host defense in early steps of the inflammatory response. TLRs are present in the plasma membrane (TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6) and endosome (TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, TLR9) of leukocytes. TLRs and IL-1R are a family of receptors related to the innate immune response that contain an intracellular domain known as the Toll-IL-1R (TIR) domain that recruits the TIR-containing cytosolic adapters MyD88, TRIF, TIRAP and TRAM. The classical pathway results in the activation of both nuclear factor κB and MAPKs via the IRAK complex, with two active kinases (IRAK-1 and IRAK-4) and two non-catalytic subunits (IRAK-2 and IRAK-3/M). The classical pro-inflammatory TLR signaling pathway leads to the synthesis of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12 and TNF-α. In humans, genetic defects have been identified that impair signaling of the TLR pathway and this may result in recurrent pyogenic infections, as well as virus and fungi infections. In this review, we discuss the main mechanisms of microbial recognition and the defects involving TLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josias Brito Frazão
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 1730, Lineu Prestes Avenue, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil,
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