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Janiak MK, Kamiński G. Thyroid Cancer in Regions Most Contaminated after the Chernobyl Disaster. J Biomed Phys Eng 2024; 14:299-308. [PMID: 39027710 PMCID: PMC11252555 DOI: 10.31661/jbpe.v0i0.2402-1722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to ionizing radiation, especially during childhood, is a well-established risk factor for thyroid cancer. Following the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident the total number of cases of thyroid cancer registered between 1991 and 2015 in males and females who were less than 18 years old exceeded 19,000 (in Belarus and Ukraine, and in the most contaminated oblasts of the Russian Federation). However, as indicated by the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation the fraction of the incidence of thyroid cancer attributable to radiation exposure among the non-evacuated residents of the contaminated regions of Belarus, Ukraine and Russia is of the order of 0.25. Apparently, the increased registration of thyroid neoplasms in the parts of these countries is a classical 'screening effect', i.e., massive diagnostic examinations of the risk-aware populations performed with modern eqipment resulting in detection of many occult neoplasms (incidentalomas). Moreover, one type of thyroid cancer previously called 'encapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma' is non-invasive and instead of 'carcinoma' should now be recognized as 'noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features.' Other potential causes of overdiagnosing of thyroid tumors include increase of the spontaneous incidence rate of this disease with age, iodine deficiency among children from Belarus, Russia and Ukraine, and/or consumption by these children of drinking water containing high levels of nitrates that likely coincides with the carcinogenic effect of radiation on the thyroid gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek K Janiak
- Professor Emeritus, Former Head of the Department of Radiobiology and Radiation Protection, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Kamiński
- Head of the Department of Endocrinology and Radioisotope Therapy, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
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Li D, Li N, Ding Y. Epithelial‑to‑mesenchymal transition of circulating tumor cells and CD133 expression on predicting prognosis of thyroid cancer patients. Mol Clin Oncol 2022; 17:141. [DOI: 10.3892/mco.2022.2574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Deyu Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, P.R. China
| | - Na Li
- Operating Room, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, P.R. China
| | - Ying Ding
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
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Zhang WJ, Song B, Yang T. MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 in the Peripheral Blood of Patients with Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:10675-10681. [PMID: 31920377 PMCID: PMC6934124 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s233776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The objective of this study was to assess the clinical significance of determining the levels of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), MMP-9, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), and TIMP-2 in the peripheral blood of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC). METHODS Forty-nine patients with benign thyroid lesions and 57 patients with DTC were examined using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method preoperatively and 1 month after operation. RESULTS The levels of MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 in the peripheral blood of patients with DTC were significantly higher than those measured in patients with benign thyroid disease (P<0.05). After surgery, these levels in the peripheral blood of patients with benign thyroid lesions were not significantly changed (P>0.05). However, after operation, these levels in the peripheral blood of patients with DTC were significantly lower (P<0.05). These levels in the serum of patients with DTC which were tumor-node-metastasis stage, tumor diameter ≥l cm, infiltrating capsula outside or existing lymph metastasis were significantly higher than those reported in patients with early tumor-node-metastasis stage, tumor diameter DISCUSSION Detecting the levels of these factors in peripheral blood is helpful in the diagnosis of benign and malignant thyroid lesions, and can be used as a basis for the prognosis of DTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-jing Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin300192, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bing Song
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin300192, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin300192, People’s Republic of China
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Chu BF, Qin YY, Zhang SL, Quan ZW, Zhang MD, Bi JW. Downregulation of Notch-regulated Ankyrin Repeat Protein Exerts Antitumor Activities against Growth of Thyroid Cancer. Chin Med J (Engl) 2017; 129:1544-52. [PMID: 27364790 PMCID: PMC4931260 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.184465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Notch-regulated ankyrin repeat protein (NRARP) is recently found to promote proliferation of breast cancer cells. The role of NRARP in carcinogenesis deserves extensive investigations. This study attempted to investigate the expression of NRARP in thyroid cancer tissues and assess the influence of NRARP on cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle, and invasion in thyroid cancer. METHODS Thirty-four cases with thyroid cancer were collected from the Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine between 2011 and 2012. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the level of NRARP in cancer tissues. Lentivirus carrying NRARP-shRNA (Lenti-NRARP-shRNA) was applied to down-regulate NRARP expression. Cell viability was tested after treatment with Lenti-NRARP-shRNA using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Apoptosis and cell cycle distribution were determined by flow cytometry. Cell invasion was tested using Transwell invasion assay. In addition, expressions of several cell cycle-associated and apoptosis-associated proteins were examined using Western blotting after transfection. Student's t-test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), or Kaplan-Meier were used to analyze the differences between two group or three groups. RESULTS NRARP was highly expressed in thyroid cancer tissues. Lenti-NRARP-shRNA showed significantly inhibitory activities against cell growth at a multiplicity of infection of 10 or higher (P < 0.05). Lenti-NRARP-shRNA-induced G1 arrest (BHT101: 72.57% ± 5.32%; 8305C: 75.45% ± 5.26%) by promoting p21 expression, induced apoptosis by promoting bax expression and suppressing bcl-2 expression, and inhibited cell invasion by suppressing matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression. CONCLUSION Downregulation of NRARP expression exerts significant antitumor activities against cell growth and invasion of thyroid cancer, that suggests a potential role of NRARP in thyroid cancer targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Feng Chu
- Graduate School, Shanghai Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433; Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yi-Yu Qin
- Clinical College, Yancheng Institute of Health Sciences, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224000, China
| | - Sheng-Lai Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Quan
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ming-Di Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jian-Wei Bi
- Department of First General Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Cao L, Wang Z, Ma J, Chen J, Zhu H, Zhou X, Zhu Q, Dong J, Lan Q, Huang Q. Clinical characteristics and molecular pathology of skull ectopic thyroid cancer. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2016; 4:462. [PMID: 28090518 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2016.12.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is very common, but skull ectopic thyroid cancer has not been reported in 50 years of literatures in foreign countries. There are only four cases of the skull ectopic thyroid cancer reported in more than 30 years of domestic literature including the cases in this report. This paper aims to investigate the clinical characteristics and possible molecular mechanisms of this rare disease. Five keywords of "thyroid gland", "ectopic thyroid", "thyroid cancer", "ectopic thyroid cancer" and "metastatic thyroid cancer" were included and 50 years of literatures in the PubMed-MEDLINE and Wanfang database were reviewed. By combining the test data of 2 cases of surgical patient tissue microarray specimens-molecular immunology pathology, the possible molecular mechanisms were analyzed and molecular regulation network diagram was drawn. The skull ectopic thyroid cancer has not been reported in 50 years of literatures in foreign countries and there are only four cases of the skull ectopic thyroid cancer reported in more than 30 years of domestic literature including the cases in this report. The molecular expressions of skull ectopic thyroid cancer, orthotopic thyroid cancer, and metastatic thyroid cancer were not the same: (I) AKT (P=0.012, 0.002) and mTOR (P=0.002, 0.004) were highly expressed in the skull ectopic thyroid cancer; (II) BRAF (P=0.029, 0.014) and ERK (P=0.002, 0.001) were highly expressed in orthotopic thyroid cancer; (III) MMP-9 (P=0.023, 0.016) was highly expressed in metastatic thyroid cancer. According to the molecular information base, the PI3K is predicted to be a key crossing gene of the above three signaling pathways, which showed no significant differences in these three thyroid cancers (P=0.692, 0.388, 0.227), but PI3K has regulation roles in the three signaling pathways of Akt/mTOR, MAPK, and NF-κB. PI3K gene is an important starting gene of thyroid cancers. After the canceration starts, due to the fact that the local microenvironments of thyroid cancers in different parts are different, the thyroid cancers are regulated by different signaling pathways. The ectopic thyroid cancer was correlated with Akt/mTOR pathway high expression; orthotopic thyroid was related with MAPK/BRAF/ERK signaling pathway high expression; and the metastatic thyroid cancer was related with NFkB/MMP9 high expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longxing Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third People's Hospital of Zhangjiagang, Zhangjiagang 215611, China
| | - Zhongyong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Jiawei Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Jinsheng Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Haojiang Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guanghe Chinese & Western Medicine Hospital, Zhangjiagang 215633, China
| | - Xiaohua Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guanghe Chinese & Western Medicine Hospital, Zhangjiagang 215633, China
| | - Qing Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Jun Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Qing Lan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Qiang Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
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Emerging integrated nanoclay-facilitated drug delivery system for papillary thyroid cancer therapy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33335. [PMID: 27616592 PMCID: PMC5018840 DOI: 10.1038/srep33335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoclay can be incorporated into emerging dual functional drug delivery systems (DDSs) to promote efficiency in drug delivery and reduce the toxicity of doxorubicin (DOX) used for thyroid cancer treatment. This paper reports the expansion of the basal spacing of kaolinite nanoclay was expanded from 0.72 nm to 0.85 nm, which could provide sufficiently spacious site for hosting doxorubicin molecules and controlling the diffusion rate. A targeted design for papillary thyroid cancer cells was achieved by introducing KI, which is consumed by the sodium-iodide symporter (NIS). As indicated by MTT assays, confocal laser scanning microscopy and bio-TEM observations, methoxy-intercalated kaolinite (KaolinMeOH) exhibited negligible cytotoxicity against papillary thyroid cancer cells. By contrast, DOX-KaolinMeOH showed dose-dependent therapeutic effects in vitro, and KI@DOX-KaolinMeOH was found to act as a powerful targeted therapeutic drug. Furthermore, active and passive targeting strategies played a role in the accumulation of the drug molecules, as verified by an in vivo bio-distribution analysis.
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Mechanisms of apoptosis in irradiated and sunitinib-treated follicular thyroid cancer cells. Apoptosis 2014; 19:480-90. [PMID: 24213562 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-013-0937-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The multikinase inhibitor sunitinib (S) seems to have promising potential in the treatment of thyroid cancer. We focused on the impact of S and/or irradiation (R) on mechanisms of apoptosis in follicular thyroid cancer cells. The effects of R, S and their combination were evaluated 2 and 4 days after treatment, using the human thyroid cancer cell line CGTH W-1. The transcription of genes involved in the regulation of apoptosis was investigated using quantitative real-time PCR. Western blot analyses of caspases and survivin were also performed. S elevated BAX (day 4), CASP9, CASP3, BIRC5 (day 4) and PRKACA (day 4) gene expression, whereas the mRNAs of BCL2, CASP8, PRKCA, ERK1, and ERK2 were not significantly changed. S, R and R+S clearly induced caspase-9 protein and elevated caspase-3 activity. Survivin was down-regulated at day 4 in control cells and the expression was blunted by S treatment. R+S induced survivin expression at day 2 followed by a reduction at day 4 of treatment. Sunitinib and the combined application with radiation induced apoptosis in follicular thyroid cancer cells via the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. In addition, sunitinib might induce apoptosis via decreased expression of the anti-apoptotic protein survivin. These findings suggest the potential use of sunitinib for the treatment of poorly differentiated follicular thyroid carcinomas.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine cancer. This review evaluates the established use of (18)F-FDG PET/CT in papillary, follicular, Hürthle cell, anaplastic, and medullary thyroid cancers. The significance of incidental diffuse and focal thyroid FDG uptake is discussed. The evolving value of non-FDG radiotracers, including (124)I, (18)F-dihydroxyphenylalanine, and (68)Ga somatostatin analogs, is summarized. CONCLUSION PET/CT is a valuable imaging test, in the appropriate clinical context, for the management of thyroid cancers.
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Szczepanek-Parulska E, Szkudlarek M, Majewski P, Breborowicz J, Ruchala M. Thyroid nodule as a first manifestation of Hodgkin lymphoma-report of two cases and literature review. Diagn Pathol 2013; 8:116. [PMID: 23856094 PMCID: PMC3751227 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-8-116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Lymphomas account for less than 5% of thyroid malignant lesions. Vast majority of them are B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL), while Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is extremely rare. Here we present two cases of HL, at baseline manifesting as a thyroid lesion. First patient, 29-year-old pregnant female, initially suspected for metastatic medullary thyroid cancer, was eventually diagnosed with mixed cellularity type of thyroid HL. Second patient, 22-year-old woman with suspicion of advanced thyroid cancer, was in the end diagnosed with an extra-lymphatic classical HL of the thyroid. In both cases, despite repeated fine-needle aspiration biopsy, cytological examination gave inconclusive or misleading results. On histopathological examination, thyroid tumor cells were positive for CD15 and CD30 antigen, which is typical for Reed-Sternberg cells. In the report authors also discuss difficulties in management as well as potential importance of novel methods such as FISH, PCR and other molecular techniques in diagnostics of thyroid lymphomas. VIRTUAL SLIDES The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/2896947559559648.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Szczepanek-Parulska
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Pohl F, Grosse J, Grimm D, Brockhoff G, Westphal K, Moosbauer J, Koelbl O, Infanger M, Eilles C, Schoenberger J. Changes of apoptosis, p53, and bcl-2 by irradiation in poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma cell lines: a prognostic marker for the prospect of therapeutic success? Thyroid 2010; 20:159-66. [PMID: 20151823 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2008.0345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma (PDTC) has an unfavorable prognosis. Surgical management is the principal treatment approach. In addition, radioiodine treatment and external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) are given to reduce the risk of local relapse. Despite aggressive therapy, the response to treatment tends to become increasingly poorer over time. The objective of this study was to investigate the induction of apoptosis by EBRT as a function of p53 and bcl-2 protein levels in PDTC. The predictive value of these molecules with respect to treatment efficacy was evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two different cell lines of PDTC (FTC-133 and ML-1) were irradiated with a dose of 30 Gy. Apoptotic cells were quantified using terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-dUTP nick-end labeling staining without irradiation, 48 and 96 hours after irradiation. The protein levels of p53 and bcl-2 were measured simultaneously using flow cytometry and western blotting. The cell cycle distribution was determined. RESULTS Untreated FTC-133 cells showed a high rate of apoptosis, a high protein level of p53, and a low bcl-2 protein level. Forty-eight hours after irradiation, a slight reduction in apoptotic cells was observed in conjunction with an increase in bcl-2 and p53 protein levels. The slightly reduced fraction of apoptotic cells remained at the same level up to 96 hours after irradiation, whereas the p53 protein level was further downregulated. The cell cycle distribution showed a significant G2/M arrest after 48 hours and recovery 96 hours after irradiation. ML-1 cells did not show any detectable p53 levels and revealed a low rate of apoptosis which significantly increased 48 hours after irradiation. Ninety-six hours after irradiation, a decrease in apoptosis was detectable. The protein level of bcl-2 increased significantly within 48 hours and decreased 96 hours after irradiation. The cell cycle distribution showed a G2/M arrest after 48 hours without a recovery 96 hours after irradiation. CONCLUSIONS The p53 and bcl-2 expression profiles and the observed apoptotic rates of FTC-133 and ML-1 under irradiation are consistent with a more aggressive FTC-133 phenotype. Alterations in p53- and bcl-2 protein levels yield predictive information for EBRT efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Pohl
- Department of Radio-Oncology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
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