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Calamita G, Delporte C. Aquaporins in Glandular Secretion. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1398:225-249. [PMID: 36717498 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-7415-1_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Exocrine and endocrine glands deliver their secretory product, respectively, at the surface of the target organs or within the bloodstream. The release of their products has been shown to rely on secretory mechanisms often involving aquaporins (AQPs). This chapter will provide insight into the role of AQPs in secretory glands located within the gastrointestinal tract, including salivary glands, gastric glands, duodenal Brunner's glands, liver, gallbladder, intestinal goblets cells, and pancreas, as well and in other parts of the body, including airway submucosal glands, lacrimal glands, mammary glands, and eccrine sweat glands. The involvement of AQPs in both physiological and pathophysiological conditions will also be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Calamita
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Christine Delporte
- Laboratory of Pathophysiological and Nutritional Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
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Patterson Rosa L, Walker N, Mallicote M, MacKay RJ, Brooks SA. Genomic Association of Chronic Idiopathic Anhidrosis to a Potassium Channel Subunit in a Large Animal Model. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 141:2639-2645.e3. [PMID: 34081968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Similar to humans, the horse relies predominantly on the evaporation of sweat from the skin surface to dissipate excess body heat. Loss of the sweat response or anhidrosis can result in life-threatening hyperthermia. Anhidrosis occurs more frequently in some breeds as well as occurs at an increased frequency among individuals with a family history, suggesting a heritable component to the pathology. Given the natural occurrence and indications of genetic components in the etiology, we utilized genomics to better understand the molecular mechanisms involved in sweat response. We performed a case-control (n = 200) GWAS targeting cases of chronic idiopathic anhidrosis in a controlled genetic background to discover the contributing regions and interrogated gene function for roles in the sweating mechanism. A region containing the KCNE4 gene, which encodes the β-subunit of a potassium channel protein with a possible function in sweat gland outflow, was associated (P = 1.13 × 10-07) with chronic idiopathic anhidrosis through GWAS. A candidate mutation (NC_009149.3:g.11813731A > G, rs68643109) disrupting the KCNE4 protein structure could explain the disease but requires further investigation in larger populations. We show the potential role of ion channels and cellular damage in sweat response, correlating anhidrosis as a possible effect of congenital channelopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Patterson Rosa
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA; UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Neely Walker
- School of Animal Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Martha Mallicote
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Robert J MacKay
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Samantha A Brooks
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA; UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
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Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs ) are expressed in most exocrine and endocrine secretory glands. Consequently, summarizing the expression and functions of AQPs in secretory glands represents a daunting task considering the important number of glands present in the body, as well as the number of mammalian AQPs - thirteen. The roles played by AQPs in secretory processes have been investigated in many secretory glands. However, despite considerable research, additional studies are clearly needed to pursue our understanding of the role played by AQPs in secretory processes. This book chapter will focus on summarizing the current knowledge on AQPs expression and function in the gastrointestinal tract , including salivary glands, gastric glands, Duodenal Brunner's gland, liver and gallbladder, intestinal goblets cells, exocrine and endocrine pancreas, as well as few other secretory glands including airway submucosal glands, lacrimal glands, mammary glands and eccrine sweat glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Delporte
- Laboratory of Pathophysiological and Nutritional Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
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Stieler AL, Sanchez LC, Mallicote MF, Martabano BB, Burrow JA, MacKay RJ. Macrolide-induced hyperthermia in foals: Role of impaired sweat responses. Equine Vet J 2015; 48:590-4. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. L. Stieler
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville USA
| | - L. C. Sanchez
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville USA
| | - M. F. Mallicote
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville USA
| | - B. B. Martabano
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville USA
| | - J. A. Burrow
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville USA
| | - R. J. MacKay
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville USA
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Sullivan SL, Cudmore LA, Bacci BB, Tennent-Brown BS. Atypical histopathological findings in a 15-year-old Warmblood gelding diagnosed with anhidrosis in a temperate climate. EQUINE VET EDUC 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - L. A. Cudmore
- University of Melbourne; Werribee Victoria Australia
| | - B. B. Bacci
- University of Melbourne; Werribee Victoria Australia
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MacKay RJ, Mallicote M, Hernandez JA, Craft WF, Conway JA. A review of anhidrosis in horses. EQUINE VET EDUC 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. J. MacKay
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; University of Florida; Gainesville USA
| | - M. Mallicote
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; University of Florida; Gainesville USA
| | - J. A. Hernandez
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; University of Florida; Gainesville USA
| | - W. F. Craft
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Pathology; University of Florida; Gainesville USA
| | - J. A. Conway
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Pathology; University of Florida; Gainesville USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D White
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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Hew-Butler T, Hummel J, Rider BC, Verbalis JG. Characterization of the effects of the vasopressin V2 receptor on sweating, fluid balance, and performance during exercise. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 307:R366-75. [PMID: 24944242 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00120.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A regulatory effect of arginine vasopressin (AVP) on sweat water conservation has been hypothesized but not definitively evaluated. AVP-mediated insertion of sweat and salivary gland aquaporin-5 (AQP5) water channels through activation of the vasopressin type 2 receptor (V2R) remains an attractive, yet unexplored, mechanism that could result in a more concentrated sweat with resultant decreased water loss. Ten runners participated in a double-blind randomized control treadmill trial under three separate pharmacological conditions: a placebo, V2R agonist (0.2 mg desmopressin), or V2R antagonist (30 mg tolvaptan). After a familiarization trial, runners ran for 60 min at 60% of peak speed followed by a performance trial to volitional exhaustion. Outcome variables were collected at three exercise time points: baseline, after the steady-state run, and after the performance run. Body weight losses were <2% across all three trials. Significant pharmacological condition effects were noted for urine osmolality [F = 84.98; P < 0.0001] and urine sodium concentration ([Na(+)]) [F = 38.9; P < 0.0001], which verified both pharmacological activation and inhibition of the V2R at the kidney collecting duct. Plasma osmolality and [Na(+)] demonstrated significant exercise (F = 26.0 and F = 11.1; P < 0.0001) and condition (F = 5.1 and F = 3.8; P < 0.05) effects (osmolality and [Na(+)], respectively). No significant exercise or condition effects were noted for either sweat or salivary [Na(+)]. Significant exercise effects were noted for plasma [AVP] (F = 22.3; P < 0.0001), peak core temperature (F = 103.3; P < 0.0001), percent body weight change (F = 6.3; P = 0.02), plasma volume change (F = 21.8; P < 0.0001), and thirst rating (F = 78.2; P < 0.0001). Performance time was not altered between conditions (P = 0.80). In summary, AVP acting at V2R does not appear to regulate water losses from body fluids other than renal excretion during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Hew-Butler
- Exercise Science Program, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan; and
| | - Jed Hummel
- Exercise Science Program, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan; and
| | - Brian C Rider
- Exercise Science Program, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan; and
| | - Joseph G Verbalis
- Endocrinology and Metabolism, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
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Bovell DL, MacDonald A, Meyer BA, Corbett AD, MacLaren WM, Holmes SL, Harker M. The secretory clear cell of the eccrine sweat gland as the probable source of excess sweat production in hyperhidrosis. Exp Dermatol 2011; 20:1017-20. [PMID: 21995840 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2011.01361.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Primary hyperhidrosis is characterized by excessive sweating in palmar, plantar and axillary body regions. Gland hypertrophy and the existence of a third type of sweat gland, the apoeccrine gland, with high fluid transporting capabilities have been suggested as possible causes. This study investigated whether sweat glands were hypertrophied in axillary hyperhidrotic patients and if mechanisms associated with fluid transport were found in all types of axillary sweat glands. The occurrence of apoeccrine sweat glands was also investigated. Axillary skin biopsies from control and hyperhidrosis patients were examined using immunohistochemistry, image analysis and immunofluorescence microscopy. Results showed that glands were not hypertrophied and that only the clear cells in the eccrine glands expressed proteins associated with fluid transport. There was no evidence of the presence of apoeccrine glands in the tissues investigated. Preliminary findings suggest the eccrine gland secretory clear cell as the main source of fluid transport in hyperhidrosis.
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Iizuka T, Suzuki T, Nakano K, Sueki H. Immunolocalization of aquaporin-5 in normal human skin and hypohidrotic skin diseases. J Dermatol 2011; 39:344-9. [PMID: 21950762 DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2011.01327.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aquaporin (AQP)-5 has been shown to be expressed in the secretory parts of mouse, rat and horse sweat glands. However, the precise localization of AQP-5 in normal and diseased human skin has not been fully determined. The aim of the present study was to further clarify the immunolocalization of AQP-5 in normal human skin and hypohidrotic skin diseases. Normal human scalp skin and biopsies from skin affected by hypohidrotic diseases were analyzed for AQP-5 and/or dermcidin expression by immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and/or immunoelectronmicroscopy. AQP-5 was expressed on the apical and basolateral plasma membranes of the clear cells in eccrine sweat coils, but not in ductal components or apocrine glands. Numbers of AQP-5-positive coils in the secretory part of eccrine sweat glands were decreased in Sjögren's syndrome, but not in skin affected by idiopathic segmental anhidrosis or idiopathic pure sudomotor failure. AQP-5 was mostly localized to the plasma membranes of clear cells in the secretory coils of eccrine sweat glands, suggesting that it plays a role in producing the primary sweat fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Iizuka
- Division of Dermatology, Fujigaoka Hospital, Showa University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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Johnson EB, MacKay RJ, Hernandez JA. An epidemiologic study of anhidrosis in horses in Florida. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2010; 236:1091-7. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.236.10.1091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Kabashima K, Shimauchi T, Kobayashi M, Fukamachi S, Kawakami C, Ogata M, Kabashima R, Mori T, Ota T, Fukushima S, Hara-Chikuma M, Tokura Y. Aberrant aquaporin 5 expression in the sweat gland in aquagenic wrinkling of the palms. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008; 59:S28-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2008.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2008] [Revised: 04/17/2008] [Accepted: 04/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ma L, Huang YG, Deng YC, Tian JY, Rao ZR, Che HL, Zhang HF, Zhao G. Topiramate reduced sweat secretion and aquaporin-5 expression in sweat glands of mice. Life Sci 2007; 80:2461-8. [PMID: 17521680 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2007.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2006] [Revised: 02/27/2007] [Accepted: 04/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Decreased sweat secretion is a primary side effect of topiramate in pediatric patients, but the mechanism underlying this effect remains unclear. This study aimed to better understand how topiramate decreases sweat secretion by examining its effect on the expression of carbonic anhydrase (CA) II and aquaporin-5 (AQP5), total CA activity, as well as on tissue morphology of sweat glands in mice. Both developing and mature mice were treated with a low (20 mg/kg/day) and high dose (80 mg/kg/day) of topiramate for 4 weeks. Sweat secretion was investigated by an established technique of examining mold impressions of hind paws. CA II and AQP5 expression levels were determined by immunofluorescence and immunoblotting and CA activity by a colorimetric assay. In mature mice, topiramate treatment decreased the number of pilocarpine reactive sweat glands from baseline in both the low and high dose groups by 83% and 75%, respectively. A similar decrease was seen in developing mice. Mature mice with reactive sweat glands that declined more than 25% compared to baseline were defined as anhidrotic mice. These mice did not differ from controls in average secretory coil diameter, CA II expression and CA activity. In contrast, anhidrotic mice did show a reduction in membrane AQP5 expression in sweat glands after topiramate delivery. Thus, sweat secretion and membrane AQP5 expression in mouse sweat glands decreased following topiramate administration. These results suggest dysregulation of AQP5 may be involved in topiramate-induced hypohidrosis and topiramate may serve as a novel therapy for hyperhidrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ma
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Ma L, Huang YG, He H, Deng YC, Zhang HF, Che HL, Tian JY, Zhao G. Postnatal expression and denervation induced up-regulation of aquaporin-5 protein in rat sweat gland. Cell Tissue Res 2007; 329:25-33. [PMID: 17380350 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-007-0399-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2006] [Accepted: 02/12/2007] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of aquaporin-5 (AQP5) expression during postnatal development has not been defined in the sweat gland. Previous studies have suggested that AQP isoforms in several peripheral targets are regulated by a neural mechanism. We have examined, in rat sweat glands, the expression of AQP5 during postnatal development and the effects of denervation on AQP5 expression. Both AQP5 mRNA and protein begin to be expressed at postnatal day 10, before sweat-secretory responsiveness first appears; this expression coincides with the occurrence of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) immunoreactivity. Early noradrenergic and later cholinergic interaction between sweat glands and their innervation are disrupted by neonatal chemical sympathectomy or postnatal severance of the sciatic nerve. Examination of such denervated developing rats has shown that secretory responsiveness fails to arise later in the adults, and AQP5 immunostaining increases in the denervated glands, whereas gland morphogenesis and the occurrence of AQP5 expression proceed normally. Immunobloting has revealed an increase of AQP5 abundance after the denervated mature glands lose their secretory ability. These findings suggest that AQP5 protein is necessary for sweat secretion, and that the expression of AQP5 in rat sweat glands is independent of sympathetic innervation. Our data also indicate that factor(s) regulating the normal morphological development of sweat gland might be responsible for controlling AQP5 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ma
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 17 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
The condition of anhidrosis is described in this review, and the latest theories on the causal factors are explored. The evidence supports the hypothesis that anhidrosis is an inappropriate response to prolonged climatic stress (generally combined heat and high humidity), which can be evoked in a small (approximately 10 +/- 5%) proportion of the equine population. It is caused by gradual failure of the glandular secretory cell processes, initiated by desensitization and subsequent down-regulation of the cell receptors as a result of continued adrenaline-driven hyperactivity. It progresses through secretory failure and culminates in gradual, probably irreversible, glandular dedifferentiation and ultimate degeneration. There is a need for considerably more research on the secretory and transcriptional processes to document the changes arising within the glandular secretory mechanism as a prelude to development of a corrective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David McEwan Jenkinson
- Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, West Medical Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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