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Liu MD, Zhang HD, Huang Y, Cheng JX, Li CX, Zhao TY. Spatial distribution of Japanese encephalitis cases and correlated geo-environmental factors in southern and northern counties of China. Acta Trop 2024; 255:107246. [PMID: 38729328 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a mosquito-borne disease with a spatial distribution that is linked to geo-environmental factors. The spatial distribution of JE cases and correlated geo-environmental factors were investigated in two critical counties in southern and northern China. Based on maps, enhanced thematic mapper (ETM) remote sensing datasets from Landsat and spatial datasets of JE cases, spatial distribution and spatial cluster analyses of JE cases at the village scale were performed by using the standard deviational ellipse and Ripleys K-function. Global and regional spatial cluster analyses of JE cases were also performed by using Moran's index. Regression analysis was used to analyze the relationships between geo-environmental characteristics and the risk of JE cases. At the study sites, the JE cases were not spatially clustered at the village or district (global) level, whereas there was a spatial cluster at the district (local) level. Diversity-related features for JE patients at the district and village levels were detected at two sites. In the southern counties, the distance of a village from a road was related to the village-level JE risk (OR: 0.530, 95 CI: 0.297-0.947, P = 0.032), and the number of township-level JE cases was linked to the distance of the district center from the road (R =-0.467, P = 0.025) and road length (R = 0.516, P = 0.012) in the administrative area. In northern China, the modified normalized difference water index (MNDWI) in the 5 km buffer around the village was related to village-level JE risk (OR: 0.702, 95% CI: 0.524-0.940, P = 0.018), and the number of township-level JE cases was related to the MNDWI in the administrative region (R =-0.522, P = 0.038). This study elucidates the spatial distribution patterns of JE cases and risk, as well as correlated geo-environmental features, at various spatial scales. This study will significantly assist the JE control efforts of the local Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), which is the base-level CDC, particularly concerning the allocation of medicine and medical staff, the development of immunological plans, and the allocation of pesticides and other control measures for the mosquito vectors of JE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-De Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Heng-Duan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Hunan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha 410005, China
| | - Jing-Xia Cheng
- Shanxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taiyuan 030012, China
| | - Chun-Xiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Tong-Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, China.
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Zhang WX, Zhao S, Pan C, Zhou Y, Wang C, Rui L, Du J, Wei TT, Liu YQ, Liu M, Lu QB, Cui F. Mass immunisation to eradicate Japanese encephalitis: Real-world evidence from Guizhou Province in 2005-2021. J Virus Erad 2024; 10:100366. [PMID: 38586471 PMCID: PMC10998223 DOI: 10.1016/j.jve.2024.100366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives To explore epidemiological changes of Japanese encephalitis (JE) in a long-time span and evaluate the impact of mass immunisation. Method Data on JE cases from hospitals and the county Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Guizhou Province was collected between 2005 and 2021. Epidemiological changes were analyzed according to a series of policy implementations and the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Results A total of 5138 JE cases and 152 deaths were reported in Guizhou Province during 2005-2021. The average incidence and case fatality rates were 0.83/100,000 and 2.96%, respectively. The JE prevalence showed a declining trend over the years with the reduced incidence gap between age groups and narrowing of the high-epidemic regions. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the JE activity reached its nadir in 2020. The inclusion in the Expanded Program on Immunization of the JE vaccine and catch-up immunisations showed a significant impact on the JE declining incidence rate. Conclusions The implementation of JE immunisation programs has played a crucial role in controlling its spread. Continued efforts should be made to maintain high coverage of the JE vaccine and strengthen disease surveillance systems, ensuring JE effective control and eventual elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Xue Zhang
- Center for Infectious Disease and Policy Research & Global Health and Infectious Diseases Group, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Suye Zhao
- Institute for Immunization Program, Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, China
| | - Chunliu Pan
- Guiyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, China
| | - Yiguo Zhou
- Center for Infectious Disease and Policy Research & Global Health and Infectious Diseases Group, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology & Vaccine Research Center, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Liping Rui
- Institute for Immunization Program, Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, China
| | - Juan Du
- Center for Infectious Disease and Policy Research & Global Health and Infectious Diseases Group, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ting-Ting Wei
- Center for Infectious Disease and Policy Research & Global Health and Infectious Diseases Group, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Qiong Liu
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology & Vaccine Research Center, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Institute for Immunization Program, Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, China
| | - Qing-Bin Lu
- Center for Infectious Disease and Policy Research & Global Health and Infectious Diseases Group, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology & Vaccine Research Center, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Epidemiology of Major Diseases (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Fuqiang Cui
- Center for Infectious Disease and Policy Research & Global Health and Infectious Diseases Group, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology & Vaccine Research Center, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Epidemiology of Major Diseases (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
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Zhao S, Li Y, Fu S, Liu M, Li F, Liu C, Yu J, Rui L, Wang D, Wang H. Environmental factors and spatiotemporal distribution of Japanese encephalitis after vaccination campaign in Guizhou Province, China (2004-2016). BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:1172. [PMID: 34809606 PMCID: PMC8607706 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06857-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although a vaccination campaign has been conducted since 2004, Japanese encephalitis (JE) is still a public health problem in Guizhou, one of the provinces with the highest incidence of JE in China. The aim of this study was to understand the spatiotemporal distribution of JE and its relationship with environmental factors in Guizhou Province in the post-vaccination era, 2004–2016. Methods We collected data on human JE cases in Guizhou Province from 2004 to 2016 from the national infectious disease reporting system. A Poisson regression model was used to analyze the relationship between JE occurrence and environmental factors amongst counties. Results Our results showed that the incidence and mortality of JE decreased after the initiation of vaccination. JE cases were mainly concentrated in preschool and school-age children and the number of cases in children over age 15 years was significantly decreased compared with the previous 10 years; the seasonality of JE before and after the use of vaccines was unchanged. JE incidence was positively associated with cultivated land and negatively associated with gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, vegetation coverage, and developed land. In areas with cultivated land coverage < 25%, vegetation coverage > 55%, and urban area coverage > 25%, the JE risk was lower. The highest JE incidence was among mid-level GDP areas and in moderately urbanized areas. Conclusions This study assessed the relationship between incidence of JE and environmental factors in Guizhou Province. Our results highlight that the highest risk of JE transmission in the post-vaccination era is in mid-level developed areas. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-021-06857-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suye Zhao
- Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 101, Ba Ge Yan road, Yunyan District, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Yidan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.,School of National Security and Emergency Management, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Shihong Fu
- Department of Viral Encephalitis, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China.,State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 101, Ba Ge Yan road, Yunyan District, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Fan Li
- Department of Viral Encephalitis, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China.,State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Chunting Liu
- Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 101, Ba Ge Yan road, Yunyan District, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Jing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Liping Rui
- Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 101, Ba Ge Yan road, Yunyan District, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Dingming Wang
- Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 101, Ba Ge Yan road, Yunyan District, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, China.
| | - Huanyu Wang
- Department of Viral Encephalitis, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China.
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Liang P, Zhao Y, Zhao J, Pan D, Guo Z. The spatiotemporal distribution of human brucellosis in mainland China from 2007-2016. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:249. [PMID: 32216760 PMCID: PMC7099799 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-4946-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the considerable efforts made to address the issue of brucellosis worldwide, its prevalence in dairy products continues to be difficult to estimate and represents a key public health issue around the world today. The aim of the present study was to better understand the epidemiology of this disease in mainland China. We set out to investigate the yearly spatial distribution and possible hotspots of the disease. Methods Human brucellosis data from mainland China between 2007 and 2016 were collected from the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention. A geographic information system ArcGIS10.3 (ESRI, Redlands) was used to identify potential changes in the spatial and temporal distribution of human brucellosis in mainland China during the study period. These distributions were evaluated using three-dimensional trend analysis and spatial autocorrelation analyse. A gravity-center was used to analyse the migration track of human brucellosis. Results A total of 399,578 cases of human brucellosis were reported during the 10-year study period. The monthly incidence of brucellosis in China demonstrates clear seasonality. Spring and summer are the peak seasons, while May is the peak month for brucellosis. Three-dimensional trend analysis suggests that brucellosis is on the rise from south to north, and that the epidemic situation in northern China is more severe. Between 2007 and 2016, the overall migration distance of the brucellosis incidence gravity-center was 906.43 km, and the direction was southwest. However, the overall gravity center of brucellosis was still in the northern part of China. In the global autocorrelation analysis, brucellosis in China demonstrated a non-random distribution between 2013 and 2014, with spatial autocorrelation (Z > 1.96, P < 0.05) and a clustering trend, while no clustering trend was found from 2007 to 2012 or from 2015 to 2016. In the local autocorrelation analysis, a Low-Low cluster phenomenon was found in the south of China in 2013 and 2014. Conclusion Human brucellosis remains a widespread challenge, particularly in northern China. The hotspots highlight potential high-risk areas which may require special plans and resources for monitoring and controlling the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peifeng Liang
- Department of medical record and statistics, People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, 750004, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750001, China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750001, China
| | - Jianhua Zhao
- Ningxia Center for Diseases Prevention and Control, Yinchuan, 750001, China
| | - Dongfeng Pan
- Department of Emergency, People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Zhongqin Guo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750001, China.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We examine the present global burden of Japanese encephalitis (JE) in endemic populations, summarize published cases in travelers since 2009, examine current guidelines for vaccination for international travelers, and consider challenges in prevention of this vector-borne disease. RECENT FINDINGS We identified 11 JE cases in travelers that were published in peer-reviewed literature since 2009. JE incidence in endemic countries appears to be declining but the number of JE cases reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) varied from estimates derived from other published reports based on serosurveys or sentinel surveillance. Current JE vaccines appear to be safe and are not associated with delayed hypersensitivity in contrast to the older mouse brain vaccine. Given differences between WHO-reported cases and local surveillance data, future research on true incidence is needed. Regular assessment will inform JE risk in travelers. National and international guidelines on JE vaccination varied; we suggest areas for improvement.
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Cappelle J, Duong V, Pring L, Kong L, Yakovleff M, Prasetyo DB, Peng B, Choeung R, Duboz R, Ong S, Sorn S, Dussart P, Tarantola A, Buchy P, Chevalier V. Intensive Circulation of Japanese Encephalitis Virus in Peri-urban Sentinel Pigs near Phnom Penh, Cambodia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0005149. [PMID: 27926937 PMCID: PMC5142769 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the increased use of vaccination in several Asian countries, Japanese Encephalitis (JE) remains the most important cause of viral encephalitis in Asia in humans with an estimated 68,000 cases annually. Considered a rural disease occurring mainly in paddy-field dominated landscapes where pigs are amplifying hosts, JE may nevertheless circulate in a wider range of environment given the diversity of its potential hosts and vectors. The main objective of this study was to assess the intensity of JE transmission to pigs in a peri-urban environment in the outskirt of Phnom Penh, Cambodia. We estimated the force of JE infection in two cohorts of 15 sentinel pigs by fitting a generalised linear model on seroprevalence monitoring data observed during two four-month periods in 2014. Our results provide evidence for intensive circulation of JE virus in a periurban area near Phnom Penh, the capital and most populated city of Cambodia. Understanding JE virus transmission in different environments is important for planning JE virus control in the long term and is also an interesting model to study the complexity of vector-borne diseases. Collecting quantitative data such as the force of infection will help calibrate epidemiological model that can be used to better understand complex vector-borne disease epidemiological cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Cappelle
- CIRAD-ES, UPR AGIRs, Montpellier, France
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Veasna Duong
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Virology Unit, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Long Pring
- Royal University of Agriculture, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Lida Kong
- Royal University of Agriculture, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Maud Yakovleff
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | - Borin Peng
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Virology Unit, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Rithy Choeung
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Virology Unit, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Raphaël Duboz
- CIRAD-ES, UPR AGIRs, Montpellier, France
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sivuth Ong
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Virology Unit, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - San Sorn
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Philippe Dussart
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Virology Unit, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Arnaud Tarantola
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
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Ghimire S, Dhakal S. Japanese encephalitis: Challenges and intervention opportunities in Nepal. Vet World 2015; 8:61-5. [PMID: 27046998 PMCID: PMC4777813 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2015.61-65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a mosquito borne zoonotic disease caused by JE virus (JEV). JE has been endemic in Terai region, the lowland plains of Nepal bordering India, since 1978. However, in recent years cases of JE has been continuously reported from high altitude zones of hills and mountains. Irrigated rice farming system, expanded pig husbandry practices, inadequate vaccine coverage, low level of public awareness and climate change favoring mosquito breeding in higher altitudes might be the probable risk factors for emergence and re-emergence of JE in Nepal. Repeated outbreak in endemic areas and geographical expansion to newer areas have created huge challenge for JE prevention and control. At present, JE is one of the major public health concern of Nepal. Expanding vaccine coverage, improving agricultural practices, generating public awareness, supporting for use of mosquito avoiding practices and regional collaboration at border against JE can be helpful in getting better control over it in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shristi Ghimire
- National Zoonoses and Food Hygiene Research Center, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Santosh Dhakal
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, USA
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Wang L, Hu W, Soares Magalhaes RJ, Bi P, Ding F, Sun H, Li S, Yin W, Wei L, Liu Q, Haque U, Sun Y, Huang L, Tong S, Clements ACA, Zhang W, Li C. The role of environmental factors in the spatial distribution of Japanese encephalitis in mainland China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 73:1-9. [PMID: 25072160 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is the most common cause of viral encephalitis and an important public health concern in the Asia-Pacific region, particularly in China where 50% of global cases are notified. To explore the association between environmental factors and human JE cases and identify the high risk areas for JE transmission in China, we used annual notified data on JE cases at the center of administrative township and environmental variables with a pixel resolution of 1 km×1 km from 2005 to 2011 to construct models using ecological niche modeling (ENM) approaches based on maximum entropy. These models were then validated by overlaying reported human JE case localities from 2006 to 2012 onto each prediction map. ENMs had good discriminatory ability with the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating curve (ROC) of 0.82-0.91, and low extrinsic omission rate of 5.44-7.42%. Resulting maps showed JE being presented extensively throughout southwestern and central China, with local spatial variations in probability influenced by minimum temperatures, human population density, mean temperatures, and elevation, with contribution of 17.94%-38.37%, 15.47%-21.82%, 3.86%-21.22%, and 12.05%-16.02%, respectively. Approximately 60% of JE cases occurred in predicted high risk areas, which covered less than 6% of areas in mainland China. Our findings will help inform optimal geographical allocation of the limited resources available for JE prevention and control in China, find hidden high-risk areas, and increase the effectiveness of public health interventions against JE transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Wang
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbiao Hu
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Peng Bi
- Discipline of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Fan Ding
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hailong Sun
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenlong Li
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenwu Yin
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan Wei
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qiyong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Ubydul Haque
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yansong Sun
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Liuyu Huang
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shilu Tong
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Archie C A Clements
- Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Wenyi Zhang
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chengyi Li
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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Japanese encephalitis risk and contextual risk factors in southwest China: a Bayesian hierarchical spatial and spatiotemporal analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:4201-17. [PMID: 24739769 PMCID: PMC4024990 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110404201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
It is valuable to study the spatiotemporal pattern of Japanese encephalitis (JE) and its association with the contextual risk factors in southwest China, which is the most endemic area in China. Using data from 2004 to 2009, we applied GISmapping and spatial autocorrelation analysis to analyze reported incidence data of JE in 438 counties in southwest China, finding that JE cases were not randomly distributed, and a Bayesian hierarchical spatiotemporal model identified the east part of southwest China as a high risk area. Meanwhile, the Bayesian hierarchical spatial model in 2006 demonstrated a statistically significant association between JE and the agricultural and climatic variables, including the proportion of rural population, the pig-to-human ratio, the monthly precipitation and the monthly mean minimum and maximum temperatures. Particular emphasis was placed on the time-lagged effect for climatic factors. The regression method and the Spearman correlation analysis both identified a two-month lag for the precipitation, while the regression method found a one-month lag for temperature. The results show that the high risk area in the east part of southwest China may be connected to the agricultural and climatic factors. The routine surveillance and the allocation of health resources should be given more attention in this area. Moreover, the meteorological variables might be considered as possible predictors of JE in southwest China.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES China has experienced a sharply increasing rate of human brucellosis in recent years. Effective spatial monitoring of human brucellosis incidence is very important for successful implementation of control and prevention programmes. The purpose of this paper is to apply exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA) methods and the empirical Bayes (EB) smoothing technique to monitor county-level incidence rates for human brucellosis in mainland China from 2004 to 2010 by examining spatial patterns. METHODS ESDA methods were used to characterise spatial patterns of EB smoothed incidence rates for human brucellosis based on county-level data obtained from the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention (CISDCP) in mainland China from 2004 to 2010. RESULTS EB smoothed incidence rates for human brucellosis were spatially dependent during 2004-2010. The local Moran test identified significantly high-risk clusters of human brucellosis (all p values <0.01), which persisted during the 7-year study period. High-risk counties were centred in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and other Northern provinces (ie, Hebei, Shanxi, Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces) around the border with the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region where animal husbandry was highly developed. The number of high-risk counties increased from 25 in 2004 to 54 in 2010. CONCLUSIONS ESDA methods and the EB smoothing technique can assist public health officials in identifying high-risk areas. Allocating more resources to high-risk areas is an effective way to reduce human brucellosis incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhui Zhang
- West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- School of Public Health, Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Yin
- West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhang
- West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Yang
- School of Public Health, Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingyu Zhang
- West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zijian Feng
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaosong Li
- West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
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Hecker K, El Kurdi S, Joshi D, Stephen C. Using network analysis to explore if professional opinions on Japanese encephalitis risk factors in Nepal reflect a socio-ecological system perspective. ECOHEALTH 2013; 10:415-422. [PMID: 24052266 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-013-0865-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is the leading cause of viral encephalitis in Asia and a significant public health problem in Nepal. Its epidemiology is influenced by factors affecting its amplifying hosts (pigs), vectors (mosquitoes), and dead-end hosts (including people). While most control efforts target reduced susceptibility to infection either by vaccination of people or pigs or by reduced exposure to mosquitoes; the economic reality of Nepal makes it challenging to implement standard JE control measures. An ecohealth approach has been nominated as a way to assist in finding and prioritizing locally relevant strategies for JE control that may be viable, feasible, and acceptable. We sought to understand if Nepalese experts responsible for JE management conceived of its epidemiology in terms of a socio-ecological system to determine if they would consider ecohealth approaches. Network analysis suggested that they did not conceive JE risk as a product of a socio-ecological system. Traditional proximal risk factors of pigs, mosquitoes, and vaccination predominated experts' conception of JE risk. People seeking to encourage an ecohealth approach or social change models to JE management in Nepal may benefit from adopting social marketing concepts to encourage and empower local experts to examine JE from a socio-ecological perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent Hecker
- Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T3H 4N1, Canada,
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Yin F, Feng Z, Li X. Spatial analysis of primary and secondary syphilis incidence in China, 2004-2010. Int J STD AIDS 2013; 23:870-5. [PMID: 23258827 DOI: 10.1258/ijsa.2012.011460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
China has recently experienced an increase in the incidence of syphilis. Effective spatial monitoring of syphilis incidence is important for successful implementation of control and prevention programmes. This study monitored county-level primary and secondary (P&S) syphilis incidence rates for all of mainland China by examining spatial patterns. Exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA) methods were used to characterize the spatial distribution pattern of syphilis cases. During the seven-year study period, the average annual P&S syphilis incidence was 8.82 cases per 100,000 people. Using Empirical Bayes smoothed rates, the local Moran test identified many areas of high syphilis risk (all P values ≤0.01). The number of high-risk counties increased from 73 counties in 2004 to 134 counties in 2010. An eastern coastal cluster of high-risk counties persisted throughout 2004-2010. ESDA methods can assist public health officials in identifying high-risk areas. Allocating more resources to high-risk areas could more effectively reduce syphilis incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Yin
- West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, No.16 Section 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
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Wang LY, Zhang WY, Ding F, Hu WB, Soares Magalhaes RJ, Sun HL, Li YX, Zou W, Wang Y, Liu QY, Li SL, Yin WW, Huang LY, Clements ACA, Bi P, Li CY. Spatiotemporal patterns of Japanese encephalitis in China, 2002-2010. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2285. [PMID: 23819000 PMCID: PMC3688550 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of the study is to examine the spatiotemporal pattern of Japanese Encephalitis (JE) in mainland China during 2002–2010. Specific objectives of the study were to quantify the temporal variation in incidence of JE cases, to determine if clustering of JE cases exists, to detect high risk spatiotemporal clusters of JE cases and to provide evidence-based preventive suggestions to relevant stakeholders. Methods Monthly JE cases at the county level in mainland China during 2002–2010 were obtained from the China Information System for Diseases Control and Prevention (CISDCP). For the purpose of the analysis, JE case counts for nine years were aggregated into four temporal periods (2002; 2003–2005; 2006; and 2007–2010). Local Indicators of Spatial Association and spatial scan statistics were performed to detect and evaluate local high risk space-time clusters. Results JE incidence showed a decreasing trend from 2002 to 2005 but peaked in 2006, then fluctuated over the study period. Spatial cluster analysis detected high value clusters, mainly located in Southwestern China. Similarly, we identified a primary spatiotemporal cluster of JE in Southwestern China between July and August, with the geographical range of JE transmission increasing over the past years. Conclusion JE in China is geographically clustered and its spatial extent dynamically changed during the last nine years in mainland China. This indicates that risk factors for JE infection are likely to be spatially heterogeneous. The results may assist national and local health authorities in the development/refinement of a better preventive strategy and increase the effectiveness of public health interventions against JE transmission. Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a mosquito-borne disease, which primarily occurs in rural and suburban areas of Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific region. JE still remains a significant public health problem in mainland China, with approximately 50% of global cases annually. Few studies have explored the spatiotemporal patterns of JE cases in China. Here we reported the results of Local Indicators of Spatial Association and spatial scan statistics of JE cases in mainland China at the county level during the four periods: 2002; 2003–2005; 2006; 2007–2010. The primary spatiotemporal cluster of JE was detected in Southwestern China between July and August, with the geographical range of JE transmission increasing over the past years. The results of LISA and spatial scan statistics were consistent which indicates that these methods are reliable and could have wider applications in the fields of disease surveillance and management in China, particularly in the surveillance and monitoring of other vector-borne diseases. These findings may assist in informing prevention and control strategies and increase the effectiveness of public health interventions against JE transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ya Wang
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing, People′s Republic of China
| | - Wen-Yi Zhang
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing, People′s Republic of China
| | - Fan Ding
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People′s Republic of China
| | - Wen-Biao Hu
- School of Population Health, Infectious Disease Epidemiology Unit, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ricardo J. Soares Magalhaes
- School of Population Health, Infectious Disease Epidemiology Unit, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Hai-Long Sun
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing, People′s Republic of China
| | - Yi-Xing Li
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People′s Republic of China
| | - Wen Zou
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing, People′s Republic of China
| | - Yong Wang
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing, People′s Republic of China
| | - Qi-Yong Liu
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People′s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (QYL); (CYL)
| | - Shen-Long Li
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing, People′s Republic of China
| | - Wen-Wu Yin
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People′s Republic of China
| | - Liu-Yu Huang
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing, People′s Republic of China
| | - Archie C. A. Clements
- School of Population Health, Infectious Disease Epidemiology Unit, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Peng Bi
- Discipline of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Cheng-Yi Li
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing, People′s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (QYL); (CYL)
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Abstract
Background Construction of the Nam Theun 2 hydroelectric project and flooding of a 450 km2 area of mountain plateau in south-central Lao PDR resulted in the resettlement of 6,300 people to newly built homes. We examined whether new houses would have altered risk of house entry by mosquitoes compared with traditional homes built from poorer construction materials. Methodology/Principal Findings Surveys were carried out in the Nam Theun 2 resettlement area and a nearby traditional rice farming area in 2010. Mosquitoes were sampled in bedrooms using CDC light traps in 96 resettlement houses and 96 traditional houses and potential risk factors for mosquito house entry were recorded. Risk of mosquito house entry was more than twice as high in traditional bamboo houses compared with those newly constructed from wood (Putative Japanese Encephalitis (JE) vector incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 2.26, 95% CI 1.38–3.70, P = 0.001; Anopheline IRR = 2.35, 95% CI: 1.30–4.23, P = 0.005). Anophelines were more common in homes with cattle compared against those without (IRR = 2.32, 95% CI: 1.29–4.17, P = 0.005).Wood smoke from cooking fires located under the house or indoors was found to be protective against house entry by both groups of mosquito, compared with cooking in a separate room beside the house (Putative JE vector IRR = 0.43, 95% CI: 0.26–0.73, P = 0.002; Anopheline IRR = 0.22, 95% CI: 0.10–0.51, P<0.001). Conclusions/Significance Construction of modern wooden homes should help reduce human-mosquito contact in the Lao PDR. Reduced mosquito contact rates could lead to reduced transmission of diseases such as JE and malaria. Cattle ownership was associated with increased anopheline house entry, so zooprophylaxis for malaria control is not recommended in this area. Whilst wood smoke was protective against putative JE vector and anopheline house entry we do not recommend indoor cooking since smoke inhalation can enhance respiratory disease.
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Yin F, Feng Z, Li X. Spatial analysis of county-based gonorrhoea incidence in mainland China, from 2004 to 2009. Sex Health 2012; 9:227-32. [PMID: 22697139 DOI: 10.1071/sh11052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gonorrhoea is one of the most common sexually transmissible infections in mainland China. Effective spatial monitoring of gonorrhoea incidence is important for successful implementation of control and prevention programs. The county-level gonorrhoea incidence rates for all of mainland China was monitored through examining spatial patterns. METHODS County-level data on gonorrhoea cases between 2004 and 2009 were obtained from the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention. Bayesian smoothing and exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA) methods were used to characterise the spatial distribution pattern of gonorrhoea cases. RESULTS During the 6-year study period, the average annual gonorrhoea incidence was 12.41 cases per 100000 people. Using empirical Bayes smoothed rates, the local Moran test identified one significant single-centre cluster and two significant multi-centre clusters of high gonorrhoea risk (all P-values <0.01). CONCLUSIONS Bayesian smoothing and ESDA methods can assist public health officials in using gonorrhoea surveillance data to identify high risk areas. Allocating more resources to such areas could effectively reduce gonorrhoea incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yin
- Department of Health Statistics, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Liu S, Kelvin DJ, Leon AJ, Jin L, Farooqui A. Induction of Fas mediated caspase-8 independent apoptosis in immune cells by Armigeres subalbatus saliva. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41145. [PMID: 22815944 PMCID: PMC3398892 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is widely recognized that the introduction of saliva of bloodsucking arthropods at the site of pathogen transmission might play a central role in vector-borne infections. However, how the interaction between salivary components and the host immune system takes place and which physiological processes this leads to has yet to be investigated. Armigeres subalbatus is one of the prominent types of mosquitoes involved in the transmission of parasitic and viral diseases in humans and animals. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Using murine peritoneal macrophages and lymphocytes, and human peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMCs), this study shows that saliva of the female Ar. subalbatus induces apoptosis via interaction with the Fas receptor within a few hours but without activating caspase-8. The process further activates downstream p38 MAPK signaling, a cascade that leads to the induction of apoptosis in capase-3 dependent manner. We further illustrate that Ar. subalbatus saliva suppresses proinflammatory cytokines without changing IL-10 levels, which might happen as a result of apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows for the first time that saliva-induced apoptosis is the leading phenomenon exerted by Ar.subalbatus that impede immune cells leading to the suppression of their effecter mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Liu
- Division of Immunology, International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, People’s Republic of China
| | - David J. Kelvin
- Division of Immunology, International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, People’s Republic of China
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Alberto J. Leon
- Division of Immunology, International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, People’s Republic of China
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Liqun Jin
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (LJ); (AF)
| | - Amber Farooqui
- Division of Immunology, International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, People’s Republic of China
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail: (LJ); (AF)
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Hollidge BS, González-Scarano F, Soldan SS. Arboviral encephalitides: transmission, emergence, and pathogenesis. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2010; 5:428-42. [PMID: 20652430 PMCID: PMC3286874 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-010-9234-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Accepted: 07/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are of paramount concern as a group of pathogens at the forefront of emerging and re-emerging diseases. Although some arboviral infections are asymptomatic or present with a mild influenza-like illness, many are important human and veterinary pathogens causing serious illness ranging from rash and arthritis to encephalitis and hemorrhagic fever. Here, we discuss arboviruses from diverse families (Flaviviruses, Alphaviruses, and the Bunyaviridae) that are causative agents of encephalitis in humans. An understanding of the natural history of these infections as well as shared mechanisms of neuroinvasion and neurovirulence is critical to control the spread of these viruses and for the development of effective vaccines and treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley S Hollidge
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4283, USA
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