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Daei Sorkhabi A, Komijani E, Sarkesh A, Ghaderi Shadbad P, Aghebati-Maleki A, Aghebati-Maleki L. Advances in immune checkpoint-based immunotherapies for multiple sclerosis: rationale and practice. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:321. [PMID: 37946301 PMCID: PMC10634124 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01289-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Beyond the encouraging results and broad clinical applicability of immune checkpoint (ICP) inhibitors in cancer therapy, ICP-based immunotherapies in the context of autoimmune disease, particularly multiple sclerosis (MS), have garnered considerable attention and hold great potential for developing effective therapeutic strategies. Given the well-established immunoregulatory role of ICPs in maintaining a balance between stimulatory and inhibitory signaling pathways to promote immune tolerance to self-antigens, a dysregulated expression pattern of ICPs has been observed in a significant proportion of patients with MS and its animal model called experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), which is associated with autoreactivity towards myelin and neurodegeneration. Consequently, there is a rationale for developing immunotherapeutic strategies to induce inhibitory ICPs while suppressing stimulatory ICPs, including engineering immune cells to overexpress ligands for inhibitory ICP receptors, such as program death-1 (PD-1), or designing fusion proteins, namely abatacept, to bind and inhibit the co-stimulatory pathways involved in overactivated T-cell mediated autoimmunity, and other strategies that will be discussed in-depth in the current review. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Daei Sorkhabi
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Erfan Komijani
- Department of Veterinary, Medicine, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Aila Sarkesh
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Pedram Ghaderi Shadbad
- Department of Veterinary, Medicine, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Aghebati-Maleki
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Leili Aghebati-Maleki
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Genetic variability of molecules involved in the disease pathogenesis in Leishmania infection. Exp Parasitol 2020; 218:108007. [PMID: 32979344 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.108007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are the primary host cell for Leishmania parasites, by Toll like receptors (TLR-MyD88) that are central components of the innate and adaptive immunity against leishmania infection. The CD40/CD40L interaction has also been shown to be important in resistance to various protozoa. In this context, one of the most important properties of suppressors of cytokine signalling (SOCS) proteins, especially SOCS1 and SOCS3, is the regulation of macrophages cell for Leishmania parasites. In the present study we evaluated variants of molecules involved in activation and modulation of leishmanicidal signaling cascades and the possible associations between polymorphisms present in the TLR2, TLR4, MyD88, CD40, SOCS1, SOCS3 genes with susceptibility/resistent to Leishmania. The results suggest the absence of any association between TLR2 and TLR4 variants and susceptibility to Leishmaniasis. Analysis of the nucleotide sequence encoding the TIR recognition domain of the MyD88 molecule showed that it is highly conserved when compared to the reference sequences. In contrast, heterozygous rs 12953258, which reflects a decrease in the expression of SOCS3, suggesting that it may be involved in the leishmaniasis susceptibility. This study is a first advance in the analysis of polymorphisms of genes involved in the signaling pathway of the macrophage and their relationship with leishmaniases infection and disease progression.
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Association between CD40 rs1883832 and immune-related diseases susceptibility: A meta-analysis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:102235-102243. [PMID: 29254239 PMCID: PMC5731949 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/objective It has been reported that CD40 rs1883832 might be associated with immune-related diseases susceptibility. Owing to mixed and inconclusive results, we conducted a meta-analysis of case–control studies to summarize and clarify this association. Methods/main results A systematic search of studies on the association between CD40 rs1883832 and immune-related diseases susceptibility was conducted in databases. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were used to pool the effect size. 40 articles were included in our meta-analysis. Conclusions CD40 rs1883832 is associated with decreased risk of Graves’ disease, especially in Asian; CD40 rs1883832 is associated with increased risk of multiple sclerosis; CD40 -1C>T (rs1883832) is not associated with the susceptibility of Hashimoto's thyroiditis, systemic sclerosis or Asthma; there is insufficient data to fully confirm the association between CD40 rs1883832 and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Behçet's disease (BD), myasthenia gravis (MG), Crohn's disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC), Sarcoidosis, Fuch uveitis syndrome (FUS), Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome (VKH), Kawasaki disease (KD), giant cell arteritis (GCA) or Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP).
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Mathias A, Perriard G, Canales M, Soneson C, Delorenzi M, Schluep M, Du Pasquier RA. Increased ex vivo antigen presentation profile of B cells in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2016; 23:802-809. [PMID: 27503907 DOI: 10.1177/1352458516664210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is thought to be T cell mediated but the mechanisms eliciting such a dysregulated adaptative immune response remain enigmatic. OBJECTIVE To examine the activation profile of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in MS. METHODS A total of 98 study subjects were enrolled including patients suffering from relapsing-remitting, secondary- and primary-progressive (PP) MS, other inflammatory neurological diseases, and healthy controls. Blood monocytes and B cells were stimulated using specific ligands of toll-like receptors (TLRs) or inflammasomes or Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) particles. Their activation profile was determined before or after stimulation by flow cytometry (CD40, CD80, CD83, CD86, and human leukocyte antigen-antigen D related (HLA-DR)) and Luminex assay, measuring the concentration of eight cytokines in culture supernatants. Differences among groups were assessed in a linear model framework. RESULTS We demonstrate that relapsing MS patients exhibit an increased expression of HLA-DR and CD40 ex vivo, mostly at the surface of B cells. Specific stimulations of TLR or inflammasomes enhance the expression of components of the immunological synapse and the cytokine secretion but without differences between categories of study subjects. CONCLUSION These data suggest that the activation profile of B cells is increased in MS. However, the perception of the danger signal by B lymphocytes and monocytes does not seem to be different in MS patients as compared to control subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Mathias
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume Perriard
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mathieu Canales
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Charlotte Soneson
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mauro Delorenzi
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland/Ludwig Center for Cancer Research and Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Myriam Schluep
- Service of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Renaud A Du Pasquier
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland/Service of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Cassiano GC, Santos EJM, Maia MHT, Furini ADC, Storti-Melo LM, Tomaz FMB, Trindade PCA, Capobianco MP, Amador MAT, Viana GMR, Póvoa MM, Santos SEB, Machado RLD. Impact of population admixture on the distribution of immune response co-stimulatory genes polymorphisms in a Brazilian population. Hum Immunol 2015; 76:836-42. [PMID: 26429313 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2015.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Co-stimulatory molecules are essential in the orchestration of immune response and polymorphisms in their genes are associated with various diseases. However, in the case of variable allele frequencies among continental populations, this variation can lead to biases in genetic studies conducted in admixed populations such as those from Brazil. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of genomic ancestry on distributions of co-stimulatory genes polymorphisms in an admixed Brazilian population. A total of 273 individuals from the north of Brazil participated in this study. Nine single nucleotide polymorphisms in 7 genes (CD28, CTLA4, ICOS, CD86, CD40, CD40L and BLYS) were determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. We also investigated 48 insertion/deletion ancestry markers to characterize individual African, European and Amerindian ancestry proportions in the samples. The analysis showed that the main contribution was European (43.9%) but also a significant contribution of African (31.6%) and Amerindian (24.5%) ancestry. ICOS, CD40L and CD86 polymorphisms were associated with genomic ancestry. However there were no significant differences in the proportions of ancestry for the other SNPs and haplotypes studied. Our findings reinforce the need to apply AIMs in genetic association studies involving these polymorphisms in the Brazilian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Capatti Cassiano
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil; Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, Centro de Investigação de Microrganismos, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Adriana da Cruz Furini
- Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, Centro de Investigação de Microrganismos, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Franciele Maira Batista Tomaz
- Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, Centro de Investigação de Microrganismos, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Marcela Petrolini Capobianco
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil; Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, Centro de Investigação de Microrganismos, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Giselle Maria Rachid Viana
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Básicas em Malária, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Marinete Marins Póvoa
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Básicas em Malária, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Luiz Dantas Machado
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil; Laboratório de Pesquisas Básicas em Malária, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ananindeua, Brazil
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The MS Risk Allele of CD40 Is Associated with Reduced Cell-Membrane Bound Expression in Antigen Presenting Cells: Implications for Gene Function. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127080. [PMID: 26068105 PMCID: PMC4465929 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human genetic and animal studies have implicated the costimulatory molecule CD40 in the development of multiple sclerosis (MS). We investigated the cell specific gene and protein expression variation controlled by the CD40 genetic variant(s) associated with MS, i.e. the T-allele at rs1883832. Previously we had shown that the risk allele is expressed at a lower level in whole blood, especially in people with MS. Here, we have defined the immune cell subsets responsible for genotype and disease effects on CD40 expression at the mRNA and protein level. In cell subsets in which CD40 is most highly expressed, B lymphocytes and dendritic cells, the MS-associated risk variant is associated with reduced CD40 cell-surface protein expression. In monocytes and dendritic cells, the risk allele additionally reduces the ratio of expression of full-length versus truncated CD40 mRNA, the latter encoding secreted CD40. We additionally show that MS patients, regardless of genotype, express significantly lower levels of CD40 cell-surface protein compared to unaffected controls in B lymphocytes. Thus, both genotype-dependent and independent down-regulation of cell-surface CD40 is a feature of MS. Lower expression of a co-stimulator of T cell activation, CD40, is therefore associated with increased MS risk despite the same CD40 variant being associated with reduced risk of other inflammatory autoimmune diseases. Our results highlight the complexity and likely individuality of autoimmune pathogenesis, and could be consistent with antiviral and/or immunoregulatory functions of CD40 playing an important role in protection from MS.
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Thude H, Kramer K, Koch M, Peine S, Sterneck M, Nashan B. Lack of association between CD40 polymorphisms and acute rejection in German liver transplant recipients. Hum Immunol 2014; 75:1123-7. [PMID: 25305459 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2014.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
CD40 and its ligand, CD154, are major costimulatory molecules whose interactions are important in alloreactive transplant rejection. The aim of this study was to examine the association of CD40 polymorphisms with the susceptibility to acute rejection episodes in liver transplantation. In total, 112 liver transplant recipients with biopsy proven acute rejections (BPAR), 97 without BPAR (WBPAR), and 112 healthy control individuals were enrolled in the study. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of CD40 gene (rs1883832 and rs4810485) were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-allele specific restriction enzyme analysis (PCR-ASRA). Both SNPs has been tested for a recessive and a dominant model. No significant differences were found in the genotype and allele frequencies of the SNPs rs1883832 and rs4810485 between BPAR liver recipients and WBPAR recipients. Our results do not suggest an important role of tested CD40 SNPs in the susceptibility to acute liver transplant rejection in a Caucasian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansjörg Thude
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Hepatobiliary and Transplant Surgery, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Kramer
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Hepatobiliary and Transplant Surgery, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martina Koch
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Hepatobiliary and Transplant Surgery, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sven Peine
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martina Sterneck
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Medicine, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Björn Nashan
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Hepatobiliary and Transplant Surgery, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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Investigation of gene-gene interactions between CD40 and CD40L in Polish multiple sclerosis patients. Hum Immunol 2014; 75:796-801. [PMID: 24912008 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2014.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CD40-CD40L interaction is necessary for the activation of both humoral and cellular immune response and has been suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Therefore, we analyzed the combined influence of the CD40 and CD40L variants on MS susceptibility and progression on well-defined Polish population. Our investigation revealed that CT individuals in rs1883832 locus of CD40 possessed almost 1.5-fold higher risk for MS than CC individuals (OR = 1.44; 95%CI = 1.03-2.1; p = 0.032), while this risk for TT individuals was almost 2.5-fold higher (OR = 2.36; 95%CI = 1.19-4.78; p = 0.014). Moreover, for the first time, we observed the association of CD40 gene with MS development and progression. We observed that for the rs1883832CC individuals the age at diagnosis was on average 2 years lower than for the rs1883832CT and rs1883832TT individuals (CI95% = -3.69-(-0.29); p = 0.023). Additionally, we detected that individuals with TT and CT genotypes showed lower risk of developing secondary progressive course in comparison to those with CC genotype. For rs1883832TT individuals this risk was 4-fold lower (HR = 0.24; CI95% = 0.10-0.53; p = 0.00062). Despite the fact that CD40-CD40L pathway plays a key role in development of autoimmune diseases, we were not able to detect gene-gene interactions between CD40 and CD40L polymorphisms associated with multiple sclerosis.
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Pravica V, Popadic D, Savic E, Markovic M, Drulovic J, Mostarica-Stojkovic M. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in multiple sclerosis: disease susceptibility and treatment response biomarkers. Immunol Res 2012; 52:42-52. [PMID: 22392049 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-012-8273-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system characterized by unpredictable and variable clinical course. Etiology of MS involves both genetic and environmental factors. New technologies identified genetic polymorphisms associated with MS susceptibility among which immunologically relevant genes are significantly overrepresented. Although individual genes contribute only a small part to MS susceptibility, they might be used as biomarkers, thus helping to identify accurate diagnosis, predict clinical disease course and response to therapy. This review focuses on recent progress in research on MS genetics with special emphasis on the possibility to use single nucleotide polymorphism of candidate genes as biomarkers of susceptibility to disease and response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Pravica
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Belgrade School of Medicine, Dr Subotica 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
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Li M, Sun H, Liu S, Yu J, Li Q, Liu P, Shen H, Sun D. CD40 C/T-1 polymorphism plays different roles in Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis: a meta-analysis. Endocr J 2012; 59:1041-50. [PMID: 22863718 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej12-0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
CD40 plays a pathogenic role in various autoimmune diseases. However, studies investigating the association between CD40 C/T-1 polymorphism and autoimmune thyroid diseases risk have reported conflicting results and their relative population effect remains unclear; therefore, a meta-analysis was conducted. The data for this meta-analysis included 14 (4214 cases and 3851 controls) and 4 studies (623 cases and 774 controls) for the association of the CD40 C/T-1 polymorphism with Graves' disease (GD) and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), respectively. Results suggested significant association for CD40 C/T-1 polymorphism (odds ratio 1.267 per C allele, p = 0.000) with GD but without HT. The individuals who carried the C/C or C/T genotype have significantly increased GD risk compared with those who carried T/T genotype (C/C vs. T/T: OR = 1.596, 95% CI, 1.256~2.028; C/T vs. T/T: OR = 1.210, 95% CI, 1.032~1.419; dominant model: OR = 1.366, 95% CI, 1.175~1.587; recessive model: OR = 1.322, 95% CI, 1.147~1.523), while no association was observed in HT. When stratified by ethnicity, the significant association between polymorphism and GD risk of Caucasians was found only in recessive models; but that of Asians was found in all models. In the subgroup analysis of study design, we found thyroid antibody status should be ascertained in controls and euthyroidism subjects with higher levels of thyroid antibody should be excluded from control and included into HT to avoid bias. Our meta-analysis showed that CD40 C/T-1 polymorphism plays different roles in GD and HT. Further studies will be needed to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Institute of Iodine Deficiency Disorders, Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Ulzheimer JC, Meuth SG, Bittner S, Kleinschnitz C, Kieseier BC, Wiendl H. Therapeutic approaches to multiple sclerosis: an update on failed, interrupted, or inconclusive trials of immunomodulatory treatment strategies. BioDrugs 2010; 24:249-74. [PMID: 20623991 DOI: 10.2165/11537160-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) continues to be a therapeutic challenge, and much effort is being made to develop new and more effective immune therapies. Particularly in the past decade, neuroimmunologic research has delivered new and highly effective therapeutic options, as seen in the growing number of immunotherapeutic agents and biologics in development. However, numerous promising clinical trials have failed to show efficacy or have had to be halted prematurely because of unexpected adverse events. Some others have shown results that are of unknown significance with regard to a reliable assessment of true efficacy versus safety. For example, studies of the highly innovative monoclonal antibodies that selectively target immunologic effector molecules have not only revealed the impressive efficacy of such treatments, they have also raised serious concerns about the safety profiles of these antibodies. These results add a new dimension to the estimation of risk-benefit ratios regarding acute or long-term adverse effects. Therapeutic approaches that have previously failed in MS have indicated that there are discrepancies between theoretical expectations and practical outcomes of different compounds. Learning from these defeats helps to optimize future study designs and to reduce the risks to patients. This review summarizes trials on MS treatments since 2001 that failed or were interrupted, attempts to analyze the underlying reasons for failure, and discusses the implications for our current view of MS pathogenesis, clinical practice, and design of future studies. In order to maintain clarity, this review focuses on anti-inflammatory therapies and does not include studies on already approved and effective disease-modifying therapies, albeit used in distinct administration routes or under different paradigms. Neuroprotective and alternative treatment strategies are presented elsewhere.
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Rodríguez-Rodríguez L, Castañeda S, Vázquez-Rodríguez TR, Morado IC, Marí-Alfonso B, Gómez-Vaquero C, Miranda-Filloy JA, Narvaez J, Ortego-Centeno N, Blanco R, Fernández-Gutiérrez B, Martín J, González-Gay MA. Influence of CD40 rs1883832 polymorphism in susceptibility to and clinical manifestations of biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis. J Rheumatol 2010; 37:2076-80. [PMID: 20682661 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.100362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the potential association between CD40 rs1883832 polymorphism and biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis (GCA). We also studied the influence of the polymorphism on phenotypic expression of this vasculitis, in particular the development of visual ischemic manifestations. METHODS Three hundred five Spanish patients with biopsy-proven GCA and 788 matched controls were assessed. DNA from patients and controls was obtained from peripheral blood. Samples were genotyped for the CD40 rs1883832 C/T polymorphism using a predesigned TaqMan allele discrimination assay and by polymerase chain reaction amplification. RESULTS Patients with GCA showed a trend toward a higher frequency of the minor allele homozygote of rs1883832 (TT) compared to healthy controls (12.1% vs 8.3%, respectively; p = 0.05, OR 1.54, 95% CI 0.98-2.40). Also, a marginally significant increased frequency of the minor allele T was observed in patients with GCA who had visual ischemic manifestations (36.9%) compared to those without visual ischemic manifestations (27.7%; p = 0.04, OR 1.53, 95% CI 0.99-2.34). In this regard, patients with GCA carrying the minor allele T (either TT or TC) experienced visual ischemic manifestations more commonly than those carrying the CC genotype (58.5% vs 44.2%; p = 0.04, OR 1.78, 95% CI 0.99-3.22). CONCLUSION Our results suggest a potential implication of the CD40 rs1883832 C/T polymorphism in susceptibility to visual ischemic manifestations in individuals with biopsy-proven GCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra, CSIC and Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínico San Cecílio, Granada, Spain
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Blanco-Kelly F, Matesanz F, Alcina A, Teruel M, Díaz-Gallo LM, Gómez-García M, López-Nevot MA, Rodrigo L, Nieto A, Cardeña C, Alcain G, Díaz-Rubio M, de la Concha EG, Fernandez O, Arroyo R, Martín J, Urcelay E. CD40: novel association with Crohn's disease and replication in multiple sclerosis susceptibility. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11520. [PMID: 20634952 PMCID: PMC2902513 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A functional polymorphism located at -1 from the start codon of the CD40 gene, rs1883832, was previously reported to disrupt a Kozak sequence essential for translation. It has been consistently associated with Graves' disease risk in populations of different ethnicity and genetic proxies of this variant evaluated in genome-wide association studies have shown evidence of an effect in rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis (MS) susceptibility. However, the protective allele associated with Graves' disease or rheumatoid arthritis has shown a risk role in MS, an effect that we aimed to replicate in the present work. We hypothesized that this functional polymorphism might also show an association with other complex autoimmune condition such as inflammatory bowel disease, given the CD40 overexpression previously observed in Crohn's disease (CD) lesions. METHODOLOGY Genotyping of rs1883832C>T was performed in 1564 MS, 1102 CD and 969 ulcerative colitis (UC) Spanish patients and in 2948 ethnically matched controls by TaqMan chemistry. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The observed effect of the minor allele rs1883832T was replicated in our independent Spanish MS cohort [p = 0.025; OR (95% CI) = 1.12 (1.01-1.23)]. The frequency of the minor allele was also significantly higher in CD patients than in controls [p = 0.002; OR (95% CI) = 1.19 (1.06-1.33)]. This increased predisposition was not detected in UC patients [p = 0.5; OR (95% CI) = 1.04 (0.93-1.17)]. CONCLUSION The impact of CD40 rs1883832 on MS and CD risk points to a common signaling shared by these autoimmune conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Blanco-Kelly
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fuencisla Matesanz
- Instituto Parasitología y Biomedicina “López Neyra”, C. S. I. C., Granada, Spain
- Members of the Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), www.reem.es
| | - Antonio Alcina
- Instituto Parasitología y Biomedicina “López Neyra”, C. S. I. C., Granada, Spain
- Members of the Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), www.reem.es
| | - María Teruel
- Instituto Parasitología y Biomedicina “López Neyra”, C. S. I. C., Granada, Spain
| | - Lina M. Díaz-Gallo
- Instituto Parasitología y Biomedicina “López Neyra”, C. S. I. C., Granada, Spain
| | - María Gómez-García
- Servicio de Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel A. López-Nevot
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Luis Rodrigo
- Servicio de Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Antonio Nieto
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Carlos Cardeña
- Servicio de Digestivo, Hospital Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain
| | - Guillermo Alcain
- Servicio de Digestivo, Hospital Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Emilio G. de la Concha
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
- Members of the Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), www.reem.es
| | - Oscar Fernandez
- Servicio de Neurología, Instituto de Neurociencias Clínicas, Hospital Carlos Haya, Málaga, Spain
- Members of the Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), www.reem.es
| | - Rafael Arroyo
- Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
- Members of the Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), www.reem.es
| | - Javier Martín
- Instituto Parasitología y Biomedicina “López Neyra”, C. S. I. C., Granada, Spain
| | - Elena Urcelay
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
- Members of the Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), www.reem.es
- * E-mail:
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14
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Gu LQ, Zhu W, Zhao SX, Zhao L, Zhang MJ, Cui B, Song HD, Ning G, Zhao YJ. Clinical associations of the genetic variants of CTLA-4, Tg, TSHR, PTPN22, PTPN12 and FCRL3 in patients with Graves' disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2010; 72:248-55. [PMID: 19438904 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2009.03617.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Graves' disease (GD) is an organ-specific autoimmune disorder. Both immune-modulating genes and thyroid-specific genes are involved in its genetic pathogenesis. It remains unclear, however, how the interactions of various susceptibility genes contribute to the pathogenesis and clinical severity of the disease. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between GD and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from CTLA-4, PTPN22, PTPN12, FCRL3 (general autoimmunity genes regulating T and B cells) and the TSHR and Tg genes (disease-specific genes). Furthermore, we evaluated the influences these SNPs have on the risk and severity of GD. DESIGN AND METHODS This cross-sectional clinical study was performed in 436 GD patients and 316 healthy, gender-matched individuals. Twenty-eight SNPs from CTLA-4, PTPN22, PTPN12, FCRL3, TSHR and Tg genes were genotyped and their associations with the risk and severity of GD were analysed. RESULTS The CTLA-4 rs231779, Tg rs2069550 and PTPN22 rs3789604 SNPs were associated with GD, with additive risk effects present in rs231779 and rs2069550. The ACACC and ACGCT haplotypes, composed of five SNPs in the CTLA-4 gene (rs4553808, rs5472909, rs231775, rs231777 and rs231779), were protective and risk haplotypes respectively. The AA genotype of PTPN22 rs3789604 and AA genotype of FCRL3 rs7528684 were correlated with a reduced risk of GD, while the CC genotype of TSHR rs2239610 was associated with higher serum concentrations of FT4 and TRAb. Logistic analysis confirmed the contribution of CTLA-4 rs231779 to the development of GD. CONCLUSIONS These preliminary results demonstrate that the immune-regulatory gene CTLA-4 and the thyroid-specific gene Tg contribute to the risk of Graves' disease with additive effects, while PTPN22 rs3789604 and FCRL3 rs7528684 polymorphisms are protective against the disease. In addition, the TSHR rs2239610 SNP is related to the severity of Graves' disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-qun Gu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Rui-jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Clinical Center For Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai, China
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15
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Peters AL, Stunz LL, Bishop GA. CD40 and autoimmunity: the dark side of a great activator. Semin Immunol 2009; 21:293-300. [PMID: 19595612 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2009.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CD40 is a tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member expressed by immune and non-immune cells. CD40:CD154 interactions mediate T-dependent B cell responses and efficient T cell priming. Thus, CD40 is a likely candidate to play roles in autoimmune diseases in which activated T and B cells cause pathology. Diseases in which CD40 plays a pathogenic role include autoimmune thyroiditis, type 1 diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. This review discusses the role of CD40:CD154 interaction in human and mouse autoimmunity, human polymorphisms associated with disease incidence, and disrupting CD40:CD154 interactions as an autoimmune therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Peters
- Immunology Graduate Program and Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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16
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Malheiros D, Petzl-Erler ML. Individual and epistatic effects of genetic polymorphisms of B-cell co-stimulatory molecules on susceptibility to pemphigus foliaceus. Genes Immun 2009; 10:547-58. [DOI: 10.1038/gene.2009.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Hsieh YY, Wan L, Chang CC, Tsai CH, Tsai FJ. STAT2*C related genotypes and allele but not TLR4 and CD40 gene polymorphisms are associated with higher susceptibility for asthma. Int J Biol Sci 2009; 5:74-81. [PMID: 19159017 PMCID: PMC2615545 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.5.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2008] [Accepted: 01/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Asthma is caused by a complex interaction between multiple genes and environmental factors. Herein we aimed to investigate whether signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT2), toll-like receptors 4 (TLRs4) and CD40-related polymorphisms are associated with asthma susceptibility. Design: Children were divided: (1) asthma (n=117); (2) normal controls (n=60). The polymorphisms of STAT2, TLR4 and CD40 polymorphism were analyzed by PCR-RFLP genotyping. Genotypes, allelic frequencies and association of haplotypes in both groups were compared. Results: STAT2*C related genotypes, but not TLR4 and CD40 polymorphism, are associated with higher susceptibility for asthma. Distributions of STAT2*CC/CG/GG and C/G allele in both groups are: (1) 0/11.1/88.9 % and 5.6/94.4%; (2) 0/1.7/98.3% and 0.8/99.2% (p<0.05). Proportions of TLR4*rs10983755 AA/AG/GG and rs1927914 CC/CT/TT homozygote are: (1) 35.1/8.5/56.4% and 9.4/56.4/34.2%; (2) 35/8.3/56.7% and 16.7/48.3/35% (non-difference). Proportions of CD40*rs1883832 CC/CT/TT, rs3765459 AA/AG/GG, and rs4810485 TT/GT/GG are: (1) 29.9/53/17.1%, 6.8/47.9/45.3 and 18.8/62.4/18.8%; (2) 36.7/41.7/21.6%, 1.6/46.7/ 51.7 and 15/51.7/33.3% (non-difference). Haplotype analyses for TLR4 and CD40 genes revealed their non-association and non-additional effect upon asthma susceptibilities. Conclusion: STAT2*C related genotypes and alleles are associated with asthma susceptibilities and pathogenesis. There were non-association and non-additional effects of TLR4/CD40 gene polymorphisms and haplotypes upon asthma risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Yuan Hsieh
- 1. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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18
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Abstract
Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs), including Graves' disease (GD) and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), are prevalent autoimmune diseases, affecting up to 5% of the general population. AITDs arise due to interplay between environmental and genetic factors. In the past decade, significant progress has been made in our understanding of the genetic contribution to the etiology of AITDs. Excitingly, several AITD susceptibility genes have been identified and characterized. Some of these susceptibility genes are specific to either GD or HT, while others confer susceptibility to both conditions. The first AITD susceptibility gene locus identified was the Human-Leukocyte-Antigen DR (HLA-DR) gene locus. Subsequently, a quintet of non-HLA genes, including the cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen (CTLA-4), CD40, protein tyrosine phosphatase-22 (PTPN22), thyroglobulin, and thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) gene, has been shown to contribute to the susceptibility to AITDs. Recently, the mechanisms by which these new AITD genes predispose to AITDs have been dissected. In this review, we overview and highlight the recent data on the genes predisposing to AITDs and the putative mechanisms by which they confer susceptibility to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Jacobson
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati VA Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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19
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Jacobson EM, Tomer Y. The CD40, CTLA-4, thyroglobulin, TSH receptor, and PTPN22 gene quintet and its contribution to thyroid autoimmunity: back to the future. J Autoimmun 2007; 28:85-98. [PMID: 17369021 PMCID: PMC2043086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2007.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) are common autoimmune diseases, affecting up to 5% of the general population. Thyroid-directed autoimmunity is manifested in two classical autoimmune conditions, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, resulting in hypothyroidism and Graves' disease resulting in hyperthyroidism. Autoimmune thyroid diseases arise due to an interplay between environmental and genetic factors. In the past decade significant progress has been made in our understanding of the genetic contribution to the etiology of AITD. Indeed, several AITD susceptibility genes have been identified. Some of these susceptibility genes are specific to either Graves' disease or Hashimoto's thyroiditis, while others confer susceptibility to both conditions. Both immunoregulatory genes and thyroid specific genes contribute to the pathogenesis of AITD. The time is now ripe to examine the mechanistic basis for the contribution of genetic factors to the etiology of AITD. In this review, we will focus on the contribution of non-MHC II genes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation/metabolism
- CD40 Antigens/genetics
- CD40 Antigens/metabolism
- CTLA-4 Antigen
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Graves Disease/etiology
- Graves Disease/genetics
- Graves Disease/immunology
- Hashimoto Disease/etiology
- Hashimoto Disease/genetics
- Hashimoto Disease/immunology
- Humans
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 22
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/genetics
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/metabolism
- Receptors, Thyrotropin/genetics
- Receptors, Thyrotropin/metabolism
- Thyroglobulin/genetics
- Thyroglobulin/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Jacobson
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Cincinnati, The Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, 3125 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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20
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Jacobson EM, Huber AK, Akeno N, Sivak M, Li CW, Concepcion E, Ho K, Tomer Y. A CD40 Kozak sequence polymorphism and susceptibility to antibody-mediated autoimmune conditions: the role of CD40 tissue-specific expression. Genes Immun 2007; 8:205-14. [PMID: 17344890 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we and others have demonstrated the association of a C/T single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), in the Kozak sequence of CD40, with Graves' disease (GD). Here, using an expanded data set of patients, we confirm the association of the CD40 SNP with GD (n=210, P=0.002, odds ratio (OR)=1.8). Subset analysis of patients with persistently elevated thyroid peroxidase (TPO) and/or thyroglobulin (Tg) antibodies (Abs), (TPO/Tg Abs), after treatment (n=126), revealed a significantly stronger association of the SNP with disease (P=5.2 x 10(-5), OR=2.5) than in GD patients who were thyroid antibody-negative. However, the CD40 SNP was not associated with TPO/Tg Abs in healthy individuals. Next, we tested the CD40 SNP for association with Myasthenia Gravis (MG), which, like GD is an antibody-mediated autoimmune condition. Analysis of 81 MG patients found no association of the SNP with disease. Functional studies revealed significant expression of CD40 mRNA and protein in the thyroid (target tissue in GD) but not in skeletal muscle (target tissue in MG). Combined, our genetic and tissue expression data suggest that the CD40 Kozak SNP is specific for thyroid antibody production involved in the etiology of GD. Increased thyroidal expression of CD40 driven by the SNP may contribute to this disease specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Jacobson
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Vontz Center of Molecular Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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