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Nicoletti G, Saler M, Moro U, Faga A. Dysembryogenetic Pathogenesis of Basal Cell Carcinoma: The Evidence to Date. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8452. [PMID: 39126021 PMCID: PMC11312899 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2024] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) is a sort of unique tumour due to its combined peculiar histological features and clinical behaviour, such as the constant binary involvement of the epithelium and the stroma, the virtual absence of metastases and the predilection of specific anatomical sites for both onset and spread. A potential correlation between the onset of BCC and a dysembryogenetic process has long been hypothesised. A selective investigation of PubMed-indexed publications supporting this theory retrieved 64 selected articles published between 1901 and 2024. From our analysis of the literature review, five main research domains on the dysembryogenetic pathogenesis of BCC were identified: (1) The correlation between the topographic distribution of BCC and the macroscopic embryology, (2) the correlation between BCC and the microscopic embryology, (3) the genetic BCC, (4) the correlation between BCC and the hair follicle and (5) the correlation between BCC and the molecular embryology with a specific focus on the Hedgehog signalling pathway. A large amount of data from microscopic and molecular research consistently supports the hypothesis of a dysembryogenetic pathogenesis of BCC. Such evidence is promoting advances in the clinical management of this disease, with innovative targeted molecular therapies on an immune modulating basis being developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Nicoletti
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Clinical Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Camillo Golgi, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
- Advanced Technologies for Regenerative Medicine and Inductive Surgery Research Center, University of Pavia, Viale Brambilla, 74, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
- Surgery Unit, Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale di Pavia, Viale Repubblica, 34, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Integrated Unit of Experimental Surgery, Advanced Microsurgery and Regenerative Medicine, University of Pavia, Via Adolfo Ferrata, 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Saler
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Clinical Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Camillo Golgi, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
- Advanced Technologies for Regenerative Medicine and Inductive Surgery Research Center, University of Pavia, Viale Brambilla, 74, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
- Integrated Unit of Experimental Surgery, Advanced Microsurgery and Regenerative Medicine, University of Pavia, Via Adolfo Ferrata, 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Angela Faga
- Advanced Technologies for Regenerative Medicine and Inductive Surgery Research Center, University of Pavia, Viale Brambilla, 74, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
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