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Hadermann A, Heeren S, Maes I, Dujardin JC, Domagalska MA, Van den Broeck F. Genome diversity of Leishmania aethiopica. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1147998. [PMID: 37153154 PMCID: PMC10157169 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1147998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania aethiopica is a zoonotic Old World parasite transmitted by Phlebotomine sand flies and causing cutaneous leishmaniasis in Ethiopia and Kenya. Despite a range of clinical manifestations and a high prevalence of treatment failure, L. aethiopica is one of the most neglected species of the Leishmania genus in terms of scientific attention. Here, we explored the genome diversity of L. aethiopica by analyzing the genomes of twenty isolates from Ethiopia. Phylogenomic analyses identified two strains as interspecific hybrids involving L. aethiopica as one parent and L. donovani and L. tropica respectively as the other parent. High levels of genome-wide heterozygosity suggest that these two hybrids are equivalent to F1 progeny that propagated mitotically since the initial hybridization event. Analyses of allelic read depths further revealed that the L. aethiopica - L. tropica hybrid was diploid and the L. aethiopica - L. donovani hybrid was triploid, as has been described for other interspecific Leishmania hybrids. When focusing on L. aethiopica, we show that this species is genetically highly diverse and consists of both asexually evolving strains and groups of recombining parasites. A remarkable observation is that some L. aethiopica strains showed an extensive loss of heterozygosity across large regions of the nuclear genome, which likely arose from gene conversion/mitotic recombination. Hence, our prospection of L. aethiopica genomics revealed new insights into the genomic consequences of both meiotic and mitotic recombination in Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Hadermann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Senne Heeren
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ilse Maes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jean-Claude Dujardin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Malgorzata Anna Domagalska
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Frederik Van den Broeck, ; Malgorzata Anna Domagalska,
| | - Frederik Van den Broeck
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Frederik Van den Broeck, ; Malgorzata Anna Domagalska,
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Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: A 2022 Updated Narrative Review into Diagnosis and Management Developments. Am J Clin Dermatol 2022; 23:823-840. [PMID: 36103050 PMCID: PMC9472198 DOI: 10.1007/s40257-022-00726-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This review is an update of an earlier narrative review published in 2015 on developments in the clinical management of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) including diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control measurements. CL is a vector-borne infection caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania. The vector is the female sandfly. Globally, CL affects 12 million cases and annually 2 million new cases occur. CL is endemic in almost 100 countries and the total risk population is approximately 350 million people. WHO lists CL an emerging and uncontrolled disease and a neglected tropical disease. Local experience-based evidence remains the mainstay for the management of CL. Whereas intralesional therapeutic options are the first treatment option for most CL patients, those with mucocutaneous and disseminated involvement require a systemic therapeutic approach. Moreover, different Leishmania species can vary in their treatment outcomes. Therefore, species determination is critical for optimal CL clinical management. New DNA techniques allow for relatively easy Leishmania species determination, yet they are not easily implemented in resource-limited settings. There is a desperate need for novel, less toxic, and less painful treatment options, especially for children with CL. Yet, the large and well conducted studies required to provide the necessary evidence are lacking. To further control and potentially eliminate CL, we urgently need to improve vector control, and diagnostics, and we require efficient and safe vaccines. Alas, since CL primarily affects poor people, biotechnical companies dedicate little investment into the research programs that could lead to diagnostic, pharmaceutical, and vaccine innovations.
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Climate Change Influences on the Potential Distribution of the Sand Fly Phlebotomus sergenti, Vector of Leishmania tropica in Morocco. Acta Parasitol 2022; 67:858-866. [PMID: 35294974 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-022-00533-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmaniases are a vector-borne disease, re-emerging in several regions of the world posing a burden on public health. As other vector-borne diseases, climate change is a crucial factor affecting the evolution of leishmaniasis. In Morocco, anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) is widespread geographically as many foci across the country, mainly in central Morocco. The objective of this study is to evaluate the potential impacts of climate change on the distribution of ACL due to Leishmania tropica, and its corresponding vector Phlebotomus sergenti in Morocco. METHODS Using Ecological Niche Modeling (ENM) tool, the estimated geographical range shift of L. tropica and P. sergenti by 2050 was projected under two Representative's Concentration's Pathways (RCPs) to be 2.6 and RCP 8.5 respectively. P. sergenti records were obtained from field collections of the laboratory team and previously published entomological observations, while, epidemiological data for L. tropica were obtained from Moroccan Ministry of Health reports. RESULTS Our models under present-day conditions indicated a probable expansion for L. tropica as well as for its vector in Morocco, P. sergenti. It showed a concentrated distribution in the west-central and northern area of Morocco. Future predictions anticipate expansion into areas not identified as suitable for P. sergenti under present conditions, particularly in northern and southeastern areas of Morocco. L. tropica is also expected to have high expansion in southern areas for the next 30 years in Morocco. CONCLUSION This indicates that L. tropica and P. sergenti will continue to find suitable climate conditions in the future. A higher abundance of P. sergenti may indeed result in a higher transmission risk of ACL. This information is essential in developing a control plan for ACL in Morocco. However, future investigations on L. tropica reservoirs are needed to confirm our predictions.
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Benallal KE, Garni R, Harrat Z, Volf P, Dvorak V. Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) of the Maghreb region: A systematic review of distribution, morphology, and role in the transmission of the pathogens. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0009952. [PMID: 34990451 PMCID: PMC8735671 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) are important vectors of various human and animal pathogens such as Bartonella bacilliformis, Phlebovirus, and parasitic protozoa of the genus Leishmania, causative agent of leishmaniases that account among most significant vector-borne diseases. The Maghreb countries Mauritania, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya occupy a vast area of North Africa and belong to most affected regions by these diseases. Locally varying climatic and ecological conditions support diverse sand fly fauna that includes many proven or suspected vectors. The aim of this review is to summarize often fragmented information and to provide an updated list of sand fly species of the Maghreb region with illustration of species-specific morphological features and maps of their reported distribution. MATERIALS AND METHODS The literature search focused on scholar databases to review information on the sand fly species distribution and their role in the disease transmissions in Mauritania, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya, surveying sources from the period between 1900 and 2020. Reported distribution of each species was collated using Google Earth, and distribution maps were drawn using ArcGIS software. Morphological illustrations were compiled from various published sources. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS In total, 32 species of the genera Phlebotomus (Ph.) and Sergentomyia (Se.) were reported in the Maghreb region (15 from Libya, 18 from Tunisia, 23 from Morocco, 24 from Algeria, and 9 from Mauritania). Phlebotomus mariae and Se. africana subsp. asiatica were recorded only in Morocco, Ph. mascitti, Se. hirtus, and Se. tiberiadis only in Algeria, whereas Ph. duboscqi, Se. dubia, Se. africana africana, Se. lesleyae, Se. magna, and Se. freetownensis were reported only from Mauritania. Our review has updated and summarized the geographic distribution of 26 species reported so far in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya, excluding Mauritania from a detailed analysis due to the unavailability of accurate distribution data. In addition, morphological differences important for species identification are summarized with particular attention to closely related species such as Ph. papatasi and Ph. bergeroti, Ph. chabaudi, and Ph. riouxi, and Se. christophersi and Se. clydei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Eddine Benallal
- Laboratory of Parasitic Eco-Epidemiology and Genetic of Populations, Institut Pasteur of Algiers, Algiers, Algeria
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Rafik Garni
- Laboratory of Parasitic Eco-Epidemiology and Genetic of Populations, Institut Pasteur of Algiers, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Zoubir Harrat
- Laboratory of Parasitic Eco-Epidemiology and Genetic of Populations, Institut Pasteur of Algiers, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Petr Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vít Dvorak
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Depaquit J. [On Professor Jean-Antoine Rioux' Phlebotomine sand flies collection (Diptera: Psychodidae)]. MEDECINE TROPICALE ET SANTE INTERNATIONALE 2021; 1:mtsibulletin.2021/127. [PMID: 35686165 PMCID: PMC9128445 DOI: 10.48327/mtsibulletin.2021/127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Professor Jean-Antoine Rioux (1925-2017) has spent much of his long and fruitful scientific career exploring and understanding the functioning of leishmaniasis foci in several regions of the Mediterranean, the Near and Middle East and Africa. Phlebotomine sand flies study was an important part of his work in the foci studied and a large number of specimens have been collected by himself and stored in his collection, detailed in this note. Materials and Methods His collection has been completely inventoried. Phlebotomine sand flies have been classified here by species and by country. Each specimen is mounted individually in toto between slide and cover-slip in Canada balsam. Results The collection includes 130 840 specimens coming from 10 countries: France (mainland and Corsica), Italy, Spain, Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Yemen, Syria, Sudan, and Republic of Congo. These specimens belong to 26 species: Phlebotomus (Artemievus) alexandri, Ph. (Larroussius) ariasi, Ph. (Phlebotomus) bergeroti, Ph. (Paraphlebotomus) chabaudi, Ph. (Lar.) chadlii, Ph. (Par.) kazeruni, Ph. (Lar.) longicuspis, Ph. (Transphlebotomus) mascittii, Ph. (Par.) mongolensis, Ph. (Lar.) orientalis, Ph. (Phl.) papatasi, Ph. (Lar.) perfiliewi, Ph. (Lar.) perniciosus, Ph. (Par.) riouxi, Ph. (Par.) sergenti, Sergentomyia (Parrotomyia) africana, Se. (Sergentomyia) antennata, Se. (Sintonius) christophersi, Se. (Sin.) clydei, Se. (Ser.) fallax, Se. (Ser.) minuta, Se. (Ser.) schwetzi, Se. (Ser.) silva, Se. (Ser.) taizi, Se. (Sin.) tiberiadis and Grassomyia dreyfussi. Discussion The collection was transferred to the Platform of Reims Biological Resource Centers (PF CRBs Reims) located at the Biology Department of the Reims University Hospital in order to be curated and stored physically and electronically in a secure manner. In a near future, it will be made available to scientists wishing to access it for all purposes.In addition to Ph. chabaudi and Ph. chadlii topotypes, the collection includes many specimens from North Africa, mainly from Morocco (53% of the collection is originated from this country where Professor Rioux worked during 30 years) but also specimens from Syria or Yemen, the interest of which is obvious given the current geopolitical context.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Depaquit
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, ESCAPE EA7510, USC ANSES VECPAR, SFR Cap Santé, UFR de Pharmacie, 51097 Reims, France.,*
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Aissaoui N, Hamane S, Gits-Muselli M, Petit A, Benderdouche M, Denis B, Alanio A, Dellière S, Bagot M, Bretagne S. Imported leishmaniasis in travelers: a 7-year retrospective from a Parisian hospital in France. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:953. [PMID: 34525963 PMCID: PMC8442464 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06631-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmaniases are regularly seen in non-endemic areas due to the increase of international travels. They include cutaneous leishmaniases (CL) and mucocutaneous (MC) caused by different Leishmania species, and visceral leishmaniases (VL) which present with non-specific symptoms. METHODS We reviewed all consecutive leishmaniasis cases seen between September 2012 and May 2020. The diagnostic strategy included microscopy after May-Grünwald-Giemsa staining, a diagnostic quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay, and species identification based on sequencing of the cytochrome b gene. RESULTS Eighty-nine patients had a definitive leishmaniasis diagnosis. Nine patients had VL with Leishmania infantum. Eighty patients had CL. Twelve patients acquired CL after trips in Latin America (7 Leishmania guyanensis, 2 Leishmania braziliensis, 2 Leishmania mexicana, and 1 Leishmania panamensis). Species could be identified in 63 of the 68 CLs mainly after travel in North Africa (59%) with Leishmania major (65%), Leishmania tropica/killicki (24%), and L. infantum (11%), or in West Sub-Saharan Africa (32%), all due to L. major. The median day between appearance of the lesions and diagnosis was 90 [range 60-127]. CONCLUSIONS Our diagnostic strategy allows both positive diagnoses and species identifications. Travelers in West Sub-Saharan Africa and North Africa should be better aware of the risk of contracting leishmananiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesrine Aissaoui
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et de Mycologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 1 Avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75475, Paris, France
| | - Samia Hamane
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et de Mycologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 1 Avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75475, Paris, France
| | - Maud Gits-Muselli
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et de Mycologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 1 Avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75475, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Petit
- Service de Dermatologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Mazouz Benderdouche
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et de Mycologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 1 Avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75475, Paris, France
| | - Blandine Denis
- Département de Maladies Infectieuses, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Alanio
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et de Mycologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 1 Avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75475, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sarah Dellière
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et de Mycologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 1 Avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75475, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Martine Bagot
- Service de Dermatologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France.,INSERM U976, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Bretagne
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et de Mycologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 1 Avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75475, Paris, France. .,Université de Paris, Paris, France.
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Alcover MM, Riera MC, Fisa R. Leishmaniosis in Rodents Caused by Leishmania infantum: A Review of Studies in the Mediterranean Area. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:702687. [PMID: 34422948 PMCID: PMC8377756 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.702687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniosis infection begins when a phlebotomine sand fly vector inoculates pathogenic protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania into a mammalian host. In the case of Leishmania infantum, the domestic dog is considered to be the main parasite reservoir, and canine leishmaniosis (CanL) has a high mortality rate in untreated dogs. Hundreds of cases of human leishmaniosis (HL) are reported in the world each year, the incidence in Europe being relatively low. Leishmaniosis control is primarily focused on the dog, combining methods that prevent sand fly bites and boost host resistance to infection. However, these measures are only partially effective and new solutions need to be found. One of the main factors limiting CanL and HL control is the existence of a sylvatic Leishmania transmission cycle that interacts with the domestic cycle maintained by dogs. It is suspected that the main reservoir of infection in wildlife are rodents, whose expansion and rapid population growth worldwide is increasing the risk of human and zoonotic pathogen transfer. The aim of this review is therefore to analyze reports in the literature that may shed light on the potential role of rodents in the leishmaniosis transmission cycle in the Mediterranean area. Following the general methodology recommended for reviews, six databases (Google Scholar, Ovid, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus and Web of Science) were explored for the period January 1995 to December 2020. The results extracted from 39 publications that met the established inclusion criteria were analyzed. It was found that 23 species of rodents have been studied in nine countries of the Mediterranean basin. Of the 3,643 specimens studied, 302 tested positive for L. infantum infection by serology, microscopy and/or molecular techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Magdalena Alcover
- Section of Parasitology, Department of Biology, Health, and Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Cristina Riera
- Section of Parasitology, Department of Biology, Health, and Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roser Fisa
- Section of Parasitology, Department of Biology, Health, and Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Gijón-Robles P, Abattouy N, Merino-Espinosa G, El Khalfaoui N, Morillas-Márquez F, Corpas-López V, Jaaouani N, Díaz-Sáez V, Riyad M, Martín-Sánchez J. Understanding the factors that determine the emergence of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania tropica in Morocco: Density and mitochondrial lineage of Phlebotomus sergenti in endemic and free areas of leishmaniasis. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:1912-1921. [PMID: 34089239 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) due to Leishmania tropica is spreading to new areas in Morocco. Exposure to the vector, Phlebotomus sergenti, is the only proven risk factor. Our objective was to compare the densities and genetic characteristics of P. sergenti populations in two nearby localities in Morocco, one in an ACL endemic area (El Borouj) and another in a nonendemic area (Sidi Hajjaj). P. sergenti density was significantly higher in the endemic area than in the nonendemic town (p = 0.032). A different predominant P. sergenti mitochondrial lineage was evidenced in each one of the two localities, and for the first time, the P. sergenti lineage acting as a vector of L. tropica has been identified. Bioclimatic differences were detected between both localities. In conclusion we found differences in both the density and the mitochondrial lineage of P. sergenti populations that may explain the different epidemiological situation. Given that the density of P. sergenti in the locality without ACL cases seems sufficient to allow transmission, the main factor that would justify its nonendemic character could be the absence of P. sergenti Lineage IV, which seems to prefer warmer and drier climates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Naima Abattouy
- Higher Institute of Nursing and Health Techniques, Laâyoune, Morocco
| | | | - Nora El Khalfaoui
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology/Research Team on Immunopathology of Infectious and Systemic Diseases, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Morocco
| | | | | | | | | | - Myriam Riyad
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology/Research Team on Immunopathology of Infectious and Systemic Diseases, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Morocco
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El Kacem S, Kbaich MA, Daoui O, Charoute H, Mhaidi I, Ejghal R, Barhoumi M, Guizani I, Bennani H, Lemrani M. Multilocus sequence analysis provides new insight into population structure and genetic diversity of Leishmania tropica in Morocco. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 93:104932. [PMID: 34023510 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is one of the most neglected tropical diseases, caused by different Leishmania species. Despite its high incidence in Morocco, CL due to Leishmania tropica is poorly understood in terms of its epidemiological status and population structure. In this study, we used multilocus sequence typing (MLST) in order to explore the genetic heterogeneity of L. tropica strains. Samples (N = 48) were collected from CL patients in two localities in Morocco (Foum Jamaa in the Azilal province and Imintanoute in Chichaoua province). PCR-sequencing of 18 strains was carried out for six housekeeping genes (cytb, me, fh, g6pd, pgd and gpi), Genetic diversity indices showed a high population genetic differentiation between and among populations. There was no shared haplotypes between the two localities studied. Our results reveal a considerable degree of differentiation through the relatively high FST value (> 0.4) and remarkable intraspecific polymorphism (S = 29). Imintanoute strains have more polymorphisms (S = 22) than the Foum Jamaa strains despite their small sample size. These results provide crucial background information of epidemiology in Imintanoute which raises questions about animal involvement in L. tropica transmission cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia El Kacem
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector-Borne-Diseases, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco; Laboratory of Biology and Health, Faculty of Sciences Ben M'Sik, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Mouad Ait Kbaich
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector-Borne-Diseases, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco; Molecular Genetics and Immunophysiopathology research team, Health and Environment Laboratory, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Aïn Chock Faculty of Sciences, Morocco
| | - Othmane Daoui
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector-Borne-Diseases, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco; Molecular Genetics and Immunophysiopathology research team, Health and Environment Laboratory, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Aïn Chock Faculty of Sciences, Morocco
| | - Hicham Charoute
- Bio-Informatics Department, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Morocco
| | - Idris Mhaidi
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector-Borne-Diseases, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco; Molecular Genetics and Immunophysiopathology research team, Health and Environment Laboratory, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Aïn Chock Faculty of Sciences, Morocco
| | - Rajaa Ejghal
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector-Borne-Diseases, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Mourad Barhoumi
- Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology (MEEP)/ LR16IPT04, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
| | - Ikram Guizani
- Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology (MEEP)/ LR16IPT04, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
| | - Houda Bennani
- Laboratory of Biology and Health, Faculty of Sciences Ben M'Sik, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Meryem Lemrani
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector-Borne-Diseases, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco.
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Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Algeria; Highlight on the Focus of M'Sila. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9050962. [PMID: 33947003 PMCID: PMC8146893 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9050962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Algeria ranks second after Afghanistan for the incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) worldwide. Here, we report a 34-years retrospective analysis of CL in Algeria and focused on the most affected region, the M’Sila province. All 66 cutaneous isolates corresponded to Leishmania (L.) major. Our study of the sandfly and rodent fauna further highlighted the high density of Phlebotomus papatasi and additional phlebotomine species of medical importance, not previously identified in M’Sila. Wild rodents belonging to nine species were trapped in M’Sila, and Psammomys obesus and Meriones shawi were found infected by L. major. In addition, Leishmania infantum was isolated from two visceral leishmaniasis cases, one dog and its proven vectors (P. perniciosus, P. longicuspis, and P. perfiliewi) inventoried during the survey. The high incidence of CL in the M’Sila province is likely a consequence of the increase in minimum temperatures recorded that constitutes suitable conditions for establishing a high endemicity and leads to an explosive rise in leishmaniases cases in this region. A thorough investigation of the underlying risk factors is urgently needed to detect new cases earlier. All these would improve the preparedness to fight the disease.
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Izri A, Bendjaballah-Laliam A, Sereno D, Akhoundi M. Updates on Geographical Dispersion of Leishmania Parasites Causing Cutaneous Affections in Algeria. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10030267. [PMID: 33669099 PMCID: PMC7996526 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniases are neglected tropical diseases of public health concern in Algeria. To update the geographical distribution of Leishmania spp. causing cutaneous affection, we examined a set of Giemsa-stained smears prepared from skin lesions of the patients suspected to have cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in various geographical areas in Algeria. The identification of Leishmania parasites was performed using microscopy, conventional PCR, and PCR-RFLP (PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) targeting ITS1-rDNA. Among 32 smears provided from 27 suspected patients with cutaneous lesions, no trace of parasites was observed in the smear of three patients using microscopy and molecular approaches. Furthermore, four patients presented at least two lesions. PCR-RFLP confirmed the presence of Leishmania in 29 smears prepared from 24 patients. Two biopsies, negative after microscopic examination, were found positive by PCR. Of these 29 PCR positive smears (24 patients), 20 were identified using RFLP-PCR as L. major, two as L. tropica, and two as L. infantum. We found L. major infected patients from Ain skhouna, Biskra, El M'hir, Ghardaïa, M'Sila, and Saida, in agreement with previously reported cases. Furthermore, we highlighted for the first time, the identification of L. major in the patients from Bourkika, Bou Kremissa, Bou Saada Clef, Hajout, Maghnia, Médéa, Menaceur, Messad, Mostaghanem, Nador, Oran, and Sidi Okba. A phylogenetic reconstruction performed with sequences collected from the PCR products confirmed these identifications. Our data provide additional information on the geographical extension of CL caused by L. tropica and L. infantum in Algeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezki Izri
- Parasitology-Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, 93009 Bobigny, France;
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ-IRD 190-Inserm 1207-IHU Méditerranée Infection), 13005 Marseille, France
| | | | - Denis Sereno
- MIVEGEC, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier University, 34394 Montpellier, France;
- InterTryp, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier University, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Mohammad Akhoundi
- Parasitology-Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, 93009 Bobigny, France;
- Correspondence:
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Rioux JA, Gramiccia M, Léger N, Desjeux P, Depaquit J. Leishmaniasis and phlebotomine sand flies in Oman Sultanate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 27:68. [PMID: 33258444 PMCID: PMC7708229 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2020064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There are few data on leishmaniases and sandflies in Oman Sultanate. We carried out an eco-epidemiological study in 1998 in the two main mountains of the country, the Sharqiyah and the Dhofar. This study allowed us to isolate and identify three Leishmania strains from patients exhibiting cutaneous leishmaniasis. The typing carried out by isoenzymatic study and by molecular biology were congruent: two strains of Leishmania donovani zymodeme (Z) MON-31 isolated in the Sharqiyah and one L. tropica ZROM102 (ZMON-39 variant for 4 isoenzymes) from the Dhofar. No strain was isolated from canids. The study of sandflies identified 14 species distributed in the genera Phlebotomus, Sergentomyia and Grassomyia: Ph. papatasi, Ph. bergeroti, Ph. duboscqi, Ph. alexandri, Ph. saevus, Ph. sergenti, Se. fallax, Se. baghdadis, Se. cincta, Se. christophersi, Se. clydei, Se. tiberiadis, Se. africana, and Gr. dreyfussi. In Sharqiyah, the only candidate for the transmission of L. donovani was Ph. alexandri, but the low densities observed of this species do not argue in favor of any role. In Dhofar, Ph. sergenti is the most important proven vector of L. tropica, but Ph. saevus, a locally much more abundant species, constitutes a good candidate for transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Antoine Rioux
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Montpellier 1, 1 rue de l'Éencole de Médecine, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Marina Gramiccia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Unit of Vector-borne Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Nicole Léger
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, EA7510, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Faculté de Pharmacie, 51 rue Cognacq-Jay, 51096 Reims cedex, France
| | - Philippe Desjeux
- PATH OWH (formerly One World Health), A-9, Qutub Institutional area, USO Road, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Jérôme Depaquit
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, EA7510, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Faculté de Pharmacie, 51 rue Cognacq-Jay, 51096 Reims cedex, France - ANSES, USC Transmission Vectorielle et Épidémiosurveillance de Maladies Parasitaires (VECPAR), 51100 Reims, France - Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Pôle de Biologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, 51100 Reims, France
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Tegegne B, Alemu G. Progress of Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis to Drug Nonresponsive Diffuse Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Ethiopia. A Case Report. Int Med Case Rep J 2020; 13:551-555. [PMID: 33116948 PMCID: PMC7585787 DOI: 10.2147/imcrj.s275133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leishmaniasis is one of the neglected tropical diseases, yet it is associated with high mortality and morbidity. It is caused by intracellular protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. Based on the infecting parasite species and host factors, leishmaniasis could be manifested as cutaneous (localized or diffuse), mucocutaneous or visceral clinical forms. In Ethiopia, L. aethiopica is well known to cause all forms of cutaneous leishmaniasis, the localized form being mostcommon. Case Presentation An adult patient from Yayu district, west Oromia region of Ethiopia presents with multiple skin lesions on his face, hands and mutilation of nose through both nostrils. Eight years before the present symptoms, he has developed spontaneously healed cutaneous ulcer on his face leaving a permanent scar. Physical examination revealed multiple nodular lesions on his hands, face and nose as well as swelling of the upper lip. Parasitological examination of ulcer lesion revealed presence of amastigotes, and the patient was diagnosed with mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. He was treated with sodium stibogluconate (20 mg/kg/day IM for 30 days) and clinically cured. After two years, he presented with clinical outcomes typical of diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis. After confirmation by parasitological examination, he was put on sodium stibogluconate (20 mg/kg/day IM for 30 days) and paromomycin (15 mg/kg/day IM for 30 days) combination therapy. As he showed no progress, he was treated with prolonged sodium stibogluconate (20 mg/kg/day IM for 60 days) monotherapy. He was still nonresponsive and discharged uncured. Conclusion The present case is unusual in Ethiopia with relapse of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis progressing to diffuse form. The later form was nonresponsive for both mono and combination therapy, therefore, formulating new drugs or evaluating other anti-Leishmania drugs is required.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Getaneh Alemu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
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Review on the Role of Host Immune Response in Protection and Immunopathogenesis during Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Infection. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:2496713. [PMID: 32656269 PMCID: PMC7320295 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2496713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a major public health problem worldwide and spreads to human via the bite of sand flies during blood meal. Following its inoculation, the promastigotes are immediately taken up by phagocytic cells and these leishmania-infected host cells produce proinflammatory cytokines that activate other immune cells and these infected host cells produce more cytokines and reactive nitrogen and oxygen species for efficient control of leishmania infection. Many experimental studies showed that resistance to infection with leishmania paraites is associated with the production of proinflammatory cytokines and activation of CD4+ Th1 response. On the other hand, vulnerability to this parasitic infection is correlated to production of T helper 2 cytokines that facilitate persistence of parasites and disease progression. In addition, some studies have also indicated that CD8+ T cells play a vital role in immune defense through cytokine production and their cytotoxic activity and excessive production of proinflammatory mediators promote amplified recruitment of cells. This could be correlated with excessive inflammatory reaction and ultimately resulted in tissue destruction and development of immunopathogenesis. Thus, there are contradictions regarding the role of immune responses in protection and immunopathogenesis of CL disease. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to review the role of host immune response in protection and its contribution to disease severity for CL infection. In order to obtain more meaningful data regarding the nature of immune response to leishmania, further in-depth studies focused on immune modulation should be conducted to develop better therapeutic strategies.
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Khan I, Noor Z, Allauddin Khan S, Ali Khan T, Muhammad N, Ullah Khattak B, Hussain M. Microscopic and molecular evidence in support of rodent as a reservoir for dissemination of Leishmaniasis. Microsc Res Tech 2020; 83:729-735. [PMID: 32144860 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a worldwide public health problem and vector-borne disease. It is caused by a diverse group of protozoan parasites that belong to the genus Leishmania and transmitted to humans through a bite of an infected female sand fly. Leishmaniasis has attained epidemic proportion in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and raises serious concern over its management. The present research work was conducted in cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) prevalent village named Surgul of district Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa with a focus to investigate whether rodent can act as a source for dissemination of leishmanial species or not. In this context, rodent samples were analyzed via morphological and molecular approaches to unveil prevalence of CL. It was reported that 12.5% of samples were positive for signs of leishmaniasis through microscopy and 18.75% through polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Supporting the findings further, the color character of rodents was also taken into consideration, which shows that light dark colored rodents were more infected (13.3%) compared to brown colored rodents (11.43%). Based on our findings, we speculate that small rodents are a possible reservoir of various leishmanial parasites and play a significant role in zoonosis and maintenance of their species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Khan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Institution of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Medica, South China sea Institute of Oceanology, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zohaib Noor
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Institution of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Syed Allauddin Khan
- Higher Education Department, Government degree College Khwazakhela Swat, Khyber PakhtunKhwa, Pakistan
| | - Taj Ali Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Niaz Muhammad
- Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Bahar Ullah Khattak
- Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Mubashir Hussain
- Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
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16
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Ghatee MA, Taylor WR, Karamian M. The Geographical Distribution of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Causative Agents in Iran and Its Neighboring Countries, A Review. Front Public Health 2020; 8:11. [PMID: 32133334 PMCID: PMC7039857 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania tropica and Leishmania major are both the main cause of anthroponotic (ACL) and zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL), respectively, in the Old World. Leishmania infantum and Leishmania donovani, which are important causes of visceral leishmaniasis, have also occasionally been reported in CL patients. The present study investigates the current distribution of causative species of CL in Iran and neighboring countries in the Middle East. There has been expansion of L. tropica into new urban and rural foci in Iran, with well-documented cases of visceralization, a substantial increase of CL in Syria, and the emergence of new foci and outbreaks in Turkey and Iraq, especially due to L. major. Civil war in Syria and Iraq, population movement, poverty, and climatic change play important roles in the changing CL distribution in this region. Control programs should adopt a multidisciplinary approach based on active surveillance and case finding, especially in vulnerable refugee populations, determination of hazard maps for CL hot points using GIS and other advanced technology, the free distribution of drugs, rodent control, and greater community engagement in poor and marginalized populations. Comprehensive molecular studies that could show the species and strains of Leishmania in different areas of each country can give a better view from the distribution of CL in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Amin Ghatee
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran.,Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Walter R Taylor
- Clinical Therapeutics Unit, Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mehdi Karamian
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
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Abdalla NM, Abdelgani AM, Osman AA, Mohamed MN. Demographical and population dynamics impact on public health of cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Al-Madinah Almonawra, Saudi Arabia. Afr Health Sci 2019; 19:2421-2430. [PMID: 32127813 PMCID: PMC7040287 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v19i3.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A cross-sectional study conducted in Al-Madinah Almonawra in KSA held during the period from March 2014–March 2015. Aim of the study This study aimed at analyzing the effect of population dynamics on the current situation of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Al-Madinah Almonawarah area, a holy city that attracts millions of muslims annually. Methodology Epidemiological and clinical data were collected by especial questionnaire and laboratory specimens were collected using skin scraping and needle aspiration. Staining and direct microscopy were done. LST was conducted. Analysis was done using SPSS program. Results The study included 164 patients, all of them were men. Saudi nationality comprised around 20% of the study group, the majority were Egyptians, 26.2%, followed by Pakistani, 21.3%. Conclusion The presence of non-Saudi nationality as foreign workers, immigrants and refugees has worsened the current situation of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazar M Abdalla
- Nazar M Abdalla, Ass. Prof., Consultant Medical Microbiologist. College of Medicine. King Khalid University. Abha, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdelgani M Abdelgani
- Abdelgani M Abdelgani, Microbiology Specialist. Faculty of Medical Lab., Gezira University, Wad Medani, P.O.BOX 20, Sudan.
| | - Amani A Osman
- Amani A Osman, Ass. Prof., Consultant Reproductive Health, Family & Community Medicine Department. College of Medicine. King Khalid University. 61421 Abha, P.O. 641, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohamed N Mohamed
- Mohamed N Mohamed, Internist Abha General Hospital, 61421 Abha, P.O. 641, Saudi Arabia.
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18
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Collis S, El-Safi S, Atia AA, Bhattacharyya T, Hammad A, Den Boer M, Le H, Whitworth JA, Miles MA. Epidemiological and molecular investigation of resurgent cutaneous leishmaniasis in Sudan. Int J Infect Dis 2019; 88:14-20. [PMID: 31442631 PMCID: PMC6838665 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2019.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Local health personnel have drawn attention to an apparent increase in incidence and severity of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Sudan. The objective of this study was to investigate CL burden and surveillance. METHODS Surveillance data were compiled from the KalaCORE programme, Leishmania coordinators in Northern Kordofan and Southern Darfur, and Khartoum Dermatology Hospital. CL lesions were sampled from 14 suspected cases from Northern Kordofan and the Hospital for Tropical Diseases in Omdurman. PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and multilocus sequencing were used to characterize the disease agent. RESULTS All sites reported substantial increases from 2014 to 2016/7, far exceeding World Health Organization case reports for 2014, consistent with a widespread outbreak. Single seasonal peak incidence was observed, except for two peaks in Southern Darfur. In Northern Kordofan, the odds ratio for CL in the 35-44 years age group was 2.6 times higher than in the >45 years age group (p<0.0001); in Southern Darfur, the OR was 2.38 greater in males than females (p<0.0001). Lesions included severe presentations, despite chemotherapy. Leishmania major was identified as the agent. CONCLUSIONS Active surveillance is required to understand the extent of CL in Sudan, as well as training to standardize surveillance, diagnosis, reporting, and quality control. Point-of-care rapid diagnosis would be valuable. Genotyping and phenotyping are required to monitor the emergence of pathogenic strains, drug resistance, outbreaks, and changes in severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Collis
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | | | - Atia A Atia
- World Health Organization, Sudan; KalaCORE Consortium, Sudan.
| | | | - Awad Hammad
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Sudan.
| | - Margriet Den Boer
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; KalaCORE Consortium, London, UK.
| | - Hai Le
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
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Mohammadpour I, Hatam GR, Handjani F, Bozorg-Ghalati F, PourKamal D, Motazedian MH. Leishmania cytochrome b gene sequence polymorphisms in southern Iran: relationships with different cutaneous clinical manifestations. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:98. [PMID: 30696426 PMCID: PMC6352432 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3667-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by Leishmania species, is a geographically extensive disease that infects humans and animals. CL is endemic in half of the 31 provinces of Iran, with 29,201 incidence cases reported in Fars province from 2010 to 2015. CL is polymorphic and may result in lesions characterized by different clinical features. Parasite genetic diversity is proposed to be one of the factors affecting the clinical outcome and lesion characteristics in CL patients. However, there is still very limited data regarding the genetic variation of Leishmania spp. based on the sequencing of Cytochrome b (Cyt b) gene. Methods All patients originated from endemic regions in Fars province. The amplification of the Cyt b gene from isolates of 100 patients with disparate clinical forms of CL was accomplished using Nested-PCR. Sequence analysis of the amplified Cyt b was used to scrutinize the genetic variations among Leishmania isolates and connect the results with clinical pictures. The clinical demonstrations were basically of two types, typical and atypical lesions. Molecular phylogenetic tree was constructed using the Neighbor-Joining method, with species/strains from this study compared to species/strains from other geographical regions. Results Leishmania major was identified as the predominant infecting Leishmania spp. (86% of cases), with the remainder of cases being infected by Leishmania tropica. Clinical examination of patients revealed 12 different clinical CL forms. Among Leishmania samples analyzed, five distinct haplotypes were recognized: three in L. major and two in L. tropica. We found a correlation between clinical outcomes and Cyt b sequence variation of Leishmania spp. involved. Moreover, we observed a higher presence of polymorphisms in L. major compared with L. tropica. This difference may be due to the different eco-epidemiologies of both species, with L. tropica being an anthroponosis compared to L. major, which is a zoonosis. Conclusions The sequence analysis of Cyt b gene from 25 L. major and L. tropica strains demonstrated genetic variability of L. major and L. tropica causing CL in southern Iran, and a feasible connection amid the genetic heterogeneity of the parasite, geographical source and clinical appearance of the disease in human was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iraj Mohammadpour
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Gholam Reza Hatam
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farhad Handjani
- Molecular Dermatology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Bozorg-Ghalati
- Department of Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Daniel PourKamal
- Fajr Health Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Motazedian
- Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Rostamian M, Niknam HM. Leishmania tropica: What we know from its experimental models. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2018; 104:1-38. [PMID: 31030767 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania tropica causes different forms of leishmaniasis in many parts of the world. Animal models can help to clarify the issues of pathology and immune response in L. tropica infections and can be applied to the control, prevention and treatment of the disease. The aim of this article is to summarize published data related to experimental models of this parasite, presenting an overview of the subject. We also present in brief the epidemiology, transmission and human manifestation of L. tropica infection. Mice, rats and hamsters have been used for experimental models of L. tropica infection. Main findings of the published studies show that: (1) Hamsters are the best animal model for L. tropica infection, with the drawback of being outbred hence not suitable for many studies. (2) L. tropica infection causes a non-ulcerative and chronic pathology as cutaneous form in mice and usually visceral form in hamsters. (3) L. tropica infection in mice results in a weaker immune response in comparison to Leishmania major. (4) While the Th1 responses are evoked against L. tropica, Th2 responses do not explain the outcomes of this infection, and IL-10 and TGF-β are two main suppressive cytokines. (5) The host genotype affects the immune response and disease outcome of L. tropica infection and the dose, strain, routes of inoculation, and sex of the host are among the factors affecting disease outcome of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mosayeb Rostamian
- Nosocomial Infections Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Hamid M Niknam
- Immunology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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van Henten S, Adriaensen W, Fikre H, Akuffo H, Diro E, Hailu A, Van der Auwera G, van Griensven J. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Due to Leishmania aethiopica. EClinicalMedicine 2018; 6:69-81. [PMID: 31193672 PMCID: PMC6537575 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania aethiopica is the main causative species for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Ethiopia. Despite its considerable burden, L. aethiopica has been one of the most neglected Leishmania species. In this review, published evidence on L. aethiopica history, geography, vector, reservoir, epidemiology, parasitology, and immunology is discussed and knowledge gaps are outlined. L. aethiopica endemic regions are limited to the highland areas, although nationwide studies on CL prevalence are lacking. Phlebotomus pedifer and P. longipes are the sandfly vectors and hyraxes are considered to be the main reservoir, but the role of other sandfly species and other potential reservoirs requires further investigation. Where and how transmission occurs exactly are also still unknown. Most CL patients in Ethiopia are children and young adults. Lesions are most commonly on the face, in contrast to CL caused by other Leishmania species which may more frequently affect other body parts. CL lesions caused by L. aethiopica seem atypical and more severe in their presentation as compared to other Leishmania species. Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis and diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis are relatively common, and healing of lesions caused by L. aethiopica seems to take longer than that of other species. A thorough documentation of the natural evolution of L. aethiopica as well as in depth studies into the immunological and parasitological characteristics that underpin the atypical and severe clinical presentation are needed. Better understanding of CL caused by this parasite species will contribute to interventions related to transmission, prevention, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia van Henten
- Unit of HIV and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wim Adriaensen
- Unit of HIV and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Helina Fikre
- Leishmania Research and Treatment Center, University of Gondar Hospital, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Hannah Akuffo
- Swedish International Development Agency (Sida) and Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Ermias Diro
- Leishmania Research and Treatment Center, University of Gondar Hospital, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Asrat Hailu
- Addis Ababa University School of Medicine, Ethiopia
| | - Gert Van der Auwera
- Unit of Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Johan van Griensven
- Unit of HIV and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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Sunyoto T, Verdonck K, el Safi S, Potet J, Picado A, Boelaert M. Uncharted territory of the epidemiological burden of cutaneous leishmaniasis in sub-Saharan Africa-A systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006914. [PMID: 30359376 PMCID: PMC6219817 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is the most frequent form of leishmaniasis, with 0.7 to 1.2 million cases per year globally. However, the burden of CL is poorly documented in some regions. We carried out this review to synthesize knowledge on the epidemiological burden of CL in sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS We systematically searched PubMed, CABI Global health, Africa Index Medicus databases for publications on CL and its burden. There were no restrictions on language/publication date. Case series with less than ten patients, species identification studies, reviews, non-human, and non-CL focused studies were excluded. Findings were extracted and described. The review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines; the protocol was registered in PROSPERO (42016036272). RESULTS From 289 identified records, 54 met eligibility criteria and were included in the synthesis. CL was reported from 13 of the 48 sub-Saharan African countries (3 eastern, nine western and one from southern Africa). More than half of the records (30/54; 56%) were from western Africa, notably Senegal, Burkina Faso and Mali. All studies were observational: 29 were descriptive case series (total 13,257 cases), and 24 followed a cross-sectional design. The majority (78%) of the studies were carried out before the year 2000. Forty-two studies mentioned the parasite species, but was either assumed or attributed on the historical account. Regional differences in clinical manifestations were reported. We found high variability across methodologies, leading to difficulties to compare or combine data. The prevalence in hospital settings among suspected cases ranged between 0.1 and 14.2%. At the community level, CL prevalence varied widely between studies. Outbreaks of thousands of cases occurred in Ethiopia, Ghana, and Sudan. Polymorphism of CL in HIV-infected people is a concern. Key information gaps in CL burden here include population-based CL prevalence/incidence, risk factors, and its socio-economic burden. CONCLUSION The evidence on CL epidemiology in sub-Saharan Africa is scanty. The CL frequency and severity are poorly identified. There is a need for population-based studies to define the CL burden better. Endemic countries should consider research and action to improve burden estimation and essential control measures including diagnosis and treatment capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temmy Sunyoto
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Policy Department, Médecins Sans Frontières - Campaign for Access to Medicines, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kristien Verdonck
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sayda el Safi
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Julien Potet
- Policy Department, Médecins Sans Frontières - Campaign for Access to Medicines, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Albert Picado
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marleen Boelaert
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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Zahirnia AH, Bordbar A, Ebrahimi S, Spotin A, Mohammadi S, Ghafari SM, Ahmadvand S, Jabbari N, Esmaeili Rastaghi AR, Parvizi P. Predominance of Leishmania major and rare occurrence of Leishmania tropica with haplotype variability at the center of Iran. Braz J Infect Dis 2018; 22:278-287. [PMID: 30114384 PMCID: PMC9427796 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmania major is a causative agent of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in the center of Iran, Abarkouh district. Molecular characterization and precise incrimination of Leishmania species was carried out to perform controlling measurements and to design treatment programs for zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis. METHODS All smears isolated from ulcers of suspected patients were examined under a light microscope and graded for amastigotes frequency. Extraction of DNA, PCR, RFLP and sequencing of ITS-rDNA genotype were done to increase the efficacy of Leishmania parasites identification at their species-specific level and to detect any Leishmania infections within. RESULTS Humans were found to be infected with L. major with high infection frequency and also Leishmania tropica was identified with low occurrence for the first time as non-native species using molecular analyses. The rates of infections was considerable with microscopic observation (n = 65, 73%) out of 89 smears prepared from suspected patients. Molecular analyses showed that the density of L. major was significantly higher (n = 48, 53.93%) than L. tropica (n = 4, 4.49%) (Mann-Whitney U test: p < 0.05) and two samples (2.25%) remained ambiguous after several sequencing. L. major did not have diversity with two common haplotypes but L. tropica were found to exhibit high diversity with three novel haplotypes. CONCLUSION L. major was considered the causative agent of leishmaniasis in the region, but the identification of a non-native L. tropica revealed the importance of further isolation of Leishmania parasites following molecular analyses and confirmation, and also revealed the importance of further isolation of Leishmania parasites from patients of the field areas who do not have easily access to health care centers for specialized treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Hossein Zahirnia
- Pasteur Institute of Iran, Parasitology Department, Molecular Systematics Laboratory, Tehran, Iran; Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Department of Medical Entomology, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ali Bordbar
- Pasteur Institute of Iran, Parasitology Department, Molecular Systematics Laboratory, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Ebrahimi
- Pasteur Institute of Iran, Parasitology Department, Molecular Systematics Laboratory, Tehran, Iran
| | - Adel Spotin
- Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Immunology Research Center, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Somayeh Mohammadi
- Pasteur Institute of Iran, Parasitology Department, Molecular Systematics Laboratory, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Maryam Ghafari
- Pasteur Institute of Iran, Parasitology Department, Molecular Systematics Laboratory, Tehran, Iran
| | - Setareh Ahmadvand
- Pasteur Institute of Iran, Parasitology Department, Molecular Systematics Laboratory, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negar Jabbari
- Pasteur Institute of Iran, Parasitology Department, Molecular Systematics Laboratory, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Parviz Parvizi
- Pasteur Institute of Iran, Parasitology Department, Molecular Systematics Laboratory, Tehran, Iran.
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Population Structure of Leishmania tropica Causing Anthroponotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Southern Iran by PCR-RFLP of Kinetoplastid DNA. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:6049198. [PMID: 29984240 PMCID: PMC6011176 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6049198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Iran is one of the six countries with the most cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) patients. Understanding better the genotypes of the parasite population in relation to geography and climate is critical to achieving better CL control. We aimed to characterise the population structure of Leishmania tropica, the cause of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL), from important foci in southeast (Bam and Kerman) and southwest (Shiraz) Iran. A total of 39 L. tropica isolates from ACL patients from southeast (Bam 14, Kerman 12) and southwest (Shiraz 13) Iran were analysed by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) of the kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) using restriction enzymes MspI (HpaII) and ClaI. 37 genotypes were identified among south Iran L. tropica isolates. The unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) tree obtained from the banding patterns of ClaI digested kDNA RFLP distinguished southeast from and southwest L. tropica isolates with some subclustering but the MspI derived tree showed greater discrimination with greater subclustering and divergence of the two foci of southeast region but with some overlapping. Although a monophyletic structure has been defined for southeast L. tropica, isolates from two foci of southeast Iran were partly discriminated in the current study.
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Gijón-Robles P, Abattouy N, Merino-Espinosa G, El Khalfaoui N, Morillas-Márquez F, Corpas-López V, Porcel-Rodríguez L, Jaaouani N, Díaz-Sáez V, Riyad M, Martín-Sánchez J. Risk factors for the expansion of cutaneous leishmaniasis by Leishmania tropica: Possible implications for control programmes. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:1615-1626. [PMID: 29806200 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by Leishmania tropica is emerging in new areas, initially as outbreaks and then establishing endemic foci. There is little evidence of the risk factors and effectiveness of existing control measures, what limits our ability to generalize in different epidemiological settings. The disease is described as anthroponotic; however, zoonotic outbreaks have been reported in some countries. Our aim was to identify risk factors in a recently reported endemic focus in Morocco in order to design more effective control programmes. A case-control study was conducted from September 2014 to October 2015 for epidemiological data collection from families with and without CL cases. Sandflies were captured and L. tropica infection determined. The presence of potential animal reservoirs was evaluated. 71 CL cases (44 diagnosed between 2013 and 2015) and 137 healthy people were surveyed. The average age of the new cases was 33.1 ± 22.3 years, and 69.0% were women. Phlebotomus sergenti was the most abundant species with a density of 4.27 sandflies/trap/night and differences between houses with and without CL cases were detected (p-value = 0.014). Overall, 2.7% female P. sergenti and 3.0% dogs were positive for L. tropica. Human, cat, rabbit and bird blood was detected in blood-fed P. sergenti females. 45% people used preventive measures that were not translated into a reduction in the individual risk of acquiring CL. Exposure to P. sergenti was the only risk factor found, and the reduction in its density could be achieved through the improvement of water wells management, organic fertilizers' disposal and dogs control. The lack of effectiveness of indoor residual spraying and treated nets are attributable to poor compliance and misuse of them. In addition, result optimization of the awareness campaigns on the public is possible by involving patients with CL to explain their own experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Gijón-Robles
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Naima Abattouy
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Gemma Merino-Espinosa
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Nora El Khalfaoui
- Center for Doctoral Studies on Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Hassan II of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | | | | | | | | | - Victoriano Díaz-Sáez
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Myriam Riyad
- Department of Parasitology, and Research team on Immunopathology of Infectious and Systemic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Hassan II of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
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Naouel E, Ihcene KD, Sofiane B, Khatima AO, Razika B, Bruno O, Zoubir H, Denis S. Antimonial susceptibility and in vivo behaviour of Leishmania major isolates collected in Algeria before and after treatment. Acta Trop 2018; 180:7-11. [PMID: 29278674 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The repercussions of cutaneous leishmaniasis therapy on the behaviour and drug susceptibility of Leishmania major parasites is poorly documented. This study explored the link between antimonial susceptibility and in vivo behaviour in Leishmania major isolates collected before and after treatment in Algeria. This study was performed on 3 isolates collected from patients prior to treatment and paired with 3 isolates collected from the same patient after treatment failure. Their in vitro susceptibility towards trivalent (SbIII) and pentavalent (SbV) antimony were ascertained, and their in vivo behaviour was evaluated by determining their capacity to disseminate, proliferate and induce lesions in mice. No relationship was observed between in vitro antimony resistance and parasite fitness in the murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddaikra Naouel
- Laboratoire d'Eco-épidemiologie Parasitaire et Génétique des Populations, Institute Pasteur of Algeria,Route du Petit Staoueli Dely Brahim, Algiers, Algeria; IRD, Univ. Montpellier, InterTryp, Montpellier, France; Laboratoire de Biochimie Analytique et Biotechnologies, Université Mouloud Mammeri de TiziOuzou, Algeria.
| | - Kherachi Djenad Ihcene
- Laboratoire d'Eco-épidemiologie Parasitaire et Génétique des Populations, Institute Pasteur of Algeria,Route du Petit Staoueli Dely Brahim, Algiers, Algeria.
| | - Bensegheir Sofiane
- Laboratoire d'Eco-épidemiologie Parasitaire et Génétique des Populations, Institute Pasteur of Algeria,Route du Petit Staoueli Dely Brahim, Algiers, Algeria.
| | - Ait Oudhia Khatima
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure Vétérinaire, BP 161, Hassan Badi El-Harrach, Algiers, Algeria.
| | - Benikhlef Razika
- Laboratoire d'Eco-épidemiologie Parasitaire et Génétique des Populations, Institute Pasteur of Algeria,Route du Petit Staoueli Dely Brahim, Algiers, Algeria.
| | - Oury Bruno
- IRD, Univ. Montpellier, InterTryp, Montpellier, France; IRD, Univ. Montpellier, MiVegec, Montpellier, France.
| | - Harrat Zoubir
- Laboratoire d'Eco-épidemiologie Parasitaire et Génétique des Populations, Institute Pasteur of Algeria,Route du Petit Staoueli Dely Brahim, Algiers, Algeria.
| | - Sereno Denis
- IRD, Univ. Montpellier, InterTryp, Montpellier, France; IRD, Univ. Montpellier, MiVegec, Montpellier, France.
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Population genetics analysis of Phlebotomus papatasi sand flies from Egypt and Jordan based on mitochondrial cytochrome b haplotypes. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:214. [PMID: 29587873 PMCID: PMC5872541 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2785-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phlebotomus papatasi sand flies are major vectors of Leishmania major and phlebovirus infection in North Africa and across the Middle East to the Indian subcontinent. Population genetics is a valuable tool in understanding the level of genetic variability present in vector populations, vector competence, and the development of novel control strategies. This study investigated the genetic differentiation between P. papatasi populations in Egypt and Jordan that inhabit distinct ecotopes and compared this structure to P. papatasi populations from a broader geographical range. METHODS A 461 base pair (bp) fragment from the mtDNA cytochrome b (cyt b) gene was PCR amplified and sequenced from 116 individual female sand flies from Aswan and North Sinai, Egypt, as well as Swaimeh and Malka, Jordan. Haplotypes were identified and used to generate a median-joining network, F ST values and isolation-by-distance were also evaluated. Additional sand fly individuals from Afghanistan, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Libya, Tunisia and Turkey were included as well as previously published haplotypes to provide a geographically broad genetic variation analysis. RESULTS Thirteen haplotypes displaying nine variant sites were identified from P. papatasi collected in Egypt and Jordan. No private haplotypes were identified from samples in North Sinai, Egypt, two were observed in Aswan, Egypt, four from Swaimeh, Jordan and two in Malka, Jordan. The Jordan populations clustered separately from the Egypt populations and produced more private haplotypes than those from Egypt. Pairwise F ST values fall in the range 0.024-0.648. CONCLUSION The clustering patterns and pairwise F ST values indicate a strong differentiation between Egyptian and Jordanian populations, although this population structure is not due to isolation-by-distance. Other factors, such as environmental influences and the genetic variability in the circulating Le. major parasites, could possibly contribute to this heterogeneity. The present study aligns with previous reports in that pockets of genetic differentiation exists between populations of this widely dispersed species but, overall, the species remains relatively homogeneous.
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Antimony susceptibility of Leishmania isolates collected over a 30-year period in Algeria. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006310. [PMID: 29561842 PMCID: PMC5889277 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Algeria, the treatment of visceral and cutaneous leishmanioses (VL and CL) has been and continues to be based on antimony-containing drugs. It is suspected that high drug selective pressure might favor the emergence of chemoresistant parasites. Although treatment failure is frequently reported during antimonial therapy of both CL and VL, antimonial resistance has never been thoroughly investigated in Algeria. Determining the level of antimonial susceptibility, amongst Leishmania transmitted in Algeria, is of great importance for the development of public health policies. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Within the framework of the knowledge about the epidemiology of VL and CL amassed during the last 30 years, we sampled Leishmania isolates to determine their susceptibility to antimony. We analyzed a total of 106 isolates including 88 isolates collected between 1976 and 2013 in Algeria from humans, dogs, rodents, and phlebotomines and 18 collected from dogs in France. All the Algerian isolates were collected in 14 localities where leishmaniasis is endemic. The 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of potassium antimony tartrate (the trivalent form of antimony, Sb(III)) and sodium stibogluconate (the pentavalent form of antimony, Sb(V)) were determined in promastigotes and intramacrophage amastigotes, respectively. The epidemiological cutoff (ECOFF) that allowed us to differentiate between Leishmania species causing cutaneous or visceral leishmaniases that were susceptible (S+) or insusceptible (S-) to the trivalent form of antimony was determined. The computed IC50 cutoff values were 23.83 μg/mL and 15.91 μg/mL for VL and CL, respectively. We report a trend of increasing antimony susceptibility in VL isolates during the 30-year period. In contrast, an increase in the frequency of S- phenotypes in isolates causing CL was observed during the same period. In our study, the emergence of S- phenotypes correlates with the inclusion of L. killicki (syn: L. tropica) isolates that cause cutaneous leishmaniasis and that have emerged in Algeria during the last decade. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE Our results provide insight into the spatiotemporal dynamics of Leishmania antimony susceptibility in Algeria. We highlight the need for the future implementation of an effective methodology to determine the antimony susceptibility status of Leishmania isolates to detect the emergence of and prevent the dissemination of drug-resistant strains.
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Abstract
A variety of arthropods, protozoa, and helminths infect the skin and subcutaneous tissues and may be identified by anatomic pathologists in standard cytology and histology preparations. The specific organisms seen vary greatly with the patient's exposure history, including travel to or residence in endemic countries. Arthropods are the most commonly encountered parasites in the skin and subcutaneous tissues and include Sarcoptes scabei, Demodex species, Tunga penetrans, and myiasis-causing fly larvae. Protozoal parasites such as Leishmania may also be common in some settings. Helminths are less often seen, and include round worms (eg, Dirofilaria spp.), tapeworms (eg, Taenia solium, Spirometra spp.), and flukes (eg, Schistosoma spp.). This review covers the epidemiologic and histopathologic features of common parasitic infections of the skin and subcutaneous tissues.
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Ghawar W, Bettaieb J, Salem S, Snoussi MA, Jaouadi K, Yazidi R, Ben-Salah A. Natural infection of Ctenodactylus gundi by Leishmania major in Tunisia. Acta Trop 2018; 177:89-93. [PMID: 28963065 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Incriminating new rodent species, as reservoir hosts of Leishmania parasites is crucial for understanding the transmission cycle of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Tunisia. Ctenodactylus (C.) gundi was previously described as extremely abundant in all Tunisian Leishmania (L.) tropica foci in south Tunisia besides its presence in L. major endemic area. The aim of this study was to detect Leishmania species parasites among C. gundi in two endemic regions in Tunisia: Sidi Bouzid and Tataouine. Total DNA was isolated from the spleens and the livers of 92C. gundi. Leishmaniasis clinical manifestations were detected among 11 rodents (12%). Leishmania parasites were detected in 30 (32.6%) rodents using direct exam method. Leishmania DNA was detected in 40 (43.5%) C. gundi by combining results among spleens and livers using ITS1-PCR. Positive samples were confirmed to be L. major except for only one specimen which was L. tropica. These results demonstrated, for the first time, the high natural infection rate of C. gundi with L. major parasites in Tunisia. Hence, C. gundi should be considered as potential reservoir host of Leishmania parasites causing cutaneous leishmaniasis in Tunisia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wissem Ghawar
- Department of Medical Epidemiology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, 13, Place Pasteur, BP 74 1002, Tunis-Belvédère, Tunisia; Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LR11IPT02), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, 13, Place Pasteur, BP 74 1002, Tunis-Belvédère, Tunisia.
| | - Jihène Bettaieb
- Department of Medical Epidemiology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, 13, Place Pasteur, BP 74 1002, Tunis-Belvédère, Tunisia; Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LR11IPT02), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, 13, Place Pasteur, BP 74 1002, Tunis-Belvédère, Tunisia; Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Sadok Salem
- Department of Medical Epidemiology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, 13, Place Pasteur, BP 74 1002, Tunis-Belvédère, Tunisia; Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LR11IPT02), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, 13, Place Pasteur, BP 74 1002, Tunis-Belvédère, Tunisia.
| | - Mohammed-Ali Snoussi
- Department of Medical Epidemiology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, 13, Place Pasteur, BP 74 1002, Tunis-Belvédère, Tunisia; Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LR11IPT02), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, 13, Place Pasteur, BP 74 1002, Tunis-Belvédère, Tunisia.
| | - Kaouther Jaouadi
- Department of Medical Epidemiology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, 13, Place Pasteur, BP 74 1002, Tunis-Belvédère, Tunisia; Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LR11IPT02), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, 13, Place Pasteur, BP 74 1002, Tunis-Belvédère, Tunisia.
| | - Rihab Yazidi
- Department of Medical Epidemiology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, 13, Place Pasteur, BP 74 1002, Tunis-Belvédère, Tunisia; Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LR11IPT02), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, 13, Place Pasteur, BP 74 1002, Tunis-Belvédère, Tunisia.
| | - Afif Ben-Salah
- Department of Medical Epidemiology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, 13, Place Pasteur, BP 74 1002, Tunis-Belvédère, Tunisia; Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LR11IPT02), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, 13, Place Pasteur, BP 74 1002, Tunis-Belvédère, Tunisia; Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia; Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences (CMMS), Arabian Gulf University (AGU), Manama, Bahrain.
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Khan NH, Llewellyn MS, Schönian G, Sutherland CJ. Variability of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Lesions Is Not Associated with Genetic Diversity of Leishmania tropica in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 97:1489-1497. [PMID: 29016290 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania tropica is the causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Pakistan. Here, intraspecific diversity of L. tropica from northern Pakistan was investigated using multilocus microsatellite typing. Fourteen polymorphic microsatellite markers were typed in 34 recently collected L. tropica isolates from Pakistan along with 158 archival strains of diverse Afro-Eurasian origins. Previously published profiles for 145 strains of L. tropica originating from different regions of Africa, Central Asia, Iran, and Middle East were included for comparison. Six consistently well-supported genetic groups were resolved: 1) Asia, 2) Morroco A, 3) Namibia and Kenya A, 4) Kenya B/Tunisia and Galilee, 5) Morocco B, and 6) Middle East. Strains from northern Pakistan were assigned to Asian cluster except for three that were placed in a geographically distant genetic group; Morocco A. Lesion variability among these Pakistani strains was not associated with specific L. tropica genetic profile. Pakistani strains showed little genetic differentiation from strains of Iraq, Afghanistan, and Syria (FST = 0.00-0.06); displayed evidence of modest genetic flow with India (FST = 0.14). Furthermore, genetic structuring within these isolates was not geographically defined. Pak-Afghan cluster was in significant linkage disequilibrium (IA = 1.43), had low genetic diversity, and displayed comparatively higher heterozygosity (FIS = -0.62). Patterns of genetic diversity observed suggest dominance of a minimally diverse clonal lineage within northern Pakistan. This is surprising as a wide clinical spectrum was observed in patients, suggesting the importance of host and other factors. Further genotyping studies of L. tropica isolates displaying different clinical phenotypes are required to validate this potentially important observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazma Habib Khan
- Department of Zoology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.,Department of Immunology & Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin S Llewellyn
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriele Schönian
- Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, Chariteì-University Medicine Berlin, Hindenburgdamm, Berlin, Germany
| | - Colin J Sutherland
- Department of Immunology & Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Amro A, Al-Dwibe H, Gashout A, Moskalenko O, Galafin M, Hamarsheh O, Frohme M, Jaeschke A, Schönian G, Kuhls K. Spatiotemporal and molecular epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Libya. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005873. [PMID: 28880944 PMCID: PMC5605087 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a major public health problem in Libya. In this paper, we describe the eco-epidemiological parameters of CL during the armed conflict period from January 2011 till December 2012. Current spatiotemporal distributions of CL cases were explored and projected to the future using a correlative modelling approach. In addition the present results were compared with our previous data obtained for the time period 1995–2008. Methodology/Principal findings We investigated 312 CL patients who presented to the Dermatology Department at the Tripoli Central Hospital and came from 81 endemic areas distributed in 10 districts. The patients presented with typical localized lesions which appeared commonly on the face, arms and legs. Molecular identification of parasites by a PCR-RFLP approach targeting the ITS1 region of the rDNA was successful for 81 patients with two causative species identified: L. major and L. tropica comprised 59 (72.8%) and 22 (27.2%) cases, respectively. Around 77.3% of L. tropica CL and 57.7% of L. major CL caused single lesions. Five CL patients among our data set were seropositive for HIV. L. tropica was found mainly in three districts, Murqub (27.3%), Jabal al Gharbi (27.3%) and Misrata (13.7%) while L. major was found in two districts, in Jabal al Gharbi (61%) and Jafara (20.3%). Seasonal occurrence of CL cases showed that most cases (74.2%) admitted to the hospital between November and March, L. major cases from November till January (69.4%), and L. tropica cases mainly in January and February (41%). Two risk factors were identified for the two species; the presence of previously infected household members, and the presence of rodents and sandflies in patient’s neighborhoods. Spatiotemporal projections using correlative distribution models based on current case data and climatic conditions showed that coastal regions have a higher level of risk due to more favourable conditions for the transmitting vectors. Conclusion Future projection of CL until 2060 showed a trend of increasing incidence of CL in the north-western part of Libya, a spread along the coastal region and a possible emergence of new endemics in the north-eastern districts of Libya. These results should be considered for control programs to prevent the emergence of new endemic areas taking also into consideration changes in socio-economical factors such as migration, conflicts, urbanization, land use and access to health care. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a skin infection caused by a single-celled parasite that is transmitted by the bite of a phlebotomine sandfly. CL is the most common form of leishmaniasis characterized by localized lesions in the skin and mucous membranes. The disease is prevalent in all countries around the Mediterranean Basin. In this paper, we describe spatiotemporal and eco-epidemiological parameters of CL in Libya. Moreover, we explored current spatiotemporal distributions of CL cases and explored the future projection of the disease. Our study indicates the presence of higher risk of CL in the coastal regions of Libya. Future projection until 2060 showed a trend of increasing incidence of CL in the north-western part of Libya, a spread along the coastal region and a possible emergence of new endemics in the north-eastern districts of Libya. These scenarios should be considered by health authorities in order to develop appropriate intervention strategies and plan effective control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Amro
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, Abu-Dies, Jerusalem, Palestine
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Hamida Al-Dwibe
- Faculty of Medicine, Dermatology Department, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Aisha Gashout
- Faculty of Medical Technology—Pathology Department, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Olga Moskalenko
- Molecular Biotechnology and Functional Genomics Department, Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau, Wildau, Germany
| | - Marlena Galafin
- Molecular Biotechnology and Functional Genomics Department, Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau, Wildau, Germany
| | - Omar Hamarsheh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Al-Quds University, Abu-Dies, Jerusalem, Palestine
| | - Marcus Frohme
- Molecular Biotechnology and Functional Genomics Department, Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau, Wildau, Germany
| | - Anja Jaeschke
- Department of Biogeography, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Gabriele Schönian
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrin Kuhls
- Molecular Biotechnology and Functional Genomics Department, Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau, Wildau, Germany
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Merino-Espinosa G, Corpas-López V, Díaz-Sáez V, Morillas-Márquez F, Tercedor-Sánchez J, Azaña-Defez J, López-Hidalgo J, Aneiros-Fernández J, Martín-Sánchez J. Cutaneous leishmaniasis byLeishmania infantum:behind granulomatous lesions of unknown aetiology. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2017; 32:117-124. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.14506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Merino-Espinosa
- Department of Parasitology; Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Granada; Granada Spain
| | - V. Corpas-López
- Department of Parasitology; Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Granada; Granada Spain
| | - V. Díaz-Sáez
- Department of Parasitology; Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Granada; Granada Spain
| | - F. Morillas-Márquez
- Department of Parasitology; Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Granada; Granada Spain
| | - J. Tercedor-Sánchez
- Department of Dermatology; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario; Granada Spain
| | - J.M. Azaña-Defez
- Department of Dermatology; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario; Albacete Spain
| | - J. López-Hidalgo
- Department of Pathology; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario; Granada Spain
| | | | - J. Martín-Sánchez
- Department of Parasitology; Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Granada; Granada Spain
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Khatri ML, Di Muccio T, Fiorentino E, Gramiccia M. Ongoing outbreak of cutaneous leishmaniasis in northwestern Yemen: clinicoepidemiologic, geographic, and taxonomic study. Int J Dermatol 2017; 55:1210-1218. [PMID: 27419356 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.13310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is widespread in Yemen but has not been fully documented. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the clinicoepidemiologic and geographic aspects of CL in northwest Yemen and the taxonomic profile of the causative Leishmania species. METHODS All CL cases diagnosed at the Dermatology Clinic of the Saudi Hospital at Hajjah during 1997-2012 were reviewed. Diagnoses were based on clinical, microscopic and, occasionally, histopathologic examinations. Leishmania species identification was carried out in 712 microscopically positive samples by multi-locus enzyme electrophoresis and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. RESULTS During the surveillance period, 1343 cases of CL were diagnosed. Lesions per patient ranged from one to 71, but most patients had a single facial lesion, classified as representing the "dry type" in 1315 (97.9%) and "wet type" in 28 (2.1%) patients. Leishmania typing in 576 cases identified Leishmania tropica as the main species responsible (n = 529), followed by Leishmania infantum (n = 20), Leishmania donovani (n = 11), and members of the L. donovani complex (n = 8). Atypical molecular patterns were observed in eight CL cases diagnosed in areas in which the three Leishmania species were found sympatrically. CONCLUSIONS Cutaneous leishmaniasis appears to be endemic in northwest Yemen, where its incidence has recently increased abruptly. The disease presents clinically as the "dry type" and is caused mainly by L. tropica and occasionally by L. infantum, L. donovani, and L. donovani complex species. A sympatric diffusion of the three species is present in some governorates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Trentina Di Muccio
- Unit of Vector-borne Diseases and International Health, Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Fiorentino
- Unit of Vector-borne Diseases and International Health, Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Marina Gramiccia
- Unit of Vector-borne Diseases and International Health, Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Gautret P, Mouffok N, Parola P. North Africa. Infect Dis (Lond) 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119085751.ch10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Gautret
- Unité de Recherche sur les maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes; Aix-Marseille Université; Marseille France
| | - Nadjet Mouffok
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Oran; Oran Algeria
| | - Philippe Parola
- Unité des Rickettsies, Faculté de Médecine; Université de la Méditerranée; Marseille France
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Corpas-López V, Merino-Espinosa G, López-Viota M, Gijón-Robles P, Morillas-Mancilla MJ, López-Viota J, Díaz-Sáez V, Morillas-Márquez F, Navarro Moll MC, Martín-Sánchez J. Topical Treatment of Leishmania tropica Infection Using (-)-α-Bisabolol Ointment in a Hamster Model: Effectiveness and Safety Assessment. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2016; 79:2403-2407. [PMID: 27616730 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
There is currently no reliable treatment for the management of cutaneous leishmaniasis, and intralesional antimonial injections remain the main treatment. The present work aims at evaluating the antileishmanial effectiveness and safety of (-)-α-bisabolol (1) in a novel topical formulation on a cutaneous leishmaniasis model involving Leishmania tropica-infected Syrian hamsters. The topical treatment with 1 reduced lesion thickness to 56% at 2.5%, showing a higher efficacy than the reference control, meglumine antimoniate. Other regimens (ointment at 1% and 5% and oral treatment at 200 mg/kg) reduced the footpad thickness as well. The skin parasite load decreased after the experiment in all treatment groups, particularly in those animals treated with the 2.5% formulation (83.2%). Treatment with (-)-α-bisabolol at different concentrations or through an oral route did not lead to the appearance of toxicity or side effects in healthy hamsters or infected animals. Therefore, topical (-)-α-bisabolol was more effective than meglumine antimoniate in this cutaneous leishmaniasis model without showing toxicity effects on the hamsters. These results are of great interest and might be used for the development of alternatives for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis, either in monotherapy or in combination with other drugs whose skin permeability could be enhanced by this sesquiterpene.
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Corpas-López V, Merino-Espinosa G, Díaz-Sáez V, Morillas-Márquez F, Navarro-Moll MC, Martín-Sánchez J. The sesquiterpene (−)-α-bisabolol is active against the causative agents of Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis through the induction of mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis. Apoptosis 2016; 21:1071-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-016-1282-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Increased prevalence of human cutaneous leishmaniasis in Israel and the Palestinian Authority caused by the recent emergence of a population of genetically similar strains of Leishmania tropica. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 50:102-109. [PMID: 27498421 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Twelve unlinked microsatellite markers were used to determine the microsatellite profiles of 50 newly and 46 previously typed strains of L. tropica from various Israeli and Palestinian foci. Their microsatellite profiles were compared to those of 99 previously typed strains of L. tropica from 15 countries. Israeli and Palestinian strains of L. tropica fell into three different groups, one of which contained 75 of the 96 Israeli and Palestinian strains. This population separated from all the others at the first hierarchical level by Bayesian statistics and formed a distinct monophyletic group on applying genetic distance and allele frequency analyses. The second cluster contained ten Israeli strains from a specific focus north of the Sea of Galilee, which were previously shown to differ from all other strains of L. tropica in their serological, biochemical and molecular biological parameters. This cluster was closely related to clusters comprising strains of L. tropica from Africa. Four Israeli and five Palestinian strains fell into different genetic entities mostly related to strains from Asian foci of CL. Importation during numerous migrations of humans and, perhaps, infected reservoir animals in the past and, now, through modern travel is the most likely explanation for the existence of so many locally encountered genetic variants of L. tropica in the Israeli-Palestinian region. Geographical and ecological variation may play a role in expanding the genetic heterogeneity once given importations had become established in different foci. Currently, one population is expanding in the area comprising almost all of the Palestinian and Israeli strains of L. tropica isolated since 1996 and investigated in this study, which differ clearly from all other strains of whatsoever origin. This population seems to result from the re-emergence of a previously existing genotype owing to environmental changes and human activities.
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Abstract
SUMMARYMatrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is currently being used for rapid and reproducible identification of bacteria, viruses and fungi in clinical microbiological laboratories. However, some studies have also reported the use of MALDI-TOF MS for identification of parasites, likeLeishmania, Giardia, Cryptosporidium, Entamoeba, ticks and fleas. The present review collates all the information available on the use of this technique for parasites, in an effort to assess its applicability and the constraints for identification/diagnosis of parasites and diseases caused by them. Though MALDI-TOF MS-based identification of parasites is currently done by reference laboratories only, in future, this promising technology might surely replace/augment molecular methods in clinical parasitology laboratories.
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Pratlong F, Balard Y, Lami P, Talignani L, Ravel C, Dereure J, Lefebvre M, Serres G, Bastien P, Dedet JP. The Montpellier Leishmania Collection, from a Laboratory Collection to a Biological Resource Center: A 39-Year-Long Story. Biopreserv Biobank 2016; 14:470-479. [PMID: 27379470 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2015.0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the development of a laboratory collection of Leishmania that was initiated in 1975 and, after 39 years, has become an international Biological Resource Center (BRC-Leish, Montpellier, France, BioBank No. BB-0033-00052), which includes 6353 strains belonging to 36 Leishmania taxa. This is a retrospective analysis of the technical and organizational changes that have been adopted over time to take into account the technological advances and related modifications in the collection management and quality system. The technical improvements concerned the culture and cryopreservation techniques, strain identification by isoenzymatic and molecular techniques, data computerization and quality management to meet the changes in international standards, and in the cryogenic and microbiological safety procedures. The BRC is working toward obtaining the NF-S 96-900 certification in the coming years. Our long-term expertise in Leishmania storage and typing and collection maintenance should encourage field epidemiologists and clinical practitioners in endemic countries to secure their own strain collection with the help of the French BRC-Leish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine Pratlong
- Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montpellier-National Reference Centre for Leishmaniases-Unit MIVEGEC (CNRS 5290/IRD 224/University of Montpellier)-Academic Hospital Center (C.H.U.) of Montpellier , Montpellier, France
| | - Yves Balard
- Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montpellier-National Reference Centre for Leishmaniases-Unit MIVEGEC (CNRS 5290/IRD 224/University of Montpellier)-Academic Hospital Center (C.H.U.) of Montpellier , Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Lami
- Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montpellier-National Reference Centre for Leishmaniases-Unit MIVEGEC (CNRS 5290/IRD 224/University of Montpellier)-Academic Hospital Center (C.H.U.) of Montpellier , Montpellier, France
| | - Loïc Talignani
- Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montpellier-National Reference Centre for Leishmaniases-Unit MIVEGEC (CNRS 5290/IRD 224/University of Montpellier)-Academic Hospital Center (C.H.U.) of Montpellier , Montpellier, France
| | - Christophe Ravel
- Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montpellier-National Reference Centre for Leishmaniases-Unit MIVEGEC (CNRS 5290/IRD 224/University of Montpellier)-Academic Hospital Center (C.H.U.) of Montpellier , Montpellier, France
| | - Jacques Dereure
- Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montpellier-National Reference Centre for Leishmaniases-Unit MIVEGEC (CNRS 5290/IRD 224/University of Montpellier)-Academic Hospital Center (C.H.U.) of Montpellier , Montpellier, France
| | - Michèle Lefebvre
- Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montpellier-National Reference Centre for Leishmaniases-Unit MIVEGEC (CNRS 5290/IRD 224/University of Montpellier)-Academic Hospital Center (C.H.U.) of Montpellier , Montpellier, France
| | - Ghislaine Serres
- Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montpellier-National Reference Centre for Leishmaniases-Unit MIVEGEC (CNRS 5290/IRD 224/University of Montpellier)-Academic Hospital Center (C.H.U.) of Montpellier , Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Bastien
- Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montpellier-National Reference Centre for Leishmaniases-Unit MIVEGEC (CNRS 5290/IRD 224/University of Montpellier)-Academic Hospital Center (C.H.U.) of Montpellier , Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Dedet
- Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montpellier-National Reference Centre for Leishmaniases-Unit MIVEGEC (CNRS 5290/IRD 224/University of Montpellier)-Academic Hospital Center (C.H.U.) of Montpellier , Montpellier, France
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Du R, Hotez PJ, Al-Salem WS, Acosta-Serrano A. Old World Cutaneous Leishmaniasis and Refugee Crises in the Middle East and North Africa. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004545. [PMID: 27227772 PMCID: PMC4882064 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Du
- Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Peter J. Hotez
- Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
- James A. Baker III Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Waleed S. Al-Salem
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, England, United Kingdom
| | - Alvaro Acosta-Serrano
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, England, United Kingdom
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, England, United Kingdom
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Özbilgin A, Çulha G, Uzun S, Harman M, Topal SG, Okudan F, Zeyrek F, Gündüz C, Östan İ, Karakuş M, Töz S, Kurt Ö, Akyar I, Erat A, Güngör D, Kayabaşı Ç, Çavuş İ, Bastien P, Pratlong F, Kocagöz T, Özbel Y. Leishmaniasis in Turkey: first clinical isolation of Leishmania major from 18 autochthonous cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis in four geographical regions. Trop Med Int Health 2016; 21:783-91. [PMID: 27037747 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report isolation of Leishmania major strains obtained from 18 Turkish autochthonous cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) patients infected with L. major between 2011 and 2014. METHODS Initial diagnosis relied on microscopy and culture in enriched medium, prepared by adding specific amounts of liver extract, protein and lipid sources to NNN medium. Promastigotes were then transferred to RPMI medium including 10% of foetal calf serum for mass culture. Species-specific real-time PCR targeting ITS1 region of Leishmania spp. was performed using both lesion aspiration samples and cultured promastigotes. Two of 18 isolates were identified by isoenzyme analysis in the Leishmaniasis Reference Center in Montpellier, France. Each isolate was inoculated into the footpads of six mice to observe the pathogenicity of L. major. Developing lesions were observed, and the thickening of footpads was measured weekly. RESULTS Melting curve analyses of 18 isolates showed a peak concordant with L. major, and two of them were confirmed by isoenzyme analyses as L. major zymodeme MON103. In the mouse model, acute lesions seen on day 21 were accepted as an indication of heavy infection. Severe impairments were observed on all mouse footpads over 3 weeks, which even progressed to extremity amputation. CONCLUSION Cutaneous leishmaniasis-causing L. major was recently identified in Adana province in southern Turkey, with PCR. Our study shows that such CL cases are not limited to Adana but currently present from western to Southeastern Anatolia, and along the Mediterranean coast. The role of small mammals, the main reservoirs of L. major in Anatolia, needs to be elucidated, as do the underlying factors that cause severe clinical manifestations in L. major infections in Turkey, contrary to the infections in neighbouring countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Özbilgin
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Gülnaz Çulha
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Soner Uzun
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Harman
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakɩr, Turkey
| | - Suhan Günaştı Topal
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Fulya Okudan
- Clinic of Dermatology, Atatürk State Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Fadile Zeyrek
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Harran University, Şanlɩurfa, Turkey
| | - Cumhur Gündüz
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - İpek Östan
- Vocational School of Health Sciences, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Karakuş
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Seray Töz
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Özgür Kurt
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Acɩbadem University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Işın Akyar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Acɩbadem University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayşegül Erat
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Dilek Güngör
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Çağla Kayabaşı
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Çavuş
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Patrick Bastien
- National Reference Center for Leishmaniases, Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Francine Pratlong
- National Reference Center for Leishmaniases, Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Tanıl Kocagöz
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Acɩbadem University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Özbel
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
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Merino-Espinosa G, Corpas-López V, Callejón-Fernández R, Porcel-Rodríguez L, Díaz-Sáez V, Gállego M, Ballart C, Molina R, Jiménez M, Morillas-Márquez F, Martín-Sánchez J. Differential ecological traits of two Phlebotomus sergenti mitochondrial lineages in southwestern Europe and their epidemiological implications. Trop Med Int Health 2016; 21:630-41. [PMID: 26921209 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The introduction of leishmaniasis in a new area requires a well-established population of the sandfly vector species of the parasite. No autochthonous cases of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis have been detected in southwestern Europe, and Leishmania infantum is the only causative agent of leishmaniasis in this area. Phlebotomus sergenti, the main vector of Leishmania tropica, is commonly found in the Iberian Peninsula at sufficient densities to be able to act as a vector. It is characterised by high genetic diversity and classified in four mitochondrial lineages. Our aim was to analyse the composition and distribution of P. sergenti mitochondrial lineages in southwestern Europe given the possibility of phenotypic differences of biomedical importance between them. METHODS Sandflies were captured in the Iberian Peninsula and on the Canary and Balearic Islands. Mitochondrial lineage identification of 137 P. sergenti was performed using a novel PCR-RFLP that avoids the necessity of gene sequencing. RESULTS Two lineages were evidenced, the typical Iberian one (lineage I) and another, held in common with North Africa (lineage III), that show a distinctive distribution. P. sergenti lineage I shows a better correlation to the bioclimatic diversity in southwestern Europe. Conversely, P. sergenti lineage III prefers warmer temperatures and less precipitation, which are typical of the Mediterranean. CONCLUSION Lineage I seems to have adaptive advantages given its wider tolerance to temperature and altitude than lineage III, and it would seem more suitable to lead a potential geographical expansion towards the rest of Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Merino-Espinosa
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - V Corpas-López
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - R Callejón-Fernández
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - V Díaz-Sáez
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - M Gállego
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Ballart
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - R Molina
- Medical Entomology Unit, Service of Parasitology, National Center of Microbiology, Institute of Health "Carlos III" Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Jiménez
- Medical Entomology Unit, Service of Parasitology, National Center of Microbiology, Institute of Health "Carlos III" Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - F Morillas-Márquez
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - J Martín-Sánchez
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania aethiopica: A Systematic Review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004495. [PMID: 26938448 PMCID: PMC4777553 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania aethiopica is the etiological agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Ethiopia and can cause severe and complicated cases such as diffuse CL (DCL), mucocutaneous leishmaniasis or extensive CL, requiring systemic treatment. Despite the substantial burden, evidence-based treatment guidelines are lacking. We conducted a systematic review of clinical studies reporting on treatment outcomes of CL due to L aethiopica in order to help identify potentially efficacious medications on CL that can be taken forward for clinical trials. We identified a total of 24 records reporting on 506 treatment episodes of CL presumably due to L aethiopica. The most commonly used drugs were antimonials (n = 201), pentamidine (n = 150) and cryotherapy (n = 103). There were 20 case reports/series, with an overall poor study quality. We only identified two small and/or poor quality randomized controlled trials conducted a long time ago. There were two prospective non-randomized studies reporting on cryotherapy, antimonials and pentamidine. With cryotherapy, cure rates were 60-80%, and 69-85% with antimonials. Pentamidine appeared effective against complicated CL, also in cases non-responsive to antimonials. However, all studies suffered from methodological limitations. Data on miltefosine, paromomycin and liposomal amphotericin B are extremely scarce. Only a few studies are available on DCL. The only potentially effective treatment options for DCL seem to be antimonials with paromomycin in combination or pentamidine, but none have been properly evaluated. In conclusion, the evidence-base for treatment of complicated CL due to L aethiopica is extremely limited. While antimonials remain the most available CL treatment in Ethiopia, their efficacy and safety in CL should be better defined. Most importantly, alternative first line treatments (such as miltefosine or paromomycin) should be explored. High quality trials on CL due to L aethiopica are urgently needed, exploring group sequential methods to evaluate several options in parallel.
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Comparison of Leishmania killicki (syn. L. tropica) and Leishmania tropica Population Structure in Maghreb by Microsatellite Typing. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004204. [PMID: 26645812 PMCID: PMC4672892 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania (L.) killicki (syn. L. tropica), which causes cutaneous leishmaniasis in Maghreb, was recently described in this region and identified as a subpopulation of L. tropica. The present genetic analysis was conducted to explore the spatio-temporal distribution of L. killicki (syn. L. tropica) and its transmission dynamics. To better understand the evolution of this parasite, its population structure was then compared with that of L. tropica populations from Morocco. In total 198 samples including 85 L. killicki (syn. L. tropica) (from Tunisia, Algeria and Libya) and 113 L. tropica specimens (all from Morocco) were tested. Theses samples were composed of 168 Leishmania strains isolated from human skin lesions, 27 DNA samples from human skin lesion biopsies, two DNA samples from Ctenodactylus gundi bone marrow and one DNA sample from a Phlebotomus sergenti female. The sample was analyzed by using MultiLocus Enzyme Electrophoresis (MLEE) and MultiLocus Microsatellite Typing (MLMT) approaches. Analysis of the MLMT data support the hypothesis that L. killicki (syn. L. tropica) belongs to the L. tropica complex, despite its strong genetic differentiation, and that it emerged from this taxon by a founder effect. Moreover, it revealed a strong structuring in L. killicki (syn. L. tropica) between Tunisia and Algeria and within the different Tunisian regions, suggesting low dispersion of L. killicki (syn. L. tropica) in space and time. Comparison of the L. tropica (exclusively from Morocco) and L. killicki (syn. L. tropica) population structures revealed distinct genetic organizations, reflecting different epidemiological cycles. Leishmania killicki (syn. L. tropica) was discovered in 1986. Few studies have been conducted on this parasite exclusively described in Maghreb. Consequently, many elements on its epidemiology, transmission, population structure and dynamics remain unknown. To better understand the evolution of this parasite, its population structure has been compared with that of L. tropica populations from Morocco using Multilocus Enzyme Electrophoresis (MLEE) and MultiLocus Microsatellite Typing (MLMT) typing. MLMT data support the hypothesis that L. killicki (syn. L. tropica) belongs to the L. tropica complex despite the strong genetic differentiation between them. Despite the probable recent divergence between L. killicki (syn. L. tropica) and L. tropica, they seem to evolve differently. Indeed, L. killicki (syn. L. tropica) appears slightly polymorphic and highly structured in space and time, while L. tropica was genetically heterogeneous, slightly structured geographically and temporally. The different population structures revealed distinct genetic organizations, reflecting different epidemiological cycles. Several parameters could explain these opposite epidemiological and genetic patterns such as ecosystems, vectors and reservoirs.
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Haddad N, Saliba H, Altawil A, Villinsky J, Al-Nahhas S. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in the central provinces of Hama and Edlib in Syria: Vector identification and parasite typing. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:524. [PMID: 26459055 PMCID: PMC4603585 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1147-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a disease transmitted by sand fly bites. This disease is highly prevalent in Syria where Leishmania major and Leishmania tropica are the known aetiological agents. In 2011, more than 58,000 cases were reported in the country by the Ministry of Health. The central region of the country harbors 20 % of the reported cases. However, the epidemiology of the disease in this area is not well understood. An epidemiological survey was conducted in 2010 to identity the circulating parasite and the sand fly vector in the central provinces of Edlib and Hama. Methods Sand fly specimens were collected using CDC light traps and identified morphologically. Total DNA was extracted from the abdomens of female specimens and from Giemsa-stained skin lesion smears of 80 patients. Leishmania parasites were first identified by sequencing the ITS1 gene amplicons. Then polymorphism analysis was performed using the RFLP technique. Results A total of 2142 sand flies were collected. They belonged to eight species, among which Phlebotomus sergenti and Phlebotomus papatasi were the most predominant. L. tropica ITS1 gene was amplified from two pools of P. sergenti specimens and from skin smears of cutaneous leishmaniasis patients. This suggests that P. sergenti is the potential vector species in the study area. The digestion profiles of the obtained amplicons by TaqI restriction enzyme were identical for all analysed L. tropica parasites. Moreover, L. infantum ITS1 gene was amplified from two pools of Phlebotomus tobbi in the relatively humid zone of Edlib. Conclusions L. tropica is confirmed to be the aetiological agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis cases in the central provinces. RFLP technique failed to show any genetic heterogeneity in the ITS1 gene among the tested parasites. The molecular detection of this parasite in human skin smears and in P. sergenti supports the vector status of this species in the study area. The detection of L. infantum in P. tobbi specimens indicates a potential circulation of this parasite in the humid zone of Edlib. Further epidemiological studies are needed to evaluate the burden of this visceral parasite in the study region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Haddad
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Fanar, Lebanon.
| | - Hanadi Saliba
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Fanar, Lebanon.
| | - Atef Altawil
- National Leishmaniasis Control Program, Ministry of Health, Damascus, Syria.
| | | | - Samar Al-Nahhas
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria.
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The Genetic Relationship between Leishmania aethiopica and Leishmania tropica Revealed by Comparing Microsatellite Profiles. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26196393 PMCID: PMC4511230 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmania (Leishmania) aethiopica and L. (L.) tropica cause cutaneous leishmaniases and appear to be related. L. aethiopica is geographically restricted to Ethiopia and Kenya; L. tropica is widely dispersed from the Eastern Mediterranean, through the Middle East into eastern India and in north, east and south Africa. Their phylogenetic inter-relationship is only partially revealed. Some studies indicate a close relationship. Here, eight strains of L. aethiopica were characterized genetically and compared with 156 strains of L. tropica from most of the latter species' geographical range to discern the closeness. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Twelve unlinked microsatellite markers previously used to genotype strains of L. tropica were successfully applied to the eight strains of L. aethiopica and their microsatellite profiles were compared to those of 156 strains of L. tropica from various geographical locations that were isolated from human cases of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis, hyraxes and sand fly vectors. All the microsatellite profiles were subjected to various analytical algorithms: Bayesian statistics, distance-based and factorial correspondence analysis, revealing: (i) the species L. aethiopica, though geographically restricted, is genetically very heterogeneous; (ii) the strains of L. aethiopica formed a distinct genetic cluster; and (iii) strains of L. aethiopica are closely related to strains of L. tropica and more so to the African ones, although, by factorial correspondence analysis, clearly separate from them. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The successful application of the 12 microsatellite markers, originally considered species-specific for the species L. tropica, to strains of L. aethiopica confirmed the close relationship between these two species. The Bayesian and distance-based methods clustered the strains of L. aethiopica among African strains of L. tropica, while the factorial correspondence analysis indicated a clear separation between the two species. There was no correlation between microsatellite profiles of the eight strains of L. aethiopica and the type of leishmaniasis, localized (LCL) versus diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL), displayed by the human cases.
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Di Muccio T, Scalone A, Bruno A, Marangi M, Grande R, Armignacco O, Gradoni L, Gramiccia M. Epidemiology of Imported Leishmaniasis in Italy: Implications for a European Endemic Country. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129418. [PMID: 26114938 PMCID: PMC4482607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, the number of imported leishmaniasis cases has increased in countries of Western Europe. The trend is associated with increasing travels, ecotourism activity, military operations and immigration. While in endemic countries leishmaniasis is usually well diagnosed, accurate patient history and parasite identification are necessary to distinguish between autochthonous and imported cases. This is particularly important, as new Leishmania species/genotypes may be introduced and transmitted by local phlebotomine vectors without appropriate surveillance, with unpredictable consequences. We report on the surveillance of imported leishmaniasis performed by the Leishmania Identification Reference Centre of Rome from 1986 through 2012, involving health care centres from 16/20 Italian regions. Suspected imported cases were analyzed and conclusions were based on clinical, epidemiological and diagnostic findings. Over the years, different parasite identification methods were employed, including MultiLocus Enzyme Electrophoresis and molecular techniques combining disease diagnosis (SSU rDNA nested-PCR) and Leishmania typing (nuclear repetitive sequence and ITS-1 PCR-RFLPs). A total of 105 imported cases were recorded (annual range: 0-20) of which 36 were visceral (VL) (16 HIV-coinfections) and 69 cutaneous (CL) cases; 85 cases (52 CL) were from the Old World and 20 (17 CL) from the New World. Eight Leishmania species were identified, of which 7 were exotic to Italy. VL importation until 1995 was associated with the spread of Mediterranean Leishmania-HIV co-infections in early 1990s. Following the introduction of HAART treatment, such cases became occasional in Italians but relatively frequent among immigrants. In contrast, a steady increase of CL cases was observed from different areas of the Old and New Worlds, that in recent years included mainly immigrants ‘visiting friends and relatives’ and Italian tourists. This positive trend likely depends on better diagnosis and reporting; however, we suspect that many CL cases remained unrecognized. Given the relatively low incidence of leishmaniasis importation, the risk of introduction of exotic parasites appears limited, although the detection of anthroponotic species requires attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trentina Di Muccio
- Unit of Vector-borne Diseases & International Health, MIPI Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Aldo Scalone
- Unit of Vector-borne Diseases & International Health, MIPI Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Bruno
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Unit of Microbiology and Virology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Massimo Marangi
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Romualdo Grande
- Unit of Clinical Microbiology Virology and Bioemergencies Diagnosis, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Luigi Gradoni
- Unit of Vector-borne Diseases & International Health, MIPI Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Marina Gramiccia
- Unit of Vector-borne Diseases & International Health, MIPI Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Bennis I, De Brouwere V, Ameur B, El Idrissi Laamrani A, Chichaoui S, Hamid S, Boelaert M. Control of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania major in south-eastern Morocco. Trop Med Int Health 2015; 20:1297-305. [PMID: 25975767 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by Leishmania major has increased in Morocco over the last decade, prompting the Ministry of Health to take intersectoral response measures including vector and reservoir control. The aim of this article was to describe the CL outbreak response measures taken in the province of Errachidia, where the reservoir of L. major, a sand rat (Meriones shawi), was targeted using strychnine-poisoned wheat baits from 2010 to 2012. METHOD We analysed routine surveillance data and other information using the data of the CL control programme. RESULTS We present data on the evolution and the extension of CL in this province as well as the epidemiological profile of the disease. Between 2004 and 2013, 7099 cases of CL were recorded in Errachidia Province, gradually affecting all districts. Our results demonstrate that more women were affected than men and that all age groups were represented. CONCLUSION Errachidia Province was the epicentre of the recent CL outbreak in Morocco. A notable decline in incidence rates was observed after 2011. The outbreak control measures may have contributed to this decline, as well as climatic trends or progressing herd immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issam Bennis
- National School of Public Health, Rabat, Morocco.,Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Btissam Ameur
- Directorate of Epidemiology and Diseases Control, Ministry of Health, Rabat, Morocco
| | | | | | - Sahibi Hamid
- Department of Parasitology, Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco
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Demba-Kodindo I, Cheick-Coulibaly A, Traoré B, Sissoko I, Samake S, Doumbia S. [Study of phlebotomines sand fly wildlife suburban location of Bamako (Mali) presence of Phlebotomus (Phlebotomus) duboscqi]. BULLETIN DE LA SOCIETE DE PATHOLOGIE EXOTIQUE (1990) 2015; 108:130-2. [PMID: 25925813 DOI: 10.1007/s13149-015-0429-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
During three months of sampling, one thousand nine hundred and thirty five sand flies belonging to thirteen species of Phlebotomine sandflies were collected in suburban location of Bamako. Phlebotomus duboscqi, which is the common vector of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Mali, was found for the first time in Bamako mostly within human houses, which can confirm the possibility of a local transmission of Leishmania major. Sergentomyia freetownensis was found for the first time in Mali, which raises to 15 the number of sand flies species identified in Mali.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Demba-Kodindo
- Programme national de lutte contre le paludisme, N'Djaména, Tchad,
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