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Gong EJ, Bang CS. Whitish gastric mucosa on upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Clin Endosc 2024; 57:277-279. [PMID: 38556474 PMCID: PMC10984734 DOI: 10.5946/ce.2024.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jeong Gong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
- Institute of New Frontier Research, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Chang Seok Bang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
- Institute of New Frontier Research, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
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Kampmann J, Hansen NP, Ørsted Schultz AN, Brandt AH, Brandt F. Lanthanum Carbonate Opacities—A Systematic Review. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12020464. [PMID: 35204554 PMCID: PMC8871341 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12020464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Lanthanum carbonate is a phosphate binder used in advanced kidney disease. Its radiopaque appearance has been described in many case studies and case series. Misinterpretation of this phenomenon leads to unnecessary diagnostic tests and procedures. The objectives of this study were to summarize the literature on lanthanum carbonate opacities and present a visual overview. Methods: A systematic search was conducted using MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science. We included all types of studies, including case reports/studies, describing radiological findings of lanthanum carbonate opacities in patients with chronic kidney disease. No filter for time was set. Results: A total of 36 articles were eligible for data extraction, and 33 articles were included in the narrative synthesis. Lanthanum carbonate opacities were most commonly reported in the intestines (26 studies, 73%), stomach (8 studies, 21%), and the aerodigestive tract (2 studies, 6%). The opacities in the intestine were most frequently described as multiple, scattered radiopaque densities, compared with the aerodigestive tract, where the opacities were described as a single, round foreign body. Suspicion of contrast medium or foreign bodies was the most common differential diagnosis. LC opacities in patients with CKD are commonly misinterpreted as foreign bodies or suspect contrast media. Conclusions: CKD patients treated with LC may have opacities throughout the digestive tract that can vary in appearance. Stopping LC treatment or changing to an alternative phosphate binder prior to planned image studies can avoid diagnostic confusion. If this is not an option, knowledge of the presentation of LC opacities is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kampmann
- Medical Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital of Southern Jutland, 6200 Aabenraa, Denmark; (A.N.Ø.S.); (F.B.)
- Institute of Regional Health Research (IRS), University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
- Correspondence:
| | - Nina Pirschel Hansen
- Department of Radiology, Hospital of Southern Jutland, Aabenraa Branch, 6200 Aabenraa, Denmark;
| | - Anders Nikolai Ørsted Schultz
- Medical Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital of Southern Jutland, 6200 Aabenraa, Denmark; (A.N.Ø.S.); (F.B.)
- Institute of Regional Health Research (IRS), University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Frans Brandt
- Medical Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital of Southern Jutland, 6200 Aabenraa, Denmark; (A.N.Ø.S.); (F.B.)
- Institute of Regional Health Research (IRS), University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
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Srivastava AK, Kaundal B, Sardoiwala MN, Choudhury SR, Karmakar S. Coupled catalytic dephosphorylation and complex phosphate ion-exchange in networked hierarchical lanthanum carbonate grafted asymmetric bio-composite membrane. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 606:2024-2037. [PMID: 34749449 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.09.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The remediation of non-reactive phosphate pollutants in the aquatic system is essential for protecting the ecological niche. In this work, a highly robust protein nanoparticles networked rare-earth metal carbonate-grafted bio-composite membrane (abbreviated as REMC) was fabricated via chemical crosslinking of three-dimensional (3D) hierarchical lanthanum carbonate (mREM) and casein nanoparticles (CsNPs) for selective rejection of non-reactive phosphates. The main components of the REMC membrane are mREM and CsNPs, which were prepared via SDS/CTAB templated homogeneous precipitation and the coacervation/desolvation hybrid method, respectively. The active lanthanum ion (La3+) on the 3D spherulitic surface of mREM exhibited excellent phosphate adsorption capacity (maximum adsorption capacity was 358 mg.g-1) across a wide pH range and in a multi-ionic environment. A series of batch testing and characterizations revealed that the active La3+ and dominating phosphate centers in the REMC membrane framework enable non-enzymatic phosphatase-like activity, cleaving the phosphate ester bond of organic phosphates and releasing free phosphate anions. These released phosphate ions are retained in the REMC membrane via an ion exchange mechanism, where they contribute to improved phosphate removal capacities. Furthermore, CsNPs have a dual function in the membrane, acting as a matrix in the REMC membrane framework and contributing to phosphate ion sequestrations in a synergistic manner. The catalysis of para-nitrophenyl phosphates (pNPP) to paranitrophenol (pNP) in a sequential dephosphorylation by REMC offers an estimate of reaction kinetics and elucidates the underlying mechanism of improved phosphate selectivity in a multi-ionic environment. Furthermore, phosphate specificity, homogeneous binding capacity, reusability, and visual observation of REMC membrane saturation binding direct it's useful economic, industrial applications in aqueous phosphate contaminant removal, which could be beneficial for the active recovery of the aquatic ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup K Srivastava
- Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Sector-81, Knowledge City, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Babita Kaundal
- Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Sector-81, Knowledge City, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Mohammed Nadim Sardoiwala
- Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Sector-81, Knowledge City, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Subhasree Roy Choudhury
- Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Sector-81, Knowledge City, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Surajit Karmakar
- Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Sector-81, Knowledge City, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India.
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Figueiredo C, Grilo TF, Lopes AR, Lopes C, Brito P, Caetano M, Raimundo J. Differential tissue accumulation in the invasive Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum, under two environmentally relevant lanthanum concentrations. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 194:11. [PMID: 34877637 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09666-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Among the environmental emerging concern rare earth elements, lanthanum (La) is one of the most common and reactive. Lanthanum is widely used in numerous modern technologies and applications, and its intense usage results in increasing discharges into the environment, with potentially deleterious consequences to earthlings. Therefore, we exposed the important food resource and powerful monitoring tool Manila clam to two environmentally relevant concentrations of La (0.3 µg L-1 and 0.9 µg L-1) for 6 days, through water, to assess the bioaccumulation pattern in the gills, digestive gland, and remaining body. The La bioaccumulation was measured after 1 (T1), 2 (T2), and 6 (T6) days of exposure. Lanthanum was bioaccumulated after 2 days, and the levels increased in all tissues in a dose-dependent manner. When exposed to 0.3 µg L-1, the enrichment factor pattern was gills > body > digestive gland. However, when exposed to 0.9 µg L-1, the pattern appears to change to gills > digestive gland > body. Tissue portioning appears to be linked with exposed concentration: In higher exposure levels, digestive gland seems to gain importance, probably associated with detoxification mechanisms. Here, we describe for the first time La bioaccumulation in these different tissues in a bivalve species. Future studies dealing with the bioaccumulation and availability of La should connect them with additional water parameters (such as temperature, pH, and major cations).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Figueiredo
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal.
- Division of Oceanography and Marine Environment, IPMA - Portuguese Institute for Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-165, Algés, Portugal.
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências E Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Tiago F Grilo
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Lopes
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Science Centre, ISPA - Instituto Universitário, R. Jardim Do Tabaco 34, 1149-041, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Clara Lopes
- Division of Oceanography and Marine Environment, IPMA - Portuguese Institute for Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-165, Algés, Portugal
| | - Pedro Brito
- Division of Oceanography and Marine Environment, IPMA - Portuguese Institute for Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-165, Algés, Portugal
| | - Miguel Caetano
- Division of Oceanography and Marine Environment, IPMA - Portuguese Institute for Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-165, Algés, Portugal
- CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Avenida General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Joana Raimundo
- Division of Oceanography and Marine Environment, IPMA - Portuguese Institute for Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-165, Algés, Portugal
- CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Avenida General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
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Karamchandani DM, Hammad H, Chetty R, Arnold CA. New Kids on the Block. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2021; 145:1569-1584. [PMID: 33571357 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2020-0535-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT.— With the increasing development and use of iatrogenic agents, pathologists are encountering more novel foreign materials in retrieved gastrointestinal specimens. These colorful and unusual-appearing foreign materials can pose a diagnostic dilemma to those unaware of their morphology, especially if the relevant clinical history is lacking. OBJECTIVE.— To discuss the histopathologic features, clinical scenarios and significance, and differential diagnosis of relatively recently described, yet quickly expanding, family of iatrogenic agents that can present as foreign materials in gastrointestinal specimens-pharmaceutical fillers (crospovidone and microcrystalline cellulose), submucosal lifting agents (Eleview and ORISE), lanthanum carbonate, hydrophilic polymers, OsmoPrep, yttrium 90 microspheres (SIR-Sphere and TheraSphere), and resins (sodium polystyrene sulfonate, sevelamer, and bile acid sequestrants). DATA SOURCES.— We collate the findings of published literature, including recently published research papers, and authors' personal experiences from clinical sign-out and consult cases. CONCLUSIONS.— Correct identification of these iatrogenic agents is important because the presence of some novel agents can explain the histopathologic findings seen in the background specimen, and specific novel agents can serve as diagnostic clues to prompt the pathologist to consider other important and related diagnoses. Awareness of even biologically inert agents is important for accurate diagnosis and to avoid unnecessary and expensive diagnostic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipti M Karamchandani
- From the Department of Pathology, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania (Karamchandani)
| | - Hazed Hammad
- The Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (Hammad), University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Center, Denver
| | - Runjan Chetty
- The Histopathology Department, Brighton & Sussex University Hospitals, Brighton, United Kingdom (Chetty)
| | - Christina A Arnold
- The Department of Pathology (Arnold), University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Center, Denver
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Bücker P, Richter H, Radbruch A, Sperling M, Brand M, Holling M, Van Marck V, Paulus W, Jeibmann A, Karst U. Deposition patterns of iatrogenic lanthanum and gadolinium in the human body depend on delivered chemical binding forms. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2021; 63:126665. [PMID: 33152670 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2020.126665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, gadolinium from linear GBCAs has been reported to deposit in various regions of the body. Besides gadolinium, other lanthanides are used in medical care. In the current study, we investigated deposition of lanthanum in two patients who received lanthanum carbonate as a phosphate binder due to chronic kidney injury and compared it to additionally found Gd deposition. METHODS Tissue specimens of two patients with long-term application of lanthanum carbonate as well as possible GBCA application were investigated. Spatial distribution of gadolinium and lanthanum was determined by quantitative laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) imaging of tissue sections. The deposition of gadolinium and lanthanum in different organs was compared, and the ratio of Gd concentration to La concentration (Gd-to-La-ratio) was investigated on an individual pixel base within the images. RESULTS Deposition of Gd and La was found in all investigated tissues of both patients. Gd and La exhibited high spatial correlation for all samples, with the main deposition being located in the middle coat (tunica media) of blood vessels. The Gd-to-La-ratio was similar in the tissues investigated (between 8 ± 4 (mean ± standard deviation) and 10 ± 2), except for the thyroid vasculature and surrounding tissue (90 ± 17) as well as the cerebellum (270 ± 18). Here, the ratio was significantly increased towards higher Gd concentration. CONCLUSION The results of this study demonstrate long-term deposition of La and comparable localization of additionally found Gd in various tissues of the body. La deposition was relatively low, considering the total administered amount of lanthanum carbonate of up to 11.5 kg, indicating a low absorption and/or high excretion of lanthanum. However, the total amount of deposited La is significant and raises questions about possible adverse side effects. The ratio-approach allows for the usage of the additionally generated Gd data, without detailed knowledge about possible GBCA applications. The significantly decreased Gd-to-La-ratio in the brain might be explained by the lanthanum being released and taken up as free La3+ ion in the stomach that impedes a crossing of the blood-brain-barrier while the intravenously injected GBCAs might dechelate first when they have already crossed the blood-brain-barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Bücker
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Henning Richter
- Diagnostic Imaging Research Unit (DIRU), Clinic for Diagnostic Imaging, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Radbruch
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Clinic Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Clinic Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Sperling
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; European Virtual Institute for Speciation Analysis (EVISA), 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Marcus Brand
- Department of Medicine D, University Hospital Münster, Division of General Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Rheumatology, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Markus Holling
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Veerle Van Marck
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Werner Paulus
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Astrid Jeibmann
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Uwe Karst
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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Orani AM, Vassileva E, Azemard S, Alonso-Hernandez C. Trace elements contamination assessment in marine sediments from different regions of the Caribbean Sea. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 399:122934. [PMID: 32526434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Trace elements (TEs), rare earth elements (REEs), and methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations as well as mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb) isotope compositions in sediment samples collected from strategic locations along the Caribbean Sea were determined. The analyzed sediment samples were collected at different core depths from localities in Colombia, Cuba, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic. The evaluation of pollution assessment indices i.e. enrichment factors and geoaccumulation index revealed significant enrichment of several priority substances, such as Pb, Cd and Hg, in most of the sampling sites. Hg was found in extremely high concentrations (up to 22 ± 3 mg kg-1) in bottom samples of Colombian core, which led the authors to further investigate this area with respect to the source for Hg contamination. The analysis of Hg isotope ratios in Colombian sediments and the Pb isotope ratios in all studied cores, helped in the identification of likely pollution sources and represents a critically important record of anthropogenic influence in the region. Finally, the REEs patterns determined in all samples, also provide a needed baseline for these contaminants in the Caribbean region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Orani
- International Atomic Energy Agency, Environment Laboratories, 4 Quai Antoine 1er, 98000 Principality of Monaco, Monaco
| | - Emilia Vassileva
- International Atomic Energy Agency, Environment Laboratories, 4 Quai Antoine 1er, 98000 Principality of Monaco, Monaco.
| | - Sabine Azemard
- International Atomic Energy Agency, Environment Laboratories, 4 Quai Antoine 1er, 98000 Principality of Monaco, Monaco
| | - Carlos Alonso-Hernandez
- International Atomic Energy Agency, Environment Laboratories, 4 Quai Antoine 1er, 98000 Principality of Monaco, Monaco
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Cernaro V, Calimeri S, Laudani A, Santoro D. Clinical Evaluation of the Safety, Efficacy and Tolerability of Lanthanum Carbonate in the Management of Hyperphosphatemia in Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2020; 16:871-880. [PMID: 32982259 PMCID: PMC7501956 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s196805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD) commonly develop mineral and bone abnormalities and extraskeletal calcifications with following increased cardiovascular risk. A key pathophysiological role is played by hyperphosphatemia. Since diet and dialysis are often insufficient to control serum phosphorus levels, many patients require treatment with phosphate binders. Among them is lanthanum carbonate, an aluminum-free non-calcium-based compound. The present review summarizes the most recent literature data concerning the safety, efficacy and tolerability of lanthanum carbonate in patients with end-stage renal disease and hyperphosphatemia. The drug is taken orally as chewable tablets or powder with only minimal gastrointestinal absorption and resulting reduced risk of tissue deposition and systemic drug interactions. The dissociation of the drug in the acid environment of the upper gastrointestinal tract induces the release of lanthanum ions, which bind to dietary phosphate forming insoluble complexes then excreted in the feces. Even though there is no clear evidence that lowering serum phosphorus levels can improve patient-centered outcomes, a mortality benefit with all phosphate binders, especially non-calcium containing ones, is not excluded. Lanthanum carbonate has been suggested to decrease all-cause mortality but not cardiovascular event rate compared to other phosphate binders. It induces a lower suppression of bone turnover than calcium carbonate and calcium acetate and may improve systolic function and cardiac dimension compared to calcium carbonate. Moreover, the use of lanthanum carbonate has been associated with better nutritional status compared to other phosphate binders, lower risk for hypercalcemia than calcium-containing binders, and amelioration of mild metabolic acidosis contrary to sevelamer hydrochloride. Main adverse effects include nausea, alkaline gastric reflux, gastric deposition of lanthanum, gastrointestinal obstruction, subileus, ileus, perforation, fecal impaction, and reduction of gastrointestinal absorption of some drugs including statins, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and some antibiotics such as fluoroquinolones or tetracyclines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Cernaro
- Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Calimeri
- Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Alfredo Laudani
- Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Domenico Santoro
- Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Liu J, Bian D, Zheng Y, Chu X, Lin Y, Wang M, Lin Z, Li M, Zhang Y, Guan S. Comparative in vitro study on binary Mg-RE (Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu) alloy systems. Acta Biomater 2020; 102:508-528. [PMID: 31722254 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Correct selection of alloying elements is important for developing novel biodegradable magnesium alloys with superior mechanical and biological performances. In contrast to various reports on nutrient elements (Ca, Zn, Sr, etc.) as alloying elements of biomedical magnesium alloys, there is limited information about how to choose the right rare earth elements (REEs) as alloying elements of magnesium. In this work, 16 kinds of REEs were individually added into Mg, including Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Du, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu, to fabricate binary Mg-RE model alloys with different composition points. Under the same working history, comparative studies were undertaken and the impact of each kind of rare earth element on the microstructure, mechanical property, corrosion behavior and biocompatibility of Mg were investigated. The corresponding influence level for the 16 kinds of REEs were ranked. The results showed that the second phases were detected in some Mg-RE alloys, which were mainly composed of Mg12RE. By adding different REEs into Mg with proper contents, the mechanical properties of resulting Mg-RE binary alloys could be adjusted in wide range. The corrosion resistance of Mg-light REE alloys was generally better than Mg-heavy REE alloys. As for biocompatibility, Mg-RE model alloys showed no cytotoxic effect on MC3T3-E1 cells. The hemolysis rates of all experimental Mg-RE model alloys were lower than 5% except for Mg-Lu alloy model. In general, the addition of different REEs into Mg could improve its performance from different aspects. This work provides a better understanding on suitable REEs as alloying elements for magnesium, and the future R&D direction on biomedical Mg-RE alloys was proposed. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: In contrast to various reports on nutrient elements (Ca, Zn, Sr, etc.) as alloying elements of biomedical magnesium alloys, until now there is limited information about how to choose the right rare earth elements (REEs) as alloying elements of magnesium. In this work, comparative studies were undertaken by individually adding 16 kinds of REEs, including Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Du, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu, into Mg to fabricate binary Mg-RE model alloys, with different composition points, then the impact of each kind of rare earth element on the microstructure, mechanical property, corrosion behavior and biocompatibility of Mg under the same working history were investigated, and the corresponding influence level for the 16 kinds of REEs were ranked. This work provides a better understanding on suitable REEs as alloying elements for magnesium, and the future R&D direction on biomedical Mg-RE alloys was proposed.
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10
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Fu X, Zhao J, Liang QR, Luo RG, Fan GQ, Tang Q. Intratumoral inorganic phosphate deprivation: A new anticancer strategy? Med Hypotheses 2019; 135:109497. [PMID: 31759311 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.109497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Tumor epidemiology, as well as tumor microenvironments and cancer cell signaling study, has been presented with statistical relevance of inorganic phosphate (Pi) to tumorigenesis. Although serum Pi is still not acknowledged as a clinical tumor biomarker, abnormally high Pi concentration in serum or tumor lesions is gradually recognized as a characteristic of malignancy. On the other hand, phosphate binder (e.g. La2 (CO3)3, Fosrenols) has been clinically approved to treat hyperphosphatemia, a metabolic disease characterized by a high serum phosphate level. We hypothesize that, if reducing phosphate burden comes to benefit tumor therapy, could systemic or intratumoral administration of phosphate binder effectively deprive tumor Pi concentration, and then inhibit tumor growth and metastases? From the past clinical and preclinical outcomes, we'd conclude that Pi is not only a metabolite during tumor growth but also a force to trigger tumor progression and metastases. Two types of cancer models were developed to initiate this study. Firstly, a patient-derived xenograft mouse model of colorectal cancer was designed, where mice were administered systemically or intratumorally with lanthanum acetate (a molecular phosphate binder), and the serum or intratumoral Pi concentration levels were found to a dropdown. Secondly, a rabbit VX2 liver tumor was set up for the local-regional therapy model, where lanthanum acetate was intratumorally administered by the standard transcatheter arterial chemoembolization procedure, and it significantly reduced intratumoral Pi concentration. Therefore, Pi deprivation by phosphate binder might be a new anticancer strategy if reducing phosphate burden could effectively arrest tumor growth and delay metastatic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Fu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qing-Rong Liang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Rong-Guang Luo
- Department of Medical Imaging and Interventional Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Guang-Qin Fan
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qun Tang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China; Institute for Advanced Study, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.
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11
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Thiele NA, Woods JJ, Wilson JJ. Implementing f-Block Metal Ions in Medicine: Tuning the Size Selectivity of Expanded Macrocycles. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:10483-10500. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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12
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Bai J, Wang XH, Zhang CJ, Huang J, Müller WEG. Lanthanum-containing bioparticles are associated with the influence of lanthanum on high phosphate mediated bone marrow stromal cells viability. Biometals 2018; 31:771-784. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-018-0121-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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13
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Komatsu-Fujii T, Onuma H, Miyaoka Y, Ishikawa N, Araki A, Ishikawa N, Yamamoto T, Mishiro T, Adachi K, Kinoshita Y, Tauchi-Nishi P, Maruyama R. A Combined Deposition of Lanthanum and β2-Microglobulin-Related Amyloid in the Gastroduodenal Mucosa of Hemodialysis-Dependent Patients: An Immunohistochemical, Electron Microscopic, and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometric Analysis. Int J Surg Pathol 2017; 25:674-683. [PMID: 28675980 DOI: 10.1177/1066896917718623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Lanthanum carbonate (LC) is a new type of phosphate adsorbent used to treat patients with hyperphosphatemia caused by chronic kidney diseases. Recent studies have pointed out that lanthanum deposition can be found in the cytoplasm of histiocytes in the gastroduodenal mucosa of these patients. On the other hand, it is well known that patients on long-term hemodialysis can develop deposition of β2-microglobulin-related amyloid (Aβ2M) mainly around joints. However, involvement of the gastrointestinal tract by hemodialysis-associated amyloidosis has been thought to be rare, and therefore only Aβ2M, if any, has been reported to accumulate in the vascular walls of the submucosa and muscularis propria. Thus, in contrast to AA amyloid, biopsy from gastrointestinal mucosa has long been considered to have little significance in detecting amyloid. We present unusual histologic findings on biopsy specimens taken from the gastroduodenal mucosa of 7 hemodialysis-dependent patients taking LC for more than a year. These findings were due to a combined deposition of lanthanum and β2-microglobulin-related amyloid in the cytoplasm of histiocytes. The deposition of amyloid was confirmed by conventional histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, and transmission electron microscopy, and that of lanthanum by transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry. This is the first report of such a peculiar combined deposition of lanthanum and amyloid in the gastroduodenal mucosa of hemodialysis patients. Although the exact mechanism of combination and pathogenesis is unclear, we believe that histologic examination of the gastrointestinal mucosa should be considered in the careful follow-up and observation of hemodialysis patients taking LC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hideyuki Onuma
- 2 Shimane Prefectural Central Hospital, Izumo, Shimane, Japan
| | - Youichi Miyaoka
- 2 Shimane Prefectural Central Hospital, Izumo, Shimane, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Tomoko Mishiro
- 3 Shimane Environmental and Health Public Corporation, Matsue, Shimane, Japan
| | - Kyoichi Adachi
- 3 Shimane Environmental and Health Public Corporation, Matsue, Shimane, Japan
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Paranji S, Paranji N, Weltz AS. All that glitters is not gold: A case of lanthanum carbonate aspiration. SAGE Open Med Case Rep 2017; 5:2050313X17712642. [PMID: 28616234 PMCID: PMC5459346 DOI: 10.1177/2050313x17712642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Foreign body aspiration is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in elderly hospitalized patients. These are typically small items that patients have access to, including small coins. Case presentation: This is a case report of a 75-year-old man recently bedridden from a large hemispheric stroke with sudden onset of hoarseness, cough and dysphagia. A chest X-ray was obtained which showed a radiopaque coin-shaped foreign body, presumably a coin in his aerodigestive tract. He was promptly taken to the endoscopy suite for upper endoscopy. During endoscopy, it was determined that the foreign body was a radiopaque medication that he had been given. It was easily and safely able to be crushed and lavaged down into his stomach and later determined to be lanthanum carbonate, a commonly used phosphate binder. Following endoscopy, the patient’s cough, hoarseness and dysphagia resolved with no long-term complications. Discussion: Lanthanum carbonate is a phosphate-binding medication used in the management and treatment of hyperphosphatemia commonly seen in patients with end-stage renal disease, which is radiopaque. There are few published reports and images of radiopaque fragments of medication in the gastrointestinal tract but none causing aspiration by masquerading as a coin-like density in the aerodigestive tract as we present here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchitra Paranji
- Department of Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Neethi Paranji
- Department of Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Adam S Weltz
- Department of General Surgery, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
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15
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16
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Hutchison AJ, Wilson RJ, Garafola S, Copley JB. Lanthanum carbonate: safety data after 10 years. Nephrology (Carlton) 2017; 21:987-994. [PMID: 27479781 PMCID: PMC5129531 DOI: 10.1111/nep.12864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite 10 years of post-marketing safety monitoring of the phosphate binder lanthanum carbonate, concerns about aluminium-like accumulation and toxicity persist. Here, we present a concise overview of the safety profile of lanthanum carbonate and interim results from a 5-year observational database study (SPD405-404; ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00567723). The pharmacokinetic paradigms of lanthanum and aluminium are different in that lanthanum is minimally absorbed and eliminated via the hepatobiliary pathway, whereas aluminium shows appreciable absorption and is eliminated by the kidneys. Randomised prospective studies of paired bone biopsies revealed no evidence of accumulation or toxicity in patients treated with lanthanum carbonate. Patients treated with lanthanum carbonate for up to 6 years showed no clinically relevant changes in liver enzyme or bilirubin levels. Lanthanum does not cross the intact blood-brain barrier. The most common adverse effects are mild/moderate nausea, diarrhoea and flatulence. An interim Kaplan-Meier analysis of SPD405-404 data from the United States Renal Data System revealed that the median 5-year survival was 51.6 months (95% CI: 49.1, 54.2) in patients who received lanthanum carbonate (test group), 48.9 months (95% CI: 47.3, 50.5) in patients treated with other phosphate binders (concomitant therapy control group) and 40.3 months (95% CI: 38.9, 41.5) in patients before the availability of lanthanum carbonate (historical control group). Bone fracture rates were 5.9%, 6.7% and 6.4%, respectively. After more than 850 000 person-years of worldwide patient exposure, there is no evidence that lanthanum carbonate is associated with adverse safety outcomes in patients with end-stage renal disease.
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Yu C, Gong J, Yin FL, Huang J, Zhang TL, Wang K. Influences of LaCl 3 on the mineral phase transformation during osteoblast mineralization in vitro. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 51:88-96. [PMID: 28115154 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2016.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Rat calvarial osteoblasts were treated with lanthanum chloride (LaCl3) to explore its effect on the mineral crystalline phase during the process of osteoblast calcification in vitro. The results confirmed that La was readily deposited in the mineral component of the matrix. Employing high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy techniques, we demonstrated that features comparable to dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) and octacalcium phosphate, and hydroxyapatite (HAP) were detected in the mineral phases in vitro. Particularly, LaCl3 treatment retarded conversion from DCPD-like phase into HAP during mineralization. In addition, La was introduced in DCPD powder during wet chemical synthesis. When compared with that of La-free DCPD, the dissolution rate of La-incorporated DCPD was lower, thereby leading to a delayed DCPD-to-HAP phase transformation. Thus, it can be concluded that LaCl3 treatment influences the kinetics of inorganic phase transition by decreasing the dissolution rate of DCPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Yu
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Jiao Gong
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Fu-Ling Yin
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jian Huang
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Tian-Lan Zhang
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Kui Wang
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
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Valika AK, Jain D, Jaffe PE, Moeckel G, Brewster UC. A Nodular Foreign Body Reaction in a Dialysis Patient Receiving Long-term Treatment With Lanthanum Carbonate. Am J Kidney Dis 2016; 67:128-32. [DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2015.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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19
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Jiang C, Shang J, Li Z, Qin A, Ouyang Z, Qu X, Li H, Tian B, Wang W, Wu C, Wang J, Dai M. Lanthanum Chloride Attenuates Osteoclast Formation and Function Via the Downregulation of Rankl-Induced Nf-κb and Nfatc1 Activities. J Cell Physiol 2015; 231:142-51. [PMID: 26060084 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital; Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Jiangyinzi Shang
- Department of Orthopaedics; The First Affiliated Hospital; Nanchang University; Nanchang Jiangxi Province China
| | - Zhe Li
- Department of Orthopaedics; The First Affiliated Hospital; Nanchang University; Nanchang Jiangxi Province China
| | - An Qin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital; Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Zhengxiao Ouyang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital; Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Xinhua Qu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital; Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Haowei Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital; Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Bo Tian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital; Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Wengang Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital; Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Chuanlong Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital; Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Jinwu Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital; Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Min Dai
- Department of Orthopaedics; The First Affiliated Hospital; Nanchang University; Nanchang Jiangxi Province China
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20
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Peculiar histiocytic lesions with massive lanthanum deposition in dialysis patients treated with lanthanum carbonate. Am J Surg Pathol 2015; 39:767-71. [PMID: 25602800 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000000385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pathologic lesions caused by lanthanum carbonate (LC), a recently developed phosphate-binding agent, have not been recorded. A peculiar gastroduodenal histiocytic lesion associated with a mucosal lanthanum overload was reported. Our routine gastrointestinal biopsy series included 6 cases with heavy lanthanum burden in the gastroduodenal mucosa. In addition to routine histopathologic examinations, a series of immunohistochemical analysis and electron microscopic examinations associated with x-ray diffraction and elemental analysis were performed. Six cases, 3 of male and 3 of female individuals with ages from 59 to 69 years, were all patients of end-stage renal diseases managed under dialysis and treated with LC for >21 months. Endoscopic examinations demonstrated gastric erosions in 3, gastric polyps in 2, and duodenal ulcer in 1. In the mucosal layer, there were numerous non-Langerhans cell histiocytes, stained with CD68 but not S100 protein, engulfing a large amount of mineral-like materials. An electron microscopic and elemental analysis revealed a similar distribution of lanthanum and phosphorus in the histiocytes. Long-standing LC administration can cause massive mucosal accumulation of lanthanum in the tissue histiocytes associated with several forms of gastroduodenal lesions. A long-standing outcome is not clear at present; hence, careful follow-up studies of these patients may be needed.
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21
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Xue J, Jiang Y, Li W, Yang L, Xu Y, Zhao G, Zhang G, Bu X, Liu K, Chen J, Wu J. Structures and spectroscopic characterization of calcium chloride-nicotinamide, -isonicotinamide, -picolinamide and praseodymium bromide-nicotinamide complexes. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 137:864-870. [PMID: 25280333 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The coordination structures formed by calcium complexes with nicotinamide (na), isonicotinamide (ina) and picolinamide (pa) and praseodymium bromide-na are reported. The structures of CaCl2·(C6H6N2O)2·2H2O (Ca-na), CaCl2·(C6H6N2O)2·4H2O (Ca-ina), CaCl2·(C6H6N2O)2·5H2O (Ca-pa) and PrBr3·(C6H6N2O)2·6H2O (PrBr-na) in the solid state have been characterized by X-ray single crystal diffraction, FTIR, FIR, THz and Raman spectroscopies. Carbonyl oxygen of nicotinamide is coordinated to Ca(2+), but it is O-monodentate (carbonyl oxygen) and N,O-bidentate ligand (pyridyl nitrogen and carbonyl oxygen) for Pr(3+) to form a chain structure in PrBr-na. For isonicotinamide, only carbonyl oxygen atom is coordinated to Ca(2+). Pyridyl nitrogen and carbonyl oxygen of picolinamide are coordinated to Ca(2+) to form a five-membered ring structure. The crystal structure and spectroscopic results indicate the differences of the coordination of Ca and Pr ions, the changes of hydrogen bonds and conformation of the ligands induced by complexation. Unlike transition metal ions, Sr(2+) or lanthanide ions, Ca(2+) is inclined to coordinate to carbonyl oxygen atoms of the ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhui Xue
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Ye Jiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Weihong Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Limin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Institute of Heavy Ion Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Yizhuang Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Guozhong Zhao
- Department of Physics, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Gaohui Zhang
- Department of Physics, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Xiaoxia Bu
- Department of Physics, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Kexin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Institute of Heavy Ion Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jia'er Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Institute of Heavy Ion Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jinguang Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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22
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Liu D, Ge K, Sun J, Chen S, Jia G, Zhang J. Lanthanum breaks the balance between osteogenesis and adipogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells through phosphorylation of Smad1/5/8. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra02311d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
La breaks the balance between osteogenesis and adipogenesis of MSCs through phosphorylating Smad1/5/8 to activate the BMP signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science
- Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Hebei Province
- Hebei University
- Baoding 071002
- PR China
| | - Kun Ge
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science
- Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Hebei Province
- Hebei University
- Baoding 071002
- PR China
| | - Jing Sun
- Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University
- Baoding 071000
- PR China
| | - Shizhu Chen
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science
- Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Hebei Province
- Hebei University
- Baoding 071002
- PR China
| | - Guang Jia
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science
- Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Hebei Province
- Hebei University
- Baoding 071002
- PR China
| | - Jinchao Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science
- Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Hebei Province
- Hebei University
- Baoding 071002
- PR China
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23
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Harini D, Indra R, Rajaram A, Rama R. Induction of osteoblast differentiation in human adipose derived stem cells by lanthanum ions. J RARE EARTH 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s1002-0721(14)60186-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Xue JH, Hua XH, Yang LM, Li WH, Xu YZ, Zhao GZ, Zhang GH, Liu KX, Chen JE, Wu JG. The coordination of lanthanide ions with picolinamide. The influence of different anions. CrystEngComm 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ce00606b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Four kinds of structures varied with different rare earth ions and anions have been observed for lanthanide–picolinamide complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hui Xue
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- State Key Laboratory for Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Hua
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- State Key Laboratory for Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871, China
| | - Li-Min Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology
- Institute of Heavy Ion Physics
- School of Physics
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wei-Hong Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- State Key Laboratory for Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yi-Zhuang Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- State Key Laboratory for Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871, China
| | - Guo-Zhong Zhao
- Department of Physics
- Capital Normal University
- Beijing 100037, China
| | - Gao-Hui Zhang
- Department of Physics
- Capital Normal University
- Beijing 100037, China
| | - Ke-Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology
- Institute of Heavy Ion Physics
- School of Physics
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jia-Er Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology
- Institute of Heavy Ion Physics
- School of Physics
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jin-Guang Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- State Key Laboratory for Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871, China
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Xue J, Hua X, Yang L, Xu Y, Li W, Zhao G, Zhang G, Wu J. Spectroscopic characterization and the coordination behavior of isonicotinamide with lanthanide ions. J Mol Struct 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2013.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Pennick M, Poole L, Dennis K, Smyth M. Lanthanum carbonate reduces urine phosphorus excretion: evidence of high-capacity phosphate binding. Ren Fail 2012; 34:263-70. [PMID: 22250993 PMCID: PMC3296516 DOI: 10.3109/0886022x.2011.649657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effectiveness of phosphate binders can be assessed by evaluating urinary phosphorus excretion in healthy volunteers, which indicates the ability of the phosphate binder to reduce gastrointestinal phosphate absorption. Healthy volunteers were enrolled into one of five separate randomized trials; four were open label and one double blind. Following a screening period of ≤28 days, participants received differing tablets containing lanthanum carbonate [LC, 3000 mg/day of elemental lanthanum (in one study other doses were also used)]. Participants received a standardized phosphate diet and remained in the relevant study center throughout the duration of each treatment period. The end point in all studies was the reduction in urinary phosphorus excretion. Reductions in mean 24-h urinary phosphorus excretion in volunteers receiving a lanthanum dose of 3000 mg/day were between 236 and 468 mg/day over the five separate studies. These data in healthy volunteers can be used to estimate the amount of reduction of dietary phosphate absorption by LC. The reduction in 24-h urinary phosphorus excretion per tablet was compared with published data on other phosphate binders. Although there are limitations, evidence suggests that LC is a very effective phosphate binder in terms of binding per tablet.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lynne Poole
- Shire Pharmaceuticals Group Plc, Basingstoke, UK
| | - Kerry Dennis
- Shire Pharmaceuticals Group Plc, Basingstoke, UK
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Yang L, Hua X, Xue J, Pan Q, Yu L, Li W, Xu Y, Zhao G, Liu L, Liu K, Chen J, Wu J. Interactions between metal ions and carbohydrates. Spectroscopic characterization and the topology coordination behavior of erythritol with trivalent lanthanide ions. Inorg Chem 2011; 51:499-510. [PMID: 22148886 DOI: 10.1021/ic2019605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The coordination of carbohydrate to metal ions is important because it may be involved in many biochemical processes. The synthesis and characterization of several novel lanthanide-erythritol complexes (TbCl(3)·1.5C(4)H(10)O(4)·H(2)O (TbE(I)), Pr(NO(3))(3)·C(4)H(10)O(4)·2H(2)O (PrEN), Ce(NO(3))(3)·C(4)H(10)O(4)·2H(2)O (CeEN), Y(NO(3))(3)·C(4)H(10)O(4)·C(2)H(5)OH (YEN), Gd(NO(3))(3)·C(4)H(10)O(4)·C(2)H(5)OH (GdEN)) and Tb(NO(3))(3)·C(4)H(10)O(4)·C(2)H(5)OH (TbEN) are reported. The structures of these complexes in the solid state have been determined by X-ray diffraction. Erythritol is used as two bidentate ligands or as three hydroxyl group donor in these complexes. FTIR spectra indicate that two kinds of structures, with water and without water involved in the coordination sphere, were observed for lanthanide nitrate-erythritol complexes. FIR and THz spectra show the formation of metal ion-erythritol complexes. Luminescence spectra of Tb-erythritol complexes have the characteristics of the Tb ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Institute of Heavy Ion Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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28
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Yu L, Hua X, Pan Q, Yang L, Xu Y, Zhao G, Wang H, Wang H, Wu J, Liu K, Chen J. Interactions between metal ions and carbohydrates. Syntheses and spectroscopic studies of several lanthanide nitrate–d-galactitol complexes. Carbohydr Res 2011; 346:2278-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2011.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Institute of Heavy Ion Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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29
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Kulaksız S, Bau M. Rare earth elements in the Rhine River, Germany: first case of anthropogenic lanthanum as a dissolved microcontaminant in the hydrosphere. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2011; 37:973-9. [PMID: 21458860 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2011.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of dissolved rare earth elements (REE) in the Rhine River, Germany, shows the anthropogenic gadolinium (Gd) microcontamination that is commonly observed in rivers in densely populated countries with a highly evolved health care system. However, the Rhine River also carries anomalously high concentrations of lanthanum (La), which produce very large positive La anomalies in normalized REE distribution patterns. These positive La anomalies first occur north of the City of Worms and then decrease in size downstream, but are still significant approximately 400 km downstream, close to the German-Dutch border. The strong La enrichment is of anthropogenic origin and can be traced back to effluent from a production plant for fluid catalytic cracking catalysts at Rhine river-km 447.4. This effluent is characterized by extremely high dissolved total REE and La concentrations of up to 52 mg/kg and 49 mg/kg, respectively. Such La concentrations are well-above those at which ecotoxicological effects have been observed. The Rhine River is the first case observed to date, where a river's dissolved REE inventory is affected and even dominated by anthropogenic La. Our results suggest that almost 1.5t of anthropogenic dissolved La is exported via the Rhine River into the North Sea per year. This reveals that the growing industrial use of REE (and other formerly "exotic" elements) results in their increasing release into the environment, and highlights the urgent need to determine their geogenic background concentrations in terrestrial surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serkan Kulaksız
- Earth and Space Science Program, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany.
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Shigematsu T, Tokumoto A, Nakaoka A, Arisaka H. Effect of Lanthanum Carbonate Treatment on Bone in Japanese Dialysis Patients With Hyperphosphatemia. Ther Apher Dial 2011; 15:176-84. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-9987.2010.00898.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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31
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Gramowski A, Jügelt K, Schröder OHU, Weiss DG, Mitzner S. Acute Functional Neurotoxicity of Lanthanum(III) in Primary Cortical Networks. Toxicol Sci 2010; 120:173-83. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Tonelli
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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33
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Zhang H, He X, Bai W, Guo X, Zhang Z, Chai Z, Zhao Y. Ecotoxicological assessment of lanthanum with Caenorhabditis elegans in liquid medium. Metallomics 2010; 2:806-10. [DOI: 10.1039/c0mt00059k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kidder AC, Chew D. Treatment Options for Hyperphosphatemia in Feline CKD: What's Out there? J Feline Med Surg 2009; 11:913-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2009.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Practical relevance Phosphorus is retained in chronic kidney disease (CKD), promoting renal secondary hyperparathyroidism and eventually resulting in hyperphosphatemia. Most agree that phosphate retention is a major contributor to the progression of CKD in many species and it is well known that hyperphosphatemia is associated with a significant mortality risk in humans with end-stage renal disease. Patient group Chronic kidney disease is a common ailment of geriatric cats. Evidence base There is evidence in cats suggesting that the use of a phosphate-restricted diet in IRIS stage 2–3 disease has a beneficial effect on clinical outcome. However, despite the fact that intestinal phosphate binders are commonly used in veterinary practice for patients with CKD, there have been few published reports focusing on the safety and efficacy of these products in veterinary medicine. No phosphorus binders are licensed as medications for dogs or cats. This article draws on data from clinical trials in humans and studies in cats to discuss treatment goals and options for phosphate retention and hyperphosphatemia in feline CKD. Clinical significance With careful monitoring of serum phosphate and parathyroid hormone, and implementation of phosphate-restricted dietary management and intestinal phosphate binders, progression of CKD and the degree of hyperparathyroidism in cats may be reduced. Audience Companion animal and feline practitioners are at the forefront in the management of CKD in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee C Kidder
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, 601 Vernon L. Tharp Street, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Dennis Chew
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, 601 Vernon L. Tharp Street, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Kawanishi H, Ishida M, Ishizaki M, Takuma Y, Tamura H, Kobayashi S, Tamura T, Ohashi H, Hiramatsu M, Minakuchi J, Hirakata H, Shigematsu T. Lanthanum Carbonate Treatment of Patients with Hyperphosphatemia Undergoing CAPD. Perit Dial Int 2008. [DOI: 10.1177/089686080802800622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- H. Kawanishi
- For the Lanthanum Carbonate Study Group in Japan
| | - M. Ishida
- For the Lanthanum Carbonate Study Group in Japan
| | - M. Ishizaki
- For the Lanthanum Carbonate Study Group in Japan
| | - Y. Takuma
- For the Lanthanum Carbonate Study Group in Japan
| | - H. Tamura
- For the Lanthanum Carbonate Study Group in Japan
| | - S. Kobayashi
- For the Lanthanum Carbonate Study Group in Japan
| | - T. Tamura
- For the Lanthanum Carbonate Study Group in Japan
| | - H. Ohashi
- For the Lanthanum Carbonate Study Group in Japan
| | - M. Hiramatsu
- For the Lanthanum Carbonate Study Group in Japan
| | - J. Minakuchi
- For the Lanthanum Carbonate Study Group in Japan
| | - H. Hirakata
- For the Lanthanum Carbonate Study Group in Japan
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36
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Neurotoxicological Evaluation of Long-Term Lanthanum Chloride Exposure in Rats. Toxicol Sci 2008; 103:354-61. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfn046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Sprague SM. A comparative review of the efficacy and safety of established phosphate binders: calcium, sevelamer, and lanthanum carbonate. Curr Med Res Opin 2007; 23:3167-75. [PMID: 17991307 DOI: 10.1185/030079907x242719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obstacles to successful management of hyperphosphatemia in chronic kidney disease include inadequate control of dietary phosphate and non-compliance with phosphate-binder therapy. Three major classes of phosphate binders include calcium-based binders, sevelamer HCl, and lanthanum carbonate. SCOPE A literature search was performed using MEDLINE and EMBASE databases to identify clinical trials from January 1966 to May 2007 comparing classes of phosphate binders with regard to efficacy, safety, compliance, or pharmacoeconomics. Search terms included lanthanum AND sevelamer, lanthanum AND calcium, and sevelamer AND calcium. A total of 1372 articles were identified in the search, with 125 review articles and clinical trials of interest identified. FINDINGS Calcium-based binders are effective, but their potential to contribute to total body calcium overload and vascular calcification is an important long-term clinical concern. Sevelamer HCl is effective in reducing serum phosphate, has no systemic absorption, and does not increase total body calcium load. However, sevelamer HCl binds bile acids, is not an efficient phosphate binder in an acidic environment, and contributes to metabolic acidosis. Lanthanum carbonate is a potent and selective phosphate binder that retains high affinity for phosphate over a wide pH range, does not bind bile acids or contribute to metabolic acidosis, and has the potential to reduce pill burden and increase patient compliance compared with other phosphate binders. CONCLUSIONS All three classes of phosphate binders are effective at reducing serum phosphate levels. Lanthanum carbonate may result in increased adherence by decreasing the pill burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart M Sprague
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Evanston, IL 60201, USA.
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Opinion of the Scientific Panel on additives and products or substances used in animal feed (FEEDAP) on Safety and efficacy of Lantharenol® (Lanthanum carbonate octahydrate) as a feed additive for cats according to Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003. EFSA J 2007. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2007.542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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39
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Damment SJP, Pennick M. Systemic lanthanum is excreted in the bile of rats. Toxicol Lett 2007; 171:69-77. [PMID: 17570622 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2007.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2007] [Revised: 04/13/2007] [Accepted: 04/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Lanthanum carbonate is a non-calcium-based oral phosphate binder for the control of hyperphosphataemia in patients with chronic kidney disease Stage 5. As part of its pre-clinical safety evaluation, studies were conducted in rats to determine the extent of absorption and routes of excretion. Following oral gavage of a single 1500 mg/kg dose, the peak plasma lanthanum concentration was 1.04+/-0.31 ng/mL, 8 h post-dose. Lanthanum was almost completely bound to plasma proteins (>99.7%). Within 24h of administration of a single oral dose, 97.8+/-2.84% of the lanthanum was recovered in the faeces of rats. Comparing plasma exposure after oral and intravenous administration of lanthanum yielded an absolute oral bioavailability of 0.0007%. Following intravenous administration of lanthanum chloride (0.3 mg/kg), 74.1+/-5.82% of the dose (96.9+/-0.50% of recovered lanthanum) was excreted in faeces in 42 days, and in bile-duct cannulated rats, 10.0+/-2.46% of the dose (85.6+/-2.97% of recovered lanthanum) was excreted in bile in 5 days. Renal excretion was negligible, with <2% of the intravenous dose recovered in urine. These studies demonstrate that lanthanum undergoes extremely low intestinal absorption and that absorbed drug is predominantly excreted in the bile.
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He X, Feng L, Xiao H, Li Z, Liu N, Zhao Y, Zhang Z, Chai Z, Huang Y. Unambiguous effects of lanthanum? Toxicol Lett 2007; 170:94-6. [PMID: 17382498 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2007.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
Secondary hyperparathyroidism (2 degrees HPT) commonly develops in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in response to high phosphate, low calcium and low 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) [1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3)]. High PTH levels increase the rate of bone turnover, with a net efflux of calcium and phosphate leading to vascular calcification and coronary artery disease. Treatment of 2 degrees HPT with 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) and calcium-based phosphate binders often produces hypercalcemia and over-suppression of PTH, resulting in adynamic bone that cannot buffer excess calcium and phosphate, which increases the risk of vascular calcification. It is essential, then, to reduce PTH levels to a range that supports normal bone turnover and minimizes ectopic calcification. Vitamin D analogs that inhibit PTH gene transcription and parathyroid hyperplasia, and that have less calcemic activity than 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3,) have provided a greater safety margin for the treatment of 2 degrees HPT, as well as enhancing the survival of CKD patients. Although several analogs with less calcemic activity are now used in patients (paricalcitol and doxercalciferol in the USA, and OCT and falecalcitriol in Japan), efforts to develop even more selective analogs continue. Parathyroid glands express both 25-hydroxylase and 1alpha-hydroxylase and may be capable of activating prohormones or prodrugs to suppress PTH and parathyroid growth by an autocrine mechanism. Moreover, the introduction of non-calcium-based phosphate binders (sevelamer and lanthanum carbonate) and cinacalcet (an allosteric activator of the calcium receptor that reduces PTH and the serum calciumxphosphate product) may reduce the risk of hypercalcemia with vitamin D therapy. Combining these agents with higher doses of vitamin D compounds may achieve greater suppression of PTH and possibly enhance survival in patients with chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J Brown
- Renal Division, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8126, 660 S. Euclid, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Brown AJ, Slatopolsky E. Drug insight: vitamin D analogs in the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients with chronic kidney disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 3:134-44. [PMID: 17237840 DOI: 10.1038/ncpendmet0394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2006] [Accepted: 07/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Secondary hyperparathyroidism commonly develops in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in response to high phosphate, low calcium and low 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (calcitriol) levels. High levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) accelerate bone turnover, with efflux of calcium and phosphate that can lead to vascular calcification. Treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism with calcitriol and calcium-based phosphate binders can produce hypercalcemia and oversuppression of PTH, which results in adynamic bone that cannot buffer calcium and phosphate levels, and increased risk of vascular calcification. PTH levels must, therefore, be reduced to within a range that supports normal bone turnover and minimizes ectopic calcification. Vitamin D analogs that inhibit PTH gene transcription and parathyroid hyperplasia (and have reduced calcemic activity) are a safer treatment for secondary hyperparathyroidism than calcitriol; these agents enhance the survival of patients with CKD. Several such analogs are now in use, and analogs with even greater selectivity than those currently used are in development. Parathyroid glands express both 25-hydroxylase and 1alpha-hydroxylase, which suggests that these enzymes might suppress parathyroid function by an autocrine mechanism. The risk of hypercalcemia with vitamin D analog therapy is reduced by the introduction of non-calcium-based phosphate binders and cinacalcet; furthermore, recent trials indicate that early intervention with vitamin D analogs in stage 3 and 4 CKD can correct PTH levels, and could prevent renal bone disease and prolong patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J Brown
- Renal Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
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Abstract
Optimal phosphate control in dialysis patients is extremely challenging. A growing awareness of the deleterious effect of mineral metabolism imbalances together with the lack of a satisfactory explanation for the exaggerated mortality rate in patients undergoing renal replacement therapy has led to a renewed effort to refine our approach to hyperphosphatemia. However, despite the remarkable improvements in dialysis techniques, phosphate control has not substantially improved. Achieving normo-phosphatemia presents a multitude of practical and scientific challenges related to the optimal target level, cardiovascular health, and drug toxicities. It is the aim of the present review to summarize briefly the controversies associated with currently available phosphate binders, a cornerstone in the current management of hyperphosphatemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Bellasi
- Division of Nephrology, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
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Huang J, Zhang TL, Xu SJ, Li RC, Wang K, Zhang J, Xie YN. Effects of lanthanum on composition, crystal size, and lattice structure of femur bone mineral of Wistar rats. Calcif Tissue Int 2006; 78:241-7. [PMID: 16604282 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-005-0294-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2005] [Accepted: 01/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The application of lanthanum (La) in industry, medicine, and agriculture may cause accumulation of the element in human body. This article examines the effects of La on the femur bone mineral of male Wistar rats after administration of La(NO3)3 by gavage at the dose of 2.0 mg La(NO3)3.kg(-1).day(-1) over a 6-month period. Chemical analysis confirmed La accumulation in bone and loss in bone mineral. Thermogravimetric analysis showed a decrease in the mineral-to-matrix ratio and an increase in carbonate content. Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry revealed elevation in the contents of labile carbonate and acidic phosphate. The synchrotron radiation small-angle X-ray scattering study presented a smaller mean thickness of the mineral crystals in the bone of La-treated rats. The synchrotron radiation-extended X-ray absorption fine structure analysis indicated that the La treatment resulted in a lowered disorder in the crystals. The smaller size, more adsorbed labile carbonate, and more acidic phosphate made the bone mineral easier to dissolve, as revealed in the kinetic measurement of bone demineralization. These findings suggest that La retards bone maturation of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Huang
- Department of Chemical Biology, Peking University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
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