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Daniels S, Lemaire D, Lapointe T, Limebeer C, Parker L, Leri F. Effects of inescapable stress on responses to social incentive stimuli and modulation by escitalopram. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:3239-3247. [PMID: 34328518 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05940-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Stress is a well-known risk factor for anhedonia, and its impacts on social reward functions may be mitigated by its controllability. Moreover, there are questions about the effectiveness of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) on improving social hedonic functioning deficits characteristic of major depression. OBJECTIVES The current study in male Sprague-Dawley rats investigated the effects of uncontrollable stress on responses to social incentive stimuli and possible modulation by the SSRI escitalopram (ESC). METHODS The effects of inescapable foot-shocks on preferential responses to a conspecific, and to a compartment that was previously paired with the presence of a conspecific, were assessed in a Y-apparatus in rats that received 0, 5, or 10 mg/kg ESC. RESULTS Although inescapable foot-shock exposure did not significantly alter the investigation of the conspecific, it did impair the response to the social-paired compartment and, importantly, this impairment was reversed by ESC. CONCLUSION These results indicate that psychophysical stress can negatively impact reactivity to learned social rewards and that SSRI administration can have positive therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Daniels
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Danielle Lemaire
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Thomas Lapointe
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Cheryl Limebeer
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Linda Parker
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Francesco Leri
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Lowe CJ, Reichelt AC, Hall PA. The Prefrontal Cortex and Obesity: A Health Neuroscience Perspective. Trends Cogn Sci 2019; 23:349-361. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Clough SJ, Hudson RL, Dubocovich ML. Food-induced reinforcement is abrogated by the genetic deletion of the MT 1 or MT 2 melatonin receptor in C3H/HeN mice. Behav Brain Res 2018; 343:28-35. [PMID: 29374562 PMCID: PMC5842708 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Palatable food is known for its ability to enhance reinforcing responses. Studies have suggested a circadian variation in both drug and natural reinforcement, with each following its own time course. The goal of this study was to determine the role of the MT1 and MT2 melatonin receptors in palatable snack food-induced reinforcement, as measured by the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm during the light and dark phases. C3H/HeN wild-type mice were trained for snack food-induced CPP at either ZT 6 - 8 (ZT: Zeitgeber time; ZT 0 = lights on), when endogenous melatonin levels are low, or ZT 19 - 21, when melatonin levels are high. These time points also correspond to the high and low points for expression of the circadian gene Period1, respectively. The amount of snack food (chow, Cheetos®, Froot Loops® and Oreos®) consumed was of similar magnitude at both times, however only C3H/HeN mice conditioned to snack food at ZT 6 - 8 developed a place preference. C3H/HeN mice with a genetic deletion of either the MT1 (MT1KO) or MT2 (MT2KO) receptor tested at ZT 6 - 8 did not develop a place preference for snack food. Although the MT2KO mice showed a similar amount of snack food consumed when compared to wild-type mice, the MT1KO mice consumed significantly less than either genotype. We conclude that in our mouse model snack food-induced CPP is dependent on time of day and the presence of the MT1 or MT2 receptors, suggesting a role for melatonin and its receptors in snack food-induced reinforcement.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Conditioning, Psychological/physiology
- Feeding Behavior/physiology
- Feeding Behavior/psychology
- Food
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Photoperiod
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/deficiency
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/genetics
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/deficiency
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/genetics
- Reinforcement, Psychology
- Spatial Behavior/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon J Clough
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States
| | - Randall L Hudson
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States
| | - Margarita L Dubocovich
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States.
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Westwater ML, Fletcher PC, Ziauddeen H. Sugar addiction: the state of the science. Eur J Nutr 2016; 55:55-69. [PMID: 27372453 PMCID: PMC5174153 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-016-1229-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE As obesity rates continue to climb, the notion that overconsumption reflects an underlying 'food addiction' (FA) has become increasingly influential. An increasingly popular theory is that sugar acts as an addictive agent, eliciting neurobiological changes similar to those seen in drug addiction. In this paper, we review the evidence in support of sugar addiction. METHODS We reviewed the literature on food and sugar addiction and considered the evidence suggesting the addictiveness of highly processed foods, particularly those with high sugar content. We then examined the addictive potential of sugar by contrasting evidence from the animal and human neuroscience literature on drug and sugar addiction. RESULTS We find little evidence to support sugar addiction in humans, and findings from the animal literature suggest that addiction-like behaviours, such as bingeing, occur only in the context of intermittent access to sugar. These behaviours likely arise from intermittent access to sweet tasting or highly palatable foods, not the neurochemical effects of sugar. CONCLUSION Given the lack of evidence supporting it, we argue against a premature incorporation of sugar addiction into the scientific literature and public policy recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret L. Westwater
- Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB UK ,Department of Psychiatry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ UK
| | - Paul C. Fletcher
- Department of Psychiatry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ UK ,Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK ,Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Foundation Trust, Cambridge, CB21 5EF UK
| | - Hisham Ziauddeen
- Department of Psychiatry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ UK ,Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK ,Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Foundation Trust, Cambridge, CB21 5EF UK ,Box 189, Herchel Smith Building, West Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB21 5DS UK
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Intermittent feeding schedules--behavioural consequences and potential clinical significance. Nutrients 2014; 6:985-1002. [PMID: 24599157 PMCID: PMC3967173 DOI: 10.3390/nu6030985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Food availability and associated sensory cues such as olfaction are known to trigger a range of hormonal and behavioural responses. When food availability is predictable these physiological and behavioural responses can become entrained to set times and occur in anticipation of food rather than being dependent on the food-related cues. Here we summarise the range of physiological and behavioural responses to food when the time of its availability is unpredictable, and consider the potential to manipulate feeding patterns for benefit in metabolic and mental health.
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Meyer PJ, Lovic V, Saunders BT, Yager LM, Flagel SB, Morrow JD, Robinson TE. Quantifying individual variation in the propensity to attribute incentive salience to reward cues. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38987. [PMID: 22761718 PMCID: PMC3382216 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
If reward-associated cues acquire the properties of incentive stimuli they can come to powerfully control behavior, and potentially promote maladaptive behavior. Pavlovian incentive stimuli are defined as stimuli that have three fundamental properties: they are attractive, they are themselves desired, and they can spur instrumental actions. We have found, however, that there is considerable individual variation in the extent to which animals attribute Pavlovian incentive motivational properties ("incentive salience") to reward cues. The purpose of this paper was to develop criteria for identifying and classifying individuals based on their propensity to attribute incentive salience to reward cues. To do this, we conducted a meta-analysis of a large sample of rats (N = 1,878) subjected to a classic Pavlovian conditioning procedure. We then used the propensity of animals to approach a cue predictive of reward (one index of the extent to which the cue was attributed with incentive salience), to characterize two behavioral phenotypes in this population: animals that approached the cue ("sign-trackers") vs. others that approached the location of reward delivery ("goal-trackers"). This variation in Pavlovian approach behavior predicted other behavioral indices of the propensity to attribute incentive salience to reward cues. Thus, the procedures reported here should be useful for making comparisons across studies and for assessing individual variation in incentive salience attribution in small samples of the population, or even for classifying single animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J. Meyer
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Vedran Lovic
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Benjamin T. Saunders
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Lindsay M. Yager
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Shelly B. Flagel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jonathan D. Morrow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Terry E. Robinson
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
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