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Che-Mendoza A, Medina-Barreiro A, Koyoc-Cardeña E, Uc-Puc V, Contreras-Perera Y, Herrera-Bojórquez J, Dzul-Manzanilla F, Correa-Morales F, Ranson H, Lenhart A, McCall PJ, Kroeger A, Vazquez-Prokopec G, Manrique-Saide P. House screening with insecticide-treated netting provides sustained reductions in domestic populations of Aedes aegypti in Merida, Mexico. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006283. [PMID: 29543805 PMCID: PMC5870999 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a need for effective methods to control Aedes aegypti and prevent the transmission of dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever and Zika viruses. Insecticide treated screening (ITS) is a promising approach, particularly as it targets adult mosquitoes to reduce human-mosquito contact. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A cluster-randomised controlled trial evaluated the entomological efficacy of ITS based intervention, which consisted of the installation of pyrethroid-impregnated long-lasting insecticide-treated netting material fixed as framed screens on external doors and windows. A total of 10 treatment and 10 control clusters (100 houses/cluster) were distributed throughout the city of Merida, Mexico. Cross-sectional entomological surveys quantified indoor adult mosquito infestation at baseline (pre-intervention) and throughout four post-intervention (PI) surveys spaced at 6-month intervals corresponding to dry/rainy seasons over two years (2012-2014). A total of 844 households from intervention clusters (86% coverage) were protected with ITS at the start of the trial. Significant reductions in the indoor presence and abundance of Ae. aegypti adults (OR = 0.48 and IRR = 0.45, P<0.05 respectively) and the indoor presence and abundance of Ae. aegypti female mosquitoes (OR = 0.47 and IRR = 0.44, P<0.05 respectively) were detected in intervention clusters compared to controls. This high level of protective effect was sustained for up to 24 months PI. Insecticidal activity of the ITS material declined with time, with ~70% mortality being demonstrated in susceptible mosquito cohorts up to 24 months after installation. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The strong and sustained entomological impact observed in this study demonstrates the potential of house screening as a feasible, alternative approach to a sustained long-term impact on household infestations of Ae. aegypti. Larger trials quantifying the effectiveness of ITS on epidemiological endpoints are warranted and therefore recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azael Che-Mendoza
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Unidad Colaborativa para Bioensayos Entomologicos, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
- Centro Nacional de Programas Preventivos y Control de Enfermedades, Secretaria de Salud, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Anuar Medina-Barreiro
- Unidad Colaborativa para Bioensayos Entomologicos, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Edgar Koyoc-Cardeña
- Unidad Colaborativa para Bioensayos Entomologicos, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Valentín Uc-Puc
- Unidad Colaborativa para Bioensayos Entomologicos, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Yamili Contreras-Perera
- Unidad Colaborativa para Bioensayos Entomologicos, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Josué Herrera-Bojórquez
- Unidad Colaborativa para Bioensayos Entomologicos, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Felipe Dzul-Manzanilla
- Centro Nacional de Programas Preventivos y Control de Enfermedades, Secretaria de Salud, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Fabian Correa-Morales
- Centro Nacional de Programas Preventivos y Control de Enfermedades, Secretaria de Salud, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Hilary Ranson
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Audrey Lenhart
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Entomology Branch, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Philip J. McCall
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Axel Kroeger
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gonzalo Vazquez-Prokopec
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Pablo Manrique-Saide
- Unidad Colaborativa para Bioensayos Entomologicos, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
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Pérez D, Van der Stuyft P, Toledo ME, Ceballos E, Fabré F, Lefèvre P. Insecticide treated curtains and residual insecticide treatment to control Aedes aegypti: An acceptability study in Santiago de Cuba. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006115. [PMID: 29293501 PMCID: PMC5766245 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Within the context of a field trial conducted by the Cuban vector control program (AaCP), we assessed acceptability of insecticide-treated curtains (ITCs) and residual insecticide treatment (RIT) with deltamethrin by the community. We also assessed the potential influence of interviewees’ risk perceptions for getting dengue and disease severity. Methodology/principal findings We embedded a qualitative study using in-depth interviews in a cluster randomized trial (CRT) testing the effectiveness of ITCs and RIT in Santiago de Cuba. In-depth interviews (N = 38) were conducted four and twelve months after deployment of the tools with people who accepted the tools, who stopped using them and who did not accept the tools. Data analysis was deductive. Main reasons for accepting ITCs at the start of the trial were perceived efficacy and not being harmful to health. Constraints linked to manufacturer instructions were the main reason for not using ITCs. People stopped using the ITCs due to perceived allergy, toxicity and low efficacy. Few heads of households refused RIT despite the noting reasons for rejection, such as allergy, health hazard and toxicity. Positive opinions of the vector control program influenced acceptability of both tools. However, frequent insecticide fogging as part of routine AaCP vector control actions diminished perceived efficacy of both tools and, therefore, acceptability. Fifty percent of interviewees did feel at risk for getting dengue and considered dengue a severe disease. However, this did not appear to influence acceptability of ITCs or RIT. Conclusion/significance Acceptability of ITCs and RIT was linked to acceptability of AaCP routine vector control activities. However, uptake and use were not always an indication of acceptability. Factors leading to acceptability may be best identified using qualitative methods, but more research is needed on the concept of acceptability and its measurement. We aimed to understand what makes insecticide-treated curtains (ITCs) and residual insecticide treatment (RIT) with deltamethrin acceptable or not to users of these tools. In-depth interviews were conducted as part of a field trial conducted by the Cuban vector control program (AaCP) to test the effectiveness of these tools in Santiago de Cuba. Perceived efficacy was the main reason for interviewees who accepted the tools. Constraints linked to manufacturer instructions were the main reason for not using the ITCs when offered at the start of the trial. People stopped using the ITCs due to perceived allergy, toxicity and low efficacy. Few heads of households refused RIT despite identifying various reasons for rejection, such as allergy, health hazard and toxicity. Positive opinions of the Cuban vector control program influenced acceptability of both tools. On the contrary, perceptions of dengue risk did not appear to influence acceptability of ITCs or RIT. Our findings add on the importance of the growing body of qualitative research assessing acceptability of health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Pérez
- Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine Pedro Kourí, Havana, Cuba
- * E-mail:
| | - Patrick Van der Stuyft
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - María Eugenia Toledo
- Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine Pedro Kourí, Havana, Cuba
| | - Enrique Ceballos
- Department of Vector Control, Polyclinic Armando García, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba
| | - Francisco Fabré
- Department of Vector Control, Provincial Surveillance and Vector Control Unit, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba
| | - Pierre Lefèvre
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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Toledo ME, Vanlerberghe V, Rosales JP, Mirabal M, Cabrera P, Fonseca V, Gómez Padrón T, Pérez Menzies M, Montada D, Van der Stuyft P. The additional benefit of residual spraying and insecticide-treated curtains for dengue control over current best practice in Cuba: Evaluation of disease incidence in a cluster randomized trial in a low burden setting with intensive routine control. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0006031. [PMID: 29117180 PMCID: PMC5695847 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aedes control interventions are considered the cornerstone of dengue control programmes, but there is scarce evidence on their effect on disease. We set-up a cluster randomized controlled trial in Santiago de Cuba to evaluate the entomological and epidemiological effectiveness of periodical intra- and peri-domiciliary residual insecticide (deltamethrin) treatment (RIT) and long lasting insecticide treated curtains (ITC). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Sixty three clusters (around 250 households each) were randomly allocated to two intervention (RIT and ITC) and one control arm. Routine Aedes control activities (entomological surveillance, source reduction, selective adulticiding, health education) were applied in the whole study area. The outcome measures were clinical dengue case incidence and immature Aedes infestation. Effectiveness of tools was evaluated using a generalized linear regression model with a negative binomial link function. Despite significant reduction in Aedes indices (Rate Ratio (RR) 0.54 (95%CI 0.32-0.89) in the first month after RIT, the effect faded out over time and dengue incidence was not reduced. Overall, in this setting there was no protective effect of RIT or ITC over routine in the 17months intervention period, with for house index RR of 1.16 (95%CI 0.96-1.40) and 1.25 (95%CI 1.03-1.50) and for dengue incidence RR of 1.43 (95%CI 1.08-1.90) and 0.96 (95%CI 0.72-1.28) respectively. The monthly dengue incidence rate (IR) at cluster level was best explained by epidemic periods (Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) 5.50 (95%CI 4.14-7.31)), the IR in bordering houseblocks (IRR 1.03 (95%CI 1.02-1.04)) and the IR pre-intervention (IRR 1.02 (95%CI 1.00-1.04)). CONCLUSIONS Adding RIT to an intensive routine Aedes control programme has a transient effect on the already moderate low entomological infestation levels, while ITC did not have any effect. For both interventions, we didn't evidence impact on disease incidence. Further studies are needed to evaluate impact in settings with high Aedes infestation and arbovirus case load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eugenia Toledo
- Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine “Pedro Kourí”, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Veerle Vanlerberghe
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Julio Popa Rosales
- Provincial Center of Surveillance and Vector Control, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba
| | - Mayelin Mirabal
- Finlay Institute - Center for Vaccines Research and Production, Habana, Cuba
| | - Pedro Cabrera
- Provincial Center of Surveillance and Vector Control, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba
| | - Viviana Fonseca
- Provincial Center of Surveillance and Vector Control, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba
| | | | | | - Domingo Montada
- Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine “Pedro Kourí”, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Patrick Van der Stuyft
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
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Lima EP, Goulart MOF, Rolim Neto ML. Meta-analysis of studies on chemical, physical and biological agents in the control of Aedes aegypti. BMC Public Health 2015; 15:858. [PMID: 26341708 PMCID: PMC4559884 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-2199-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aedes aegypti is a vector of international concern because it can transmit to humans three important arboviral diseases: yellow fever, dengue and chikungunya. Epidemics that are repeated year after year in a variety of urban centers indicate that there are control failures, allowing the vector to continue expanding. Methods To identify the most effective vector control strategies and the factors that contributed to the success or failure of each strategy, we carried out a systematic review with meta-analysis of articles published in 12 databases, from 1974 to the month of December 2013. We evaluated the association between the use of whatever chemical substance, mechanical agent, biological or integrated actions against A. aegypti and the control of the vector, as measured by 10 indicators. Results We found 2,791 articles, but after careful selection, only 26 studies remained for analysis related to control interventions implemented in 15 countries, with 5 biological, 5 chemical, 3 mechanical and 13 integrated strategies. The comparison among all of them, indicated that the control of A. aegypti is significantly associated with the type of strategy used, and that integrated interventions consist of the most effective method for controlling A. aegypti. Conclusions The most effective control method was the integrated approach, considering the influence of eco-bio-social determinants in the virus-vector-man epidemiological chain, and community involvement, starting with community empowerment as active agents of vector control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelita Pereira Lima
- Universidade Federal do Cariri/Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Av. Príncipe de Gales, 821 - Príncipe de Gales - Santo André / SP - CEP: 09060-650, Rua Divino Salvador, 284, CEP: 63180000, Barbalha, CE, Brazil.
| | - Marília Oliveira Fonseca Goulart
- Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Instituto de Química e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Av. Lourival Melo Mota s/n, Campus Universitário, BR 104, KM 97,6, CEP: 57072900, Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - Modesto Leite Rolim Neto
- Universidade Federal do Cariri/Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Av. Príncipe de Gales, 821 - Príncipe de Gales - Santo André / SP - CEP: 09060-650, Rua Divino Salvador, 284, CEP: 63180000, Barbalha, CE, Brazil
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Toledo ME, Vanlerberghe V, Lambert I, Montada D, Baly A, Van der Stuyft P. No effect of insecticide treated curtain deployment on aedes infestation in a cluster randomized trial in a setting of low dengue transmission in Guantanamo, Cuba. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119373. [PMID: 25794192 PMCID: PMC4368727 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE & METHODOLOGY The current study evaluated the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of Insecticide Treated Curtain (ITC) deployment for reducing dengue vector infestation levels in the Cuban context with intensive routine control activities. A cluster randomized controlled trial took place in Guantanamo city, east Cuba. Twelve neighborhoods (about 500 households each) were selected among the ones with the highest Aedes infestation levels in the previous two years, and were randomly allocated to the intervention and control arms. Long lasting ITC (PermaNet) were distributed in the intervention clusters in March 2009. Routine control activities were continued in the whole study area. In both study arms, we monitored monthly pre- and post-intervention House Index (HI, number of houses with at least 1 container with Aedes immature stages/100 houses inspected), during 12 and 18 months respectively. We evaluated the effect of ITC deployment on HI by fitting a generalized linear regression model with a negative binomial link function to these data. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS At distribution, the ITC coverage (% of households using ≥1 ITC) reached 98.4%, with a median of 3 ITC distributed/household. After 18 months, the coverage remained 97.4%. The local Aedes species was susceptible to deltamethrin (mosquito mortality rate of 99.7%) and the residual deltamethrin activity in the ITC was within acceptable levels (mosquito mortality rate of 73.1%) after one year of curtain use. Over the 18 month observation period after ITC distribution, the adjusted HI rate ratio, intervention versus control clusters, was 1.15 (95% CI 0.57 to 2.34). The annualized cost per household of ITC implementation was 3.8 USD, against 16.8 USD for all routine ACP activities. CONCLUSION Deployment of ITC in a setting with already intensive routine Aedes control actions does not lead to reductions in Aedes infestation levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eugenia Toledo
- Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine “Pedro Kourí”, Habana, Cuba
| | - Veerle Vanlerberghe
- Unit of General Epidemiology and Disease Control, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Isora Lambert
- Provincial Center of Surveillance and Vector Control, Guantanamo, Cuba
| | - Domingo Montada
- Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine “Pedro Kourí”, Habana, Cuba
| | - Alberto Baly
- Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine “Pedro Kourí”, Habana, Cuba
| | - Patrick Van der Stuyft
- Unit of General Epidemiology and Disease Control, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Jones CH, Benítez-Valladares D, Guillermo-May G, Dzul-Manzanilla F, Che-Mendoza A, Barrera-Pérez M, Selem-Salas C, Chablé-Santos J, Sommerfeld J, Kroeger A, O'Dempsey T, Medina-Barreiro A, Manrique-Saide P. Use and acceptance of long lasting insecticidal net screens for dengue prevention in Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:846. [PMID: 25124670 PMCID: PMC4152567 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dengue, recognized by the WHO as the most important mosquito-borne viral disease in the world, is a growing problem. Currently, the only effective way of preventing dengue is vector control. Standard methods have shown limited effect, and there have been calls to develop new integrated vector management approaches. One novel tool, protecting houses with long lasting insecticidal screens on doors and windows, is being trialled in a cluster randomised controlled trial by a joint UADY/WHO TDR/IDRC study in various districts of Acapulco, Mexico, with exceptionally high levels of crime and insecurity. This study investigated the community’s perspectives of long lasting insecticidal screens on doors and windows in homes and in schools, in order to ascertain their acceptability, to identify challenges to further implementation and opportunities for future improvements. Methods This was a sequential mixed-methods study. The quantitative arm contained a satisfaction survey administered to 288 houses that had received the intervention examining their perspectives of both the intervention and dengue prevention in general. The qualitative arm consisted of Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) with those who had accepted the intervention and key informant interviews with: schoolteachers to discuss the use of the screens in schools, program staff, and community members who had refused the intervention. Results Overall satisfaction and acceptance of the screens was very high, with only some operational and technical complaints relating to screen fragility and the installation process. However, the wider social context of urban violence and insecurity was a major barrier to screen acceptance. Lack of information dissemination and community collaboration were identified as project weaknesses. Conclusions The screens are widely accepted by the population, but the project implementation could be improved by reassuring the community of its legitimacy in the context of insecurity. More community engagement and better information sharing structures are needed. The screens could be a major new dengue prevention tool suitable for widespread use, if further research supports their entomological and epidemiological effectiveness and their acceptability in different social and environmental contexts. Further research is needed looking at the impact of insecurity of dengue prevention programmes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-846) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Pablo Manrique-Saide
- Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil Km, 15,5, Mérida C,P, 97315, Mexico.
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Ngufor C, Tchicaya E, Koudou B, N'Fale S, Dabire R, Johnson P, Ranson H, Rowland M. Combining organophosphate treated wall linings and long-lasting insecticidal nets for improved control of pyrethroid resistant Anopheles gambiae. PLoS One 2014; 9:e83897. [PMID: 24409286 PMCID: PMC3883662 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background New approaches to delivering insecticides need to be developed to improve malaria vector control. Insecticidal durable wall lining (DL) and net wall hangings (NWH) are novel alternatives to indoor residual spraying which can be produced in a long-lasting format. Non-pyrethroid versions could be used in combination with long-lasting insecticidal nets for improved control and management of insecticide resistant vector populations. Methods Experimental hut trials were carried out in Valley du Kou, Burkina Faso to evaluate the efficacy of pirimiphos methyl treated DL and NWH either alone or in combination with LLINs against pyrethroid resistant Anopheles gambiae ss. Comparison was made with pyrethroid DL. Mosquitoes were genotyped for kdr and ace-1R resistant genes to investigate the insecticide resistance management potential of the combination. Results The overall kdr and ace-1R allele frequencies were 0.95 and 0.01 respectively. Mortality with p-methyl DL and NWH alone was higher than with pyrethroid DL alone (>95% vs 40%; P<0.001). Combining pyrethroid DL with LLINs did not show improvement in mortality (48%) compared to the LLIN alone (44%) (P>0.1). Combining p-methyl DL or NWH with LLINs reduced biting rates significantly (8–9%) compared to p-methyl DL and NWH alone (>40%) and killed all An gambiae that entered the huts. Mosquitoes bearing the ace-1R gene were more likely to survive in huts with p-methyl DL alone (p<0.03) whereas all resistant and susceptible genotypes were killed by the combination. Conclusion P-methyl DL and NWH outperformed pyrethroid DL. Combining p-methyl DL and NWH with LLINs could provide significant epidemiological benefits against a vector population which is resistant to pyrethroids but susceptible to organophosphates. There was evidence that the single intervention would select kdr and ace-1R resistance genes and the combination intervention might select less strongly. Technology to bind organophosphates to plastic wall lining would be worth developing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corine Ngufor
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Emile Tchicaya
- Centre Suisse de Recherche Scientifiques, Abidjan, Cote D'Ivoire
| | - Benjamin Koudou
- Centre Suisse de Recherche Scientifiques, Abidjan, Cote D'Ivoire
| | - Sagnon N'Fale
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Paul Johnson
- Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Hilary Ranson
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Rowland
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Ouattara JPN, Louwagie J, Pigeon O, Spanoghe P. Comparison of the laboratory standard washing using CIPAC washing agent and the domestic washing on three recommended types of long-lasting insecticidal mosquito nets. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74824. [PMID: 24130671 PMCID: PMC3794022 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the best ways to prevent malaria is the use of insecticide-treated bed nets. Manufacturers pursue easier, safer and more efficient nets. Hence, many studies on the efficacy and wash resistance using World Health Organization standards have been reported. The commonly used detergent is "Savon de Marseille", because it closely resembles actually used soaps. At the 54(th) Collaborative International Pesticides Analytical Council (CIPAC) Technical Meeting in 2010, it was suggested to replace it by a standardized "CIPAC washing agent". The aim of this study was to investigate the difference between a laboratory hand washing simulation using the CIPAC washing agent (method-1) and a domestic washing (method-2) on different bed nets, as well as the effect of the drying process on the release of active ingredient. METHODS Interceptor®, Permanet®2.0 and Netprotect® nets were used in three treatments, each repeated 20 times. The first treatment included method-1 washing and indoor drying. The second treatment included method-2 washing and indoor drying. The third treatment used method-2 washing and UV-drying. The residual insecticide contents were determined using gas chromatography. RESULTS The washing procedure and the number of washes have a significant effect on the release of active ingredient. Statistically, the two washing methods have the same effect on removing the active ingredient from the Interceptor® and Permanet®2.0 net, but a significantly different influence on the Netprotect® nets. The drying process has no significant effect on the insecticide. CONCLUSION Both washing procedures affected the amount of insecticide remaining on nets independently of the impregnation technology. The active ingredient decreases with the number of washing cycles following an exponential or logarithmic model for coated nets. The laboratory hand washing simulation had more impact on the decrease of active ingredient content of the Netprotect® nets. All net types seemed to be effectively protected against UV-light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Pierre Nabléni Ouattara
- Laboratory of Crop Protection Chemistry, Department of Crop Protection, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
- Laboratoire National de Santé Publique (LNSP), Boulevard des Tansoba kiéma, Burkina Faso
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Olivier Pigeon
- Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W), Agriculture and Natural Environment Department, Plant Protection Products and Biocides Physico-Chemistry and Residues Unit, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Pieter Spanoghe
- Laboratory of Crop Protection Chemistry, Department of Crop Protection, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
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Loroño-Pino MA, García-Rejón JE, Machain-Williams C, Gomez-Carro S, Nuñez-Ayala G, Nájera-Vázquez MDR, Losoya A, Aguilar L, Saavedra-Rodriguez K, Lozano-Fuentes S, Beaty MK, Black WC, Keefe TJ, Eisen L, Beaty BJ. Towards a Casa Segura: a consumer product study of the effect of insecticide-treated curtains on Aedes aegypti and dengue virus infections in the home. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2013; 89:385-97. [PMID: 23732254 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.12-0772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The home, or domicile, is the principal environment for transmission of dengue virus (DENV) between humans and mosquito vectors. Community-wide distribution of insecticide-treated curtains (ITCs), mimicking vector control program-driven interventions, has shown promise to reduce DENV infections. We conducted a Casa Segura consumer product intervention study in Mérida, Mexico to determine the potential to reduce intradomicillary DENV transmission through ITC use in individual homes. Dengue virus infections in mosquitoes and in humans were reduced in homes with ITCs in one of two study subareas. Overall, ITCs reduced intradomicillary DENV transmission; ITC homes were significantly less likely to experience multiple DENV infections in humans than NTC homes. Dengue virus-infected Aedes aegypti females were reduced within the ITC homes where curtain use was highest. Some homes yielded up to nine infected Ae. aegypti females. This study provides insights regarding best practices for Casa Segura interventions to protect homes from intradomicillary DENV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Alba Loroño-Pino
- Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
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Vanlerberghe V, Trongtokit Y, Jirarojwatana S, Jirarojwatana R, Lenhart A, Apiwathnasorn C, McCall PJ, Van der Stuyft P. Coverage-dependent effect of insecticide-treated curtains for dengue control in Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2013; 89:93-8. [PMID: 23669233 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.13-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence on the effectiveness of insecticide-treated curtains (ITCs) for reducing densities of Aedes mosquitoes, the principal vectors of dengue, is scarce. In Laem Chabang southeast of Bangkok, Thailand, the Breteau Index (BI) (number of positive containers/100 houses) was 45 in October 2006. In March 2007, we distributed long-lasting ITCs in 22 clusters (2,032 houses) and selected 66 control clusters (661 houses). Routine control activities continued in all clusters. Six months after distribution, the BI was 25.8 and 77.6 in intervention and control areas, respectively (P < 0.001). Eighteen months after distribution, the BI was 21.8 and 23.8, respectively (P = 0.28). The average number of ITCs/house at cluster level was associated with the BI (P < 0.01) after six months, when 70.5% of households still used ITCs, but not at 18 months, when ITC coverage had decreased to 33.2%. Deployment of ITCs can result in considerable reductions in Aedes infestation levels, but the effect is coverage dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerle Vanlerberghe
- Unit of General Epidemiology and Disease Control, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Agusto FB, Del Valle SY, Blayneh KW, Ngonghala CN, Goncalves MJ, Li N, Zhao R, Gong H. The impact of bed-net use on malaria prevalence. J Theor Biol 2012; 320:58-65. [PMID: 23246718 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Malaria infection continues to be a major problem in many parts of the world including the Americas, Asia, and Africa. Insecticide-treated bed-nets have shown to reduce malaria cases by 50%; however, improper handling and human behavior can diminish their effectiveness. We formulate and analyze a mathematical model that considers the transmission dynamics of malaria infection in mosquito and human populations and investigate the impact of bed-nets on its control. The effective reproduction number is derived and existence of backward bifurcation is presented. The backward bifurcation implies that the reduction of R below unity alone is not enough to eradicate malaria, except when the initial cases of infection in both populations are small. Our analysis demonstrate that bed-net usage has a positive impact in reducing the reproduction number R. The results show that if 75% of the population were to use bed-nets, malaria could be eliminated. We conclude that more data on the impact of human and mosquito behavior on malaria spread is needed to develop more realistic models and better predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Folashade B Agusto
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, TN 37044, USA.
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Lenhart A, Trongtokit Y, Alexander N, Apiwathnasorn C, Satimai W, Vanlerberghe V, Van der Stuyft P, McCall PJ. A cluster-randomized trial of insecticide-treated curtains for dengue vector control in Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012; 88:254-9. [PMID: 23166195 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.12-0423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of insecticide-treated window curtains (ITCs) for dengue vector control was evaluated in Thailand in a cluster-randomized controlled trial. A total of 2,037 houses in 26 clusters was randomized to receive the intervention or act as control (no treatment). Entomological surveys measured Aedes infestations (Breteau index, house index, container index, and pupae per person index) and oviposition indices (mean numbers of eggs laid in oviposition traps) immediately before and after intervention, and at 3-month intervals over 12 months. There were no consistent statistically significant differences in entomological indices between intervention and control clusters, although oviposition indices were lower (P < 0.01) in ITC clusters during the wet season. It is possible that the open housing structures in the study reduced the likelihood of mosquitoes making contact with ITCs. ITCs deployed in a region where this house design is common may be unsuitable for dengue vector control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Lenhart
- Vector Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.
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Baly A, Flessa S, Cote M, Thiramanus T, Vanlerberghe V, Villegas E, Jirarojwatana S, Van der Stuyft P. The cost of routine Aedes aegypti control and of insecticide-treated curtain implementation. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2011; 84:747-52. [PMID: 21540384 PMCID: PMC3083742 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2011.10-0532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Insecticide-treated curtains (ITCs) are promoted for controlling the Dengue vector Aedes aegypti. We assessed the cost of the routine Aedes control program (RACP) and the cost of ITC implementation through the RACP and health committees in Venezuela and through health volunteers in Thailand. The yearly cost of the RACP per household amounted to US$2.14 and $1.89, respectively. The ITC implementation cost over three times more, depending on the channel used. In Venezuela the RACP was the most efficient implementation-channel. It spent US$1.90 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.83; 1.97) per curtain distributed, of which 76.9% for the curtain itself. Implementation by health committees cost significantly (P = 0.02) more: US$2.32 (95% CI: 1.93; 2.61) of which 63% for the curtain. For ITC implementation to be at least as cost-effective as the RACP, at equal effectiveness and actual ITC prices, the attained curtain coverage and the adulticiding effect should last for 3 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Baly
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Pedro Kourí, Autopista Novia del Mediodia Km. 6½, La Lisa, Havana City, Cuba.
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Vanlerberghe V, Villegas E, Oviedo M, Baly A, Lenhart A, McCall PJ, Van der Stuyft P. Evaluation of the effectiveness of insecticide treated materials for household level dengue vector control. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5:e994. [PMID: 21468313 PMCID: PMC3066153 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To assess the operational effectiveness of long-lasting insecticide treated materials (ITMs), when used at household level, for the control of Aedes aegypti in moderately infested urban and suburban areas. Methods In an intervention study, ITMs consisting of curtains and water jar-covers (made from PermaNet) were distributed under routine field conditions in 10 clusters (5 urban and 5 suburban), with over 4000 houses, in Trujillo, Venezuela. Impact of the interventions were determined by comparing pre-and post-intervention measures of the Breteau index (BI, number of positive containers/100 houses) and pupae per person index (PPI), and by comparison with indices from untreated areas of the same municipalities. The effect of ITM coverage was modeled. Results At distribution, the proportion of households with ≥1 ITM curtain was 79.7% in urban and 75.2% in suburban clusters, but decreased to 32.3% and 39.0%, respectively, after 18 months. The corresponding figures for the proportion of jars using ITM covers were 34.0% and 50.8% at distribution and 17.0% and 21.0% after 18 months, respectively. Prior to intervention, the BI was 8.5 in urban clusters and 42.4 in suburban clusters, and the PPI was 0.2 and 0.9, respectively. In both urban and suburban clusters, the BI showed a sustained 55% decrease, while no discernable pattern was observed at the municipal level. After controlling for confounding factors, the percentage ITM curtain coverage, but not ITM jar-cover coverage, was significantly associated with both entomological indices (Incidence Rate Ratio = 0.98; 95%CI 0.97–0.99). The IRR implied that ITM curtain coverage of at least 50% was necessary to reduce A. aegypti infestation levels by 50%. Conclusion Deployment of insecticide treated window curtains in households can result in significant reductions in A. aegypti levels when dengue vector infestations are moderate, but the magnitude of the effect depends on the coverage attained, which itself can decline rapidly over time. An estimated 40% of the world's population lives at risk of contracting dengue, and it inflicts a significant health, economic and social burden on the populations of endemic areas. In the absence of a vaccine, vector control is the only available strategy to prevent transmission. Some control methods against Aedes aegypti (the main dengue vector) have been successful in reducing vector infestation levels, but rarely sustained the reductions for a prolonged period. We report here on the first effectiveness trial of insecticide treated curtains and jar covers against A. aegypti implemented under ‘real-life’ conditions. The coverage of tools was high at distribution, but declined quickly over the 18 months of follow up. The vector infestation levels showed a sustained 55% decrease in the intervention clusters, while no discernable pattern was observed at the municipal level. At least 50% curtain coverage was needed to reduce A. aegypti infestation levels by 50%. We concluded that deployment of insecticide treated window curtains in households can result in significant reductions in dengue vector levels, which are related to dengue transmission risk. The magnitude of the effect depends on the curtain coverage attained, which itself can decline rapidly over time.
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