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Khan AA, Alsahli MA, Rahmani AH. Myeloperoxidase as an Active Disease Biomarker: Recent Biochemical and Pathological Perspectives. Med Sci (Basel) 2018; 6:medsci6020033. [PMID: 29669993 PMCID: PMC6024665 DOI: 10.3390/medsci6020033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) belongs to the family of heme-containing peroxidases, produced mostly from polymorphonuclear neutrophils. The active enzyme (150 kDa) is the product of the MPO gene located on long arm of chromosome 17. The primary gene product undergoes several modifications, such as the removal of introns and signal peptides, and leads to the formation of enzymatically inactive glycosylated apoproMPO which complexes with chaperons, producing inactive proMPO by the insertion of a heme moiety. The active enzyme is a homodimer of heavy and light chain protomers. This enzyme is released into the extracellular fluid after oxidative stress and different inflammatory responses. Myeloperoxidase is the only type of peroxidase that uses H₂O₂ to oxidize several halides and pseudohalides to form different hypohalous acids. So, the antibacterial activities of MPO involve the production of reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species. Controlled MPO release at the site of infection is of prime importance for its efficient activities. Any uncontrolled degranulation exaggerates the inflammation and can also lead to tissue damage even in absence of inflammation. Several types of tissue injuries and the pathogenesis of several other major chronic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, cardiovascular diseases, liver diseases, diabetes, and cancer have been reported to be linked with MPO-derived oxidants. Thus, the enhanced level of MPO activity is one of the best diagnostic tools of inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers among these commonly-occurring diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad A Khan
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, AlQassim, P.O. Box 6699, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammed A Alsahli
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, AlQassim, P.O. Box 6699, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Arshad H Rahmani
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, AlQassim, P.O. Box 6699, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia.
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Boussif A, Rolas L, Weiss E, Bouriche H, Moreau R, Périanin A. Impaired intracellular signaling, myeloperoxidase release and bactericidal activity of neutrophils from patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2016; 64:1041-1048. [PMID: 26719020 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Myeloperoxidase exocytosis and production of hydrogen peroxide via the neutrophil superoxide-generating nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase contribute to efficient elimination of bacteria. Cirrhosis impairs immune functions and increases susceptibility to bacterial infection. We recently showed that neutrophils from patients with decompensated alcoholic cirrhosis exhibit a severe impairment of formylpeptide receptor (fPR)-mediated intracellular signaling and superoxide production. Here, we performed ex vivo studies with these patients' neutrophils to further investigate myeloperoxidase release, bactericidal capacity and signaling events following fPR stimulation by the formylpeptide formyl-met-leu-phe (fMLP). METHODS Myeloperoxidase release was studied by measuring extracellular myeloperoxidase activity. Activation of signaling effectors was studied by Western blot and their respective contribution to myeloperoxidase release studied using pharmacological antagonists. RESULTS fMLP-induced myeloperoxidase release was strongly impaired in patients' neutrophils whereas the intracellular myeloperoxidase stock was unaltered. The fMLP-induced phosphorylation of major signaling effectors, AKT, ERK1/2 and p38-MAP-Kinases, was also strongly deficient despite a similar expression of signaling effectors or fPR. However, based on effector inhibition in healthy neutrophils, AKT and p38-MAPK but not ERK1/2 upregulated fMLP-induced myeloperoxidase exocytosis. Interestingly, patients' neutrophils exhibited a defective bactericidal capacity that was reversed ex vivo by the TLR7/8 agonist CL097, through potentiation of the fMLP-induced AKT/p38-MAPK signaling axis and myeloperoxidase release. CONCLUSIONS We provide first evidence that neutrophils from patients with decompensated alcoholic cirrhosis exhibit a deficient AKT/p38-MAPK signaling, myeloperoxidase release and bactericidal activity, which can be reversed via TLR7/8 activation. These defects, together with the previously described severe deficient superoxide production, may increase cirrhotic patients' susceptibility to bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelali Boussif
- INSERM UMRS-1149, Faculté de Médécine X. Bichat, 75018 Paris, France; CNRS ERL 8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, 75018 Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, 75018 Paris, France; Université de Batna, Faculté des Sciences, Département de Biologie, Algeria
| | - Loïc Rolas
- INSERM UMRS-1149, Faculté de Médécine X. Bichat, 75018 Paris, France; CNRS ERL 8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, 75018 Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Weiss
- INSERM UMRS-1149, Faculté de Médécine X. Bichat, 75018 Paris, France; CNRS ERL 8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, 75018 Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, 75018 Paris, France; Département d'Anesthésie Réanimation, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP, 92118 Clichy, France
| | - Hamama Bouriche
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Appliquée, Département de Biochimie, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de Vie, Université Ferhat Abbas, Sétif 1, Algeria
| | - Richard Moreau
- INSERM UMRS-1149, Faculté de Médécine X. Bichat, 75018 Paris, France; CNRS ERL 8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, 75018 Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, 75018 Paris, France; Département Hospitalo-Universitaire (DHU) Unity, Service d'Hépatologie, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP, 92118 Clichy, France
| | - Axel Périanin
- INSERM UMRS-1149, Faculté de Médécine X. Bichat, 75018 Paris, France; CNRS ERL 8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, 75018 Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, 75018 Paris, France.
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Liu QC, Liu LL, Ren Y, Lin SD. Neutrophil dysfunction in patients with liver cirrhosis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:4838-4843. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i30.4838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver cirrhosis is the final stage of chronic liver disease of any causes, in which the defensive reaction to infections is reducing. Patients with liver cirrhosis are at an increased risk of infections, sepsis and death. Neutrophils are an essential component of the innate immune response and the first line of defense to resist all kinds of detrimental factor, and participate in specific immunity. Immune dysfunction in cirrhosis is associated with neutrophil dysfunction. This paper reviews the neutrophil dysfunction and its pathogenesis in liver cirrhosis.
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Rolas L, Makhezer N, Hadjoudj S, El-Benna J, Djerdjouri B, Elkrief L, Moreau R, Périanin A. Inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin aggravates the respiratory burst defect of neutrophils from decompensated patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology 2013; 57:1163-71. [PMID: 23080369 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cirrhosis is commonly accompanied by impaired defense functions of polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNs), increased patient susceptibility to infections, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). PMN antimicrobial activity is dependent on a massive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) 2 (NADPH oxidase 2; NOX2), termed respiratory burst (RB). Rapamycin, an antagonist of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), may be used in the treatment of HCC and in transplanted patients. However, the effect of mTOR inhibition on the PMN RB of patients with cirrhosis remains unexplored and was studied here using the bacterial peptide, formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP), as an RB inducer. fMLP-induced RB of PMN from patients with decompensated alcoholic cirrhosis was strongly impaired (30%-35% of control) as a result of intracellular signaling alterations. Blocking mTOR activation (phospho-S2448-mTOR) with rapamycin further aggravated the RB defect. Rapamycin also inhibited the RB of healthy PMNs, which was associated with impaired phosphorylation of the NOX2 component, p47phox (phox: phagocyte oxidase), on its mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) site (S345) as well as a preferential inhibition of p38-MAPK relative to p44/42-MAPK. However, rapamycin did not alter the fMLP-induced membrane association of p47phox and p38-MAPK in patients' PMNs, but did prevent their phosphorylation at the membranes. The mTOR contribution to fMLP-induced RB, phosphorylation of p47phox and p38-MAPK was further confirmed by mTOR knockdown in HL-60 cells. Finally, rapamycin impaired PMN bactericidal activity, but not bacterial uptake. CONCLUSION mTOR significantly up-regulates the PMN RB of patients with cirrhosis by p38-MAPK activation. Consequently, mTOR inhibition by rapamycin dramatically aggravates their PMN RB defect, which may increase patients' susceptibility to infection. Thus, concerns should be raised about the use of rapamycin in immuno-depressed patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Rolas
- INSERM U773, CRB3, Faculté de Médécine X. Bichat, Paris, France
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Koestenbauer S, Stiegler P, Stadlbauer V, Mayrhauser U, Leber B, Schweiger M, Wasler A, Prenner G, Sereinigg M, Zelzer S, Stojakovic T, Scarpatetti M, Griesbacher A, Greilberger J, Tscheliessnigg K. Myeloperoxidase and carbonyl proteins: promising markers for non-invasive monitoring of graft rejection after heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2010; 29:1352-7. [PMID: 20591692 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2010.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Revised: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND After heart transplantation (HTx), endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) is currently the standard method to diagnose acute graft rejection. A non-invasive marker of rejection would be desirable as an alternative or to permit more selective use of the costly and invasive EMB. METHODS In this retrospective study, outcomes of routinely taken EMBs were used to select 28 patients after HTx EMB Grade 0R (8 patients), 1R (9 patients) or 2R (11 patients). For these patients, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and carbonyl proteins (CP) in serum were measured using enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA). RESULTS MPO and CP levels in post-HTx patients with Grade 2R rejection were significantly (MPO: p < 0.01; CP: p < 0.001) elevated at the time of rejection compared with levels 1 month earlier. MPO and CP levels predicted Grade 2R rejection and the best cut-off point was 237.5 μg/l for MPO and 222.5 pmol/mg for CP, respectively. Clinically most important was the marked increase (doubling of basic values within 1 month) of MPO and CP levels in cases of Grade 2R rejection in post-HTx patients. CONCLUSIONS MPO and CP seem to be appropriate parameters to monitor rejection events non-invasively and to minimize the application of EMBs after HTx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Koestenbauer
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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