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E. coli Nissle 1917 is a safe mucosal delivery vector for a birch-grass pollen chimera to prevent allergic poly-sensitization. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:132-144. [PMID: 30242254 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0084-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Allergic poly-sensitization affects a large number of allergic patients and poses a great challenge for their treatment. In this study we evaluated the effects of the probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) expressing a birch and grass pollen allergen chimera 'Bet v 1, Phl p 1 and Phl p 5' (EcN-Chim) on allergy prevention after oral or intranasal application in poly-sensitized mice. In contrast to oral application, intranasal pretreatment with EcN-Chim prior to poly-sensitization led to a significant reduction of lung inflammation (eosinophils, IL-5, and IL-13 in bronchoalveolar lavage) along with suppressed levels of allergen-specific serum IgE. The suppression was associated with increased levels of allergen-specific IgA in lungs and serum IgG2a along with increased Foxp3, TGF-β, and IL-10 mRNA in bronchial lymph nodes. In vitro EcN induced high levels of IL-10 and IL-6 in both lung and intestinal epithelial cells. Importantly, using in vivo imaging techniques we demonstrated that intranasally applied EcN do not permanently colonize nose, lung, and gut and this strain might therefore be a safe delivery vector against allergy in humans. In conclusion, our data show that intranasal application of recombinant EcN expressing a multiallergen chimera presents a novel and promising treatment strategy for prevention of allergic poly-sensitization.
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2
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Smole U, Schabussova I, Pickl WF, Wiedermann U. Murine models for mucosal tolerance in allergy. Semin Immunol 2017; 30:12-27. [PMID: 28807539 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Immunity is established by a fine balance to discriminate between self and non-self. In addition, mucosal surfaces have the unique ability to establish and maintain a state of tolerance also against non-self constituents such as those represented by the large numbers of commensals populating mucosal surfaces and food-derived or air-borne antigens. Recent years have seen a dramatic expansion in our understanding of the basic mechanisms and the involved cellular and molecular players orchestrating mucosal tolerance. As a direct outgrowth, promising prophylactic and therapeutic models for mucosal tolerance induction against usually innocuous antigens (derived from food and aeroallergen sources) have been developed. A major theme in the past years was the introduction of improved formulations and novel adjuvants into such allergy vaccines. This review article describes basic mechanisms of mucosal tolerance induction and contrasts the peculiarities but also the interdependence of the gut and respiratory tract associated lymphoid tissues in that context. Particular emphasis is put on delineating the current prophylactic and therapeutic strategies to study and improve mucosal tolerance induction in allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Smole
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Irma Schabussova
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Winfried F Pickl
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Ursula Wiedermann
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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3
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Nony E, Martelet A, Jain K, Moingeon P. Allergen extracts for immunotherapy: to mix or not to mix? Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2016; 9:401-8. [PMID: 26652799 DOI: 10.1586/17512433.2015.1131122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) is established as a curative treatment for allergic rhinitis, asthma, as well as insect venom allergy. AIT is based on the administration of natural allergen extracts via the subcutaneous or sublingual routes to reorient the immune system towards tolerogenic mechanisms. In this regard, since many patients are poly-allergic, mixtures of allergen extracts are often used with a potential risk to cause allergen degradation, thereby affecting treatment efficacy. Herein, we discuss the advantages and drawbacks of mixing homologous (i.e., related) or heterogeneous (i.e., unrelated) allergen extracts. We provide evidence for incompatibilities between mixes of grass pollen and house dust mite extracts containing bodies and feces, and summarize critical points to consider when mixing allergen extracts for AIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Nony
- a Research and Development , Stallergenes Greer , Antony cedex , France
| | - Armelle Martelet
- a Research and Development , Stallergenes Greer , Antony cedex , France
| | - Karine Jain
- a Research and Development , Stallergenes Greer , Antony cedex , France
| | - Philippe Moingeon
- a Research and Development , Stallergenes Greer , Antony cedex , France
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4
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Akdis M. New treatments for allergen immunotherapy. World Allergy Organ J 2014; 7:23. [PMID: 25258656 PMCID: PMC4174392 DOI: 10.1186/1939-4551-7-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergen-specific immunotherapy (SIT) represents the only curative and specific way for the treatment of allergic diseases, which have reached a pandemic dimension in industrial countries affecting up to 20-30% of the population. Although applied for 100 years to cure allergy, SIT still faces several problems related to side effects and limited efficacy. Currently, allergen-SIT is performed with vaccines based on allergen extracts that can cause severe, often life threatening, anaphylactic reactions as well as new IgE sensitization to other allergens present in the extract. Low patient adherence and high costs due to long duration (3 to 5 years) of treatment have been commonly reported. Several strategies have been developed to tackle these issues and it became possible to produce recombinant allergen-SIT vaccines with reduced allergenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mübeccel Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF) Davos, Obere Strasse 22, CH-7270 Davos Platz, Switzerland ; Christine Kühne - Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos Platz, Switzerland
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5
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Moraes AH, Ackerbauer D, Kostadinova M, Bublin M, de Oliveira GA, Ferreira F, Almeida FCL, Breiteneder H, Valente AP. Solution and high-pressure NMR studies of the structure, dynamics, and stability of the cross-reactive allergenic cod parvalbumin Gad m 1. Proteins 2014; 82:3032-42. [PMID: 25116395 DOI: 10.1002/prot.24664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Beta-parvalbumins from different fish species have been identified as the main elicitors of IgE-mediated reactions in fish-allergic individuals. Here, we report for the first time the NMR determination of the structure and dynamics of the major Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) allergen Gad m 1 and compare them with other known parvalbumins. Although the Gad m 1 structure and accessibility of putative IgE epitopes are similar to parvalbumins in mackerel and carp, the charge distribution at the putative epitopes is different. The determination of the Gad m 1 structure contributes to a better understanding of cross-reactivity among fish parvalbumins. In addition, the high-pressure NMR and temperature variation experiments revealed the important contribution of the AB motif and other regions to the protein folding. This structural information could assist the future identification of hot spots for targeted mutations to develop hypoallergenic Ca(2+) -free forms for potential use in immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adolfo H Moraes
- Department of Structural Biology, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, National Center of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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6
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Wallner M, Pichler U, Ferreira F. Recombinant allergens for pollen immunotherapy. Immunotherapy 2014; 5:1323-38. [PMID: 24283843 DOI: 10.2217/imt.13.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Specific immunotherapy (IT) represents the only potentially curative therapeutic intervention of allergic diseases capable of suppressing allergy-associated symptoms not only during treatment, but also after its cessation. Presently, IT is performed with allergen extracts, which represent a heterogeneous mixture of allergenic, as well as nonallergenic, compounds of a given allergen source. To overcome many of the problems associated with extract-based IT, strategies based on the use of recombinant allergens or derivatives thereof have been developed. This review focuses on recombinant technologies to produce allergy therapeuticals, especially for allergies caused by tree, grass and weed pollen, as they are among the most prevalent allergic disorders affecting the population of industrialized societies. The reduction of IgE-binding of recombinant allergen derivatives appears to be mandatory to increase the safety profile of vaccine candidates. Moreover, increased immunogenicity is expected to reduce the dosage regimes of the presently cumbersome treatment. In this regard, it has been convincingly demonstrated in animal models that hypoallergenic molecules can be engineered to harbor inherent antiallergenic immunologic properties. Thus, strategies to modulate the allergenic and immunogenic properties of recombinant allergens will be discussed in detail. In recent years, several successful clinical studies using recombinant wild-type or hypoallergens as active ingredients have been published and, currently, novel treatment forms with higher safety and efficacy profiles are under investigation in clinical trials. These recent developments are summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wallner
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Allergy Diagnosis & Therapy, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
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Aryan Z, Compalati E, Comapalati E, Canonica GW, Rezaei N. Allergen-specific immunotherapy in asthmatic children: from the basis to clinical applications. Expert Rev Vaccines 2013; 12:639-59. [PMID: 23750794 DOI: 10.1586/erv.13.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Atopic asthma in childhood with the tendency to persist into adult life is an important issue in pediatrics. Allergen-specific immunotherapy (SIT) is the only curative treatment option for these children, being directed to the causes of the disease. The Th2 phenotype is a predominant immunological pattern in atopic asthma and SIT leads to apoptosis/anergy of T cells and induces immune-regulatory responses and immune deviation towards Th1. Many factors can affect the safety and efficacy of SIT, such as pattern of sensitization, allergy vaccine (allergen extracts, adjuvants and conjugated molecules), route of administration (subcutaneous or sublingual) and different treatment schedules. Overall, asthma symptoms and medication scores usually decrease following a SIT course and the most common observed side effects are restricted to local swelling, erythema and pruritus. Compared with conventional pharmacotherapy, SIT may be more cost effective, providing a benefit after discontinuation and a steroid-sparing effect. In addition, it can prevent new sensitizations in monosensitized asthmatic children. Microbial supplements such as probiotics, immunomodulatory substances like anti-IgE/leukotrienes, antibodies and newer allergen preparations such as recombinant forms have been tested to improve the efficacy and safety of SIT with inconclusive results. In conclusion, SIT provides an appropriate solution for childhood asthma that should be employed more often in clinical practice. Further studies are awaited to improve current knowledge regarding the mechanisms behind SIT and determine the most appropriate materials and schedule of immunotherapy for children with asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Aryan
- Molecular Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Moraes AH, Ackerbauer D, Kostadinova M, Bublin M, Ferreira F, Almeida FCL, Breiteneder H, Valente AP. ¹H, ¹³C and ¹⁵N resonance assignments and second structure information of Gad m 1: a β-parvalbumin allergen from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). BIOMOLECULAR NMR ASSIGNMENTS 2013; 7:133-136. [PMID: 22585088 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-012-9393-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Gad m 1 is the major allergen from Atlantic cod. It belongs to β-parvalbumin protein family and is characterized by the presence of two calcium-binding sites so called EF-hand motifs. β-Parvalbumins such as Gad m 1 are the most important fish allergens and their high cross-reactivity is the cause of the observed polysensitization to various fish species in allergic patients. Despite extensive efforts, the complete elucidation of β-parvalbumin-IgE complexes has not been achieved yet. Allergen structural studies are essential for the development of novel immunotherapy strategies, including vaccination with hypoallergenic derivatives and chimeric molecules. Here, we report for the first time the NMR study of a β-parvalbumin: Gad m 1. This report includes: (1)H, (13)C and (15)N resonance assignments of Gad m 1 as well as the second structure information based on the (13)C chemical shifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Moraes
- Centro Nacional de Ressonância Magnética, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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9
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Hoflehner E, Hufnagl K, Schabussova I, Jasinska J, Hoffmann-Sommergruber K, Bohle B, Maizels RM, Wiedermann U. Prevention of birch pollen-related food allergy by mucosal treatment with multi-allergen-chimers in mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39409. [PMID: 22768077 PMCID: PMC3387141 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Among birch pollen allergic patients up to 70% develop allergic reactions to Bet v 1-homologue food allergens such as Api g 1 (celery) or Dau c 1 (carrot), termed as birch pollen-related food allergy. In most cases, specific immunotherapy with birch pollen extracts does not reduce allergic symptoms to the homologue food allergens. We therefore genetically engineered a multi-allergen chimer and tested if mucosal treatment with this construct could represent a novel approach for prevention of birch pollen-related food allergy. Methodology BALB/c mice were poly-sensitized with a mixture of Bet v 1, Api g 1 and Dau c 1 followed by a sublingual challenge with carrot, celery and birch pollen extracts. For prevention of allergy sensitization an allergen chimer composed of immunodominant T cell epitopes of Api g 1 and Dau c 1 linked to the whole Bet v 1 allergen, was intranasally applied prior to sensitization. Results Intranasal pretreatment with the allergen chimer led to significantly decreased antigen-specific IgE-dependent β-hexosaminidase release, but enhanced allergen-specific IgG2a and IgA antibodies. Accordingly, IL-4 levels in spleen cell cultures and IL-5 levels in restimulated spleen and cervical lymph node cell cultures were markedly reduced, while IFN-γ levels were increased. Immunomodulation was associated with increased IL-10, TGF-β and Foxp3 mRNA levels in NALT and Foxp3 in oral mucosal tissues. Treatment with anti-TGF-β, anti-IL10R or anti-CD25 antibodies abrogated the suppression of allergic responses induced by the chimer. Conclusion Our results indicate that mucosal application of the allergen chimer led to decreased Th2 immune responses against Bet v 1 and its homologue food allergens Api g 1 and Dau c 1 by regulatory and Th1-biased immune responses. These data suggest that mucosal treatment with a multi-allergen vaccine could be a promising treatment strategy to prevent birch pollen-related food allergy.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Intranasal
- Allergens/immunology
- Allergens/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Blocking/pharmacology
- Antigens, Plant/immunology
- Basophils/drug effects
- Basophils/immunology
- Basophils/physiology
- Betula/immunology
- Cell Degranulation/drug effects
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Epitopes/immunology
- Female
- Food Hypersensitivity/immunology
- Food Hypersensitivity/pathology
- Food Hypersensitivity/prevention & control
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Immunity, Cellular/drug effects
- Immunity, Cellular/immunology
- Immunity, Humoral/drug effects
- Immunity, Humoral/immunology
- Immunization
- Immunoglobulin E/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Nasal Mucosa/drug effects
- Nasal Mucosa/immunology
- Pollen/immunology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Hoflehner
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Hufnagl
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Irma Schabussova
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Joanna Jasinska
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Hoffmann-Sommergruber
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Bohle
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rick M. Maizels
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ursula Wiedermann
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
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10
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Oral administration of allergen extracts from mugwort pollen desensitizes specific allergen-induced allergy in mice. Vaccine 2012; 30:1437-44. [PMID: 22240342 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Revised: 12/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Clinically, sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) using allergen extracts effectively alleviates the symptoms of allergic rhinitis and asthma. We hypothesized that oral administration of a high-dose of allergen extracts imitates SLIT, which may prevent IgE-related responses in allergic diseases. In the present study, we investigated the effects of oral administration of allergen extracts from mugwort pollen (MP) on allergen-induced inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in an allergic mouse model. After administration of MPdrop containing Art v 1 and Art v 4 extracts derived from MP specifically in MP-sensitized mice, the effects of MPdrop on AHR, inflammatory cell accumulation, cytokine production in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lung tissue, and serum IgE and IgG levels were investigated. The results indicated that MPdrop not only prevented the AHR in response to methacholine in a dose-dependent manner but also significantly reduced the total serum and allergen-specific IgE levels. All of the maximal effects were achieved at a dose of 100μg/(kgd) and were comparable to the effects of dexamethasone at a dose of 0.5mg/(kgd). Furthermore, oral administration of MPdrop dose-dependently elevated allergen-specific serum IgG2a levels, reduced total and allergen-specific IgE levels and normalized the imbalance between the Th1 cytokine IL-12 and Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-5. Finally, oral administration of MPdrop significantly reduced goblet cell hyperplasia and eosinophilia in the MP-sensitized allergic mouse model. These data suggest that MPdrop effectively improves specific allergen-induced inflammation and AHR in MP-sensitized and -challenged mice and provides the rationale for clinical use of MPdrop in the specific allergen-induced asthma.
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Baranyi U, Gattringer M, Valenta R, Wekerle T. Cell-based therapy in allergy. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2011; 352:161-79. [PMID: 21598105 DOI: 10.1007/82_2011_127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
IgE-mediated allergy is an immunological disorder occurring in response to otherwise harmless environmental antigens (i.e., allergens). Development of effective therapeutic or preventive approaches inducing robust tolerance toward allergens remains an unmet goal. Several experimental tolerance approaches have been described. The therapeutic use of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and the establishment of molecular chimerism are two cell-based strategies that are of particular interest. Treg therapy is close to clinical application, but its efficacy remains to be fully defined. Recent proof-of-concept studies demonstrated that transplantation of syngeneic hematopoietic stem cells modified in vitro to express a major allergen leads to molecular chimerism and robust allergen-specific tolerance. Here we review cell-based tolerance strategies in allergy, discussing their potentials and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Baranyi
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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12
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Mutschlechner S, Deifl S, Bohle B. Genetic allergen modification in the development of novel approaches to specific immunotherapy. Clin Exp Allergy 2009; 39:1635-42. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2009.03317.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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13
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Razzera G, Gadermaier G, Almeida MS, Ferreira F, Almeida FCL, Valente AP. Sequence-specific 1H, 15N and 13C resonance assignments of Art v 1: a proline-rich allergen of Artemisia vulgaris pollen. BIOMOLECULAR NMR ASSIGNMENTS 2009; 3:103-106. [PMID: 19636957 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-009-9151-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2009] [Accepted: 02/22/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Art v 1 is the major allergen of Artemisia vulgaris. The IgE raised against Art v 1 not only can cross-react with other proteins from the Asteraceae family members but also with components of various forms of food. Art v 1 is an important target for immunotherapy strategies, including vaccination with hypoallergenic derivatives or chimeras. We report the (1)H, (13)C, and (15)N resonance assignments of the recombinant Art v 1 and identification of secondary structures based on (13)C chemical shifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Razzera
- Centro Nacional de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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14
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Abstract
Allergy, extrinsic asthma and atopic eczema derive from deregulated immune responses against innocuous antigens. The incidence of atopic diseases is actually affecting approximately 30% of the population in industrialized countries. Although much progress has been achieved in the development of efficient symptomatic treatments for allergic diseases, the only curative treatment remains allergen-specific immunotherapy. In contrast to classical vaccines, which elicit strong host immune responses after one or a few injections, allergen-specific immunotherapy might require a long treatment time of 3-5 years with up to 80 injections to confer some protection. The reality is that 'allergy vaccines' achieve beneficial effects through immunomodulation, which takes a long time to establish. The dream would be to develop highly efficient allergy vaccines able to cure the disease with a few injections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reto Crameri
- Professor, Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), Head Molecular Allergology Department, Obere Strasse 22, CH-7270 Davos, Switzerland.
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15
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Bublin M, Hoflehner E, Wagner B, Radauer C, Wagner S, Hufnagl K, Allwardt D, Kundi M, Scheiner O, Wiedermann U, Breiteneder H. Use of a genetic cholera toxin B subunit/allergen fusion molecule as mucosal delivery system with immunosuppressive activity against Th2 immune responses. Vaccine 2007; 25:8395-404. [PMID: 17997199 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2007] [Revised: 10/03/2007] [Accepted: 10/03/2007] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Induction of peripheral tolerance can be facilitated when the antigen is linked to the B subunit of cholera toxin (CTB), an efficient mucosal carrier. In the present study, a genetic fusion molecule of Bet v 1 and CTB was produced to test whether mucosal application of this construct would lead to suppression of Th2 responses. Intranasal pretreatment of BALB/c mice with rCTB-Bet v 1 prior to allergic sensitisation with the allergen significantly decreased IgE but markedly increased allergen-specific IgG2a levels in sera as well as IFN-gamma production of splenocytes. This Th1 shift was supported by an increased T-bet/GATA3 mRNA ratio. IL-5 production within the airways was suppressed after the pretreatment with rCTB-Bet v 1, while local allergen-specific IgA antibodies were markedly enhanced by pretreatment with the construct. Upregulation of Foxp3, IL-10 and TGF-beta mRNA expression was detected in splenocytes after pretreatment with unconjugated allergen but not with the fusion molecule, indicating that antigen conjugation to a mucosal carrier modifies the immunomodulating properties of an antigen/allergen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merima Bublin
- Department of Pathophysiology, Center for Physiology, Pathophysiology & Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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16
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Martínez Gómez JM, Fischer S, Csaba N, Kündig TM, Merkle HP, Gander B, Johansen P. A protective allergy vaccine based on CpG- and protamine-containing PLGA microparticles. Pharm Res 2007; 24:1927-35. [PMID: 17541735 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-007-9318-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2007] [Accepted: 04/16/2007] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Allergen-specific immunotherapy (SIT) requires dozens of subcutaneous injections over 3 to 5 years in order to control IgE-mediated hypersensitivity, which is a T-helper 2 (Th2)-associated pathology. This study investigates the use of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microparticles combined with immunostimulatory oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG), as well as protamine in SIT. MATERIALS AND METHODS We prepared microparticle formulations with the major allergen of bee venom, phospholipase A2 (PLA2), and analyzed the effect of co-encapsulated or admixed CpG in both naïve and bee venom allergic mice. RESULTS Mice immunized with microparticles containing only PLA2 induced weak antibody responses. In contrast, the combination with CpG resulted in strong PLA2-specific antibody responses. The presence of CpG was required for the induction of the Th1-associated isotype IgG2a, and the titers of IgG2a in sensitized mice correlated with a better protection against an allergen challenge. The effect of CpG was further strengthened when protamine was co-encapsulated for complexation of CpG. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that allergen-specific immunotherapy with a PLGA-based allergen-delivery system in combination with CpG enhanced the induction of protective IgG2a immune responses. This may improve SIT compliance and shorten its duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Martínez Gómez
- Unit for Experimental Immunotherapy, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Gloriastrasse 31, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
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