1
|
The Prevalence of HIV Infection in Minority Indigenous Populations of the South-East Asia and Western Pacific Regions: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. AIDS Behav 2022; 27:2226-2242. [PMID: 36543946 PMCID: PMC9771782 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-022-03954-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A random effects meta-analysis was used to estimate the pooled prevalence of HIV infection within minority indigenous populations of the South-East Asia (SEAR) and Western Pacific Regions (WPR). Sub-group analyses were conducted, and the sources of heterogeneity explored through meta-regression. The majority of studies were undertaken in high HIV risk subpopulations. There was a paucity of data for many countries with data from China representing 70% of the comparative studies. Within minority indigenous populations the pooled prevalence of HIV infection was 13.7% (95% CI 8.9, 19) and 8.4% (95% CI 6.3, 10.7) among other populations. The prevalence differential between populations was significant in the WPR (adjusted odds ratio 1.1, 95% CI 1.0, 1.2). Across both regions, in contrast to other populations, minority indigenous did not experience any significant reduction in HIV prevalence over the years of data collection. There was large heterogeneity in the prevalence of HIV across studies.
Collapse
|
2
|
Kan W, Teng T, Liang S, Ma Y, Tang H, Zuohela T, Sun G, He C, Wall KM, Marconi VC, Liao L, Leng X, Liu P, Ruan Y, Xing H, Shao Y. Predictors of HIV virological failure and drug resistance in Chinese patients after 48 months of antiretroviral treatment, 2008-2012: a prospective cohort study. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e016012. [PMID: 28882911 PMCID: PMC5595192 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore factors associated with HIV virological failure (VF) and HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) among HIV-positive Chinese individuals 4 years after initiating first-line lamivudine-based antiretroviral treatment (ART) in 2008 at five sentinel sites. DESIGN First-line ART initiators who were previously treatment naïve were selected using consecutive ID numbers from the 2008 National Surveillance Database into a prospective cohort study. Questionnaires and blood samples were collected in 2011 and 2012 to assess the outcomes of interest: VF (defined as viral load ≥1000 copies/mL) and HIVDR (defined as VF with genetic drug-resistant mutations). Questionnaires and data from National Surveillance Database assessed demographics and drug adherence data. RESULTS 536 individuals with HIV were analysed; the 4-year risk of VF was 63 (11.8%) and HIVDR was 27 (5.0%). Female participants initiating stavudine (D4T)-based regimens were more susceptible to both VF (adjusted OR (aOR)=2.5, 95% CI 1 to 6.1, p=0.04) and HIVDR (aOR=3.6, 95% CI 1 to 12.6, p=0.05) versus zidovudine-based regimens. Male participants missing doses in past month were more susceptible to both VF (aOR=2.8, 95% CI 1.1 to 7, p=0.03) and HIVDR (aOR=9.7, 95% CI 2.1 to 44.1, p<0.01). Participants of non-Han nationality were of increased risk for HIVDR (aOR from 4.8 to 12.2, p<0.05) and non-Han men were at increased risk for VF (aOR=2.9, 95% CI 1.1 to 7.3, p=0.02). All 27 participants detected with HIVDR had non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor mutations, 21 (77.8%) also had nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor mutations, and no protease inhibitor mutations were detected. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest successful treatment outcomes at 4 years for roughly 90% of patients. We suggest conducting further study on whether and when to change ART regimen for women initiated with D4T-based regimen, and reinforcing adherence counselling for men. Increased VF and HIVDR risk among non-Han minorities warrants further exploration, and ethnic minorities may be an important group to tailor adherence-focused interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Kan
- Division of Virology and Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Teng
- Division of Virology and Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Shujia Liang
- Department of HIV/AIDS Control and Prevention, Guangxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Yanling Ma
- Department of HIV/AIDS Control and Prevention, Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, China
| | - Heng Tang
- Department of HIV/AIDS Control and Prevention, Hubei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, China
| | - Tuerdi Zuohela
- Department of HIV/AIDS Control and Prevention, Xinjiang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Urumqi, China
| | - Guoqing Sun
- Department of HIV/AIDS Control and Prevention, Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Cui He
- Division of Virology and Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Kristin M Wall
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Vincent C Marconi
- Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lingjie Liao
- Division of Virology and Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xuebing Leng
- Division of Virology and Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Pengtao Liu
- Division of Virology and Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhua Ruan
- Division of Virology and Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
- Division of Virology and Immunology, Chinese Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Xing
- Division of Virology and Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yiming Shao
- Division of Virology and Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Des Jarlais DC, Boltaev A, Feelemyer J, Bramson H, Arasteh K, Phillips BW, Hagan H. Gender disparities in HIV infection among persons who inject drugs in Central Asia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend 2013; 132 Suppl 1:S7-12. [PMID: 23891035 PMCID: PMC3825744 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Disparities in HIV infection, with females having higher rates of HIV infection than males, have been noted among persons who inject drugs (PWID) in many countries. We examined male/female HIV disparities among PWID in Central Asia and compared these disparities with patterns worldwide. METHODS A systematic review and meta-analyses were conducted for studies reporting HIV prevalence by gender among PWID. To be included in the analyses, reports had to contain (1) samples of PWID from Central Asia, (2) HIV data based on laboratory testing, (3) HIV prevalence reported for males and females, and (4) samples that were not recruited on the basis of HIV status. RESULTS Data were abstracted from 11 studies in 5 countries in Central Asia: China, Kazakhstan, Russia, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan; the total sample size was 12,225. The mean weighted OR for HIV prevalence among females to males was 0.913 (95% CI 0.07, 1.26), with high heterogeneity among studies (I(2)=70.0%) and a possible publication bias among studies with small sample sizes (Eggers test=-1.81, 95% CI -5.18, 0.54). CONCLUSIONS The non-significant higher HIV prevalence among male PWID in Central Asia contrasts with the worldwide findings which show slightly higher HIV prevalence among female PWID. This may reflect the relative recency of the HIV epidemics in Central Asia. The findings also suggest there may be factors that protect female PWID from HIV in some settings. Further examination of transmission dynamics in Central Asia is necessary to better understand the HIV epidemic among PWID.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Don C Des Jarlais
- The Baron Edmond de Rothschild Chemical Dependency Institute, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York City, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li H, Zhong M, Guo W, Zhuang D, Li L, Liu Y, Bao Z, Liu S, Wang X, Li T, Yang S, Li J. Prevalence and mutation patterns of HIV drug resistance from 2010 to 2011 among ART-failure individuals in the Yunnan Province, China. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72630. [PMID: 24009694 PMCID: PMC3757030 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assessing the prevalence of HIV-1 drug-resistance and the mutation patterns associated with resistance in the geographical regions implementing free antiretroviral therapy (ART) in China is necessary for preventing the spread of resistant strains and designing the regimens for the subsequent therapies with limited resources. METHODS Plasma samples in different cities/prefectures were collected at Yunnan Provincial Hospital of Infectious Disease from January 2010 to December 2011. Genotyping of drug-resistant individuals was conducted using an in-house assay on plasma samples. Viral load, CD4 T cell counts and demographic data were obtained from medical records and an administered questionnaire. RESULTS A total of 609 pol sequences (515 ART-failure and 94 therapy-naïve individuals) derived from 664 samples were obtained. The prevalence of drug-resistance was 45.1% in the ART-failure individuals. Of these, 26.8% harbored HIV strains dually resistant to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and 14.8% harbored HIV strains resistant to only one drug category. Mutations such as M184V/I, K103N, V106A, Y181C and G190A were common among the ART-failure individuals, and the frequencies of M184V/I, K103N and V106A were 28.2%, 19.2%, and 22.1%, respectively. The percentages of individuals exhibiting intermediate or high-level resistance to 3TC, FTC, EFV and NVP drugs were 28.4%, 28.2%, 37.3%, and 37.5%, respectively. Factors such as ethnicity, transmission route, CD4 counts, viral load and the duration of ART were significantly correlated with development of drug resistance in the ART-failure individuals. CONCLUSIONS The high prevalence of HIV drug-resistance observed among the ART-failure individuals from 2010 to 2011 in Yunnan province should be of increasing concern in regions where the implementation of ART is widespread. Education about the risk factors associated with HIV drug resistance is important for preventing and controlling the spread of HIV drug-resistant strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanping Li
- Department of AIDS Research, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Min Zhong
- Yunnan Provincial Hospital of Infectious Disease, Kunming, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of AIDS Research, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Daomin Zhuang
- Department of AIDS Research, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of AIDS Research, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yongjian Liu
- Department of AIDS Research, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Zuoyi Bao
- Department of AIDS Research, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Siyang Liu
- Department of AIDS Research, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- Department of AIDS Research, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyi Li
- Department of AIDS Research, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Shaomin Yang
- Yunnan Provincial Hospital of Infectious Disease, Kunming, China
| | - Jingyun Li
- Department of AIDS Research, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Des Jarlais DC, Feelemyer JP, Modi SN, Arasteh K, Hagan H. Are females who inject drugs at higher risk for HIV infection than males who inject drugs: an international systematic review of high seroprevalence areas. Drug Alcohol Depend 2012; 124:95-107. [PMID: 22257753 PMCID: PMC3353009 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There are multiple reasons why females who inject drugs may be more likely to become infected with HIV than males who inject drugs. Where this is the case, special HIV prevention programs for females would be needed. DESIGN International systematic review and meta-analysis of studies across 14 countries. METHODS Countries with high seroprevalence (>20%) HIV epidemics among persons who inject drugs (PWID) were identified from the Reference Group to the UN on HIV and Injecting Drug Use. Systematic literature reviews collected data on HIV prevalence by gender for these countries. Non-parametric and parametric tests along with meta-analytic techniques examined heterogeneity and differences in odds ratios (OR) across studies. RESULTS Data were abstracted from 117 studies in 14 countries; total sample size N = 128,745. The mean weighted OR for HIV prevalence among females to males was 1.18 [95% CI 1.10-1.26], with high heterogeneity among studies (I(2)= 70.7%). There was a Gaussian distribution of the log ORs across studies in the sample. CONCLUSION There was a significantly higher HIV prevalence among females compared to males who inject drugs in high seroprevalence settings, but the effect size is extremely modest. The high level of heterogeneity and the Gaussian distribution suggest multiple causes of differences in HIV prevalence between females and males, with a specific difference determined by local factors. Greater understanding of factors that may protect females from HIV infection may provide insights into more effective HIV prevention for both females and males who inject drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Don C Des Jarlais
- The Baron Edmond de Rothschild Chemical Dependency Institute, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York City 10038, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang H, Li G, Brown K, Smith K, Jin X, Dong R, Wang N. The characteristics and risk factors for HIV infection among Beijing drug users in different settings. Drug Alcohol Depend 2011; 113:37-45. [PMID: 20728287 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Revised: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment for drug addiction in China can take place in mandatory detoxification centers (MDC), voluntary detoxification centers (VDC), or at outreach programs located in the community. To date little is known about HIV prevalence or associated risk factors among the current and past drug users (DU) in each setting. METHODS Cross-sectional surveys were conducted at three different settings in Beijing, China; 795 subjects were enrolled at MDC, 824 at VDC, and 520 within the community. Subjects who provided informed consent took part in face-to-face interviews and provided blood samples for HIV and syphilis testing. RESULTS Significant differences were found across enrollment sites in terms of demographic, drug use and sexual behavior characteristics. Overall HIV sero-prevalence was 2.9%, and was particularly high in MDC (5.2% versus 1.0% in VDC and 2.3% among community drug users). Adjusted odds ratios (OR) for HIV infection were 50.5 (95% CI: 19.07-133.85) for being of Yi ethnicity, 29.4 (95% CI: 15.10-57.24) for Uyghur ethnicity, 3.4 (95% CI: 1.57-7.52) for injection drug users who did not share equipment, and 18.8 (95% CI: 8.31-42.75) among injection drug users who shared injection equipment. CONCLUSIONS The vast differences among DU in various enrollment sites in terms of demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status, and HIV related risk profiles underscore the importance of familiarity with population characteristics and drug user environment to better inform targeted prevention programs. Prevention programs targeting DU in Chinese settings must also consider differences in ethnicities, culture, and residential status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Wang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Epidemiologic links between drug use and HIV epidemics: an international perspective. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2010; 55 Suppl 1:S10-6. [PMID: 21045593 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e3181f9c0c9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2022]
Abstract
Injecting use of heroin has been the highest risk substance use behavior for HIV since the beginning of the pandemic. These risks extend beyond individual levels to networks of drugs users and to wider social contexts that have been referred to collectively as the risk environment. Investigations of individual, network, and risk environment level associations with heroin availability, use, and subsequent spread among injecting drug users (IDUs) have been conducted in multiple settings, but much less is known about the world's center of illicit opium production and heroin exports-Afghanistan. Recent outbreaks of injecting drug use and of HIV infection attributed to IDUs in several African countries suggest that heroin use is expanding into new regions. This article explores the epidemiology of HIV among drug users in several risk environments, the epidemiology of heroin and its associations with HIV outbreaks among IDUs in Central Asia and the Commonwealth of Independent States, and the drug use and IDUs outbreaks now emerging in Africa. The dearth of targeted, evidence-and human rights-based responses to these epidemics is explored as a structural driver of HIV spread in these settings.
Collapse
|
8
|
Strathdee SA, Hallett TB, Bobrova N, Rhodes T, Booth R, Abdool R, Hankins CA. HIV and risk environment for injecting drug users: the past, present, and future. Lancet 2010; 376:268-84. [PMID: 20650523 PMCID: PMC6464374 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(10)60743-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 396] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We systematically reviewed reports about determinants of HIV infection in injecting drug users from 2000 to 2009, classifying findings by type of environmental influence. We then modelled changes in risk environments in regions with severe HIV epidemics associated with injecting drug use. Of 94 studies identified, 25 intentionally examined risk environments. Modelling of HIV epidemics showed substantial heterogeneity in the number of HIV infections that are attributed to injecting drug use and unprotected sex. We estimate that, during 2010-15, HIV prevalence could be reduced by 41% in Odessa (Ukraine), 43% in Karachi (Pakistan), and 30% in Nairobi (Kenya) through a 60% reduction of the unmet need of programmes for opioid substitution, needle exchange, and antiretroviral therapy. Mitigation of patient transition to injecting drugs from non-injecting forms could avert a 98% increase in HIV infections in Karachi; whereas elimination of laws prohibiting opioid substitution with concomitant scale-up could prevent 14% of HIV infections in Nairobi. Optimisation of effectiveness and coverage of interventions is crucial for regions with rapidly growing epidemics. Delineation of environmental risk factors provides a crucial insight into HIV prevention. Evidence-informed, rights-based, combination interventions protecting IDUs' access to HIV prevention and treatment could substantially curtail HIV epidemics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steffanie A Strathdee
- University of California, San Diego, Division of Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, CA 92093-0507, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tan XH, Zhang JY, Di CH, Hu AR, Yang L, Qu S, Zhao RL, Yang PR, Guo SX. Distribution of CCR5-Delta32, CCR5m303A, CCR2-64I and SDF1-3'A in HIV-1 infected and uninfected high-risk Uighurs in Xinjiang, China. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2009; 10:268-72. [PMID: 19958843 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2009.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Revised: 11/19/2009] [Accepted: 11/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic variants of the genes encoding HIV-1 co-receptors and their ligands, CCR5-Delta32, CCR5m303A, CCR2-64I and SDF1-3'A, are implicated in the susceptibility to HIV-1 infection, and the prevalence of these mutations varies by ethnicity. However, little is known about their distribution in Uighurs. OBJECTIVES This study aimed at characterizing the frequency of these HIV-related gene variants in a high-risk Uighur population. STUDY DESIGNS A total of 251 HIV-1 seropositive and 238 seronegative high-risk Uighurs were recruited and their genotypes of CCR5-Delta32, CCR5m303A, CCR2-64I and SDF1-3'A were analyzed by PCR and PCR-ligase detection reaction (PCR-LDR). RESULTS The allelic frequency of CCR5-Delta32, CCR5m303A, CCR2-64I and SDF1-3'A was 4.40%, 2.66%, 25.66% and 57.36%, respectively, in this population. Apparently, the Uighur population has low frequency of CCR5-Delta32 and CCR5m303A, but high frequency of CCR2-64I and SDF1-3'A. While there was no significant difference in the frequency of CCR5-Delta32, CCR2-64I and SDF1-3' A between HIV-1 seropositive and seronegative groups the frequency of CCR5m303A in HIV-1 seropositive group was significantly higher than that in seronegative group (P=0.006, OR=3.982 and 95%CI 1.514-10.476). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that the CCR5-Delta32, CCR2-64I and SDF1-3'A variants may have limited effect on protecting from HIV-1 infection in Uighurs. Rather, the CCR5m303A may be associated with the risk for HIV-1 infection in high-risk Uighurs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-hua Tan
- Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University, Xinjiang 832002, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|