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Westhoff P, Weber APM. The role of metabolomics in informing strategies for improving photosynthesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:1696-1713. [PMID: 38158893 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Photosynthesis plays a vital role in acclimating to and mitigating climate change, providing food and energy security for a population that is constantly growing, and achieving an economy with zero carbon emissions. A thorough comprehension of the dynamics of photosynthesis, including its molecular regulatory network and limitations, is essential for utilizing it as a tool to boost plant growth, enhance crop yields, and support the production of plant biomass for carbon storage. Photorespiration constrains photosynthetic efficiency and contributes significantly to carbon loss. Therefore, modulating or circumventing photorespiration presents opportunities to enhance photosynthetic efficiency. Over the past eight decades, substantial progress has been made in elucidating the molecular basis of photosynthesis, photorespiration, and the key regulatory mechanisms involved, beginning with the discovery of the canonical Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle. Advanced chromatographic and mass spectrometric technologies have allowed a comprehensive analysis of the metabolite patterns associated with photosynthesis, contributing to a deeper understanding of its regulation. In this review, we summarize the results of metabolomics studies that shed light on the molecular intricacies of photosynthetic metabolism. We also discuss the methodological requirements essential for effective analysis of photosynthetic metabolism, highlighting the value of this technology in supporting strategies aimed at enhancing photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Westhoff
- CEPLAS Plant Metabolomics and Metabolism Laboratory, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstrasse 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas P M Weber
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Science (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstrasse 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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2
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Ludwig M, Hartwell J, Raines CA, Simkin AJ. The Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle in C 4 and Crassulacean acid metabolism species. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2024; 155:10-22. [PMID: 37544777 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2023.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
The Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle is the ancestral CO2 assimilation pathway and is found in all photosynthetic organisms. Biochemical extensions to the CBB cycle have evolved that allow the resulting pathways to act as CO2 concentrating mechanisms, either spatially in the case of C4 photosynthesis or temporally in the case of Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM). While the biochemical steps in the C4 and CAM pathways are known, questions remain on their integration and regulation with CBB cycle activity. The application of omic and transgenic technologies is providing a more complete understanding of the biochemistry of C4 and CAM species and will also provide insight into the CBB cycle in these plants. As the global population increases, new solutions are required to increase crop yields and meet demands for food and other bioproducts. Previous work in C3 species has shown that increasing carbon assimilation through genetic manipulation of the CBB cycle can increase biomass and yield. There may also be options to improve photosynthesis in species using C4 photosynthesis and CAM through manipulation of the CBB cycle in these plants. This is an underexplored strategy and requires more basic knowledge of CBB cycle operation in these species to enable approaches for increased productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Ludwig
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - James Hartwell
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | | | - Andrew J Simkin
- University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK; School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, UK
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3
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Si-Hung L, Izumi Y, Bamba T. First proof-of-concept of UC/HILIC for extending the versatility of the current art of supercritical fluid separation. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1240:340741. [PMID: 36641155 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC), a high-throughput separation technique, has been widely applied as a promising routine method in pharmaceutical, pesticides, and metabolome analysis in the same way as conventional liquid chromatography and gas chromatography. Unified chromatography (UC), an advanced version of SFC, which applied gradient elution with mobile phase changing continuously from supercritical to subcritical and to liquid states, can further extend the SFC applications. UC mostly applying the popular mobile phase of 95%:5%/Methanol:Water with additives allows to analyze many hydrophilic compounds. However, many of phosphorylated metabolites or multi carboxylic acids show very poor peak shapes or even can't be eluted under UC conditions, thus hampering the UC's metabolome coverage. In this study, we proposed the first proof-of-concept of UC/HILIC, a novel strategy to extend the current UC metabolome coverage by employing an aqueous gradient right after the UC gradient on a single packed column in a single measurement. The proposed method showed significant improvement regarding the chromatographic performance and metabolome coverage, while still maintaining the precision and high throughput in comparison with conventional UC methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Si-Hung
- Division of Metabolomics/Mass Spectrometry Center, Medical Research Center for High Depth Omics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Izumi
- Division of Metabolomics/Mass Spectrometry Center, Medical Research Center for High Depth Omics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Japan
| | - Takeshi Bamba
- Division of Metabolomics/Mass Spectrometry Center, Medical Research Center for High Depth Omics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Japan.
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4
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Li S, Liu FL, Zhang Z, Yin XM, Ye TT, Yuan BF, Feng YQ. Ultrasensitive Determination of Sugar Phosphates in Trace Samples by Stable Isotope Chemical Labeling Combined with RPLC-MS. Anal Chem 2022; 94:4866-4873. [PMID: 35274930 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sugar phosphates are important metabolic intermediates in organisms and play a vital role in energy and central carbon metabolism. Profiling of sugar phosphates is of great significance but full of challenges due to their high structural similarity and low sensitivities in liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectrometry (MS). In this study, we developed a novel stable isotope chemical labeling combined with the reversed-phase (RP)LC-MS method for ultrasensitive determination of sugar phosphates at the single-cell level. By chemical derivatization with 2-(diazo-methyl)-N-methyl-N-phenyl-benzamide (2-DMBA) and d5-2-DMBA, sugar phosphate isomers can obtain better separation and identification, and the detection sensitivities of sugar phosphates increased by 3.5-147 folds. The obtained limits of detection of sugar phosphates ranged from 5 to 16 pg/mL. Using this method, we achieved ultrasensitive and accurate quantification of 12 sugar phosphates in different trace biological samples. Benefiting from the improved separation and detection sensitivity, we successfully quantified five sugar phosphates (d-glucose 1-phosphate, d-mannose 6-phosphate, d-fructose 6-phosphate, d-glucose 6-phosphate, and seduheptulose 7-phosphate) in a single protoplast of Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Li
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Fei-Long Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Tian-Tian Ye
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Bi-Feng Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.,School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yu-Qi Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.,School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
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5
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Stitt M, Luca Borghi G, Arrivault S. Targeted metabolite profiling as a top-down approach to uncover interspecies diversity and identify key conserved operational features in the Calvin-Benson cycle. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:5961-5986. [PMID: 34473300 PMCID: PMC8411860 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Improving photosynthesis is a promising avenue to increase crop yield. This will be aided by better understanding of natural variance in photosynthesis. Profiling of Calvin-Benson cycle (CBC) metabolites provides a top-down strategy to uncover interspecies diversity in CBC operation. In a study of four C4 and five C3 species, principal components analysis separated C4 species from C3 species and also separated different C4 species. These separations were driven by metabolites that reflect known species differences in their biochemistry and pathways. Unexpectedly, there was also considerable diversity between the C3 species. Falling atmospheric CO2 and changing temperature, nitrogen, and water availability have driven evolution of C4 photosynthesis in multiple lineages. We propose that analogous selective pressures drove lineage-dependent evolution of the CBC in C3 species. Examples of species-dependent variation include differences in the balance between the CBC and the light reactions, and in the balance between regulated steps in the CBC. Metabolite profiles also reveal conserved features including inactivation of enzymes in low irradiance, and maintenance of CBC metabolites at relatively high levels in the absence of net CO2 fixation. These features may be important for photosynthetic efficiency in low light, fluctuating irradiance, and when stomata close due to low water availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Stitt
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Gian Luca Borghi
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Stéphanie Arrivault
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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6
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Borghi GL, Moraes TA, Günther M, Feil R, Mengin V, Lunn JE, Stitt M, Arrivault S. Relationship between irradiance and levels of Calvin-Benson cycle and other intermediates in the model eudicot Arabidopsis and the model monocot rice. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:5809-5825. [PMID: 31353406 PMCID: PMC6812724 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Metabolite profiles provide a top-down overview of the balance between the reactions in a pathway. We compared Calvin-Benson cycle (CBC) intermediate profiles in different conditions in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and rice (Oryza sativa) to learn which features of CBC regulation differ and which are shared between these model eudicot and monocot C3 species. Principal component analysis revealed that CBC intermediate profiles follow different trajectories in Arabidopsis and rice as irradiance increases. The balance between subprocesses or reactions differed, with 3-phosphoglycerate reduction being favoured in Arabidopsis and ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate regeneration in rice, and sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase being favoured in Arabidopsis compared with fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase in rice. Photosynthesis rates rose in parallel with ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate levels in Arabidopsis, but not in rice. Nevertheless, some responses were shared between Arabidopsis and rice. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphate were high or peaked at very low irradiance in both species. Incomplete activation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase may prevent wasteful futile cycles in low irradiance. End-product synthesis is inhibited and high levels of CBC intermediates are maintained in low light or in low CO2 in both species. This may improve photosynthetic efficiency in fluctuating irradiance, and facilitate rapid CBC flux to support photorespiration and energy dissipation in low CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Luca Borghi
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | | | - Manuela Günther
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Regina Feil
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Virginie Mengin
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - John E Lunn
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Mark Stitt
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Stéphanie Arrivault
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Correspondence:
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7
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Sun L, Zhang P, Wang R, Wan J, Ju Q, Rothstein SJ, Xu J. The SNAC-A Transcription Factor ANAC032 Reprograms Metabolism in Arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:999-1010. [PMID: 30690513 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Studies have indicated that the carbon starvation response leads to the reprogramming of the transcriptome and metabolome, and many genes, including several important regulators, such as the group S1 basic leucine zipper transcription factors (TFs) bZIP1, bZIP11 and bZIP53, the SNAC-A TF ATAF1, etc., are involved in these physiological processes. Here, we show that the SNAC-A TF ANAC032 also plays important roles in this process. The overexpression of ANAC032 inhibits photosynthesis and induces reactive oxygen species accumulation in chloroplasts, thereby reducing sugar accumulation and resulting in carbon starvation. ANAC032 reprograms carbon and nitrogen metabolism by increasing sugar and amino acid catabolism in plants. The ChIP-qPCR and transient dual-luciferase reporter assays indicated that ANAC032 regulates trehalose metabolism via the direct regulation of TRE1 expression. Taken together, these results show that ANAC032 is an important regulator of the carbon/energy status that represses photosynthesis to induce carbon starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruling Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan, China
| | - Jinpeng Wan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiong Ju
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan, China
| | - Steven J Rothstein
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Jin Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan, China
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8
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Arrivault S, Alexandre Moraes T, Obata T, Medeiros DB, Fernie AR, Boulouis A, Ludwig M, Lunn JE, Borghi GL, Schlereth A, Guenther M, Stitt M. Metabolite profiles reveal interspecific variation in operation of the Calvin-Benson cycle in both C4 and C3 plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:1843-1858. [PMID: 30773587 PMCID: PMC6436152 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Low atmospheric CO2 in recent geological time led to the evolution of carbon-concentrating mechanisms (CCMs) such as C4 photosynthesis in >65 terrestrial plant lineages. We know little about the impact of low CO2 on the Calvin-Benson cycle (CBC) in C3 species that did not evolve CCMs, representing >90% of terrestrial plant species. Metabolite profiling provides a top-down strategy to investigate the operational balance in a pathway. We profiled CBC intermediates in a panel of C4 (Zea mays, Setaria viridis, Flaveria bidentis, and F. trinervia) and C3 species (Oryza sativa, Triticium aestivum, Arabidopsis thaliana, Nicotiana tabacum, and Manihot esculenta). Principal component analysis revealed differences between C4 and C3 species that were driven by many metabolites, including lower ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate in C4 species. Strikingly, there was also considerable variation between C3 species. This was partly due to different chlorophyll and protein contents, but mainly to differences in relative levels of metabolites. Correlation analysis indicated that one contributory factor was the balance between fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase, phosphoribulokinase, and Rubisco. Our results point to the CBC having experienced different evolutionary trajectories in C3 species since the ancestors of modern plant lineages diverged. They underline the need to understand CBC operation in a wide range of species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Arrivault
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | | | - Toshihiro Obata
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Present address: Department of Biochemistry, Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1901 Vine Str, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - David B Medeiros
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Alix Boulouis
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Present address: Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, CNRS - Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Martha Ludwig
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley WA, Australia
| | - John E Lunn
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Gian Luca Borghi
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Armin Schlereth
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Manuela Guenther
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Mark Stitt
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Correspondence:
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9
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Rende U, Niittylä T, Moritz T. Two-step derivatization for determination of sugar phosphates in plants by combined reversed phase chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. PLANT METHODS 2019; 15:127. [PMID: 31719834 PMCID: PMC6836659 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-019-0514-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sugar phosphates are important intermediates of central carbon metabolism in biological systems, with roles in glycolysis, the pentose-phosphate pathway, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and many other biosynthesis pathways. Understanding central carbon metabolism requires a simple, robust and comprehensive analytical method. However, sugar phosphates are notoriously difficult to analyze by traditional reversed phase liquid chromatography. RESULTS Here, we show a two-step derivatization of sugar phosphates by methoxylamine and propionic acid anhydride after chloroform/methanol (3:7) extraction from Populus leaf and developing wood that improves separation, identification and quantification of sugar phosphates by ultra high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-MS). Standard curves of authentic sugar phosphates were generated for concentrations from pg to ng/μl with a correlation coefficient R 2 > 0.99. The method showed high sensitivity and repeatability with relative standard deviation (RSD) < 20% based on repeated extraction, derivatization and detection. The analytical accuracy for Populus leaf extracts, determined by a two-level spiking approach of selected metabolites, was 79-107%. CONCLUSION The results show the reliability of combined reversed phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for sugar phosphate analysis and demonstrate the presence of two unknown sugar phosphates in Populus extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umut Rende
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Totte Niittylä
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Thomas Moritz
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden
- The NovoNordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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10
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Pandey R, Caflisch L, Lodi A, Brenner AJ, Tiziani S. Metabolomic signature of brain cancer. Mol Carcinog 2017; 56:2355-2371. [PMID: 28618012 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in surgery and adjuvant therapy, brain tumors represent one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality and morbidity in both adults and children. Gliomas constitute about 60% of all cerebral tumors, showing varying degrees of malignancy. They are difficult to treat due to dismal prognosis and limited therapeutics. Metabolomics is the untargeted and targeted analyses of endogenous and exogenous small molecules, which charact erizes the phenotype of an individual. This emerging "omics" science provides functional readouts of cellular activity that contribute greatly to the understanding of cancer biology including brain tumor biology. Metabolites are highly informative as a direct signature of biochemical activity; therefore, metabolite profiling has become a promising approach for clinical diagnostics and prognostics. The metabolic alterations are well-recognized as one of the key hallmarks in monitoring disease progression, therapy, and revealing new molecular targets for effective therapeutic intervention. Taking advantage of the latest high-throughput analytical technologies, that is, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and mass spectrometry (MS), metabolomics is now a promising field for precision medicine and drug discovery. In the present report, we review the application of metabolomics and in vivo metabolic profiling in the context of adult gliomas and paediatric brain tumors. Analytical platforms such as high-resolution (HR) NMR, in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging and high- and low-resolution MS are discussed. Moreover, the relevance of metabolic studies in the development of new therapeutic strategies for treatment of gliomas are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renu Pandey
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Laura Caflisch
- Department of Hematology and Medical oncology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Alessia Lodi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Andrew J Brenner
- Department of Hematology and Medical oncology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas.,Department of Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Stefano Tiziani
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas.,Dell Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
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11
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Suzuki Y, Kondo E, Makino A. Effects of co-overexpression of the genes of Rubisco and transketolase on photosynthesis in rice. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2017; 131:281-289. [PMID: 27817054 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-016-0320-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Metabolome analyses have indicated an accumulation of sedoheptulose 7-phosphate in transgenic rice plants with overproduction of Rubisco (Suzuki et al. in Plant Cell Environ 35:1369-1379, 2012. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2012.02494.x ). Since Rubisco overproduction did not quantitatively enhance photosynthesis even under CO2-limited conditions, it is suspected that such an accumulation of sedoheptulose 7-phosphate hampers the improvement of photosynthetic capacity. In the present study, the gene of transketolase, which is involved in the metabolism of sedoheptulose 7-phosphate, was co-overexpressed with the Rubisco small subunit gene in rice. Rubisco and transketolase were successfully overproduced in comparison with those in wild-type plants by 35-53 and 39-84 %, respectively. These changes in the amounts of the proteins were associated with those of the mRNA levels. However, the rate of CO2 assimilation under high irradiance and different [CO2] did not differ between co-overexpressed plants and wild-type plants. Thus, co-overproduction of Rubisco and transketolase did not improve photosynthesis in rice. Transketolase was probably not a limiting factor of photosynthesis as overproduction of transketolase alone by 80-94 % did not affect photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Suzuki
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Sendai, 981-8555, Japan.
- CREST, JST, Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0076, Japan.
- Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8550, Japan.
| | - Eri Kondo
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Sendai, 981-8555, Japan
| | - Amane Makino
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Sendai, 981-8555, Japan
- CREST, JST, Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0076, Japan
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12
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Jorge TF, Rodrigues JA, Caldana C, Schmidt R, van Dongen JT, Thomas-Oates J, António C. Mass spectrometry-based plant metabolomics: Metabolite responses to abiotic stress. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2016; 35:620-49. [PMID: 25589422 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Metabolomics is one omics approach that can be used to acquire comprehensive information on the composition of a metabolite pool to provide a functional screen of the cellular state. Studies of the plant metabolome include analysis of a wide range of chemical species with diverse physical properties, from ionic inorganic compounds to biochemically derived hydrophilic carbohydrates, organic and amino acids, and a range of hydrophobic lipid-related compounds. This complexitiy brings huge challenges to the analytical technologies employed in current plant metabolomics programs, and powerful analytical tools are required for the separation and characterization of this extremely high compound diversity present in biological sample matrices. The use of mass spectrometry (MS)-based analytical platforms to profile stress-responsive metabolites that allow some plants to adapt to adverse environmental conditions is fundamental in current plant biotechnology research programs for the understanding and development of stress-tolerant plants. In this review, we describe recent applications of metabolomics and emphasize its increasing application to study plant responses to environmental (stress-) factors, including drought, salt, low oxygen caused by waterlogging or flooding of the soil, temperature, light and oxidative stress (or a combination of them). Advances in understanding the global changes occurring in plant metabolism under specific abiotic stress conditions are fundamental to enhance plant fitness and increase stress tolerance. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 35:620-649, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago F Jorge
- Plant Metabolomics Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier-Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-UNL), Avenida República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - João A Rodrigues
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Camila Caldana
- Max-Planck-partner group at the Brazilian Bioethanol Science and Technology Laboratory/CNPEM, 13083-970, Campinas-SP, Brazil
| | - Romy Schmidt
- Institute of Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Joost T van Dongen
- Institute of Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jane Thomas-Oates
- Jane Thomas-Oates, Centre of Excellence in Mass Spectrometry, and Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Carla António
- Plant Metabolomics Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier-Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-UNL), Avenida República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
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Allen DK. Assessing compartmentalized flux in lipid metabolism with isotopes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:1226-1242. [PMID: 27003250 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Metabolism in plants takes place across multiple cell types and within distinct organelles. The distributions equate to spatial heterogeneity; though the limited means to experimentally assess metabolism frequently involve homogenizing tissues and mixing metabolites from different locations. Most current isotope investigations of metabolism therefore lack the ability to resolve spatially distinct events. Recognition of this limitation has resulted in inspired efforts to advance metabolic flux analysis and isotopic labeling techniques. Though a number of these efforts have been applied to studies in central metabolism; recent advances in instrumentation and techniques present an untapped opportunity to make similar progress in lipid metabolism where the use of stable isotopes has been more limited. These efforts will benefit from sophisticated radiolabeling reports that continue to enrich our knowledge on lipid biosynthetic pathways and provide some direction for stable isotope experimental design and extension of MFA. Evidence for this assertion is presented through the review of several elegant stable isotope studies and by taking stock of what has been learned from radioisotope investigations when spatial aspects of metabolism were considered. The studies emphasize that glycerolipid production occurs across several locations with assembly of lipids in the ER or plastid, fatty acid biosynthesis occurring in the plastid, and the generation of acetyl-CoA and glycerol-3-phosphate taking place at multiple sites. Considering metabolism in this context underscores the cellular and subcellular organization that is important to enhanced production of glycerolipids in plants. An attempt is made to unify salient features from a number of reports into a diagrammatic model of lipid metabolism and propose where stable isotope labeling experiments and further flux analysis may help address questions in the field. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Plant Lipid Biology edited by Kent D. Chapman and Ivo Feussner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doug K Allen
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 975 North Warson Road, St. Louis, MO 63132, United States; Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 North Warson Road, St. Louis, MO 63132, United States.
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14
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Allen DK. Quantifying plant phenotypes with isotopic labeling & metabolic flux analysis. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2015; 37:45-52. [PMID: 26613198 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Analyses of metabolic flux using stable isotopes in plants have traditionally been restricted to tissues with presumed homogeneous cell populations and long metabolic steady states such as developing seeds, cell suspensions, or cultured roots and root tips. It is now possible to describe these and other metabolically more dynamic tissues such as leaves in greater detail using novel methods in mass spectrometry, isotope labeling strategies, and transient labeling-based flux analyses. Such studies are necessary for a systems level description of plant function that more closely represents biological reality, and provides insights into the genes that will need to be modified as natural resources become ever more limited and environments change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doug K Allen
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Plant Genetics Research Unit, 975 North Warson Road, St. Louis, MO 63132, United States; Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 North Warson Road, St. Louis, MO 63132, United States.
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15
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Eastwood H, Xia F, Lo MC, Zhou J, Jordan JB, McCarter J, Barnhart WW, Gahm KH. Development of a nucleotide sugar purification method using a mixed mode column & mass spectrometry detection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 115:402-9. [PMID: 26279371 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of nucleotide sugars, nucleoside di- and triphosphates and sugar-phosphates is an essential step in the process of understanding enzymatic pathways. A facile and rapid separation method was developed to analyze these compounds present in an enzymatic reaction mixture utilized to produce nucleotide sugars. The Primesep SB column explored in this study utilizes hydrophobic interactions as well as electrostatic interactions with the phosphoric portion of the nucleotide sugars. Ammonium formate buffer was selected due to its compatibility with mass spectrometry. Negative ion mode mass spectrometry was adopted for detection of the sugar phosphate (fucose-1-phophate), as the compound is not amenable to UV detection. Various mobile phase conditions such as pH, buffer concentration and organic modifier were explored. The semi-preparative separation method was developed to prepare 30mg of the nucleotide sugar. (19)F NMR was utilized to determine purity of the purified fluorinated nucleotide sugar. The collected nucleotide sugar was found to be 99% pure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Eastwood
- Department of Molecular Structure & Characterization, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, United States.
| | - Fang Xia
- ASK-Gene Pharma, Inc., Camarillo, CA 93012, United States
| | - Mei-Chu Lo
- Department of Molecular Structure & Characterization, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, United States
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Molecular Structure & Characterization, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, United States
| | - John B Jordan
- Department of Molecular Structure & Characterization, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, United States
| | - John McCarter
- Department of Molecular Structure & Characterization, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, United States
| | - Wesley W Barnhart
- Department of Molecular Structure & Characterization, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, United States
| | - Kyung-Hyun Gahm
- Department of Molecular Structure & Characterization, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, United States
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16
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Schwahn K, de Souza LP, Fernie AR, Tohge T. Metabolomics-assisted refinement of the pathways of steroidal glycoalkaloid biosynthesis in the tomato clade. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 56:864-75. [PMID: 25109688 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs) are nitrogen-containing secondary metabolites of the Solanum species, which are known to have large chemical and bioactive diversity in nature. While recent effort and development on LC/MS techniques for SGA profiling have elucidated the main pathways of SGA metabolism in tomato, the problem of peak annotation still remains due to the vast diversity of chemical structure and similar on overlapping of chemical formula. Here we provide a case study of peak classification and annotation approach by integration of species and tissue specificities of SGA accumulation for provision of comprehensive pathways of SGA biosynthesis. In order to elucidate natural diversity of SGA biosynthesis, a total of 169 putative SGAs found in eight tomato accessions (Solanum lycopersicum, S. pimpinellifolium, S. cheesmaniae, S. chmielewskii, S. neorickii, S. peruvianum, S. habrochaites, S. pennellii) and four tissue types were used for correlation analysis. The results obtained in this study contribute annotation and classification of SGAs as well as detecting putative novel biosynthetic branch points. As such this represents a novel strategy for peak annotation for plant secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Schwahn
- University of Potsdam, AG Bioinformatics, Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, Karl-Liebknecht-Str 24-25, 14479, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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17
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Tohge T, de Souza LP, Fernie AR. Genome-enabled plant metabolomics. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 966:7-20. [PMID: 24811977 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The grand challenge currently facing metabolomics is that of comprehensitivity whilst next generation sequencing and advanced proteomics methods now allow almost complete and at least 50% coverage of their respective target molecules, metabolomics platforms at best offer coverage of just 10% of the small molecule complement of the cell. Here we discuss the use of genome sequence information as an enabling tool for peak identity and for translational metabolomics. Whilst we argue that genome information is not sufficient to compute the size of a species metabolome it is highly useful in predicting the occurrence of a wide range of common metabolites. Furthermore, we describe how via gene functional analysis in model species the identity of unknown metabolite peaks can be resolved. Taken together these examples suggest that genome sequence information is current (and likely will remain), a highly effective tool in peak elucidation in mass spectral metabolomics strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Tohge
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
| | - Leonardo Perez de Souza
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany.
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18
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Phosphorylation of Arabidopsis transketolase at Ser428 provides a potential paradigm for the metabolic control of chloroplast carbon metabolism. Biochem J 2014; 458:313-22. [PMID: 24328790 PMCID: PMC3966265 DOI: 10.1042/bj20130631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Calcium is an important second messenger in eukaryotic cells that regulates many different cellular processes. To elucidate calcium regulation in chloroplasts, we identified the targets of calcium-dependent phosphorylation within the stromal proteome. A 73 kDa protein was identified as one of the most dominant proteins undergoing phosphorylation in a calcium-dependent manner in the stromal extracts of both Arabidopsis and Pisum. It was identified as TKL (transketolase), an essential enzyme of both the Calvin–Benson–Bassham cycle and the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway. Calcium-dependent phosphorylation of both Arabidopsis isoforms (AtTKL1 and AtTKL2) could be confirmed in vitro using recombinant proteins. The phosphorylation is catalysed by a stroma-localized protein kinase, which cannot utilize GTP. Phosphorylation of AtTKL1, the dominant isoform in most tissues, occurs at a serine residue that is conserved in TKLs of vascular plants. By contrast, an aspartate residue is present in this position in cyanobacteria, algae and mosses. Characterization of a phosphomimetic mutant (S428D) indicated that Ser428 phosphorylation exerts significant effects on the enzyme's substrate saturation kinetics at specific physiological pH values. The results of the present study point to a role for TKL phosphorylation in the regulation of carbon allocation. Stromal transketolase was identified as a target of calcium-dependent phosphorylation. The phosphorylated Ser428 is highly conserved in transketolases from vascular plants and affects the substrate saturation kinetics of the enzyme indicating a role for phosphorylation in the regulation of carbon allocation.
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19
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Cocuron JC, Anderson B, Boyd A, Alonso AP. Targeted metabolomics of Physaria fendleri, an industrial crop producing hydroxy fatty acids. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 55:620-33. [PMID: 24443498 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Physaria fendleri (syn. Lesquerella) is a Brassicaceae producing lesquerolic acid, a highly valued hydroxy fatty acid that could be used for several industrial applications, such as cosmetics, lubricating greases, paints, plastics and biofuels. Free of toxins, Physaria oil is an attractive alternative to imported castor (Ricinus communis) oil, and is hence on the verge of commercialization. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of fatty acid methyl esters revealed that lesquerolic acid was synthesized and accumulated in the embryos, reaching 60% (w/w) of the total fatty acids. The sequential extraction and characterization of biomass compounds revealed that Physaria embryo metabolism switched from protein to fatty acid biosynthesis between 18 and 24 days post-anthesis (DPA). In order to unravel the metabolic pathways involved in fatty acid synthesis, a targeted metabolomics study was conducted on Physaria embryos at different stages of development. For this purpose, two novel high-throughput liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methods were developed and validated to quantify sugars, sugar alcohols and amino acids. Specificity was achieved using multiple reaction monitoring, and the limits of quantification were in the pmole-fmole range. The comparative metabolomic study underlined that: (i) the majority of the metabolites accumulate in Physaria embryos between 18 and 27 DPA; (ii) the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway, glycolysis, the tricarboxilic acid cycle and the anaplerotic pathway drain a substantial amount of carbon; and (iii) ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate is present, which specifically indicates that the Calvin cycle is occurring. The importance and the relevance of these findings regarding fatty acid synthesis were discussed.
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20
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Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for measuring ¹³C-labeling in intermediates of the glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1090:131-42. [PMID: 24222414 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-688-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
This chapter describes a procedure to analyze (13)C-labeled phosphorylated compounds by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Phosphorylated compounds, intermediaries of the glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway, are separated by anion exchange chromatography and their isotopic labeling is determined by mass spectrometry. A sensitivity in the fmole range is achieved using scheduled multiple reaction monitoring mode.
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21
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Kazarian AA, Taylor MR, Haddad PR, Nesterenko PN, Paull B. Ion-exchange and hydrophobic interactions affecting selectivity for neutral and charged solutes on three structurally similar agglomerated ion-exchange and mixed-mode stationary phases. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 803:143-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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22
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Szecowka M, Heise R, Tohge T, Nunes-Nesi A, Vosloh D, Huege J, Feil R, Lunn J, Nikoloski Z, Stitt M, Fernie AR, Arrivault S. Metabolic fluxes in an illuminated Arabidopsis rosette. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:694-714. [PMID: 23444331 PMCID: PMC3608787 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.106989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis is the basis for life, and its optimization is a key biotechnological aim given the problems of population explosion and environmental deterioration. We describe a method to resolve intracellular fluxes in intact Arabidopsis thaliana rosettes based on time-dependent labeling patterns in the metabolome. Plants photosynthesizing under limiting irradiance and ambient CO2 in a custom-built chamber were transferred into a (13)CO2-enriched environment. The isotope labeling patterns of 40 metabolites were obtained using liquid or gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Labeling kinetics revealed striking differences between metabolites. At a qualitative level, they matched expectations in terms of pathway topology and stoichiometry, but some unexpected features point to the complexity of subcellular and cellular compartmentation. To achieve quantitative insights, the data set was used for estimating fluxes in the framework of kinetic flux profiling. We benchmarked flux estimates to four classically determined flux signatures of photosynthesis and assessed the robustness of the estimates with respect to different features of the underlying metabolic model and the time-resolved data set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Szecowka
- Central Metabolism Research Group, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Robert Heise
- Systems Biology and Mathematical Modeling Research Group, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Takayuki Tohge
- Central Metabolism Research Group, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Adriano Nunes-Nesi
- Central Metabolism Research Group, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Daniel Vosloh
- Metabolic Systems Research Group, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Jan Huege
- Central Metabolism Research Group, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Regina Feil
- Metabolic Systems Research Group, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - John Lunn
- Metabolic Systems Research Group, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Zoran Nikoloski
- Systems Biology and Mathematical Modeling Research Group, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Mark Stitt
- Metabolic Systems Research Group, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Alisdair R. Fernie
- Central Metabolism Research Group, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Address correspondence to
| | - Stéphanie Arrivault
- Metabolic Systems Research Group, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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Dorion S, Clendenning A, Jeukens J, Salas JJ, Parveen N, Haner AA, Law RD, Force EM, Rivoal J. A large decrease of cytosolic triosephosphate isomerase in transgenic potato roots affects the distribution of carbon in primary metabolism. PLANTA 2012; 236:1177-90. [PMID: 22678033 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-012-1675-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Triosephosphate isomerase (TPI, EC 5.3.1.1) catalyzes the interconversion of dihydroxyacetone-P and glyceraldehyde 3-P in the glycolytic pathway. A constitutively expressed antisense construct for cytosolic TPI was introduced into potato (Solanum tuberosum) using Agrobacterium rhizogenes to examine the metabolic effects of a reduction in cytosolic TPI in roots. We obtained a population of transgenic root clones displaying ~36 to 100 % of the TPI activity found in control clones carrying an empty binary vector. Ion exchange chromatography and immunoblot analysis showed that the antisense strategy significantly decreased the cytosolic TPI isoform, while levels of plastidial TPI activity remained apparently unaffected. Transgenic roots were characterized with respect to the activity of glycolytic enzymes, their metabolite contents and carbon fluxes. Metabolite profiling of sugars, organic acids, amino acids and lipids showed elevated levels of sucrose, glucose, fructose, fumarate, isocitrate, 4-aminobutyrate, alanine, glycine, aromatic amino acids and saturated long chain fatty acids in roots containing the lowest TPI activity. Labelings with (14)C-glucose, (14)C-sucrose and (14)C-acetate indicated that a reduction of cytosolic TPI activity in roots increased carbon metabolism through the pentose phosphate pathway, O(2) uptake and catabolism of sucrose to CO(2), and capacity for lipid synthesis. These results demonstrate that a large reduction of cytosolic TPI alters the distribution of carbon in plant primary metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Dorion
- IRBV, Université de Montréal, 4101 rue Sherbrooke est, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada
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24
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Suzuki Y, Fujimori T, Kanno K, Sasaki A, Ohashi Y, Makino A. Metabolome analysis of photosynthesis and the related primary metabolites in the leaves of transgenic rice plants with increased or decreased Rubisco content. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2012; 35:1369-79. [PMID: 22321318 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2012.02494.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Because the comprehensive effects on metabolism by genetic manipulation of leaf Rubisco content are unknown, metabolome analysis was carried out on transgenic rice plants with increased or decreased Rubisco content using the capillary electrophoresis-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (CE-TOFMS) technique. In RBCS-sense plants, an increase in Rubisco content did not improve light-saturated photosynthesis. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and sedoheputulose 7-phosphate levels increased, but ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP), ATP and ADP levels were not affected. It is considered from these results that RuBP regeneration independent of ATP supply became a bottleneck for photosynthesis. In RBCS-antisense plants, a decline in Rubisco content decreased photosynthesis with a substantial accumulation of RuBP. ATP and ADP levels also increased and were associated with increases in the diphosphate and triphosphate compounds of other nucleosides. These results imply that a decline in Rubisco content slowed down the Calvin cycle and that the resultant excess energy of ATP was transferred to other nucleoside diphosphates and triphosphates. The levels of amino acids tended to decline in RBCS-sense plants and increase in RBCS-antisense plants, probably reflecting the demand for Rubisco synthesis. Starch and carbohydrate levels decreased only in RBCS-antisense plants. Thus, genetic manipulation of Rubisco contents widely affected C and N metabolism in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Suzuki
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Sendai 981-8555, Japan.
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Rasulov B, Hüve K, Laisk A, Niinemets Ü. Induction of a longer term component of isoprene release in darkened aspen leaves: origin and regulation under different environmental conditions. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 156:816-31. [PMID: 21502186 PMCID: PMC3177278 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.176222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
After darkening, isoprene emission continues for 20 to 30 min following biphasic kinetics. The initial dark release of isoprene (postillumination emission), for 200 to 300 s, occurs mainly at the expense of its immediate substrate, dimethylallyldiphosphate (DMADP), but the origin and controls of the secondary burst of isoprene release (dark-induced emission) between approximately 300 and 1,500 s, are not entirely understood. We used a fast-response gas-exchange system to characterize the controls of dark-induced isoprene emission by light, temperature, and CO(2) and oxygen concentrations preceding leaf darkening and the effects of short light pulses and changing gas concentrations during dark-induced isoprene release in hybrid aspen (Populus tremula × Populus tremuloides). The effect of the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate pathway inhibitor fosmidomycin was also investigated. The integral of postillumination isoprene release was considered to constitute the DMADP pool size, while the integral of dark-induced emission was defined as the "dark" pool. Overall, the steady-state emission rate in light and the maximum dark-induced emission rate responded similarly to variations in preceding environmental drivers and atmospheric composition, increasing with increasing light, having maxima at approximately 40 °C and close to the CO(2) compensation point, and were suppressed by lack of oxygen. The DMADP and dark pool sizes were also similar through their environmental dependencies, except for high temperatures, where the dark pool significantly exceeded the DMADP pool. Isoprene release could be enhanced by short lightflecks early during dark-induced isoprene release, but not at later stages. Fosmidomycin strongly suppressed both the isoprene emission rates in light and in the dark, but the dark pool was only moderately affected. These results demonstrate a strong correspondence between the steady-state isoprene emission in light and the dark-induced emission and suggest that the dark pool reflects the total pool size of 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol-4-phosphate pathway metabolites upstream of DMADP. These metabolites are converted to isoprene as soon as ATP and NADPH become available, likely by dark activation of chloroplastic glycolysis and chlororespiration.
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26
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Kusano M, Tabuchi M, Fukushima A, Funayama K, Diaz C, Kobayashi M, Hayashi N, Tsuchiya YN, Takahashi H, Kamata A, Yamaya T, Saito K. Metabolomics data reveal a crucial role of cytosolic glutamine synthetase 1;1 in coordinating metabolic balance in rice. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 66:456-66. [PMID: 21255162 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04506.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Rice plants grown in paddy fields preferentially use ammonium as a source of inorganic nitrogen. Glutamine synthetase (GS) catalyses the conversion of ammonium to glutamine. Of the three genes encoding cytosolic GS in rice, OsGS1;1 is critical for normal growth and grain filling. However, the basis of its physiological function that may alter the rate of nitrogen assimilation and carbon metabolism within the context of metabolic networks remains unclear. To address this issue, we carried out quantitative comparative analyses between the metabolite profiles of a rice mutant lacking OsGS1;1 and its background wild type (WT). The mutant plants exhibited severe retardation of shoot growth in the presence of ammonium compared with the WT. Overaccumulation of free ammonium in the leaf sheath and roots of the mutant indicated the importance of OsGS1;1 for ammonium assimilation in both organs. The metabolite profiles of the mutant line revealed: (i) an imbalance in levels of sugars, amino acids and metabolites in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and (ii) overaccumulation of secondary metabolites, particularly in the roots under a continuous supply of ammonium. Metabolite-to-metabolite correlation analysis revealed the presence of mutant-specific networks between tryptamine and other primary metabolites in the roots. These results demonstrated a crucial function of OsGS1;1 in coordinating the global metabolic network in rice plants grown using ammonium as the nitrogen source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyako Kusano
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
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Livingston AK, Kanazawa A, Cruz JA, Kramer DM. Regulation of cyclic electron flow in C₃ plants: differential effects of limiting photosynthesis at ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2010; 33:1779-88. [PMID: 20545877 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2010.02183.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic electron flow around photosystem I (CEF1) is thought to augment chloroplast ATP production to meet metabolic needs. Very little is known about the induction and regulation of CEF1. We investigated the effects on CEF1 of antisense suppression of the Calvin-Benson enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapR), and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) small subunit (SSU), in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Wisconsin 38). The gapR, but not ssuR, mutants showed substantial increases in CEF1, demonstrating that specific intermediates, rather than slowing of assimilation, induce CEF1. Both types of mutant showed increases in steady-state transthylakoid proton motive force (pmf) and subsequent activation of the photoprotective q(E) response. With gapR, the increased pmf was caused both by up-regulation of CEF1 and down-regulation of the ATP synthase. In ssuR, the increased pmf was attributed entirely to a decrease in ATP synthase activity, as previously seen in wild-type plants when CO₂ levels were decreased. Comparison of major stromal metabolites in gapR, ssuR and hcef1, a mutant with decreased fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase activity, showed that neither the ATP/ADP ratio, nor major Calvin-Benson cycle intermediates can directly account for the activation of CEF1, suggesting that chloroplast redox status or reactive oxygen species regulate CEF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron K Livingston
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6340, USA
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28
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Hinterwirth H, Lämmerhofer M, Preinerstorfer B, Gargano A, Reischl R, Bicker W, Trapp O, Brecker L, Lindner W. Selectivity issues in targeted metabolomics: Separation of phosphorylated carbohydrate isomers by mixed-mode hydrophilic interaction/weak anion exchange chromatography. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:3273-82. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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29
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Alonso AP, Piasecki RJ, Wang Y, LaClair RW, Shachar-Hill Y. Quantifying the labeling and the levels of plant cell wall precursors using ion chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 153:915-24. [PMID: 20442274 PMCID: PMC2899904 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.155713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of cell wall polymers involves enormous fluxes through central metabolism that are not fully delineated and whose regulation is poorly understood. We have established and validated a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method using multiple reaction monitoring mode to separate and quantify the levels of plant cell wall precursors. Target analytes were identified by their parent/daughter ions and retention times. The method allows the quantification of precursors at low picomole quantities with linear responses up to the nanomole quantity range. When applying the technique to Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) T87 cell cultures, 16 hexose-phosphates (hexose-Ps) and nucleotide-sugars (NDP-sugars) involved in cell wall biosynthesis were separately quantified. Using hexose-P and NDP-sugar standards, we have shown that hot water extraction allows good recovery of the target metabolites (over 86%). This method is applicable to quantifying the levels of hexose-Ps and NDP-sugars in different plant tissues, such as Arabidopsis T87 cells in culture and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) endosperm tissue, showing higher levels of galacto-mannan precursors in fenugreek endosperm. In Arabidopsis cells incubated with [U-(13)C(Fru)]sucrose, the method was used to track the labeling pattern in cell wall precursors. As the fragmentation of hexose-Ps and NDP-sugars results in high yields of [PO(3)](-)/or [H(2)PO(4)](-) ions, mass isotopomers can be quantified directly from the intensity of selected tandem mass spectrometry transitions. The ability to directly measure (13)C labeling in cell wall precursors makes possible metabolic flux analysis of cell wall biosynthesis based on dynamic labeling experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P Alonso
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.
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30
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Stitt M, Sulpice R, Keurentjes J. Metabolic networks: how to identify key components in the regulation of metabolism and growth. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 152:428-44. [PMID: 20018593 PMCID: PMC2815907 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.150821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 12/08/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Stitt
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
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31
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Hasunuma T, Harada K, Miyazawa SI, Kondo A, Fukusaki E, Miyake C. Metabolic turnover analysis by a combination of in vivo 13C-labelling from 13CO2 and metabolic profiling with CE-MS/MS reveals rate-limiting steps of the C3 photosynthetic pathway in Nicotiana tabacum leaves. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2010; 61:1041-51. [PMID: 20026474 PMCID: PMC2826653 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erp374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2009] [Revised: 11/22/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Understanding of the control of metabolic pathways in plants requires direct measurement of the metabolic turnover rate. Sugar phosphate metabolism, including the Calvin cycle, is the primary pathway in C(3) photosynthesis, the dynamic status of which has not been assessed quantitatively in the leaves of higher plants. Since the flux of photosynthetic carbon metabolism is affected by the CO(2) fixation rate in leaves, a novel in vivo (13)C-labelling system was developed with (13)CO(2) for the kinetic determination of metabolic turnover that was the time-course of the (13)C-labelling ratio in each metabolite. The system is equipped with a gas-exchange chamber that enables real-time monitoring of the CO(2) fixation rate and a freeze-clamp that excises a labelled leaf concurrently with quenching the metabolic reactions by liquid nitrogen within the photosynthesis chamber. Kinetic measurements were performed by detecting mass isotopomer abundance with capillary electrophoresis-tandem mass spectrometry. The multiple reaction monitoring method was optimized for the determination of each compound for sensitive detection because the amount of some sugar phosphates in plant cells is extremely small. Our analytical system enabled the in vivo turnover of sugar phosphates to be monitored in fresh tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) leaves, which revealed that the turnover rate of glucose-1-phosphate (G1P) was significantly lower than that of other sugar phosphates, including glucose-6-phosphate (G6P). The pool size of G1P is 12 times lower than that of G6P. These results indicate that the conversion of G6P to G1P is one of the rate-limiting steps in the sugar phosphate pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Hasunuma
- Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth (RITE), 9-2 Kizugawadai, Kizugawa-shi, Kyoto 619-0292 Japan
| | - Kazuo Harada
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Miyazawa
- Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth (RITE), 9-2 Kizugawadai, Kizugawa-shi, Kyoto 619-0292 Japan
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Fukusaki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Chikahiro Miyake
- Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth (RITE), 9-2 Kizugawadai, Kizugawa-shi, Kyoto 619-0292 Japan
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32
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Livingston AK, Cruz JA, Kohzuma K, Dhingra A, Kramer DM. An Arabidopsis mutant with high cyclic electron flow around photosystem I (hcef) involving the NADPH dehydrogenase complex. THE PLANT CELL 2010; 22:221-33. [PMID: 20081115 PMCID: PMC2828696 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.109.071084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Revised: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/23/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic electron flow (CEFI) has been proposed to balance the chloroplast energy budget, but the pathway, mechanism, and physiological role remain unclear. We isolated a new class of mutant in Arabidopsis thaliana, hcef for high CEF1, which shows constitutively elevated CEF1. The first of these, hcef1, was mapped to chloroplast fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase. Crossing hcef1 with pgr5, which is deficient in the antimycin A-sensitive pathway for plastoquinone reduction, resulted in a double mutant that maintained the high CEF1 phenotype, implying that the PGR5-dependent pathway is not involved. By contrast, crossing hcef1 with crr2-2, deficient in thylakoid NADPH dehydrogenase (NDH) complex, results in a double mutant that is highly light sensitive and lacks elevated CEF1, suggesting that NDH plays a direct role in catalyzing or regulating CEF1. Additionally, the NdhI component of the NDH complex was highly expressed in hcef1, whereas other photosynthetic complexes, as well as PGR5, decreased. We propose that (1) NDH is specifically upregulated in hcef1, allowing for increased CEF1; (2) the hcef1 mutation imposes an elevated ATP demand that may trigger CEF1; and (3) alternative mechanisms for augmenting ATP cannot compensate for the loss of CEF1 through NDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron K. Livingston
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6340
| | - Jeffrey A. Cruz
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6340
| | - Kaori Kohzuma
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6340
| | - Amit Dhingra
- Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6340
| | - David M. Kramer
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6340
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Arrivault S, Guenther M, Ivakov A, Feil R, Vosloh D, van Dongen JT, Sulpice R, Stitt M. Use of reverse-phase liquid chromatography, linked to tandem mass spectrometry, to profile the Calvin cycle and other metabolic intermediates in Arabidopsis rosettes at different carbon dioxide concentrations. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 59:826-39. [PMID: 19453453 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2009.03902.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A platform using reverse-phase liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry was developed to measure 28 metabolites from photosynthetic metabolism. It was validated by comparison with authentic standards, with a requirement for distinct and clearly separated peaks, high sensitivity and repeatability in Arabidopsis rosette extracts. The recovery of authentic standards added to the plant material before extraction was 80-120%, demonstrating the reliability of the extraction and analytic procedures. Some metabolites could not be reliably measured, and were extracted and determined by other methods. Measurements of 37 metabolites in Arabidopsis rosettes after 15 min of illumination at different CO(2) concentrations showed that most Calvin cycle intermediates remain unaltered, or decrease only slightly (<30%), at compensation point CO(2), whereas dedicated metabolites in end-product synthesis pathways decrease strongly. The inhibition of end-product synthesis allows high levels of metabolites to be retained in the Calvin cycle to support a rapid cycle with photorespiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Arrivault
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg, Germany.
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