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Halder T, Upadhyaya G, Roy S, Biswas R, Das A, Bagchi A, Agarwal T, Ray S. Glycine rich proline rich protein from Sorghum bicolor serves as an antimicrobial protein implicated in plant defense response. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 101:95-112. [PMID: 31236845 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-019-00894-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Sorghum glycine rich proline rich protein (SbGPRP1) exhibit antimicrobial properties and play a crucial role during biotic stress condition. Several proteins in plants build up the innate immune response system in plants which get triggered during the occurrence of biotic stress. Here we report the functional characterization of a glycine-rich proline-rich protein (SbGPRP1) from Sorghum which was previously demonstrated to be involved in abiotic stresses. Expression studies carried out with SbGPRP1 showed induced expression upon application of phytohormones like salicylic acid which might be the key in fine-tuning the expression level. Upon challenging the Sorghum plants with a compatible pathogen the SbGprp1 transcript was found to be upregulated. SbGPRP1 encodes a 197 amino acid polypeptide which was bacterially-expressed and purified for in vitro assays. Gram-positive bacteria like Bacillus and phytopathogen Rhodococcus fascians showed inhibited growth in the presence of the protein. The NPN assay, electrolytic leakage and SEM analysis showed membrane damage in bacterial cells. Ectopic expression of SbGPRP1 in tobacco plants led to enhanced tolerance towards infection caused by R. fascians. Though the N-terminal part of the protein showed disorderness the C-terminal end was quite capable of forming several α-helices which was correlated with CD spectroscopic analysis. Here, we have tried to determine the structural model for the protein and predicted the association of antimicrobial activity with the C-terminal region of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmoy Halder
- Plant Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700019, India
| | - Gouranga Upadhyaya
- Plant Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700019, India
| | - Shuddhanjali Roy
- Plant Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700019, India
| | - Ria Biswas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, 741235, India
| | - Arup Das
- Plant Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700019, India
| | - Angshuman Bagchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, 741235, India
| | - Tanushree Agarwal
- Plant Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700019, India
| | - Sudipta Ray
- Plant Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700019, India.
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Callaway TD, Singh-Cundy A. HD-AGPs as Speciation Genes: Positive Selection on a Proline-Rich Domain in Non-Hybridizing Species of Petunia, Solanum, and Nicotiana. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E211. [PMID: 31288469 PMCID: PMC6681252 DOI: 10.3390/plants8070211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Transmitting tissue-specific proteins (TTS proteins) are abundant in the extracellular matrix of Nicotiana pistils, and vital for optimal pollen tube growth and seed set. We have identified orthologs from several species in the Solanaceae, including Petunia axillaris axillaris and Petunia integrifolia. We refer to TTS proteins and their orthologs as histidine domain-arabinogalactan proteins (HD-AGPs). HD-AGPs have distinctive domains, including a small histidine-rich region and a C-terminal PAC domain. Pairwise comparisons between HD-AGPs of 15 species belonging to Petunia, Nicotiana, and Solanum show that the his-domain and PAC domain are under purifying selection. In contrast, a proline-rich domain (HV2) is conserved among cross-hybridizing species, but variant in species-pairs that are reproductively isolated by post-pollination pre-fertilization reproductive barriers. In particular, variation in a tetrapeptide motif (XKPP) is systematically correlated with the presence of an interspecific reproductive barrier. Ka/Ks ratios are not informative at the infrageneric level, but the ratios reveal a clear signature of positive selection on two hypervariable domains (HV1 and HV2) when HD-AGPs from five solanaceous genera are compared. We propose that sequence divergence in the hypervariable domains of HD-AGPs reinforces sympatric speciation in incipient species that may have first diverged as a consequence of pollinator preferences or other ecological factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara D Callaway
- Biology Department, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA 98225, USA
| | - Anu Singh-Cundy
- Biology Department, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA 98225, USA.
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Noyszewski AK, Liu YC, Tamura K, Smith AG. Polymorphism and structure of style-specific arabinogalactan proteins as determinants of pollen tube growth in Nicotiana. BMC Evol Biol 2017; 17:186. [PMID: 28797243 PMCID: PMC5553597 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-017-1011-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pollen tube growth and fertilization are key processes in angiosperm sexual reproduction. The transmitting tract (TT) of Nicotiana tabacum controls pollen tube growth in part by secreting pistil extensin-like protein III (PELPIII), transmitting-tract-specific (TTS) protein and 120 kDa glycoprotein (120 K) into the stylar extracellular matrix. The three arabinogalactan proteins (AGP) are referred to as stylar AGPs and are the focus of this research. The transmitting tract regulates pollen tube growth, promoting fertilization or rejecting pollen tubes. RESULTS The N-terminal domain (NTD) of the stylar AGPs is proline rich and polymorphic among Nicotiana spp. The NTD was predicted to be mainly an intrinsically disordered region (IDR), making it a candidate for protein-protein interactions. The NTD is also the location for the majority of the predicted O-glycosylation sites that were variable among Nicotiana spp. The C-terminal domain (CTD) contains an Ole e 1-like domain, that was predicted to form beta-sheets that are similar in position and length among Nicotiana spp. and among stylar AGPs. The TTS protein had the greatest amino acid and predicted O-glycosylation conservation among Nicotiana spp. relative to the PELPIII and 120 K. The PELPIII, TTS and 120 K genes undergo negative selection, with dn/ds ratios of 0.59, 0.29 and 0.38 respectively. The dn/ds ratio for individual species ranged from 0.4 to 0.9 and from 0.1 to 0.8, for PELPIII and TTS genes, respectively. These data indicate that PELPIII and TTS genes are under different selective pressures. A newly discovered AGP gene, Nicotiana tabacum Proline Rich Protein (NtPRP), was found with a similar intron-exon configuration and protein structure resembling other stylar AGPs, particularly TTS. CONCLUSIONS Further studies of the NtPRP gene are necessary to elucidate its biological role. Due to its high similarity to the TTS gene, NtPRP may be involved in pollen tube guidance and growth. In contrast to TTS, both PELPIII and 120 K genes are more diverse indicating a possible role in speciation or mating preference of Nicotiana spp. We hypothesize that the stylar AGPs and NtPRP share a common origin from a single gene that duplicated and diversified into four distinct genes involved in pollen-style interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej K Noyszewski
- Department of Horticultural Science, University of Minnesota, 356 Alderman Hall 1970 Folwell Av., St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
| | - Yi-Cheng Liu
- Department of Horticultural Science, University of Minnesota, 356 Alderman Hall 1970 Folwell Av., St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
- Present Address: Arog Pharmaceuticals, Inc, 5420 LBJ Freeway, Suite 410, Dallas, TX, 75240, USA
| | - Koichiro Tamura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-ohsawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Alan G Smith
- Department of Horticultural Science, University of Minnesota, 356 Alderman Hall 1970 Folwell Av., St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
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Müller F, Xu J, Kristensen L, Wolters-Arts M, de Groot PFM, Jansma SY, Mariani C, Park S, Rieu I. High-Temperature-Induced Defects in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Anther and Pollen Development Are Associated with Reduced Expression of B-Class Floral Patterning Genes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167614. [PMID: 27936079 PMCID: PMC5147909 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual reproduction is a critical process in the life-cycle of plants and very sensitive to environmental perturbations. To better understand the effect of high temperature on plant reproduction, we cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants in continuous mild heat. Under this condition we observed a simultaneous reduction in pollen viability and appearance of anthers with pistil-like structures, while in a more thermotolerant genotype, both traits were improved. Ectopic expression of two pistil-specific genes, TRANSMITTING TISSUE SPECIFIC and TOMATO AGAMOUS LIKE11, in the anthers confirmed that the anthers had gained partial pistil identity. Concomitantly, expression of the B-class genes TOMATO APETALA3, TOMATO MADS BOX GENE6 (TM6) and LePISTILLATA was reduced in anthers under continuous mild heat. Plants in which TM6 was partially silenced reacted hypersensitively to temperature elevation with regard to the frequency of pistilloid anthers, pollen viability and pollen quantity. Taken together, these results suggest that high-temperature-induced down-regulation of tomato B-class genes contributes to anther deformations and reduced male fertility. Improving our understanding of how temperature perturbs the molecular mechanisms of anther and pollen development will be important in the view of maintaining agricultural output under current climate changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Müller
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jiemeng Xu
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lieke Kristensen
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mieke Wolters-Arts
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter F. M. de Groot
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Stuart Y. Jansma
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Celestina Mariani
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sunghun Park
- Department Horticulture and Human Health, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Ivo Rieu
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Chen JC, Fang SC. The long pollen tube journey and in vitro pollen germination of Phalaenopsis orchids. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2016; 29:179-88. [PMID: 27016359 PMCID: PMC4909812 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-016-0280-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Pollen biology in P. aphrodite. Orchids have a distinct reproductive program. Pollination triggers ovule development and differentiation within flowers, and fertilization occurs days to months after pollination. It is unclear how pollen tubes travel through the developing ovaries during ovule development and when pollen tubes arrive at the mature embryo sac to achieve fertilization. Here, we report a robust staining protocol to image and record the timing of pollen germination, progressive growth of pollen tubes in ovaries, and arrival of pollen tubes at embryo sacs in Phalaenopsis aphrodite. The pollen germinated and pollen tubes entered the ovary 3 days after pollination. Pollen tubes continued to grow and filled the entire cavity of the ovary as the ovary elongated and ovules developed. Pollen tubes were found to enter the matured embryo sacs at approximately 60-65 days after pollination in an acropetal manner. Moreover, these temporal changes in developmental events such as growth of pollen tubes and fertilization were associated with expression of molecular markers. In addition, we developed an in vitro pollen germination protocol, which is valuable to enable studies on pollen tube guidance and tip growth regulation in Phalaenopsis orchids and possibly in other orchid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhun-Chen Chen
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan, 741 Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115 Taiwan
| | - Su-Chiung Fang
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan, 741 Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115 Taiwan
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Meng D, Gu Z, Li W, Wang A, Yuan H, Yang Q, Li T. Apple MdABCF assists in the transportation of S-RNase into pollen tubes. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 78:990-1002. [PMID: 24684704 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Self-incompatibility (SI) is a reproductive isolation mechanism in flowering plants. Plants in the Solanaceae, Rosaceae and Plantaginaceae belong to the gametophytic self-incompatibility type. S-RNase, which is encoded by a female-specific gene located at the S locus, degrades RNA in the pollen tube and causes SI. Recent studies have provided evidence that S-RNase is transported non-selectively into the pollen tube, but have not specified how this transportation is accomplished. We show here that the apple (Malus domestica) MdABCF protein, which belongs to group F of the ABC transporter family, assists in transportation of S-RNase into the pollen tube. MdABCF is located in the pollen tube membrane and interacts with S-RNase. S-RNase was unable to enter the pollen tube when MdABCF was silenced by antisense oligonucleotide transfection. Our results show that MdABCF assists in transportation of either self or non-self S-RNase into the pollen tube. Moreover, MdABCF coordinates with the cytoskeleton to transport S-RNase. Blockage of S-RNase transport disrupts self-incompatibility in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Meng
- Laboratory of Fruit Cell and Molecular Breeding, College of Agronomy and Bio-Tech, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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Smith AG, Eberle CA, Moss NG, Anderson NO, Clasen BM, Hegeman AD. The transmitting tissue of Nicotiana tabacum is not essential to pollen tube growth, and its ablation can reverse prezygotic interspecific barriers. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2013; 26:339-50. [PMID: 23963740 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-013-0233-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The Nicotiana tabacum transmitting tissue is a highly specialized file of metabolically active cells that is the pathway for pollen tubes from the stigma to the ovules where fertilization occurs. It is thought to be essential to pollen tube growth because of the nutrients and guidance it provides to the pollen tubes. It also regulates gametophytic self-incompatibility in the style. To test the function of the transmitting tissue in pollen tube growth and to determine its role in regulating prezygotic interspecific incompatibility, genetic ablation was used to eliminate the mature transmitting tissue, producing a hollow style. Despite the absence of the mature transmitting tissue and greatly reduced transmitting-tissue-specific gene expression, self-pollen tubes had growth to the end of the style. Pollen tubes grew at a slower rate in the transmitting-tissue-ablated line during the first 24 h post-pollination. However, pollen tubes grew to a similar length 40 h post-pollination with and without a transmitting tissue. Ablation of the N. tabacum transmitting tissue significantly altered interspecific pollen tube growth. These results implicate the N. tabacum transmitting tissue in facilitating or inhibiting interspecific pollen tube growth in a species-dependent manner and in controlling prezygotic reproductive barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan G Smith
- Department of Horticultural Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA,
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Twomey MC, Brooks JK, Corey JM, Singh-Cundy A. Characterization of PhPRP1, a histidine domain arabinogalactan protein from Petunia hybrida pistils. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 170:1384-1388. [PMID: 23747062 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
An arabinogalactan protein, PhPRP1, was purified from Petunia hybrida pistils and shown to be orthologous to TTS-1 and TTS-2 from Nicotiana tabacum and NaTTS from Nicotiana alata. Sequence comparisons among these proteins, and CaPRP1 from Capsicum annuum, reveal a conserved histidine-rich domain and two hypervariable domains. Immunoblots show that TTS-1 and PhPRP1 are also expressed in vegetative tissues of tobacco and petunia respectively. In contrast to the molecular mass heterogeneity displayed by the pistil proteins, the different isoforms found in seedlings, roots, and leaves each has a discrete size (37, 80, 160, and 200 kDa) on SDS-PAGE gels. On the basis of their chemistry, distinctive domain architecture, and the unique pattern of expression, we have named this group of proteins HD-AGPs (histidine domain-arabinogalactan proteins).
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan C Twomey
- Biology Department, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA
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Dresselhaus T, Franklin-Tong N. Male-female crosstalk during pollen germination, tube growth and guidance, and double fertilization. MOLECULAR PLANT 2013; 6:1018-36. [PMID: 23571489 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sst061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Sperm cells of flowering plants are non-motile and thus require transportation to the egg apparatus via the pollen tube to execute double fertilization. During its journey, the pollen tube interacts with various sporophytic cell types that support its growth and guide it towards the surface of the ovule. The final steps of tube guidance and sperm delivery are controlled by the cells of the female gametophyte. During fertilization, cell-cell communication events take place to achieve and maximize reproductive success. Additional layers of crosstalk exist, including self-recognition and specialized processes to prevent self-fertilization and consequent inbreeding. In this review, we focus on intercellular communication between the pollen grain/pollen tube including the sperm cells with the various sporophytic maternal tissues and the cells of the female gametophyte. Polymorphic-secreted peptides and small proteins, especially those belonging to various subclasses of small cysteine-rich proteins (CRPs), reactive oxygen species (ROS)/NO signaling, and the second messenger Ca(2+), play center stage in most of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Dresselhaus
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, Biochemie-Zentrum Regensburg, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraβe 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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Albornos L, Martín I, Iglesias R, Jiménez T, Labrador E, Dopico B. ST proteins, a new family of plant tandem repeat proteins with a DUF2775 domain mainly found in Fabaceae and Asteraceae. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 12:207. [PMID: 23134664 PMCID: PMC3499167 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-12-207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many proteins with tandem repeats in their sequence have been described and classified according to the length of the repeats: I) Repeats of short oligopeptides (from 2 to 20 amino acids), including structural cell wall proteins and arabinogalactan proteins. II) Repeats that range in length from 20 to 40 residues, including proteins with a well-established three-dimensional structure often involved in mediating protein-protein interactions. (III) Longer repeats in the order of 100 amino acids that constitute structurally and functionally independent units. Here we analyse ShooT specific (ST) proteins, a family of proteins with tandem repeats of unknown function that were first found in Leguminosae, and their possible similarities to other proteins with tandem repeats. RESULTS ST protein sequences were only found in dicotyledonous plants, limited to several plant families, mainly the Fabaceae and the Asteraceae. ST mRNAs accumulate mainly in the roots and under biotic interactions. Most ST proteins have one or several Domain(s) of Unknown Function 2775 (DUF2775). All deduced ST proteins have a signal peptide, indicating that these proteins enter the secretory pathway, and the mature proteins have tandem repeat oligopeptides that share a hexapeptide (E/D)FEPRP followed by 4 partially conserved amino acids, which could determine a putative N-glycosylation signal, and a fully conserved tyrosine. In a phylogenetic tree, the sequences clade according to taxonomic group. A possible involvement in symbiosis and abiotic stress as well as in plant cell elongation is suggested, although different STs could play different roles in plant development. CONCLUSIONS We describe a new family of proteins called ST whose presence is limited to the plant kingdom, specifically to a few families of dicotyledonous plants. They present 20 to 40 amino acid tandem repeat sequences with different characteristics (signal peptide, DUF2775 domain, conservative repeat regions) from the described group of 20 to 40 amino acid tandem repeat proteins and also from known cell wall proteins with repeat sequences. Several putative roles in plant physiology can be inferred from the characteristics found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Albornos
- Dpto. de Fisiología Vegetal, Centro Hispano Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Universidad de Salamanca, Plaza Doctores de la Reina s/n. Campus Miguel Unamuno, Salamanca, 37007, Spain
| | - Ignacio Martín
- Dpto. de Fisiología Vegetal, Centro Hispano Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Universidad de Salamanca, Plaza Doctores de la Reina s/n. Campus Miguel Unamuno, Salamanca, 37007, Spain
| | - Rebeca Iglesias
- Dpto. de Fisiología Vegetal, Centro Hispano Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Universidad de Salamanca, Plaza Doctores de la Reina s/n. Campus Miguel Unamuno, Salamanca, 37007, Spain
| | - Teresa Jiménez
- Dpto. de Fisiología Vegetal, Centro Hispano Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Universidad de Salamanca, Plaza Doctores de la Reina s/n. Campus Miguel Unamuno, Salamanca, 37007, Spain
| | - Emilia Labrador
- Dpto. de Fisiología Vegetal, Centro Hispano Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Universidad de Salamanca, Plaza Doctores de la Reina s/n. Campus Miguel Unamuno, Salamanca, 37007, Spain
| | - Berta Dopico
- Dpto. de Fisiología Vegetal, Centro Hispano Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Universidad de Salamanca, Plaza Doctores de la Reina s/n. Campus Miguel Unamuno, Salamanca, 37007, Spain
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Cannesan MA, Durand C, Burel C, Gangneux C, Lerouge P, Ishii T, Laval K, Follet-Gueye ML, Driouich A, Vicré-Gibouin M. Effect of arabinogalactan proteins from the root caps of pea and Brassica napus on Aphanomyces euteiches zoospore chemotaxis and germination. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 159:1658-70. [PMID: 22645070 PMCID: PMC3425204 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.198507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Root tips of many plant species release a number of border, or border-like, cells that are thought to play a major role in the protection of root meristem. However, little is currently known on the structure and function of the cell wall components of such root cells. Here, we investigate the sugar composition of the cell wall of the root cap in two species: pea (Pisum sativum), which makes border cells, and Brassica napus, which makes border-like cells. We find that the cell walls are highly enriched in arabinose and galactose, two major residues of arabinogalactan proteins. We confirm the presence of arabinogalactan protein epitopes on root cap cell walls using immunofluorescence microscopy. We then focused on these proteoglycans by analyzing their carbohydrate moieties, linkages, and electrophoretic characteristics. The data reveal (1) significant structural differences between B. napus and pea root cap arabinogalactan proteins and (2) a cross-link between these proteoglycans and pectic polysaccharides. Finally, we assessed the impact of root cap arabinogalactan proteins on the behavior of zoospores of Aphanomyces euteiches, an oomycetous pathogen of pea roots. We find that although the arabinogalactan proteins of both species induce encystment and prevent germination, the effects of both species are similar. However, the arabinogalactan protein fraction from pea attracts zoospores far more effectively than that from B. napus. This suggests that root arabinogalactan proteins are involved in the control of early infection of roots and highlights a novel role for these proteoglycans in root-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Antoine Cannesan
- Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, Équipe d'Accueil 4358, Université de Rouen, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan, France (M.A.C., C.D., C.B., P.L., M.-L.F.-G., A.D., M.V.-G.)
- Laboratoire BioSol, Esitpa, 76134 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France (C.G., K.L.); and
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba Norin Kenkyu Danchi-nai, Ibaraki 305–8687, Japan (T.I.)
| | - Caroline Durand
- Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, Équipe d'Accueil 4358, Université de Rouen, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan, France (M.A.C., C.D., C.B., P.L., M.-L.F.-G., A.D., M.V.-G.)
- Laboratoire BioSol, Esitpa, 76134 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France (C.G., K.L.); and
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba Norin Kenkyu Danchi-nai, Ibaraki 305–8687, Japan (T.I.)
| | - Carole Burel
- Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, Équipe d'Accueil 4358, Université de Rouen, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan, France (M.A.C., C.D., C.B., P.L., M.-L.F.-G., A.D., M.V.-G.)
- Laboratoire BioSol, Esitpa, 76134 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France (C.G., K.L.); and
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba Norin Kenkyu Danchi-nai, Ibaraki 305–8687, Japan (T.I.)
| | - Christophe Gangneux
- Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, Équipe d'Accueil 4358, Université de Rouen, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan, France (M.A.C., C.D., C.B., P.L., M.-L.F.-G., A.D., M.V.-G.)
- Laboratoire BioSol, Esitpa, 76134 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France (C.G., K.L.); and
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba Norin Kenkyu Danchi-nai, Ibaraki 305–8687, Japan (T.I.)
| | - Patrice Lerouge
- Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, Équipe d'Accueil 4358, Université de Rouen, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan, France (M.A.C., C.D., C.B., P.L., M.-L.F.-G., A.D., M.V.-G.)
- Laboratoire BioSol, Esitpa, 76134 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France (C.G., K.L.); and
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba Norin Kenkyu Danchi-nai, Ibaraki 305–8687, Japan (T.I.)
| | - Tadashi Ishii
- Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, Équipe d'Accueil 4358, Université de Rouen, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan, France (M.A.C., C.D., C.B., P.L., M.-L.F.-G., A.D., M.V.-G.)
- Laboratoire BioSol, Esitpa, 76134 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France (C.G., K.L.); and
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba Norin Kenkyu Danchi-nai, Ibaraki 305–8687, Japan (T.I.)
| | - Karine Laval
- Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, Équipe d'Accueil 4358, Université de Rouen, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan, France (M.A.C., C.D., C.B., P.L., M.-L.F.-G., A.D., M.V.-G.)
- Laboratoire BioSol, Esitpa, 76134 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France (C.G., K.L.); and
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba Norin Kenkyu Danchi-nai, Ibaraki 305–8687, Japan (T.I.)
| | - Marie-Laure Follet-Gueye
- Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, Équipe d'Accueil 4358, Université de Rouen, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan, France (M.A.C., C.D., C.B., P.L., M.-L.F.-G., A.D., M.V.-G.)
- Laboratoire BioSol, Esitpa, 76134 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France (C.G., K.L.); and
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba Norin Kenkyu Danchi-nai, Ibaraki 305–8687, Japan (T.I.)
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12
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Aizat WM, Preuss JM, Johnson AAT, Tester MA, Schultz CJ. Investigation of a His-rich arabinogalactan-protein for micronutrient biofortification of cereal grain. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2011; 143:271-286. [PMID: 21707638 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2011.01499.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The micronutrient content of most cereal grains is low and responsible for malnutrition deficiencies in millions of people who rely on grains as their primary food source. Any strategy that can increase the micronutrient content of grain will have significant benefits to world health. We identified a gene from barley encoding a cell wall protein with multiple histidine (His)-rich motifs interspersed with short arabinogalactan-protein (AGP) domains and have called it Hordeum vulgare His-rich AGP (HvHRA1). Sequence analysis shows that His-rich AGPs are rare in plants and that the number of His-rich and AGP domains differ between cereals and dicots. The barley and wheat encoded proteins have more than 13 His-rich domains, whereas the putative rice orthologue has only 5 His-rich regions. His-rich motifs are well-established metal-binding motifs; therefore, we developed transgenic (Tx) rice plants that constitutively overexpress barley HvHRA1. There was no significant effect on plant growth or grain yield in Tx plants. Purification of AGPs from wild-type and Tx plants showed that only Tx plants contained detectable levels of a His-rich AGP. Calcein assay shows that the AGP fraction from Tx plants had increased binding affinity for Cu(2+) . Micronutrient analysis of brown and white rice showed that the grain nutrient yield for Fe, Zn and Cu was higher in two Tx lines compared to their respective nulls, although the differences were not statistically significant. This approach highlights the potential of the plant apoplast (cell wall) for storage of key nutrients through overexpression of genes for metal-binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan M Aizat
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
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13
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Allen AM, Lexer C, Hiscock SJ. Comparative analysis of pistil transcriptomes reveals conserved and novel genes expressed in dry, wet, and semidry stigmas. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 154:1347-60. [PMID: 20813907 PMCID: PMC2971611 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.162172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Fertilization in angiosperms depends on a complex cellular "courtship" between haploid pollen and diploid pistil. These pollen-pistil interactions are regulated by a diversity of molecules, many of which remain to be identified and characterized. Thus, it is unclear to what extent these processes are conserved among angiosperms, a fact confounded by limited sampling across taxa. Here, we report the analysis of pistil-expressed genes in Senecio squalidus (Asteraceae), a species from euasterid II, a major clade for which there are currently no data on pistil-expressed genes. Species from the Asteraceae characteristically have a "semidry stigma," intermediate between the "wet" and "dry" stigmas typical of the majority of angiosperms. Construction of pistil-enriched cDNA libraries for S. squalidus allowed us to address two hypotheses: (1) stigmas of S. squalidus will express genes common to wet and dry stigmas and genes specific to the semidry stigma characteristic of the Asteraceae; and (2) genes potentially essential for pistil function will be conserved between diverse angiosperm groups and therefore common to all currently available pistil transcriptome data sets, including S. squalidus. Our data support both these hypotheses. The S. squalidus pistil transcriptome contains novel genes and genes previously identified in pistils of species with dry stigmas and wet stigmas. Comparative analysis of the five pistil transcriptomes currently available (Oryza sativa, Crocus sativus, Arabidopsis thaliana, Nicotiana tabacum, and S. squalidus), representing four major angiosperm clades and the three stigma states, identified novel genes and conserved genes potentially regulating pollen-pistil interaction pathways common to monocots and eudicots.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Simon J. Hiscock
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UG, United Kingdom (A.M.A., S.J.H.); Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, United Kingdom (C.L.); Department of Biology, Unit of Ecology and Evolution, University of Fribourg, CH–1700 Fribourg, Switzerland (C.L.)
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14
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Quiapim AC, Brito MS, Bernardes LAS, Dasilva I, Malavazi I, DePaoli HC, Molfetta-Machado JB, Giuliatti S, Goldman GH, Goldman MHS. Analysis of the Nicotiana tabacum stigma/style transcriptome reveals gene expression differences between wet and dry stigma species. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 149:1211-30. [PMID: 19052150 PMCID: PMC2649396 DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.131573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2008] [Accepted: 11/28/2008] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The success of plant reproduction depends on pollen-pistil interactions occurring at the stigma/style. These interactions vary depending on the stigma type: wet or dry. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) represents a model of wet stigma, and its stigmas/styles express genes to accomplish the appropriate functions. For a large-scale study of gene expression during tobacco pistil development and preparation for pollination, we generated 11,216 high-quality expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from stigmas/styles and created the TOBEST database. These ESTs were assembled in 6,177 clusters, from which 52.1% are pistil transcripts/genes of unknown function. The 21 clusters with the highest number of ESTs (putative higher expression levels) correspond to genes associated with defense mechanisms or pollen-pistil interactions. The database analysis unraveled tobacco sequences homologous to the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) genes involved in specifying pistil identity or determining normal pistil morphology and function. Additionally, 782 independent clusters were examined by macroarray, revealing 46 stigma/style preferentially expressed genes. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction experiments validated the pistil-preferential expression for nine out of 10 genes tested. A search for these 46 genes in the Arabidopsis pistil data sets demonstrated that only 11 sequences, with putative equivalent molecular functions, are expressed in this dry stigma species. The reverse search for the Arabidopsis pistil genes in the TOBEST exposed a partial overlap between these dry and wet stigma transcriptomes. The TOBEST represents the most extensive survey of gene expression in the stigmas/styles of wet stigma plants, and our results indicate that wet and dry stigmas/styles express common as well as distinct genes in preparation for the pollination process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa C Quiapim
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-901 São Paulo, Brazil
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15
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Localization of arabinogalactan-proteins in different stages of embryos and their role in cotyledon formation of Nicotiana tabacum L. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00497-007-0058-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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16
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Holmes-Davis R, Tanaka CK, Vensel WH, Hurkman WJ, McCormick S. Proteome mapping of mature pollen of Arabidopsis thaliana. Proteomics 2006; 5:4864-84. [PMID: 16247729 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200402011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The male gametophyte of Arabidopsis is a three-celled pollen grain that is thought to contain almost all the mRNAs needed for germination and rapid pollen tube growth. We generated a reference map of the Arabidopsis mature pollen proteome by using multiple protein extraction techniques followed by 2-DE and ESI-MS/MS. We identified 135 distinct proteins from a total of 179 protein spots. We found that half of the identified proteins are involved in metabolism (20%), energy generation (17%), or cell structure (12%); these percentages are similar to those determined for the pollen transcriptome and this similarity is consistent with the idea that in addition to the mRNAs, the mature pollen grain contains proteins necessary for germination and rapid pollen tube growth. We identified ten proteins of unknown function, three of which are flower- or pollen-specific, and we identified nine proteins whose RNAs were absent from the transcriptome, seven of which are involved in metabolism, energy generation, or cell wall structure. Our work complements and extends recent analyses of the pollen transcriptome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Holmes-Davis
- Plant Gene Expression Center, USDA/ARS and UC Berkeley, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA
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17
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Yamane H, Lee SJ, Kim BD, Tao R, Rose JKC. A coupled yeast signal sequence trap and transient plant expression strategy to identify genes encoding secreted proteins from peach pistils. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2005; 56:2229-38. [PMID: 15983008 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eri222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Many developmental processes and induced plant responses have been identified that are directly or indirectly influenced by wall-localized, or apoplastic, molecular interactions and signalling pathways. The yeast-based signal sequence trap (YSST) is a potentially valuable experimental tool to characterize the proteome of the wall and apoplast, or 'secretome', although few studies have been performed with plants and to date this strategy has not been coupled with a subsequent analysis to confirm extracellular localization of candidate proteins in planta. This current report describes the use of the YSST, together with transient expression of a selection of identified proteins as fusions with the reporter GFP, focusing on the complex extracellular interactions between peach (Prunus persica) pollen and pistil tissues. The coupled YSST and GFP localization assay was also used to confirm the extracellular localization of a recently identified pistil-specific basic RNase protein (PA1), as has been observed with S-RNases that are involved in self-incompatibility. This pilot YSST screen of pollinated and unpollinated pistil cDNAs revealed a diverse set of predicted cell wall-localized or plasma membrane-bound proteins, several of which have not previously been described. Transient GFP-fusion assays and RNA gel blot analyses were used to confirm their subcellular localization and to provide further insights into their expression or regulation, respectively. These results demonstrated that the YSST strategy represents an effective means either to confirm the extracellular localization of a specific candidate secreted protein, as demonstrated here with PA1, or to conduct a screen for new extracellular proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisayo Yamane
- Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Cruz-Garcia F, Nathan Hancock C, Kim D, McClure B. Stylar glycoproteins bind to S-RNase in vitro. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2005; 42:295-304. [PMID: 15842616 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2005.02375.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
S-RNases determine the specificity of S-specific pollen rejection in self-incompatible plants of the Solanaceae, Rosaceae, and Scrophulariaceae. They are also implicated in at least two distinct types of unilateral interspecific incompatibility in Nicotiana. However, S-RNase itself is not sufficient for most types of pollen rejection, and evidence for its direct interaction with pollen tubes is limited. Thus, non-S-RNase factors also are required for pollen rejection. As one approach to identifying such factors, we tested whether SC10-RNase from Nicotiana alata would bind to other stylar proteins in vitro. SC10-RNase was immobilized on Affi-gel, and binding proteins were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting. In addition to SC10-RNase and a small protein similar to lily chemocyanin, the most prominent binding proteins include NaTTS, 120K, and NaPELPIII, these latter three being arabinogalactan proteins previously shown to interact directly with pollen tubes. We also show that SC10-RNase and these glycoproteins migrate as a complex in a native PAGE system. Our hypothesis is that S-RNase forms a complex with these glycoproteins in the stylar ECM, that the glycoproteins interact directly with the pollen tubes and thus that the initial interaction between the pollen tube and S-RNase is indirect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Cruz-Garcia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, 117 Schweitzer Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Ferris PJ, Waffenschmidt S, Umen JG, Lin H, Lee JH, Ishida K, Kubo T, Lau J, Goodenough UW. Plus and minus sexual agglutinins from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. THE PLANT CELL 2005; 17:597-615. [PMID: 15659633 PMCID: PMC548829 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.104.028035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2004] [Accepted: 11/24/2004] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Gametes of the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii undergo sexual adhesion via enormous chimeric Hyp-rich glycoproteins (HRGPs), the plus and minus sexual agglutinins, that are displayed on their flagellar membrane surfaces. We have previously purified the agglutinins and analyzed their structural organization using electron microscopy. We report here the cloning and sequencing of the Sag1 and Sad1 genes that encode the two agglutinins and relate their derived amino acid sequences and predicted secondary structure to the morphology of the purified proteins. Both agglutinin proteins are organized into three distinct domains: a head, a shaft in a polyproline II configuration, and an N-terminal domain. The plus and minus heads are related in overall organization but poorly conserved in sequence except for two regions of predicted hydrophobic alpha-helix. The shafts contain numerous repeats of the PPSPX motif previously identified in Gp1, a cell wall HRGP. We propose that the head domains engage in autolectin associations with the distal termini of their own shafts and suggest ways that adhesion may involve head-head interactions, exolectin interactions between the heads and shafts of opposite type, and antiparallel shaft-shaft interactions mediated by carbohydrates displayed in polyproline II configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Ferris
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
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20
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Foster E, L�vesque-Lemay M, Schneiderman D, Albani D, Schernthaner J, Routly E, Robert LS. Characterization of a gene highly expressed in the Brassica napus pistil that encodes a novel proline-rich protein. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s00497-004-0236-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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21
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Mang HG, Lee JH, Park JA, Pyee J, Pai HS, Lee J, Kim WT. The CaPRP1 gene encoding a putative proline-rich glycoprotein is highly expressed in rapidly elongating early roots and leaves in hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L. cv. Pukang). Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2004; 1674:103-8. [PMID: 15342120 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2004.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2004] [Revised: 05/28/2004] [Accepted: 06/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Most of the proline-rich cell wall glycoprotein genes isolated from higher plants are preferentially expressed in the transmitting tissues of the flower organ. In conducting expressed sequence tag (EST) analysis, which was prepared from 5-day-old early roots of hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L. cv. Pukang), we identified a cDNA clone, pCaPRP1, encoding a putative cell wall proline-rich glycoprotein. CaPRP1 (Mr=28 kDa, pI=9.98) was most closely related to Nicotiana alata NaPRP4 (71%), while most distantly related to soybean PvPRP (37%). The predicted primary structure of CaPRP1 contains a putative N-terminal signal peptide, six repeats of the Lys-Pro-Pro tripeptide, four repeats of a five-amino acid sequence [Pro-(Ser/The)-Pro-Pro-Pro] and one potential N-glycosylation site (Asn-Asn-Ser). In contrast to most proline-rich cell wall glycoprotein genes, CaPRP1 was highly expressed in rapidly elongating very early roots and young leaves as well as developing flower tissues. Although the physiological function of CaPRP1 is not yet clear, there are several possibilities for its role in cell expansion and elongation during early development of hot pepper plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Gon Mang
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, South Korea
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22
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van Hengel AJ, Roberts K. AtAGP30, an arabinogalactan-protein in the cell walls of the primary root, plays a role in root regeneration and seed germination. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2003; 36:256-70. [PMID: 14535889 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2003.01874.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) are extracellular proteoglycans that are implicated in many plant growth and developmental processes, but in no case has a biological function been assigned to a particular AGP. AtAGP30 is a non-classical AGP core protein from Arabidopsis that is expressed only in roots. Analysis of the corresponding mutant, agp30, has revealed that the wild-type gene product is required in vitro for root regeneration and in planta for the timing of seed germination. The mutant shows a suppression of the abscisic acid (ABA)-induced delay in germination and altered expression of some ABA-regulated genes. This suggests that AtAGP30 functions in the ABA response. By analogy to proteoglycan-mediated regulation of growth-factor-signalling pathways in animals, our data indicate that phytohormone activity in plants can be modulated by AGPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjon J van Hengel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
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Hancock CN, Kondo K, Beecher B, McClure B. The S-locus and unilateral incompatibility. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2003; 358:1133-40. [PMID: 12831479 PMCID: PMC1693195 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2003.1284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants have many ways to regulate the type of pollen that arrives on the stigma surface. Once there, further control mechanisms regulate compatibility. The latter controls are largely based on biochemical interactions that support compatible pollination and prevent incompatible matings. S-RNase-based self-incompatibility (SI) systems are the most phylogenetically widespread mechanisms for controlling pollination. Studies of Nicotiana establish a firm link between SI and unilateral interspecific incompatibility. Although implicated in both inter- and intraspecific compatibility, S-RNase operates through at least three distinct genetic mechanisms that differ in their dependence on non-S-RNase factors. Identification and characterization of these non-S-RNase factors is currently an area of active research. Searching for genetic and biochemical interactions with S-RNase can identify candidate non-S-RNase factors. HT-protein is one factor that is required for S-allele-specific pollen rejection in the Solanaceae. Major style arabinogalactan proteins such as TTS interact biochemically with S-RNase. These glycoproteins are known to interact with compatible pollen tubes and have long been suggested as possible recognition molecules. Their binding to S-RNase implies a link between stylar systems for compatibility and incompatibility. Thus, genetic and biochemical studies suggest a highly networked picture of pollen-pistil interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Nathan Hancock
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, 117 Schweitzer Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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24
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Van Hengel AJ, Van Kammen A, De Vries SC. A relationship between seed development, Arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) and the AGP mediated promotion of somatic embryogenesis. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2002; 114:637-644. [PMID: 11975739 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3054.2002.1140418.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan-protein (AGP) epitopes are known to display developmentally regulated patterns of expression in several plant tissues. Therefore, AGPs have been suggested to play a role in plant development. Somatic embryogenesis is regulated by AGPs as well as by EP3 endochitinases. Using four different methods we have analysed the composition of AGPs in immature carrot seeds. The results obtained show that: (1) the native electrophoretic mobility of such AGPs changes during development; (2) AGP epitopes in immature seeds are developmentally regulated; (3) enzymatically released fragments of AGPs show that the composition of these molecules changes as a function of development; and (4) the biological activity of AGPs on the formation of somatic embryos changes depending on the age of the seeds. Our results suggest that degradation of maternally derived AGPs occurs after fertilization, while cellularization of the endosperm leads to synthesis of a new set of AGPs. The presence of an endochitinase cleavage site as well as the capacity to increase somatic embryogenesis only occurred in AGPs that were isolated from seeds in which the endosperm had been cellularized. Apparently, both EP3 endochitinases and somatic embryogenesis-promoting AGPs are developmentally regulated in immature carrot seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjon J Van Hengel
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands 1Present address: Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Colney Lane Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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25
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Wheeler MJ, Franklin-Tong VE, Franklin FCH. The molecular and genetic basis of pollen-pistil interactions. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2001; 151:565-584. [PMID: 33853259 DOI: 10.1046/j.0028-646x.2001.00229.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade or so, there has been significant progress towards elucidating the molecular events occurring during pollination in flowering plants. This process involves a series of complex cellular interactions that culminates in the fusion between male and female gametes. The process also regulates crucial events such as pollen adhesion, hydration, pollen tube growth and guidance to the ovules. Additionally, in many instances, incompatibility mechanisms that control the acceptance or rejection of pollen alighting on a recipient plant play a major role in the pollination process. In this article we aim to review our current understanding of the components that are implicated in enabling the pollen to deliver the male gametes to the ovary and the molecular mechanisms by which they are thought to act. Contents Summary 565 I. Introduction 565 II. Adhesion of pollen to the stigma 566 III. Pollen hydration 567 IV. Pollen germination and initial growth on the stigma surface 568 V. Pollen tube growth through the style and pollen tube guidance 569 VI. Control of pollen viability by incompatibility responses 572 1. Self incompatibility (SI) 573 Gametophytic SI 573 SI in the Solanaceae 573 SI in Papaver 575 Sporophytic SI 577 SI in Brassica 577 SI in Ipomoea 579 2. Interspecific incompatibility responses 579 VII. Conclusions and perspective 580 References 580.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Wheeler
- Wolfson Laboratory for Plant Molecular Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - V E Franklin-Tong
- Wolfson Laboratory for Plant Molecular Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - F C H Franklin
- Wolfson Laboratory for Plant Molecular Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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26
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Serpe MD, Nothnagel EA. Arabinogalactan-proteins in the Multiple Domains of the Plant Cell Surface. ADVANCES IN BOTANICAL RESEARCH 1999:207-289. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2296(08)60229-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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Abstract
The nature of cell wall proteins is as varied as the many functions of plant cell walls. With the exception of glycine-rich proteins, all are glycosylated and contain hydroxyproline (Hyp). Again excepting glycine-rich proteins, they also contain highly repetitive sequences that can be shared between them. The majority of cell wall proteins are cross-linked into the wall and probably have structural functions, although they may also participate in morphogenesis. On the other hand, arabinogalactan proteins are readily soluble and possibly play a major role in cell-cell interactions during development. The interactions of these proteins between themselves and with other wall components is still unknown, as is how wall components are assembled. The possible functions of cell wall proteins are suggested based on repetitive sequence, localization in the plant body, and the general morphogenetic pattern in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gladys I. Cassab
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, National University of Mexico, Apdo. 510-3 Cuernavaca, Morelia 62250, Mexico; e-mail:
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Takeichi T, Takeuchi J, Kaneko T, Kawasaki S. Purification and characterization of a galactose-rich basic glycoprotein in tobacco. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1998; 116:477-83. [PMID: 9489008 PMCID: PMC35104 DOI: 10.1104/pp.116.2.477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/1997] [Accepted: 11/06/1997] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We found a galactose-rich basic glycoprotein (GBGP) in the cell walls of cultured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) cells. GBGP and extensin were isolated as the major components of basic, salt-extracted cell wall glycoproteins. GBGP and extensin were separated by gel filtration in 6 M guanidine hydrochloride as 49- and 90-kD peaks, respectively, and further purified with reverse-phase chromatography. The protein moiety of GBGP constitutes about one-half of the molecule (W/W) and contains lysine (16%), proline (12%), hydroxyproline (10%), tyrosine (4%), alanine (7%), leucine (6%), and cystine (1.4%). Galactose accounted for 72% of the sugar moiety, arabinose content was low (17%), and a significant amount of mannose (7%) was found. No immunological cross-reaction was detected between GBGP and extensin. The antibody against native GBGP with sugar chains reacted with other glycoproteins on the gel blots, whereas the antibodies against deglycosylated GBGP and native extensin were highly specific. Immunolocalization analysis in tobacco stems showed that GBGP is specific to parenchyma tissue and that extensin localizes in the epidermis. This tissue-specific and exclusive distribution suggests important functions of these basic glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Takeichi
- National Institute of Agrobiological Resources, Ibaraki, Japan.
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29
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Josè-Estanyol, Puigdomènech. Developmental and Hormonal Regulation of Genes Coding for Proline-Rich Proteins in Female Inflorescences and Kernels of Maize. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1998; 116:485-94. [PMID: 9490753 PMCID: PMC35105 DOI: 10.1104/pp.116.2.485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/1997] [Accepted: 10/21/1997] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The pattern of expression of two genes coding for proteins rich in proline, HyPRP (hybrid proline-rich protein) and HRGP (hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein), has been studied in maize (Zea mays) embryos by RNA analysis and in situ hybridization. mRNA accumulation is high during the first 20 d after pollination, and disappears in the maturation stages of embryogenesis. The two genes are also expressed during the development of the pistillate spikelet and during the first stages of embryo development in adjacent but different tissues. HyPRP mRNA accumulates mainly in the scutellum and HRGP mRNA mainly in the embryo axis and the suspensor. The two genes appear to be under the control of different regulatory pathways during embryogenesis. We show that HyPRP is repressed by abscisic acid and stress treatments, with the exception of cold treatment. In contrast, HRGP is affected positively by specific stress treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josè-Estanyol
- Departament de Genètica Molecular, Centre d'Investigació i Desenvolupament, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Jordi Girona Salgado 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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30
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Nothnagel EA. Proteoglycans and related components in plant cells. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1997; 174:195-291. [PMID: 9161008 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)62118-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
After the context is set by a brief description of the plant cell surface, emphasis is placed on one class of cell surface components, the arabinogalactan proteins. An expansion of knowledge regarding the structure, expression, and function of these proteoglycans has been initiated and is being sustained through new experimental approaches, including the development of monoclonal antibody probes and the cloning of cDNAs corresponding to core polypeptides. An examination of the structure of both the polypeptide and carbohydrate components of arabinogalactan proteins is presented with emphasis placed on recently deduced core polypeptide sequences. Information about the biosynthesis and turnover of arabinogalactan proteins is incomplete, especially with regard to the carbohydrate component. Although functions of arabinogalactan proteins have not been clearly identified, regulated expression and several other lines of evidence point to involvement in plant reproductive development, pattern formation, and somatic embryogenesis, as well as in the underlying processes of cell division, cell expansion, and cell death. Arabinogalactan proteins are compared with animal proteoglycans and mucins, and the results of searches for plant analogues of other animal extracellular matrix components are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Nothnagel
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside 92521, USA
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31
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The pollen tupe growth pathway: its molecular and biochemical contributions and responses to pollination. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02441951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Sessa G, Fluhr R. The expression of an abundant transmitting tract-specific endoglucanase (Sp41) is promoter-dependent and not essential for the reproductive physiology of tobacco. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1995; 29:969-82. [PMID: 8555460 DOI: 10.1007/bf00014970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In angiosperms the interactions between the secretory matrix of the stylar transmitting tract and the growing pollen tubes have central roles in determining a successful fertilization. Sp41 is a major glycosylated component of the soluble proteins of the transmitting tract matrix and exhibits (1-3)-beta-glucanase activity. It is a member of the pathogenesis-related protein superfamily, but shows developmental regulation as opposed to pathogen induction. In order to investigate the mechanisms regulating Sp41 expression, we isolated and characterized genomic clones corresponding to the sp41 alpha gene. Sp41 alpha contains an intervening sequence localized between the sequences encoding for a putative signal peptide and the mature protein. A fragment of 2.5 kb that lies 5' to the coding region of the gene was sufficient to confer transmitting tract specific expression to a beta-glucuronidase reporter gene in transgenic tobacco plants. The sp41 transcripts have unusually long 5'-untranslated sequences. The leader sequences contain small open reading frames, include secondary structures, and may be involved in post-transcriptional regulation. A possible function for Sp41 in reproductive physiology was tested by monitoring tobacco plants transformed with antisense stylar sp41 alpha RNA: Transgenic antisense plants with immunologically and enzymatically undetectable levels of (1-3)-beta-glucanase were obtained and their offspring analyzed. The progeny plants did not show any detectable phenotypic modifications as they had a normal flower morphology and were fully fertile.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sessa
- Department of Plant Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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33
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Cheung AY, Wang H, Wu HM. A floral transmitting tissue-specific glycoprotein attracts pollen tubes and stimulates their growth. Cell 1995; 82:383-93. [PMID: 7634328 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(95)90427-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Pollen tubes elongate directionally in the extracellular matrix of pistil tissues to transport the male gametes from the apically located stigma to the basally located ovary for fertilization. The molecular mechanisms underlying directional pollen tube growth in the pistil are poorly understood. We have purified a glycoprotein, TTS, from tobacco stylar transmitting tissue, which supports pollen tube growth between the stigma and the ovary. TTS proteins belong to the arabinogalactan protein family, and they polymerize readily in vitro in a head-to-tail fashion into oligomeric forms. TTS proteins stimulate pollen tube growth in vitro and attract pollen tubes grown in a semi-in vivo culture system. In vivo, the pollen tube growth rate is reduced in transgenic plants that have significantly reduced levels of TTS proteins as a result of either antisense suppression or sense cosuppression. These results identify TTS protein as a pistil component that positively contributes to pollen tube growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Y Cheung
- Department of Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8104, USA
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34
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Milligan SB, Gasser CS. Nature and regulation of pistil-expressed genes in tomato. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1995; 28:691-711. [PMID: 7647301 DOI: 10.1007/bf00021194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The specialized reproductive functions of angiosperm pistils are dependent in part upon the regulated activation of numerous genes expressed predominantly in this organ system. To better understand the nature of these pistil-predominant gene products we have analyzed seven cDNA clones isolated from tomato pistils through differential hybridization screening. Six of the seven cDNAs represent sequences previously undescribed in tomato, each having a unique pistil- and/or floral-predominant expression pattern. The putative protein products encoded by six of the cDNAs have been identified by their similarity to sequences in the database of previously sequenced genes, with a seventh sequence having no significant similarity with any previously reported sequence. Three of the putative proteins appear to be targeted to the endomembrane system and include an endo-beta-1,4-glucanase which is expressed exclusively in pistils at early stages of development, and proteins similar in sequence to gamma-thionin and miraculin which are expressed in immature pistils and stamens, and in either sepals or petals, respectively. Two other clones, similar in sequence to each other, were expressed primarily in immature pistils and stamens and encode distinct proteins with similarity to leucine aminopeptidases. An additional clone, which encodes a protein similar in sequence to the enzyme hyoscyamine 6-beta-hydroxylase and to other members of the family of Fe2+/ascorbate-dependent oxidases, was expressed at high levels in pistils, stamens and sepals, and at detectable levels in some vegetative organs. Together, these observations provide new insight into the nature and possible functional roles of genes expressed during reproductive development.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Milligan
- Section of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis 95616, USA
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Abstract
Pollen grains of flowering plants are highly specialized two- to three-cell gametophytes that deliver sperm to the ovule. This function is achieved as a result of a complex developmental programme, including the coordinated events of meiotic divisions, the production of a unique extracellular matrix, the establishment of cytoplasmic domains, and a determinative asymmetric cell division. After maturation, pollen must interact specifically with the receptive female tissues and germinate a highly polarized pollen tube that rapidly grows through the style to the ovule. Thus, pollen is an excellent model system for the study of meiotic events, cellular organization, cell-cell interactions and polar growth in plant biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Bedinger
- Biology Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27399-3280, USA
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36
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Coupe SA, Taylor JE, Isaac PG, Roberts JA. Identification and characterization of a proline-rich mRNA that accumulates during pod development in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1993; 23:1223-1232. [PMID: 8292786 DOI: 10.1007/bf00042355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Pod development in oilseed rape (Brassica napus) culminates in a process known as dehiscence (shatter) which can result in the loss of seed before the crop is harvested. In order to investigate the biochemical and the genetic basis controlling this process, a cDNA library was constructed from the dehiscence zone of developing pods. This resulted in the isolation of a cDNA clone (SAC51). The mRNA encoded by SAC51 had a transcript size of ca. 700 nucleotides and was found, by northern analysis, to accumulate preferentially in the dehiscence zone of the pod and in no other part of the plant analysed. The predicted polypeptide is rich in the amino acids proline (14.2%) and leucine (14.2%). The sequence of the polypeptide has more than 40% amino acid sequence identity with polypeptides isolated from carrot embryos, maize roots, soybean seeds and young tomato fruit. The function of these proteins is unknown. Genomic Southern analysis suggests that SAC51 is encoded by a single gene or small gene family. The role of the peptide in the development of pods of oilseed rape is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Coupe
- Department of Physiology and Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leics, UK
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