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Banovic F, Denley T, Blubaugh A, Scheibe I, Lemo N, Papich MG. Effect of diphenhydramine and cetirizine on immediate and late-phase cutaneous allergic reactions in healthy dogs: a randomized, double-blinded crossover study. Vet Dermatol 2020; 31:256-e58. [PMID: 31899570 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, there is insufficient evidence to confirm oral diphenhydramine (DPH) efficacy to prevent mast cell degranulation and histamine release in dogs. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVE To determine and compare the effects oral of DPH and cetirizine on the immediate- and late-phase cutaneous allergic reactions in healthy dogs. ANIMALS Twelve healthy laboratory beagle dogs. METHODS AND MATERIALS The study was designed as a randomized, double-blinded crossover study in which each dog served as its own control; twice-daily oral DPH (2.2 mg/kg) or cetirizine (2 mg/kg) were given for six days with a two week washout period. Intradermal injections of histamine, compound 48/80 (positive control) and saline (negative control) were performed on the right thorax 10 days before drug administration (baseline), during oral antihistamine administration on Day 6 and 10 days after last medication dosage. Global wheal scores (GWS) at 20 min and late-phase reactions (LPR) at 6 h post-injection were evaluated by an investigator blinded to the drug and the interventions. RESULTS Treatment with cetirizine significantly reduced histamine and compound 48/80 GWS and LPR compared to baseline; there was no significant difference for DPH. In all dogs, oral DPH and cetirizine reached plasma concentrations considered therapeutic in people. No adverse effect or behavioural changes were observed during the study. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE In conclusion, oral cetirizine was effective in preventing cutaneous allergic reactions without any obvious adverse effects in dogs. Oral DPH failed to show an inhibitory effect despite attaining plasma drug concentrations that are considered effective in people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frane Banovic
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 2200 College Station Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Tara Denley
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 2200 College Station Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Amanda Blubaugh
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 2200 College Station Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Ileia Scheibe
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 2200 College Station Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Niksa Lemo
- Clinic for Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia
| | - Mark G Papich
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
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Banovic F, Denley T, Blubaugh A. Dose-dependent pruritogenic and inflammatory effects of intradermal injections of histamine, compound 48/80 and anti-canine IgE in healthy dogs. Vet Dermatol 2019; 30:325-e91. [PMID: 31038263 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scratching behaviours associated with intradermal (i.d.) injection of pruritogens such as histamine and compound 48/80 into the skin of mice and humans is the commonly used model to advance itch research and drug development. The predictive validity of this model is poorly documented in dogs. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the dose-dependent effects of pruritogenic substances, each with a different mechanism of action, in healthy dogs. ANIMALS Ten healthy laboratory beagles. METHODS AND MATERIALS All dogs were video-recorded for 30 min post-injection (mpi) of i.d. goat anti-canine IgE (4 and 25 μg/site), histamine and compound 48/80 (50, 100, 200, 400 μg/site); two buffered saline injections served as controls. Two blinded investigators reviewed the pruritic behaviours of all video recordings. Global wheal scores were evaluated at 30 min by a blinded investigator. RESULTS All dogs showed wheal and erythema at the pruritogen injection site; global wheal scores at 30 min of each substance significantly increased at all concentrations compared to control (P ≤ 0.05). A blinded evaluation revealed that all pruritogens induced mild acute pruritic behaviours at the site of injection. There was no injection site pain seen in any dog. Compared to controls, injections of pruritogens did not significantly affect the pruritic seconds or occurrence of pruritic episodes for any of the substances. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE These preliminary results suggest that i.d. injections of the studied pruritogens can induce cutaneous wheal and flare response in healthy dogs; but inconsistencies occur in the induction of itch, even with the different concentrations of pruritogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frane Banovic
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 2200 College Station Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Tara Denley
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 2200 College Station Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Amanda Blubaugh
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 2200 College Station Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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Abramo F, Lazzarini G, Pirone A, Lenzi C, Albertini S, Della Valle MF, Schievano C, Vannozzi I, Miragliotta V. Ultramicronized palmitoylethanolamide counteracts the effects of compound 48/80 in a canine skin organ culture model. Vet Dermatol 2017; 28:456-e104. [PMID: 28585337 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultramicronized palmitoylethanolamide (PEA-um) has been reported to reduce pruritus and skin lesions in dogs with moderate atopic dermatitis and pruritus. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES A canine ex vivo skin model was used to investigate the ability of PEA-um to counteract changes induced by compound 48/80, a well-known secretagogue that causes mast cell degranulation. ANIMALS Normal skin was obtained from three donor dogs subjected to surgery for reasons unrelated to the study. METHODS Cultured skin biopsy samples in triplicate were treated with 10 and 100 μg/mL compound 48/80, without or with 30 μM PEA-um. Mast cell (MC) degranulation, histamine release into the culture medium, local microvascular dilatation, epidermal thickness, keratinocyte proliferation and epidermal differentiation markers were evaluated. RESULTS Exposure of the skin organ culture to PEA-um 24 h before and 72 h concomitantly to compound 48/80 resulted in a significant decrease of degranulating MCs. PEA-um also reduced the histamine content in the culture medium by half, although the effect did not reach statistical significance. PEA-um significantly counteracted vasodilation induced by 100 μg/mL compound 48/80. Finally, PEA-um alone did not induce changes in epidermal thickness, differentiation markers, keratinocyte proliferation, MC density and/or degranulation. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Collectively, these results support the protective action PEA-um on the skin of dogs undergoing allergic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Abramo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, Pisa, I-56124, Italy
| | - Giulia Lazzarini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, Pisa, I-56124, Italy
| | - Andrea Pirone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, Pisa, I-56124, Italy
| | - Carla Lenzi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, Pisa, I-56124, Italy
| | - Sonia Albertini
- Endocrinology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Via Roma 67, Pisa, I-56100, Italy
| | - M Frederica Della Valle
- Science Information and Documentation Centre (CeDIS), Innovet Italia SRL, Via Egadi 7, Milano, I-20144, Italy
| | - Carlo Schievano
- Innovative Statistical Research SRL, Via Prato Della Valle 24, Padova, I-35123, Italy
| | - Iacopo Vannozzi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, Pisa, I-56124, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Miragliotta
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, Pisa, I-56124, Italy
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Uchida M, Ito F, Tsuchiya T, Shoji Y, Kurosawa T. Novel phenotype in beagle dogs characterized by skin response to compound 48/80 focusing on skin mast cell degranulation. Exp Anim 2015; 64:333-41. [PMID: 26062768 PMCID: PMC4637369 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.15-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Beagle dogs have long been employed in toxicology studies and as skin disease models. Compared with other experimental animal species, they are known to be susceptible to skin responses, such as rashes, from exposure to various chemical compounds. Here, a unique dog phenotype was identified that showed no skin response to compound 48/80, a mast cell degranulating agent. Although the skin responses to intradermal injection of polyoxyethylene castor oil derivative (HCO-60, a nonionic detergent), histamine dihydrochloride, concanavalin A (IgE receptor-mediated stimuli), or calcium ionophore A23187 were comparable in wild-type (WT) dogs and these nonresponder (NR) dogs, only the response to compound 48/80 was entirely absent from NR dogs. The skin mast cell density and histamine content per mast cell were histologically comparable between WT and NR dogs. By checking for skin responses to compound 48/80, NR dogs were found to exist at the proportion of 17-20% among four animal breeders. From retrospective analysis of in-house breeding histories, the NR phenotype appears to conform to the Mendelian pattern of recessive inheritance. The standard skin response in WT dogs developed at 2-4 months of age. In conclusion, this unique phenotype, typified by insensitivity in the compound 48/80-induced degranulation pathway in mast cells, has been widely retained by recessive inheritance in beagle dogs among general experimental animal breeders. The knowledge concerning this phenotype could lead to better utilization of dogs in studies and aid in model development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Uchida
- Toxicology Laboratory, Pharmaceutical Research Center, Meiji Seika Pharma Co., Ltd., Kanagawa, Japan
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Colombini S, Foil C, Hosgood G, Tully Jr T. Intradermal skin testing in Hispaniolan parrots (
Amazona ventralis
). Vet Dermatol 2008. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3164.2000.00201.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Colombini
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, LA 70803, USA
| | - C.S. Foil
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, LA 70803, USA
| | - G. Hosgood
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, LA 70803, USA
| | - T.N. Tully Jr
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, LA 70803, USA
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Hillier A, Cole LK, Kwochka KW, McCall C. Late-phase reactions to intradermal testing with Dermatophagoides farinae in healthy dogs and dogs with house dust mite-induced atopic dermatitis. Am J Vet Res 2002; 63:69-73. [PMID: 16206783 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2002.63.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of late-phase reactions to intradermal testing with Dermatophagoides farinae in healthy dogs and dogs with atopic dermatitis and an immediate reaction to D farinae. ANIMALS 6 healthy dogs and 20 dogs with atopic dermatitis and immediate reactions to D farinae. PROCEDURE ntradermal tests were performed with D farinae at 1:1,000 wt/vol and 1:50,000 wt/vol concentrations, and skin reactivity was evaluated after 0.25, 6, and 24 hours. Serum D farinae-specific IgE antibodies were assayed. Extent of lesions (atopy index) and pruritus (visual analogue scale) were evaluated in dogs with atopic dermatitis. RESULTS Late-phase reactions were observed in healthy dogs at 6 hours (n = 2 dogs) and 24 hours (1) with the 1:1,000 wt/vol concentration, and at 6 hours (1) and 24 hours (1) with the 1:50,000 wt/vol concentration of allergen. Late-phase reactions in healthy dogs were only observed in dogs with an immediate reaction to D farinae. Late-phase reactions were observed in 11 of 20 dogs with atopic dermatitis at 6 and 24 hours with the 1:1,000 wt/vol concentration and in 10 of 20 at 6 and 24 hours with the 1:50,000 wt/vol concentration of allergen. There was no difference in mean atopy index, mean visual analogue scale of pruritus, or mean serum D farinae-specific IgE concentration of dogs with a late-phase reaction, compared to dogs without a late-phase reaction. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Late-phase reactions may be observed after an immediate reaction to intradermal skin testing in healthy and allergic dogs but are more commonly observed in dogs with atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Hillier
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Hillier A, DeBoer DJ. The ACVD task force on canine atopic dermatitis (XVII): intradermal testing. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2001; 81:289-304. [PMID: 11553391 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(01)00313-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Intradermal testing has been practiced for decades in human and veterinary medicine. The primary utility of intradermal testing is in the demonstration of IgE-mediated allergen hypersensitivity. The presence of a positive reaction on an intradermal test is not always indicative of allergy, as it may sometimes be an indication of sub-clinical hypersensitivity. Despite its widespread use by veterinary dermatologists, the usefulness of the intradermal test would be greatly enhanced by the use of standardized allergen extracts and homogeneous criteria for the interpretation of results. Irrespective of these shortcomings, intradermal testing is regarded as a valuable tool in the demonstration of allergen-specific hypersensitivity when performed according to accepted guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hillier
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 601 Vernon L. Tharp Street, Columbus, OH 43017, USA.
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Hill PB, Hillier A, Olivry T. The ACVD task force on canine atopic dermatitis (VI): IgE-induced immediate and late-phase reactions, two inflammatory sequences at sites of intradermal allergen injections. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2001; 81:199-204. [PMID: 11553380 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(01)00299-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intradermal testing is a common diagnostic procedure used in the evaluation of dogs with suspected atopic dermatitis (AD). To do this, most investigators assess the appearance of wheals that develop at the sites of intradermal allergen injections. However, wheals are rarely seen in dogs with naturally occurring AD. Furthermore, infiltration of inflammatory cells into the injection sites can occur 6-24h later, a phenomenon known as the late-phase reaction. The histological appearance of these late-phase reactions closely approximates that seen in the natural disease, suggesting that they might be more relevant than the immediate reactions. In this paper, we review the literature on immediate and late-phase reactions and re-assess the evidence for using current intradermal testing procedures as a diagnostic test in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Hill
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK.
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Vogelnest LJ, Mueller RS. The use of compound 48/80 and codeine phosphate as positive controls for intradermal skin testing in dogs. Vet Dermatol 2001; 12:93-9. [PMID: 11360343 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3164.2001.00232.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The mast cell secretagogues compound 48/80 and codeine phosphate were evaluated as potential positive controls for intradermal skin testing in dogs. Wheal responses to both agents were compared with responses to histamine and saline in 11 normal dogs, and were strong and not significantly different from histamine responses in nine dogs (P < 0.01), and significantly weaker than histamine in two dogs (P < 0.05). Wheal responses to compound 48/80 (1 mg mL-1) were evaluated in 82 suspected atopic dogs and were similar to histamine in 79 dogs and markedly weaker than histamine in three dogs. Of nine confirmed atopic dogs with weak responses to injected allergens, seven had strong responses to compound 48/80, and eight had strong responses to histamine. Compound 48/80 and codeine phosphate appear unreliable positive controls for skin testing in normal dogs. Compound 48/80 (1 mg mL-1) may be a reliable positive control in atopic dogs but is a poor indicator of skin reactivity to allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Vogelnest
- University Veterinary Center Camden, University of Sydney, PMB 4 Narellan Delivery Center, Narellan, NSW, Australia 2567.
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10
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DeBoer DJ, Cooley JA. Use of induced cutaneous immediate-type hypersensitivity reactions to evaluate anti-inflammatory effects of triamcinolone topical solution in three dogs. Vet Dermatol 2000; 11:25-33. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3164.2000.00157.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Shipstone, Mueller, Bettenay, Mason, Friend. The use of compound 48/80 as a positive control in equine intradermal allergy testing. Vet Dermatol 1999; 10:291-295. [PMID: 34645056 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3164.1999.00126.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The macroscopic and microscopic effects following the intradermal injection of the mast cell degranulator compound 48/80 were investigated in horses. It was found that a 1000 μg mL-1 solution of compound 48/80 could be used as an alternative to histamine as a positive control in equine intradermal allergy tests. An inflammatory cell infiltration was noted on histological examination, following compound 48/80 injection. This inflammatory cell pattern was similar to that noted for Type-I hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipstone
- Animal Skin and Allergy Clinic, 70 Blackburn Road, Mt Waverley 3149, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mueller
- Animal Skin and Allergy Clinic, 70 Blackburn Road, Mt Waverley 3149, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bettenay
- Animal Skin and Allergy Clinic, 70 Blackburn Road, Mt Waverley 3149, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mason
- Dorevitch Tresize Pathology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Friend
- Central Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory. Melbourne, Australia
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