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Shang QN, Yu XX, Xu ZL, Cao XH, Liu XF, Zhao XS, Chang YJ, Wang Y, Zhang XH, Xu LP, Liu KY, Huang XJ, Zhao XY. Functional Competence of NK Cells via the KIR/MHC Class I Interaction Correlates with DNAM-1 Expression. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:492-500. [PMID: 34937746 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of inhibitory receptors with self-MHC class I (MHC-I) molecules is responsible for NK cell education. The intensity of DNAM-1 expression correlates with NK cell education. However, whether DNAM-1 expression directly influences the functional competence of NK cells via the KIR/MHC-I interaction remains unclear. Based on allogeneic haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, we investigated the intensity of DNAM-1 expression on reconstituted NK cells via the interaction of KIR with both donor HLA and recipient HLA at days 30, 90, and 180 after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The reconstituted NK cells educated by donor and recipient HLA molecules showed the highest DNAM-1 expression, whereas DNAM-1 expression on educated NK cells with only recipient HLA molecules was higher than that on educated NK cells with only donor HLA molecules, indicating that NK cells with donor or recipient HLA molecules regulate DNAM-1 expression and thereby affect NK cell education. Additionally, the effects of recipient cells on NK cell education were greater than those of donor cells. However, only when the DNAM-1, NKP30, and NKG2D receptors were blocked simultaneously was the function of educated and uneducated NK cells similar. Therefore, activating receptors may collaborate with DNAM-1 to induce educated NK cell hyperresponsiveness. Our data, based on in vitro and in vivo studies, demonstrate that the functional competence of NK cells via the KIR/MHC-I interaction correlates with DNAM-1 expression in human NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Nan Shang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China; and
| | - Xing-Xing Yu
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China; and
| | - Zheng-Li Xu
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Xun-Hong Cao
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Fei Liu
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China; and
| | - Xiao-Su Zhao
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Ying-Jun Chang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Zhang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Lan-Ping Xu
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Kai-Yan Liu
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Huang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China; and
| | - Xiang-Yu Zhao
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing, China; .,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Beijing, China
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Park SH, Park CJ, Park BG, Bae MH, Kim BH, Cho YU, Jang S, Park AJ, Kim DY, Lee JH, Lee JH, Lee KH. Prognostic Impact of Lymphocyte Subpopulations in Peripheral Blood after Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Hematologic Malignancies. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2017; 94:270-280. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hyuk Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; Pusan National University School of Medicine; Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital; Busan Republic of Korea
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital; Ulsan Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Jeoung Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Borae G. Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Hyun Bae
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Hyun Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Uk Cho
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Seongsoo Jang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Ae-Ja Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; Chung-Ang University College of Medicine; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Young Kim
- Department of Hematology; University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hee Lee
- Department of Hematology; University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Hwan Lee
- Department of Hematology; University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoo-Hyung Lee
- Department of Hematology; University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center; Seoul Republic of Korea
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Pessina S, Cantini G, Kapetis D, Cazzato E, Di Ianni N, Finocchiaro G, Pellegatta S. The multidrug-resistance transporter Abcc3 protects NK cells from chemotherapy in a murine model of malignant glioma. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1108513. [PMID: 27467914 PMCID: PMC4910710 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1108513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Abcc3, a member of the ATP-binding cassette transporter superfamily, plays a role in multidrug resistance. Here, we found that Abcc3 is highly expressed in blood-derived NK cells but not in CD8(+) T cells. In GL261 glioma-bearing mice treated with the alkylating agent temozolomide (TMZ) for 5 d, an early increased frequency of NK cells was observed. We also found that Abcc3 is strongly upregulated and functionally active in NK cells from mice treated with TMZ compared to controls. We demonstrate that Abcc3 is critical for NK cell survival during TMZ administration; more importantly, Akt, involved in lymphocyte survival, is phosphorylated only in NK cells expressing Abcc3. The resistance of NK cells to chemotherapy was accompanied by increased migration and homing in the brain at early time points. Cytotoxicity, evaluated by IFNγ production and specific lytic activity against GL261 cells, increased peripherally in the later phases, after conclusion of TMZ treatment. Intra-tumor increase of the NK effector subset as well as in IFNγ, granzymes and perforin-1 expression, were found early and persisted over time, correlating with a profound modulation on glioma microenvironment induced by TMZ. Our findings reveal an important involvement of Abcc3 in NK cell resistance to chemotherapy and have important clinical implications for patients treated with chemo-immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dimos Kapetis
- Unit of Bioinformatics, Fondazione I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Neurologico C Besta, Milan, Italy
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Park BG, Park CJ, Jang S, Chi HS, Kim DY, Lee JH, Lee JH, Lee KH. Reconstitution of lymphocyte subpopulations after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: comparison of hematologic malignancies and donor types in event-free patients. Leuk Res 2015; 39:1334-41. [PMID: 26422556 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The reconstitution of different immunocyte subsets after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), follows different timelines. We prospectively investigated changes in lymphocyte subsets after HSCT and their associations with primary diagnosis, conditioning regimen, and HSCT type in event-free patients. A total of 95 patients (48 with acute myeloid leukemia, 22 with acute lymphoid leukemia, and 25 with myelodysplastic syndrome) who underwent allogeneic HSCT (34 sibling matched, 37 unrelated matched, and 24 haploidentical HSCT) but did not experience any events such as relapse or death were enrolled in this study. Lymphocyte subpopulations (T cells, helper/inducer T cells, cytotoxic/suppressor T cells, memory T cells, regulatory T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, NK-T cells, and B cells) were quantified by flow cytometry of peripheral blood from recipients 7 days before and 1, 2, 3, 6, and 12 months after HSCT. Leukocyte counts recovered within 1 month after HSCT. However, the number of T and B lymphocytes recovered at 2 months after HSCT. NK cell counts recovered shortly after haploidentical HSCT. However, T lymphocytes and their subpopulations showed delayed recovery after haploidentical HSCT. Lymphocyte subsets showed different sequential patterns according to HSCT type but no differences were seen according to primary diagnosis or conditioning regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borae G Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Asan Medical Center and University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chan-Jeoung Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Asan Medical Center and University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Seongsoo Jang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Asan Medical Center and University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Sook Chi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Asan Medical Center and University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dae-Young Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center and University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung-Hee Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center and University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Je-Hwan Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center and University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyoo-Hyung Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center and University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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Crome SQ, Lang PA, Lang KS, Ohashi PS. Natural killer cells regulate diverse T cell responses. Trends Immunol 2013; 34:342-9. [PMID: 23601842 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are important mediators of the immune response against microbial pathogens and tumors. There is growing evidence from mouse and human studies that, NK cells exhibit immunoregulatory functions and can limit T cell immunity. NK cell regulatory activity has been demonstrated in a variety of disease models including chronic viral infection, autoimmunity, and transplantation. Depending on the nature of the immune challenge, NK cells use different strategies to limit T cell function, including via cytokines, interactions with NK receptors NKG2D and NKp46, or by perforin-mediated T cell death. Future work should address whether specific subsets of NK cells inhibit T cell responses, and how NK cells acquire immunosuppressive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Q Crome
- Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Abstract
Interferon-α (IFN-α), a type I IFN, is a well-known antitumoral agent. The investigation of its clinical properties in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has been prompted by its pleiotropic antiproliferative and immune effects. So far, integration of IFN-α in the therapeutic arsenal against AML has been modest in view of the divergent results of clinical trials. Recent insights into the key pharmacokinetic determinants of the clinical efficacy of IFN along with advances in its pharmaceutical formulation, have sparked renewed interest in its use. This paper reviews the possible applicability of IFN-α in the treatment of AML and provides a rational basis to re-explore its efficacy in clinical trials.
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Noval Rivas M, Hazzan M, Weatherly K, Gaudray F, Salmon I, Braun MY. NK cell regulation of CD4 T cell-mediated graft-versus-host disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:6790-8. [PMID: 20488796 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
CD3-negative NK cells are granular lymphocytes capable of producing inflammatory cytokines and killing malignant, infected, or stressed cells. We have recently observed a new role for NK cells in the control of the proliferation of CD4 T cells under persistent antigenic stimulation. Monoclonal anti-male CD4 T cells transferred into Rag2-/- male recipients did not expand or were rapidly eliminated. Remarkably, T cells transferred into NK cell-deficient Rag2-/- Il-2Rgammac-/- male hosts expanded extensively and mediated tissue lesions usually observed in chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). T cell failure to proliferate and to induce chronic GVHD was the result of NK cell activity, because depletion of the recipient's NK1.1+ cells by Ab treatment induced T cell expansion and chronic GVHD. T cells under chronic Ag stimulation upregulated ligands of the activating receptor NKG2D, and regulatory activity of NK cells was inhibited by the injection of Abs directed to NKG2D. On the contrary, blocking NKG2A inhibitory receptors did not increase NK cell regulatory activity. Finally, we show that NK regulation of T cell expansion did not involve perforin-mediated lytic activity of NK cells, but depended on T cell surface expression of a functional Fas molecule. These results highlight the potential role played by NK cells in controlling the Ag-specific CD4+ T cells responsible for chronic GVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Noval Rivas
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
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van Heeckeren WJ, Fanning LR, Meyerson HJ, Fu P, Lazarus HM, Cooper BW, Tse WW, Kindwall-Keller TL, Jaroscak J, Finney MR, Fox RM, Solchaga L, Forster M, Creger RJ, Laughlin MJ. Influence of human leucocyte antigen disparity and graft lymphocytes on allogeneic engraftment and survival after umbilical cord blood transplant in adults. Br J Haematol 2008; 139:464-74. [PMID: 17910637 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2007.06824.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The dose of graft-nucleated cells and CD34(+) haematopoietic progenitor cells are predictors of allogeneic engraftment and survival in umbilical cord blood (UCB) recipients. In this single institution prospective phase II trial, flow cytometric analyses of CD34(+) progenitor and lymphocyte populations in unmodified single unit human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-disparate UCB grafts infused into 31 consecutive adults (median age 41 years, range 20-64) receiving myeloablative conditioning were compared with clinical outcomes. Median infused UCB graft-nucleated cells and CD34(+) dose was 2.2 x 10(7)/kg and 1.2 x 10(5)/kg respectively. Day to absolute neutrophil count >/=0.5 x 10(9)/l with full donor chimerism averaged 27 d (range 12-41). Univariate analyses demonstrated that UCB graft-infused cell doses of CD34(+) (P = 0.015), CD3(+) (P = 0.024) and CD34(+)HLADR(+)CD38(+) progenitors (P = 0.043) correlated with neutrophil engraftment. This same analysis did not demonstrate a correlation between CD34(+) (P = 0.11), CD3(+) (P = 0.28) or CD34(+)HLADR(+)CD38(+) (P = 0.108) cell dose and event-free survival (EFS). High-resolution matching for HLA-class II (DRB1) resulted in improved EFS (P = 0.02) and decreased risk for acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) (P = 0.004). Early mortality (prior to post-transplant day +28) occurred in three patients, while 26 patients achieved myeloid engraftment. These results suggest that UCB graft matching at DRB1 is an important risk factor for acute GVHD and survival, while higher UCB graft cell doses of CD34(+), committed CD34(+) progenitors and CD3(+) T cells favourably influence UCB allogeneic engraftment.
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Abstract
The human major histocompatibility complex HLA is located on the short arm of chromosome 6. It is known to be the most polymorphic genetic system in humans. The biological role of the HLA class I and class II molecules is to present processed peptide antigens. The HLA system is clinically important as transplantation antigens. Molecular HLA allele typing is routinely performed to provide HLA class I and class II allele matching in unrelated donor hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Prospective lymphocyte crossmatching is critical in solid organ transplantation to prevent allograft rejection. HLA alloimmunization causes various problems in transfusion therapy. The HLA system is associated with certain diseases, but its underlying mechanisms are not yet fully explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Yoon Choo
- Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Morris ES, MacDonald KPA, Hill GR. Stem cell mobilization with G-CSF analogs: a rational approach to separate GVHD and GVL? Blood 2005; 107:3430-5. [PMID: 16380448 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-10-4299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The separation of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) remains the "holy grail" of allogeneic stem cell transplantation, and improvements are urgently needed to allow more effective therapy of malignant disease. The use of G-CSF-mobilized peripheral blood as a clinical stem cell source is associated with enhanced GVL effects without amplification of significant acute GVHD. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that G-CSF modulates donor T cell function before transplantation, promoting T(H)2 differentiation and regulatory T cell function. In addition, the expansion of immature antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (DCs) favors the maintenance of this pattern of T cell differentiation after transplantation. Although these patterns of T cell differentiation attenuate acute GVHD, they do not have an impact on the cytolytic pathways of the CD8(+) T cells that are critical for effective GVL. Recently, it has been demonstrated that modification of G-CSF, either by pegylation of the native cytokine or conjugation to Flt-3L, results in the expansion and activation of donor iNKT cells, which significantly augment CD8(+) T cell-mediated cytotoxicity and GVL effects after transplantation. Given that these cytokines also enhance the expansion of regulatory T cells and APCs, they further separate GVHD and GVL, offering potential clinical advantages for the transplant recipient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward S Morris
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia
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Konstantinidis KV, Alici E, Aints A, Christensson B, Ljunggren HG, Dilber MS. Targeting IL-2 to the endoplasmic reticulum confines autocrine growth stimulation to NK-92 cells. Exp Hematol 2005; 33:159-64. [PMID: 15676209 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2004.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2004] [Revised: 11/03/2004] [Accepted: 11/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Anti-tumor effects mediated by adoptively transferred natural killer (NK) cells are dependent on the presence of interleukin-2 (IL-2). IL-2 is considered to be a survival factor for NK cells and an enhancer of their cytotoxic potential. However, systemic administration of IL-2 is frequently impeded by undesirable side effects, such as high toxicity and nonlocalized administration. Genetic modification of NK cells expressing IL-2 in a localized and controlled manner could be a powerful tool for overcoming these obstacles. METHODS Consequently, we have cloned the IL-2 gene using PCR and designed constructs that target IL-2 to specific subcellular compartments. The IL-2-dependent NK-92 cell line was used to verify the functionality of the subcellularly targeted IL-2 constructs. RESULTS IL-2 targeted specifically to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) was sufficient to support growth of NK-92 cells. In such cell lines, IL-2 was verified to be localized to the ER. IL-2 was not detected in the supernatant and growth of non-IL-2-modified NK-92 cells was not supported during coculturing experiments. IL-2-transduced NK-92 cell lines showed comparable functional activity and cytotoxicity to parental NK-92 cells. CONCLUSION We demonstrate the ability of ER-retained IL-2 to provide autocrine growth stimulation to NK-92 cells, without secretion of the cytokine to the extracellular compartment. Therapy with IL-2 gene-modified autoactivating NK cells may avoid side effects imposed by exogenously administered IL-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriakos V Konstantinidis
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
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